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概要写作之说明文
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考点精讲

【考情链接】
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要
写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章
的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合
理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生
对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重
要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表
达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以
说明文为主、议论文次之，，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。

【要点梳理】
 要点一：说明文概要写作技巧
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句（或前几句）、尾
句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解
释)
利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B…
The passage discusses the impact of sth.
On the positive side, but it may also…
研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that…

 要点二：说明文概要写作模板
说明文： phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an
object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)

 要点三： 说明文概要写作的步骤
1. Skim the text to find out the general theme. 快读原文，明确主题
2. Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each

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section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 划分各段，找出要点
3. Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details. 抓重点，
去枝节
4. Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary
transitions to achieve coherence.归纳整理，转述大意
5. Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.复读核对，检查错误
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重点小练
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the
passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. (2017 普陀一模)
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”
The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school
teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great
difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of
graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64%
in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to
encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.①
The main drawback （缺点） of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low
salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a
good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training
course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in
marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”②
It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why
people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of
schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same
respect for teachers as in the past.③ Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from
London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at
home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”④
The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that
the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other
professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity
campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides
of teaching to young people.⑤

Summary2

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Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of
the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Planted forests are far from universally popular. In Ireland, the criticisms focus on the sitka
spruce, a fast-growing, damp-tolerant tree from America's Pacific Northwest. Spruce plantations
are said to contain no life. They are accused of wrecking rural communities and driving farmers
off the land. And they are said to be out of place in mostly pastoral ( 田园风光的 ) setting. Gerry
McGovern, another farmer in County Leitrim, puts it bluntly conifer forests are "not landscape".
The first charge is false. Mark Wilson of the British Trust for Ornithology says that spruce
plantations-support more bird life than farmland, largely because they harbour more insects.
Inevitably, some birds benefit mare than others. The march of spruces across-Britain and Ireland
has increased the numbers of spruce loving birds such as siskins and crossbills.
The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true.
Forestry subsidies (补贴) and regulations have indeed changes Ireland's land market. Farmers who
plant trees get generous payments for 15 years, while continuing to receive ordinary farming
subsidies. At that point, with perhaps 20 years to go before spruces are harvested, they often sell to
pension funds and other investors.
The final accusation, that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the
countryside, is spot-on. Advocates may point to a forested past. But rural people have become
used to the landscape as it is and often do not want it to change. What worries Mr Stenson, in
County Leitrim, is not just that the ever-spreading trees will displace farmers and make it hard for
him to acquire more land, but also that they will prevent him from seeing his neighbours' lights at
night.
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Summary3
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of
the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are you working with your computer routinely either as a office employee or a game lover?
Are your eyes dry, watery, blurry, seeing double or sensitive to light? If your answer is a “yes”,
you are likely one of many people today who suffer from digital eyestrain, also called computer-
vision syndrome. What on earth is this syndrome coming from? What can we do to deal with this
problem?
Eyestrain is often related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to
screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously. However, studies have also shown that the

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blue light produced by digital devices today reaches further into the eyes than other kinds of light.
This light actually assists attention during the day but can result in interrupted sleep patterns at
night.
Years of scientific researches indicate that eyestrain isn’t necessarily an unavoidable problem
for those who deal with computer work in the daily base. There are ways you can adopt which can
overcome the problem considerably. To begin with, your computer screen should be high-
resolution ( 高分辨率 ), at least 50 centimeters wide diagonally and may require a screen filter to
decrease reflections. Also, be aware that “computer glasses”, which cut down glare and blue
light，are available.
Besides, to reduce your risk for computer-vision syndrome, take frequent breaks during your
computer workday. Many workers take only two 15-minute breaks from their computer
throughout their day. According to a recent study, eyestrain are significantly reduced when
computer workers take four additional five-minute “mini-breaks” throughout their workday.
Finally, many of us fall into bad habits while using digital screens, which only worsen the effects
of eyestrain. While viewing digital screens, many people blink ( 眨 眼 ) one third less often than
they usually do. Place a reminder on your computer to “blink” so that your eyes don’t dry out.
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好题必测

【2017 上海春考】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the
passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Where are the bees?
Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate
large areas of crops, such as straw berries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a
result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.
In 2006, bee keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster
(CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006,
some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.
There were many theories for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has
to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income

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not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the
typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons
change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual
for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of
their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a
sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.
The exact reason for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to
the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees,
pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and
increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one
of the biggest may just be the less of that tiny flying insect.
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【2022 崇明二模】
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the
passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Building Trust in Virtual Environments
Research into the science behind human communication tells us that up to 90 percent of what
we tell one another is nonverbal. It’s the countless eye, facial and body movements we flash one
another that help us understand someone’s intention and determine if we should trust them.
The challenge we all face is figuring out ways to build trust in virtual environments. Sure, we
have some interactions on videoconferences, but the physical cues ( 暗 示 ) we’ve become
accustomed to reacting to are restricted and masked. This is forcing us to develop new ways to
trust one another. Good leaders are working to engineer those opportunities to build trust in their
now virtual teams.
There are lessons we can learn from global multinational companies that have figured out
how to make virtual relationships work over the past few decades. If you have vital business
partners, or even employees working overseas, you have, at best, limited opportunities to meet
them in person. What these companies have learned is that actions speak louder than words, and
people base a simple analysis of trustworthiness on delivering on commitments. People that do are
trustworthy; people that don’t aren’t.
When you hire virtual workers and get a new virtual team member, there is the question of
whether someone has the background and experience they claim to have. That means we all need
to lean on tools and techniques to help certify ( 证 实 ) someone’s background. Some companies

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have built talent databases in which people can search their teammates and confirm their
impressive backgrounds. Knowing that you are working with a certified superstar builds trust.
Finding ways to get someone to prove their trustworthiness by doing what they say they will
and backing up their claims of experience will go a long way in helping you adapt to the new
reality that we work in.
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【2022 虹口二模】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the
passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Is Littering a Surprisingly Big Issue?
Compared with the blindingly obvious environmental issues we hear about every day,
littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think.
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel ( 香蕉皮 ) out of your car while driving along the
motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it’s part of a fruit --
right? Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to decompose ( 分解 ), and with a third
of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that’s a whole lot of abandoned banana peels, or
much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading ( 生物降解 ) term to
that of a banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever,
as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its
animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime.
For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-
related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has
caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn’t so mysterious when
you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 per cent.
It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out £500 million in order to keep our
streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to £1 billion. So, it’s not
surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a £20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you
littered something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving
rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover, and we need to truly care more about
the world around us.
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【2022 金山二模】

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the
passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fatigue
Fatigue is a feeling of being extremely tired. Basically, there are three types of fatigue,
physical, pathological ( 由疾病引起的 ), and psychological. As you might suspect, each differs
significantly from the others.
When you exercise your body, you produce waste products. Muscles, for example, release
lactic acid (乳酸) into the blood; cells dump in carbon dioxide. When these wastes reach a certain
level in the blood, the brain is informed and your activity level drops. Excess wastes in the
muscles may produce soreness. The solution to this type of fatigue is simple — rest. That should
refresh you; if it doesn’t, another cause should be sought.
Have you ever become involved in so many activities that you had to be in two places at
once? This is what happens when your body has a disease. The cells are overused and cannot keep
up with both fighting the disease and keeping you active. The result is fatigue. Some
communicable diseases like the flu and colds are “well” known for draining your energy. Other
non-communicable diseases, like anemia ( 贫血 ), drain you because you are lacking an important
body ingredient. Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this
type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment. In a way, pathological fatigue is a
lifesaver. It lets you know something is wrong and that you need rest.
Here is the most common type of fatigue. Almost everybody experiences it now and then.
Often, the cause is an emotional war you are having with yourself or those around you. Some of
these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise,
boredom, depression. If you know someone with psychological fatigue, would you advise him to
rest? No way! That might be fine for our other types of fatigue, but for this one, it’s deadly. If you
are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells
and a more optimistic attitude. Get out of the chair and do something! Believe it or not, many
people throw themselves into physical labor like cleaning to “de-fatigue” themselves. If you find
yourself in a particularly stressful situation that you can’t physically escape, escape mentally.
When fatigue continues, maybe you need to get to the root of the problem.
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