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STICKINESS OF FIRESIDE DEPOSITS IN KRAFT RECOVERY UNITS.

Article in Journal of Pulp and Paper Science · May 1986

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Stickiness
of FiresideDepositsin Kraft
RecoveryUnits
P . I S A A K ,H . N . T R A N , D . B A R H A Ma n d D . W . R E E V E
Massive fouling in kraft recovery
boilers is often attributed to sticky deposits.
The concept of stickinessis familiar to all,
but little is known concerning the factors
that cause fireside deposits to become
sticky. Deposit stickiness is usually asso-
ciated with liquid phase, but the exact
relationship has been unknown.
Through this study, two scientific
methods were developed to quantitatively
measure deposit stickiness. Effects of
deposit composition, temperature and li-
quid phase on deposit stickiness were
investigated.
The results indicate that the sticki-
ness of the deposit increases with an
increasein liquid phase, which in Na2SO4-
Na2CO j-Na2Cl2 mixtures, is afunction of
chloride content and temperature. The
liquid phase content of the deposit must
exceedI 8-20Voforstrong adhesionto occur.
Solidification of a partially molten deposit
on a substrate produces an inseparable
deposit.
INTRODUCTION
The occurrence of fireside deposits
in the superheaterand generating bank of
kraft recovery boilers is inevitable as long
as black liquor is spray fired. Massive
accumulation of deposits can decrease
P lsaak,HN Tran,
D Barham and D W Reeve
University of Toronto
D e p t o f C h e m i c a lE n g i n e e r i n g
and Applied Chemistry
Toronto.Ontario
M55 144
heat transfer, create an environment sodium carbonate, and in some cases
conducive to corrosion. and force unsche- sodium chloride. Minor. quantities of
duled shutdowns due to plugging of flue sodium hydroxide and potassium com-
gas passages. pounds are also present. In addition to
Deposit accumulation is related to carryover deposits, vapours formed in the
many factors. Experience suggests that lower furnace are condensed and depos-
overloading, high excess air, high gas ited in the upper superheater region,
temperatures, upsets in black liquor generating section, and economizer.
firing, and narrow tube spacing can These condensation deposits tend to be
contribute significantly to deposit growth soft, friable, white and powdery. They are
composed mainly of sodium sulphate,
tl]. The exact conditions required to
produce sticky deposits are complex and sodium chloride, and a small amount of
unclear. sodium carbonate. Deposit chemistry,
morphology, thermal and mechanical
Present efforts at prevention of properties and the mechanism of forma-
massive deposit accumulation are based tion have been intensively studied at the
on operating experience. Attempts to University of Toronto. The results of
alleviate accumulation include: operating these studies are reported elsewhere
at lower temperatures; more frequent and
ll-41.
more severe soot blowing; optimization
of firing conditions; design changes; and This paper describes two laborato-
use of additives. These have not always ry methods of quantitatively measuring
been successful.Plugging remains a seri- deposit stickiness developed at the Uni-
ous problem in many mills and often versity of Toronto and the effect of
determines the ultimate limit of capacity various factors such as temperature,
of a recovery boiler. There is therefore a deposit composition, liquid phase, and
need for a better and more thorough substrate type on deposit stickiness.
understanding of stickiness. EXPERIMENTS
Deposit composition often varies At the present time, there is little
significantly with location in the boiler, published information concerning factors
black liquor composition, boiler operat- affecting kraft recovery boiler fireside
ing conditions and the mechanism by deposit stickiness, and apparently no
which the deposit was formed. The quantitative method exists for its meas-
impaction of carryover particles on heat urement. During the course of this study,
transfer surfacesis the dominant form of two methods were developed for measur-
deposition in the lower superheater i.tg deposit stickiness. Both methods
region. Carryover results in thick, hard, employed the same apparatus consisting
and tenacious deposits whose major of a muffle furnace, balance, thermocou-
components are sodium sulphate and ple, temperature indicator, substrates,
J O U R N A L O F P U L P A N D P A P E R S C I E N C E :V O L . 1 2 N O . 3 M A Y 1 9 8 6

Fig. 1. Deposit stickiness apparatus.
TABLE I
DEPOSITCOMPOSITION
: 1.5
Mole ratio NaaSQrlNazCOs
Weight Percent
Moleor6 NAzClz NazSOr
o 66.8
2.5 65.3
5 63.7
10 60.6
15 57.5
and molds (Fig. l). The difference
between the two methods lies in the
method of pellet preparation and in the
type of substrate used. The substrate was
either a deposit pellet, a metal disk, or
alumina (Al2O3) powder. The substrate
was placed in a crucible on the bottom of
the muffle furnace. The furnace was
heated electrically to the desired temper-
ature, which lies between 550 and 850oC.
A pressed or cast pellet of deposit was
suspended 5 mm above the substrate and
heated to the same temperature. The
pellet was then contacted with the sub-
strate for I min. The force required to
raise the pellet from the substrate surface
was measured to indicate deposit sticki-
NESS.
METHOD I involved contacting a
pressed pellet to an alumina powder
substrate. Pressed pellets were prepared
by grinding mixtures of synthetic depos-
its, adding a small quantity of water to
serve as a binder, pressing the powder
mixture into pellet form, and then drying
it at 130"C for 16 h. Alumina powder was
used as a substrate since it is an inert solid
at the temperatures considered in this
study. Stickiness was indicated by the
weight of alumina powder adhering to the
pressedpellet.
METHOD 2 consistedof contact-
ing a cast pellet to a synthetic deposit or
metal substrate. The pellet was prepared
by melting the synthetic deposit mixture
and casting it in a mold. This was
developed to simulate the adhesion of
deposit to a hard deposit or metal surface.
In this method, stickinesswas defined as
the force required to separate the cast
J O U R N A L O F P U L P A N D P A P E R S C I E N C E :V O L . 1 2 N O . 3 M A Y 1 9 8 6
c.n
o N a , S O . , / N a , C O r= 4 0
E
\/n
o) -v
g
JJU
0)
J
o- 20
10
Fig. 2. Adhesion of alumina powder to synthetic deposits.
NazCOs
33.2 o.o
32.4 2.3
31.7 !.6
30.2 9.2
28.6 r 3.9
pellet from the substrate.
The composition of the synthetic
deposits in this study varied from 0 to 15
moleVo sodium chloride (expressed as
Na2Cl2), the remainder being made up of
sodium sulphate (Na2SOa) and sodium
carbonate (Na2CO3) in a 1.5:l molar
ratio. Particular emphasis was placed on
varying sodium chloride composition due
to its significant influence on deposit
thermal properties. The effect of varying
the sulphate to carbonate ratio was also
investigated.
Mole ratio or mole percent is used
throughout the paper. Since weight per-
cent is most commonly used in industry,
Table I has been provided for easy
converslon.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Method 1: Alumina Powder
To Deposit Adhesion
Method I was developed to simu-
late conditions in the upper superheater
where the metal temperature is low. The
formation mechanism is dominated by
condensation that produces a thin uni-
form layer of soft white deposit adjacent
to the metal. Partially molten particles
adhere to this white powder surface [3].
The use of the inert alumina powder
permitted the study of the stickinessof the
deposit to a powdery material.
Effect of Sulphate to Carbonate Ratio
The sodium sulphate to sodium
carbonate ratio in carryover deposits
varies significantly [3], and so its effect on
deposit stickinesswas also studied.
oNa,SO./Na,co! = 15
700 750----800
Temperature
(oC)
Figure 2 shows the results of tests
performed with sulphate to carbonate
molar ratios of 1.5 and 4.0. The results
were the same for both compositions.
Thus, the sulphate to carbonate ratio has
a negligible effect on the stickiness of the
deposit. In all subsequent experiments
the mole ratio was fixed at 1.5:l. A sharp
increase in the amount of powder picked
up by the Na2SO 4andNa2CO3 syntheric
deposit pellets occurs at temperatures
above 825'C (the minimum melting point
of the Na2SO4-Na2CO3 system [5]). This
indicates the significant role of the
melting point temperature in determining
whether or not a deposit will be sticky.
Effect of Chloride
The study of the effect of chloride
was of interest because of the large effect
of chloride on the thermal properties of
the deposit. Sodium chloride lowers the
first melting point of the synthetic deposit
by 200"C, from 826 to lessthan 625"C [2,
4, 51.It is therefore expected to alter the
deposit stickiness characteristics.
As shown in Fig. 2, the pressed
pellets without chloride did not pick up
significant quantities of alumina powder
until the temperature of the pellets
exceeded825oC. With chloride, however,
the pellets became sticky at much lower
temperatures (Fig. 3). At temperatures
above 620"C, the deposit first melting
point, more alumina powder stuck to the
synthetic deposit pellets with a higher
chloride content. A minimal quantity of
powder was picked up by pellets contain-
ing 5 moleVoNa2Cl2 up to temperatures
of 700"C. This is well above the first
melting point of the synthetic deposit.
The l0 and 15 moleVoNa2Cl2 became
sticky at approximately 620"C,but the 15
moleVoNa2Cl2 pellets consistently picked
up the greater amount of powder.
These results demonstrate the sub-
stantial influence of sodium chloride on
synthetic deposit stickiness. A tempera-
ture difference in excessof 200"C exists
between the condition where the l0 and
15 moleVoNa2Cl2 and where the chloride
 Mole o/oNarCl,
o.15
80

670
o)
E E
q60 o
O)
tr O)
E
xs0
f oo
o

l
o / o .ro
8
I
40 o
I
#so "./z a o

.{ Oo
o
a

dzo t*4 zv
o-a o
10

0
620 640 660
(oC)
Temperature

Fig. 3. Adhesion of alumina powder to synthetic deposits. Fig. 4. Adhesion of alumina powder to synthetic deposits as a
function of liquid phase.

free synthetic deposits begin to pick

;-ZV
up significant quantities of alumina c

powder.
E.
Moleo/o Na,Cl,
Effect of Temperature and c13
o

Liquid Phase 6
c
25
The deposit liquid phase content a
o1n
_c ,v
depends on temperature. The lowest D

temperature at which liquid phase exists 6

a
is approximately 6l5oC [6]for the sodium Pc
o

(sulphate/carbonate/chloride) mixtures
and 826"C for the sodium (sulphate/
carbonate/chloride) mixtures [5]. Above
the first melting point, the quantity of
liquid in the deposit increasesas temper-
ature lncreases.
Sharp increases in deposit sticki-
nessoccur at approximately 825'C for the
chloride free deposits (Fig. 2) and 620oC
for the l0 and l5 mole% Na2Cl2 deposits
(Fig. 3). These sharp increases in sticki-
nesscoincide with the first melting points
of the deposit. They are due to the sudden
appearance of large quantities of liquid
phase at the first melting point. From
Figs. 2 and 3 it is evident that an increase
in the temperature of a deposit above its
melting point temperature results in an
increase in the stickiness of the deposit.
Thus temperature affects deposit sticki-
ness indirectly by changing the quantity
of liquid phase in the deposit.
It is interesting to note that a
significant increasein the stickinessof the
5 moleVoNa2Cl2 pellets was not observed
at the first melting point. This may
indicate that the quantity of liquid
present at the first melting point of this
deposit was insufficient to cause the
deposit to become sticky and that a
minimum quantity of liquid phase is a
prerequisite for stickiness.
Figure 4 shows stickiness as a
function of chloride content and the
amount of liquid phase, estimated from
phase diagrams. A marked increase in
stickiness is observed as liquid phase
content increases. At high liquid phase
content a slight increase in liquid phase
results in a large increase in deposit
stickiness.
6
o
8o
Fig. 5. Adhesion of
substrates.
The results also show that the same
quantity of alumina powder stuck to
pellets containing differing quantities of
liquid, thus suggesting that, although
liquid phasedominates stickiness,it is not
the sole factor affecting stickiness.These
other factors affecting stickiness are
relatively minor and could include sur-
face tension and viscosity of the liquid
phase, contact time, surface roughness,
etc.
The stickiness characteristics of a
low chloride carryover deposit from a
recovery superheater were also investi-
gated. The results were consistent with
those obtained from the 5 mole!/oNa2Cl2
synthetic deposits.
Method 2: Adhesion of Cast
Pellets to Deposit or Metal
Substrates
Method 2 was developed to inves-
tigate the role of liquid phase in stickiness
of carryover deposits. Carryover deposits
can be very hard, smooth, fused, and
tenacious. The deposit forms by the
impaction of partially molten deposit
particles on to metal or existing deposit
surfaces.This mechanism was studied by
contacting a cast pellet to a cast deposit or
metal substrate. Stickinessis indicated by
the force required to separate the pellet
from the substrate. This can be inter-
600 650
("C)
Temperature
cast pellets to synthetic deposit
preted as the weight of deposit that will
just stick to a unit area of deposit or metal
surface.
Deposit to Deposit Adhesion
The results of deposit to deposit
adhesion studies illustrate, in Fig. 5, the
dramatic change in stickiness due to a
slight change in conditions. The 2.5
mole%oNa2Cl2 deposits are not sticky
until the temperature is increased to
755-765"C. A five-fold increasein deposit
stickiness occurs as the temperature is
increased from 755 to 765"C. A similar
increase in the stickiness of the 5 mole%
Na2Cl2 deposits occurs at a lower tem-
perature range, 690 to 700oC. For the l5
moleVo Na2Cl2 deposits, the increase
occurs at 615 to 625"C.
The sharp increase in adhesion of
the 2.5 and 5 mole% Na2Cl2 deposits
occurs at temperatures at which the
amounts of liquid phase are lSVoandAlVo,
respectively. For the 15 mole% Na2Cl2
deposit, the sharp increase occurs at the
deposit first melting point at which more
than 40Vo liquid phase is present. This
confirms the significant role of liquid
phase in deposit stickiness and indicates
that a minimum quantity of liquid phase
is required to causethe deposit to become
sticky. This minimum for liquid phase
appears to be l8 to 20Vo.At the first

J86 JOURNAL OF PULP AND PAPER SCIENCE:VOL. 12 NO. 3 MAY 1986

 ^zv
E
()
I
E
-o. - lc
c -'\.-
q)
6 ' /\._
c I
3
c)
ro
c
(E
6q
6
on
600 650
(oC)
Temperature
Fig. 6. Adhesion of cast pellets to metal substrates.
TABLE II
EFFECTOF DEPOSITSOLIDIFICATION
Initial Cooled
Case Temperature Temperature
(oc) (oC)
| 61 O (below M. Pt.) 61 O
ll 61O (below M.Pt.) 575
lll 62O (above M.Pt.) 62O
lV 62O (above M.Pt.)
58O
melting point of the 15 mole% Na2Cl2
synthetic deposit, the percent liquid
phase is already in excess of this mini-
mum.
When this minimum quantity of
liquid phase is reached, the pellet surface
is coated by a thin liquid film. The film
then permits adhesion by surface tension.
The increasedmobility of the molten salts
increases the interlinking of adjacent
surface layers and permits mechanical
keying to occur. Furthermore, the liquid
film increases the intimacy of contact of
the pellet to the deposit surface and thus
increases adhesion strength.
Deposit to Metal Adhesion
Tests to measure the adhesion of
deposits to metal were performed to
determine the stickiness of deposits on
metal surfaces. Like the adhesion of
deposits to deposit substrates, the
increases in stickiness for the 5 and 15
mole%oNa2Cl2 deposits to the metal
occurred at about the same temperatures
and just as sharply (Fig. 6). This again
suggeststhat liquid phase plays a signifi-
cant role in stickiness and that the surface
type has only a secondary effect on
stickiness. Comparison of Figs. 5 and 6
revealsthat, for temperaturesat which the
minimum liquid phase requirement is not
reached, the adhesion strength of the
deposit to the metal surface is slightly
greater than that of the deposit to deposit
at similar temperatures. This may be due
to the reaction of the liquid in the deposit
with the surface oxide layer on the metal
substrate resulting in stronger bonding at
the interface.
Effect of Solidification
In the superheater region, carryov-
J O U R N A L O F P U L P A N D P A P E R S C I E N C E :V O L . 1 2 N O . 3 M A Y 1 9 8 6
850
Mole o/o Na,Cl,
5
a
800
O -\
e- 750
?CU 700
b Not Sticky
3 650
c
,o
F 600
First MeltingPoint
550
Fig. 7. Stickiness as a function of temperature and composition
for synthetic deposits.
Adhesion
Strengrth
(g/cmJ
(no cooling) o.3
(below M.Pt.) 2.4
(no cooling) 6.O
(below M.Pt.) lnseparable
er particles are in a partially molten form
in the flue gas. If theseparticles strike the
superheater tube they will stick to them.
The tube surfaces are at a significantly
lower temperature than the gas, and thus
the adhering particles cool and solidify. It
is expected that this will increase the
deposit tenacity, and hence the magni-
tude of this effect has been investi-
gated.
Preliminary tests were performed
to study the effect of solidification of the
deposit interface on deposit to deposit
stickiness.Deposits containing l5 mole%
Na2Cl2 were heated to the desired
temperature, contacted to the deposit
substrate, and cooled approximately
40'C. The force required to achieve
separation at the lower temperature was
then measured. The results are surrunar-
ized in Table II.
When the deposit was heated to
temperatures below the first melting
point, cooling increased but did not
significantly alter the deposit stickiness
(cases I & II). When the deposit was
initially above the first melting point and
the interface was not cooled, the deposit
could be separated from the substrate
(caseIII). However, cooling of the deposit
from a temperature above the first
melting point to a temperature below the
first melting point resulted in an insepar-
able deposit interface (case IV). These
results demonstrate the significant
increasein the strength of the deposit due
to solidification and explain the difficul-
ties in deposit removal, particularly in the
lower superheater.
PRACTICAL I M PLICATIONS
The results of this study indicate
that stickiness is principally affected by
Nor Sticky
\._
RadicalDeformation
20oloLiquid -zpoint
rq-Phase -\'\.\
Sticky
10 15 20
NarCl,moleo/o
liquid phase, which in turn is affected by
the composition and temperature of the
deposit. Deposit stickiness is minimal at
temperatures below the first melting
point. The stickiness increases sharply
when the liquid phase content in the
deposit is l8-20Vo,or at the first melting
point if more than 20% liquid is present.
In practical applications, this permits the
determination of the temperature when
stickiness of any deposit will increase
drastically. Using this information, oper-
ating conditions can be changed to lower
temperature and thereby decrease liquid
phase content.
Figure 7 shows the temperature
region in which the synthetic deposit is
sticky as a function of chloride content.
The lower limit is determined by the
temperature at which the sharp increase
in deposit stickiness occurred (approxi-
mately 20Voliquidphase). The upper limit
for stickiness is fixed by the radical
deformation point (i.e.7O%liquid phase),
above which slagging will occur [2]. For
industrial deposits, this sticky tempera-
ture region is expected to be 50-100"C
lower due to the presence of potassium,
sulphides, and other impurities which
lower the melting point of the deposit.
The sticky temperature range for furnace
deposits can be determined experimental-
ly using the laboratory apparatus. From
this information, changes in operating
conditions to attempt to minimize deposit
accumulation can be implemented. The
operating temperature must allow for the
fact that the in-flight deposit particles are
expected to be at a higher temperature
(due to in-flight combustion), and there-
fore are stickier and have a higher liquid
phase content than the accumulated
deposit.
At the higher temperature condi-
tions in the lower superheater region of
the recovery boiler (700-800"C) the
deposits will be sticky at all times.
However, the temperature may also be
high enough to cause slagging and so
control deposit growth. Due to the wide
tube spacing, plugging is usually not a
J87
problem in the superheater.The resultsof
this study are more applicable in the
boiler bank region (550-650'C). Many
mills operate in the l-57osodium chloride
with 2Vo being average l2l. At these
chloride concentrations, significant
changes in synthetic deposit stickiness
occur (Fig. 7) and similar changes are
expected for industrial deposits. An
increasein local temperature or sodium
chloride content could shift the deposit
into the sticky range resulting in rapid
accumulation.With proper monitoring of
boiler bank conditions, the operator can
take steps to lower the temperature at this
location to a value below the sticky
temperature, thereby preventing sticky
deposits and avoiding plugging.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to acknowledge
support from the Natural Sciences and
Engineering ResearchCouncil of Canada
and the Department of Chemical Engi-
neering and Applied Chemistry, Univer-
sity of Toronto.
REFERENCES
l. TRAN, H.N. and REEVE, D.W.. "Kraft
Recovery Unit Fireside Deposits and
Plugging". Pulp Pup. Carr., 85 (10) T266
( l9t{4).
) REEVE. D.W., TRAN, H.N. and BAR-
HAM, D., "Chemical and Thermal Prop-
erties of Recovery Boiler Superheater
Fireside Deposits", Pulp Pap. Can.,82 (9)
T 3 r 5( 1 9 8 r ) .
TRAN,H.N..REEVE,D.W.andBAR-
HAM, D., "Formation of Kraft Recovery
Boiler Superheater Deposits", Pulp Pap.
C a n . . 8 4( l ) T 7 ( 1 9 8 3 ) .
4. REEVE. D.W., TRAN, H.N. and BAR-
HAM, D., "SuperheaterFireside Depos-
J88
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R E F E R E N C E : I S A A K , P . , T R A N , H . N . , B A R H A M , D a n d R E E V E , D . W S t i c k i n e s so f
FrresideDeposits in Kraft Recovery Units Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, Vol. 12(3)
J 84-88 May 1986. Paper presented at the 1986 International Chemical Recovery
Conferenceof the TechnicalSection. CanadianPulp and PaperAssociationco-sponsoredwith
TAPPI at New Orleans, LA, April 28-May 3, 1985. Not to be reproduced without permission
{rom this organization. Manuscript received May 2, 1985; approved by the Review Panel
F e b r u a r y3 , 1 9 8 6
ABSTRACT: Massive fouling in kraft recovery boilers is often attributed to sticky deposits.
The concept of stickinessis familiar to all, but little is known concerning the factors that cause
fireside deposits to become strcky, Deposit stickinessis usually associatedwith liquid phase,
but the exact relationship has been unknown.
Through this study, two scientific methods were developed to quantitativelymeasure
deposit stickiness Effectsof deposit composition, temperature and liquid phase on deposit
stickinesswere investigated.
The resultsindicatethat the stickinessof the deposit increaseswith an increasein liquid
phase, which in Na2SO4-Na2CO3-Na2Cl2mixtures, is a function of chloride content and
temperature The liquid phase content of the deposit must exceed 18-2Oo/ofor strong
adhesion to occur. Solidification of a partially molten deposit on a substrate produces an
inseparabledeposit
nESUnng: On attribue souvent le colmatageexcessifdes chaudidresde rdcup6rationde kraft
d des d6p6ts collants. Tout le monde connait ce concept, mais on n'en sait gudre sur les
facteursqui font que les d6p6ts de combustion deviennentcollants. On attribue g6n6ralement
cette condition ) la phase liquide, mais la relation exacte reste inconnue.
Dans cette 6tude, les auteurs ont mis au point deux m6thodes scientifiques pour
mesurer quantitativementles propri6t6sd'adh6sion des d6p6ts. lls ont 6galement 6tudi6 les
effets de la composition des d6p6ts, leur temp6rature et la phase liquide'
Les r6sultatsindiquent que les d6p6ts deviennent de plus en plus collants au fur et A
m e s u r eq u ' i l y e n a d a v a n t a g ed a n s l a p h a s el i q u i d e .c e q u i d a n s d e s m 6 l a n g e sd e N a 2 C O 4 -
Na2CO3 - Na2Cl2 est fonction de la teneur en chlore et de la temp6rature. La teneur de
d6p6ts dans la phase liquide doit d6passer 18 d 2O"/o pour qu'il se produise une forte
adh6sion La solidification d'un d6p6t partiellement fondu sur une strate produit un d6p6t
ins6parable
KEYWOHDS: RECOVERYFURNACES, DEPOSITION, ADHESION, OUANTITATIVE
A N A L Y S I S , C O R R O S I O NP R E V E N T I O N ,C O M B U S T I O N C O N T R O L , R E A C T I O NM E C H A -
N I S M S , T E S T M E T H O D S ,T E S T E O U I P M E N T T, HEORIES
its and Corrosion in Kraft Recovery ( | e64).
B o i l e r s " ,T A P P I 6 4 ( 5 ) 1 0 9 ( 1 9 8 1 ) . 6. BERGMAN, A.G. and SEMENTSOVA,
5. GITLESEN, G. and MOTZFELDT, K., A.K., "Ternary Systems Na2SO4-
"Phase Diagrams by the Conductance Na2CO3-N a2Cl2 and K2SOa-K2CO3-
Method The System Na2SO4- KrClZ", Zhur. Neorg,.Khint. 3 (2). 201
NarCO'r", Ac'ra.Chen. Scand.Sl (2), 488 ( | 958).
J O U R N A L O F P U L P A N D P A P E R S C I E N C E :V O L ' 1 2 N O ' 3 M A Y 1 9 8 6