GenMath Q1Wk5to6 Mod5 Exponential-Functions

General Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 5
Exponential Functions
Compiled and Repackaged by:

QUEENY JOYCE F. SEBASTIAN
Master Teacher I
Schools Division of the City of Batac
SDCB_Q1_GeneralMathematics_Module5
General Mathematics – Senior High School
Compiled and Repackaged Module
Quarter 1 – Module 5: Exponential Functions
Second Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module

Compiler: Queeny Joyce F. Sebastian
Editor: Nemalyn M. Ulep
Reviewers: Whellalyn G. Duldulao Blesilda B. Antiporda
Eldefonso B. Natividad, Jr., PhD
Layout Artist: Wiljim Galimba
Cover Art Artist: Clarence C. Manarpaac
Management Team: Joel B. Lopez, EdD, CESO V Marilou B. Sales, EdD
Annie D. Pagdilao, EdD Aubrhey Marie R. Oasay, PhD
Eldefonso B. Natividad, Jr., PhD
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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the General Mathematics Compiled and Repackaged Module on
Exponential Functions.
This module was collaboratively compiled, repackaged and reviewed by
educators of the Department of Education Schools Division of the City of Batac to
assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by
the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.
Particularly, this module hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent fun-filled learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this
also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills and the four livelihood
skills for survival – the 4As (Agtagibalay, Agtaraken, Agmula, Agliwliwa), which are
considered very vital in surviving any crisis.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the General Mathematics Compiled and Repackaged Module on
Exponential Functions.
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled
to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not
alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. A clear understanding
of the concepts in this lesson will help you easily understand exponential functions.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary levels of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of course.
Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)
• Represents real-life situations using exponential functions. (M11GM-Ie-3)

• Distinguish between exponential function, exponential equation, and
exponential inequality. (M11GM-Ie-4).
• Solves exponential equations and inequalities. (M11GM-Ie-f-1)
• Represent an exponential function through its: table of values; graph; and
equation. (M11GM-If-2)
• Finds the domain and range of an exponential function. (M11GM-If-3)
• Determine the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function.
(M11GM-If-4)
• Solves problems involving exponential functions, equations and inequalities.
(M11GM-Ig-2)
After going through this module, you are expected to
1. represent real-life situations using exponential functions;

2. define and illustrate exponential expression;
3. distinguish the following exponential function, exponential equation and
exponential inequality;
4. evaluate exponential functions;
5. solve exponential equation and inequalities;
6. represent an exponential function through its table of values, graph and
equation;
7. determine the domain, range, zeroes, intercepts, and asymptotes of
exponential function; and
8. solve problems involving exponential functions, equations, and inequalities.
1 SDCB_Q1_GeneralMathematics_Module5
What I Know
Directions: To get started, try to answer the following questions to find out what you
already know about the topic. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
.
1. Which function is of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 where b > 0 and b ≠ 1?
A. Exponential Function C. Quadratic Function
B. Linear Function D. Rational Function
2. Which of the following is an exponential inequality?

8𝑥
A. 5x + 2 = 1 B. 2𝑥−4 ≥ 0 C. 2x – 3 – 2 = 8 D. 3x > 81
3. What is f(x) = 2x if x = 3?
A. 1/8 B. 1/6 C. 6 D. 8
4. What is the value of x that will satisfies the equation 3x+4 = 27?
A. -1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3
5. Which of the following satisfies the inequality 3x < 81?

A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
1 𝑥 1
6. What are the values of x that satisfy the inequality (5) > 125?
A. x > 3 B. x < 3 C. x > 5 D. x < 5
7. Which table of values represents an exponential function?

A.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8
B.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 8 4 0 -4 -8 -12 -16
C.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) -9 -4 -1 0 1 4 9
D.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8
8. Which of the following graph shows the given table of values of exponential
function?
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 27 9 3 1 1/3 1/9 1/27
A. C.
B. D.
9. What is the domain of the exponential function f(x) = 2x?

A. all real numbers C. all real numbers except 2
B. all real numbers except 0 D. all real numbers except 1
10. What is the horizontal asymptote of the exponential function f(x) = 2x?
A. y = -1 C. y = 1
B. y = 0 D. no horizontal asymptote
1 𝑥
11. Given the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = (3) − 1, which of the following is NOT
true?
A. The domain of the exponential function is the set of real numbers.
B. The y-intercept of the exponential function is 0.
C. The graph of the function intersects the x-axis.
D. The vertical asymptote of the function is x = 0.
12. Which of the following statements is best modeled by an exponential growth?
A. The cost of pencils as a function of the number of pencils.
B. The compound interest of an amount as a function of time.
C. The distance when a stone is dropped as a function of time.
D. The distance of swinging pendulum bob from the center as a function of
time.
13. A piece of paper is cut in half. Then each half is cut in half again. The process
is repeated 5 times. How many pieces of paper are there?
A. 12 B. 16 C. 24 D. 32
For numbers 14 to 15, use the given situation.

A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60
years.
14. What is the exponential model for this situation?

𝑡
𝑡
1 60
A. 𝑦 = 1000(2) 60 C. 𝑦 = 1000 (2)
60
60
1 𝑡
B. 𝑦 = 1000(2) 𝑡 D. 𝑦 = 1000 (2)
15. What is the barangay’s population in 20 years?

A. 1020 B. 1123 C. 1260 D. 1415
Lesson
Exponential Functions,
1 Equations and Inequalities
What’s In
In this lesson, we will differentiate exponential function, exponential equation

and exponential inequality. But before that, let us recall function, equation and
inequality.
A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only

one value in the range by some rule.
Examples:
y = 2x + 4 (linear function)
f(x) = x2 + 3x – 2 (quadratic function)
3𝑥
𝑔(𝑥) = (rational function)
𝑥−4
An equation is a statement that asserts the equality of two expressions. It is

written as two expressions connected by an equal sign (“=”).
Examples:
2x – 3 = 7x + 2 (linear equation)
x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 (quadratic equation)
𝑥+5 4𝑥−1
= (rational equation)
𝑥−4 𝑥−6
An inequality is a relationship between two expressions that are not equal. The
symbols used in inequality are < (less than), > (greater than), ≥ (greater than or equal),
≤ (less than or equal), and ≠ (not equal).
Examples:
x2 – 8x + 16 < 0 (quadratic inequality)
3𝑥
≤5 (rational inequality)
𝑥−6
What’s New
Directions: Read the situation carefully then answer the guide questions.
Joseph is the eldest among 8 siblings. In order to help his parents, he sells
seafood barbecue everyday. His friends, Jesy and Jasper, bought seafood
barbecue and they found it delicious. Along the way, they met their four friends and
encouraged them to buy. Since they found it delicious too, the four of them
encouraged two persons each. If the pattern continues, how will you
describe the number of people who bought Joseph’s seafood barbecues?
Guide questions:
1. How do you describe Joseph?
2. If you were in his situation, will you do the same? Why?
3. In what other ways can you help your parents?
4. How do you describe Joseph’s family? What is his parents’ occupation?
5. When the right time comes for you to have your own family, what are the ideal
characteristics you would want them to have? Why?
6. Show the pattern using the table of values.
Sequence of
meeting friends (x)
No. of friends
bought (y)
What Is It
The previous activity is an example of an exponential function. Before we define

an exponential function, let us first define an exponential expression.
An exponential expression is an expression of the form 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑 , where

b > 0 and b ≠ 1.
Examples
3x – 2 5x+2 - 3
1 𝑥+5 1 2𝑥−5
(3) (5) −6
The following are NOT exponential expressions.

x3 : The base is a variable. The variable should be in the exponent.
1x : The base must be positive except 1.
xx: The base and the exponent are variables. The base should not be
variable.
An exponential function with base b is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 or

𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 where b > 0, b ≠ 1.
Examples
1 2𝑥 1 2𝑥−1
𝑦 = (7) +1 𝑔(𝑥) = (3)
𝑓(𝑥) = 63𝑥 16𝑥 = 𝑦

An exponential equation is an equation involving exponential expressions.
Examples
2 1
72𝑥−𝑥 = 343 9𝑥−1 = 81
22𝑥+3 = 16 253𝑥 − 4 = 121

An exponential inequality is an inequality involving exponential expressions.
Examples
2 3𝑥 49
(7) < 52𝑥−1 ≥ 625
4
52𝑥 − 5𝑥+1 ≤ 0 25𝑥 > 125
An exponential equation or inequality can be solved for all x values that satisfy
the equation or inequality. An exponential function expresses a relationship between
two variables (such as x and y), and can be represented by a table of values or a
graph.
Lesson
Solving Exponential Equation
2 and Exponential Inequality
What’s In
Recall the following laws of exponents.

For every 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℝ, and 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ Ζ.
1. Product of Powers: 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
Example: 𝑥 4 ∙ 𝑥 5 = 𝑥 4+5 = 𝑥 9
2. Power of a Product: (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

Example: (2 ∙ 𝑦)2 = 22 ∙ 𝑦 2 = 4𝑦 2
3. Power of a Power: (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

Example: (𝑧 4 )2 = 𝑧 4(2) = 𝑧 8
𝑎𝑚
4. Quotient of Powers: = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 ; 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑎𝑛
𝑦6
Example: 𝑦 4 = 𝑦 6−4 = 𝑦 2
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚
5. Power of a Quotient: (𝑏) = 𝑏𝑚 ; 𝑏 ≠ 0
3 2 32 9
Example: (𝑦) = 𝑦 2 = 𝑦 2
6. Zero Exponent Rule: 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0

Example: (5𝑥𝑦)0 + 6𝑥 0 − 40 = 1 + 6 − 1 = 6
1
7. Negative Exponent: 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 , 𝑎𝑚 ≠ 0
1
Example: 𝑥 −3 = 𝑥 3
What Is It
Let us consider the given exponential function.

Example 1. If f(x) = 3x, evaluate f(2), f(-2), f(1/2), and f(0.4).
Solution.
𝑓(2) = 32 = 9
1 1
𝑓(−2) = 3−2 = 32 = 9
1
1
𝑓 (2) = 32 = √3
2
5 5
𝑓(0.4) = 30.4 = 35 = √32 = √9
Some exponential equations can be solved by using the fact that exponential
functions are one-to-one.
One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions

If x1 ≠ x2, then 𝑏 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑏 𝑥2 . Conversely, if 𝑏 𝑥1 = 𝑏 𝑥2 then x1 = x2.
Example 2. Solve the equation 4x-1 = 16.

Solution. Write both sides with 4 as the base.
4x - 1 = 16
4x – 1 = 4 2 (Note: 16 = 42)
x–1=2 (One-to-one Property)
x=2+1 (Add 1 on both sides)
x=3
Alternate Solution. Write both sides with 2 as the base.
4x – 1 = 16
(22) x – 1 = 24 (Note: 4 = 22 and 16 = 24)
22(x – 1) = 24
2(x – 1) = 4 (One-to-one Property)
2x – 2 = 4 (Distributive Law)
2x = 6 (Add 2 on both sides)
x=3 (Divide both sides by 2)
You can verify that x = 3 is a solution by substituting it back to the original equation:
43-1 = 42 = 16
Example 3. Solve the equation 125x – 2 = 25 x + 3.

Solution. Both 125 and 25 can be written using 5 as the base.
125x – 2 = 25 x + 3
(53)x – 2 = (52)x + 3 (Note: 125 = 53 and 25 = 52)
53(x – 2) = 52(x + 3)
3(x – 2) = 2(x + 3) (One-to-one Property)
3x – 6 = 2x + 6 (Distributive law)
x = 12
2
Example 4. Solve the equation 9𝑥 = 3𝑥+3 .
2
(32 )𝑥 = 3𝑥+3 (Note: 9 = 32)
2
32𝑥 = 3𝑥+3
2x2 = x + 3 (One-to-one Property)
2x2 – x – 3 = 0
(2x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
2x – 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x = 3/2 or x = -1
Exponential inequalities can be solved using the following properties.
Property of Exponential Inequalities

• If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is increasing for all x. This
means that bx < by if and only if x < y.
• If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is decreasing for all x. This
means that bx < by if and only if x > y.
Example 5. Solve the inequality 3x < 9x – 2.

3x < (32)x – 2
3x < 32(x – 2)
3x < 32x – 4
Since the base 3 > 1, then this inequality is equivalent to
x < 2x – 4 (the direction of the inequality is retained)
4 < 2x – x
4<x
The solution set to the inequality is {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 > 4} . (You can verify that x = 5
and 6 are solutions but x = 4 and 3 are not.)
1 𝑥+5 1 3𝑥
Example 6. Solve the inequality (10) ≥ (100) .
1 1 2 1
Solution. Since 100 = (10) , then we can write both sides of the inequality with 10 as
the base.
1 𝑥+5 1 3𝑥
(10) ≥ (100)
𝑥+5 3𝑥
1 1 2
(10) ≥ [(10) ]
1 𝑥+5 1 6𝑥
(10) ≥ (10)
1
Since the base 0 < 10 < 1, then the inequality is equivalent to
x + 5 ≤ 6x (the direction of the inequality is reversed)

5 ≤ 6x – x
5 ≤ 5x
1≤x
The solution set is {𝑥 ∈ ℝ|𝑥 ≥ 1} .
Lesson
Representations of
3 Exponential Function
What’s In
In this lesson, we will represent exponential function through its table of values,
graph and equation. But before that, let us represent a linear function through its table
of values and graph.
A. Construct a table of values of ordered pair for f(x) = 2x + 1.
Solution:
The table of values for f(x) = 2x + 1 is as follows.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) -3 -1 1 3 5 7
Notice that a constant value of 2 was obtained in the first difference in y.
B. Plot the points found in the table in a cartesian plane, and then connect
them.
Solution:
What’s New
Let’s consider the function f(x) = 2x. We represent it through its table of values
and its graph.
A. Construct a table of values of ordered pair for f(x) = 2x.
The table of values for f(x) = 2x is as follows.

x -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/16 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8
B. Plot the points found in the table in a cartesian plane, and then connect
them using smooth curve.
Plotting of points for f(x) = 2x Graph of f(x) = 2x
What Is It
In the table of values in the previous activity, it can be observed that when you
divide the consecutive values of y, you get equal ratios which is 2. This type of relation
where a constant ratio between two consecutive values of y for equal differences in x
is what we call an exponential function.
It can also be observed from the graph in the previous activity that the function
f(x) = 2x is increasing. This is because the base which is 2 is greater than 1. Let us
consider another exponential function.
Example. Given the function g(x) = (1/2)x. Construct a table of values of ordered pairs,
plot the points in a cartesian plane, and connect them using a smooth curve.
Solution.
The corresponding table of values of x and g(x) = (1/2)x is as follows:
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
g(x) 8 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16
Plot the points found in the table and connect them using a smooth curve.
Plotting of points for f(x) = (1/2)x Graph of f(x) = (1/2)x
It can be observed that the function f(x) = (1/2)x is decreasing because the base
is less than 1 but greater than 0.
Lesson Domain, Range, Intercepts,
Zeroes and Asymptotes of
4 Exponential Function
What’s In
In this lesson, we will describe an exponential function. We will find the domain
and range of an exponential function. We will also determine its intercepts, zeroes,
horizontal and vertical asymptotes. But before that let us consider the rational function
2𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑥−3 whose graph is shown below.
A. Find the domain and range of the rational function.
Solution:
The domain is the set of all real numbers except 3.
The range is the set of all real numbers except 2.
B. Determine the x- and y-intercepts, zeroes, and horizontal and vertical

asymptote of the rational function.
Solution:
The x-intercept is 0. The y-intercept is also 0.
The zero of the rational function is x = 0.
The vertical asymptote is x = 3. The horizontal asymptote is y = 2.
What’s New
Direction: Given the following functions, construct a table of values of

x = -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
1. y = -2x and y = 2-x
2. y = 3(2x) and y = 0.4(2x)
3. y = 2x – 3 and y = 2x + 1
4. y = 2x – 2 and y = 2x + 4
Solution:
1. y = -2x and y = 2-x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2 x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y = -2x -0.125 -0.25 -0.5 -1 -2 -4 -8
y = 2-x 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125
2. y = 3(2x) and y = 0.4(2x)

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y = 3(2x) 0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6 12 24
y = 0.4(2x) 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2
3. y = 2x – 3 and y = 2x + 1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y = 2x – 3 -2.875 -2.75 -2.5 -2 -1 1 5
y = 2x + 1 1.125 1.25 1.5 2 3 5 9
4. y = 2x – 2 and y = 2x + 4
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2 x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y = 2x – 2 0.031 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2
y = 2x + 4 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
What Is It
Using the table of values from the previous activity, plot the points in a cartesian
coordinate plane then connect the points.
1. y = -2x and y = 2-x
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2 x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y = -2 x -0.125 -0.25 -0.5 -1 -2 -4 -8
y=2 -x 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125
The y-coordinate of each point on the graph of y = -2x is the negative of

the y-coordinate of the graph of y = 2x. Thus, the graph of y = -2x is the reflection
of the graph of y = 2x about the x-axis.
The value of y = 2-x at x is the same as the value of y = 2x at -x. Thus,
the graph of y = 2-x is the reflection of the graph of y = 2x about the y-axis.
The corresponding graphs are shown below.
Observations
• The domain of the three functions is the set of all real numbers.
• The range of the functions y = 2x and y = 2-x is the set of all positive
real numbers.
• The range of the function y = -2x is the set of all negative real numbers.
• The three functions do not have x-intercepts and zeroes.
• The y-intercept of the functions y = 2x and y = 2-x is 1, while the y-
intercept of the function y = -2x is -1.
• The three functions do not have vertical asymptotes. Their horizontal
asymptote is y = 0.
2. y = 3(2x) and y = 0.4(2x)
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
x
y = 3(2 ) 0.375 0.75 1.5 3 6 12 24
x
y = 0.4(2 ) 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2
The y-coordinate of each point on the graph of y = 3(2 x) is 3 times the

y-coordinate of each point on y = 2x. Similarly, the y-coordinate of each point
on the graph of y = 0.4(2x) is 0.4 times the y-coordinate of each point on y = 2x.
The graphs of these functions are shown below.
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
Observations
• The range of all three graphs is the set of all positive real numbers.
• There is no x-intercept. The y-intercepts were also multiplied
correspondingly. The y-intercept of y = 3(2x) is 3, and the y-intercept of
y = 0.4(2x) is 0.4.
• All three graphs have the same horizontal asymptote which is y = 0.
There is no vertical asymptote.
3. y = 2x – 3 and y = 2x + 1
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y = 2 – 3 -2.875 -2.75
x -2.5 -2 -1 1 5
y = 2x + 1 1.125 1.25 1.5 2 3 5 9
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
Observations
• The range of the function y = 2x + 1 is all y > 1, and the range of
y = 2x – 3 is all y > -3.
• The y-intercepts and horizontal asymptotes were also vertically
translated from the y-intercept and horizontal asymptote of y = 2x.
The horizontal asymptote of y = 2x is y = 0. Shift this 1 unit up to get the
horizontal asymptote of y = 2x + 1 which is y = 1, and 3 units down to get
the horizontal asymptote of y = 2x – 3 which is 3.
4. y = 2x – 2 and y = 2x + 4
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y=2 x 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8
y=2 x – 2 0.031 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2
y=2 x + 4 2 4 8 16 32 64 128
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙
Observations
• The range of the three functions is the set of all positive real numbers.
• The y-intercepts changed. To find them, substitute x = 0 in the function.
Thus, the intercept of y = 2x+4 is 24 = 16 and the y-intercept of y = 2x-2 is
2-2 = 0.25.
• The horizontal asymptotes of the three functions are the same (y = 0).
Translating a graph horizontally does not change the horizontal
asymptote.
Lesson
Solving Problems Involving
5 Exponential Functions
What’s In
Exponential functions occur in various real-world situations. Exponential

functions are used to model real-life situations such as population growth,
radioactive decay, carbon dating, growth of an epidemic, loan interest rates, and
investments.
Recall the concept of geometric sequence (or progression) in which each term
after the first is obtained by multiplying the preceding term by a non-zero constant
called the common ratio. Symbolically, if 𝑎 is the first term and 𝑟 is the common ratio,
then 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 2 , 𝑎𝑟 3 , … forms a geometric sequence.
For example, bacteria reproduce by splitting, doubling the number of
bacterial cells. If there are 4 cells and a doctor is examining the bacteria, after a
certain time, there will be 8 cells…then 16… then 32, etc. The terms 4, 8, 16,
32, … can be written in factored form or exponential form as shown in the table
below.
Term Factored Form Exponential Form
𝑎1 = 4 4 4 x 20
𝑎2 = 8 4x2 4 x 21
𝑎3 = 16 4x2x2 4 x 22
𝑎4 = 32 4x2x2x2 4 x 23
This means that if there are 4 bacteria initially and doubles after a certain time,
then there will be 4(2)n-1, after 𝑛 units of time.
In general, given the first term 𝑎1 and the common ratio is 𝑟 of a geometric
sequence, then the 𝑛th term of the sequence is 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1.
What’s New
Directions: Read carefully and follow the instructions given in this activity. Then
answer the following questions in a separate paper.
Materials: One 2-meter of string, a pair of scissors
(a) At step 0, there is 1 string.
(b) At step 1, fold the string into two equal parts and then cut at the middle. How
many strings of equal length do you have? Enter your answer in the table
below.
(c) At step 2, again fold each of the strings equally and then cut. How many
strings of equal length do you have? Enter your answer in the table below.
(d) Continue the process until the table is completely filled-up.
Step 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of strings
Questions
(a) What pattern can be observed from the data?
(b) Define a formula for the number of strings as a function of step number
Answers:
Step 0 1 2 3 4 5
Number of strings 1 2 4 8 16 32
It can be observed that as the step number increases by 1, the number of

strings doubles. If 𝑛 is the number of strings and is the step number, then 𝑛(𝑠) = 2𝑠 .
What Is It
There are many real-life situations that can be represented using exponential
functions and their transformations. Some of them are population growth, exponential
decay, and compound interest.
Population Growth
On several instances, scientists will start with a certain number of bacteria or
animals and watch how the population grows. For example, if the population doubles
every 3 days, then this can be represented as an exponential function.
Example 1. Let 𝑡 = time in hours. At 𝑡 = 0, there were initially 20 bacteria. Suppose
that the bacteria double every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the bacteria
as a function of 𝑡.
Solution:
Initially, at 𝑡 = 0 Number of bacteria = 20
at 𝑡 = 100 Number of bacteria = 20(2)
at 𝑡 = 200 Number of bacteria = 20(2)2
𝑡
An exponential model for this situation is 𝑦 = 20(2)100.
Exponential Model for Population Growth

Suppose a quantity 𝑦 doubles every 𝑇 units of time. If 𝑦0 is the initial amount, then
the quantity 𝑦 after 𝑡 units of time is given by
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2)𝑇 .
Exponential Decay
Exponential functions can be used to model radioactive decay.
The half-life of a substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to
decay.
Example 2. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days
and there are 10 g initially. (a) Determine the amount of substance remaining after 30
days, and (b) give an exponential model for the amount of remaining substance.
Solution: We use the fact that the mass is halved every 10 days (from the definition
of half-life).
Let 𝑡 = time in days. Thus, we have
Initially, at 𝑡 = 0 Amount of substance = 10g
1
at 𝑡 = 10 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Amount of substance = 10(2) = 5g
1 2
at 𝑡 = 20 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Amount of substance = 10(2) = 2.5g
1 3
at 𝑡 = 30 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 Amount of substance = 10(2) = 1.25g
(a) The amount of substance remaining after 30 days is 1.25g.

𝑡
1 10
(b) An exponential model for this situation is 𝑦 = 10 (2) .
Exponential Model for Exponential Decay

If the half-life of a substance is 𝑇 units, and 𝑦0 is the amount of the substance
corresponding to 𝑡 = 0 , then the amount 𝑦 of substance remaining after 𝑡 units of
time is given by
𝑡
1 𝑇
𝑦 = 𝑦0 ( )
2
Example 3. At time t = 0, 500 bacteria are in a petri dish, and this amount triples every
15 days. (a) Give an exponential model for the situation. (b) How many bacteria are in
the dish after 50 days?
Solution:
Given:
yo = 500 T = 15 days
𝑡
a. The bacteria triples every 15 days. Thus, the exponential model is 𝑦 = 500(3)15 .
b. At t = 50,
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (3)𝑇
50
𝑦 = 500(3)15
𝑦 ≈ 19470
There will be 19,470 bacteria after 50 days.
Compounded Interest
A starting amount of money (called the principal) can be invested at a certain
interest rate that is earned at the end of a given period of time (such as one year). If
the interest rate is compounded, the interest earned at the end of the period is added
to the principal, and this new amount will earn interest in the next period. The same
process is repeated for each succeeding period: interest previously earned will also
earn interest in the next period.
Example 4. Mrs. Dela Cruz invested P100,000.00 in a company that offers 6% interest
compounded annually. Define an exponential model for this situation. How much will
this investment be worth at the end of each year for the next five years?
Solution.
Let 𝑡 = time in years. Thus, we have
Initially, at 𝑡 = 0 Amount of investment = 100,000.00
at 𝑡 = 1 Amount of investment = 100,000 + 100,000(0.06)
= 100,000(1+0.06)
= P106,000
at 𝑡 = 2 Amount of investment = 100,000(1 + 0.06) + 100,000(1+0.06)(0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)(1 + 0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)2
= P112,360
at 𝑡 = 3 Amount of investment = 100,000(1+0.06)2 + 100,000(1+0.06)2(0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)2(1 + 0.06)
= 100,000(1 + 0.06)3
= P119,101.60
Following the pattern, we can simply solve a certain amount of investment at
period of time.
at 𝑡 = 4 Amount of investment = 100,000(1+0.06)4
= P126,247.70
at 𝑡 = 5 Amount of investment = 100,000(1+0.06)5
= P133,822.56
The exponential model for this situation is 𝐴 = 100 000(1 + 0.06)𝑡 or simply
𝐴 = 100 000(1.06)𝑡 . The investment is worth P133,822.56.
Exponential Model for Compounded Interest
If a principal 𝑃 is invested at an annual rate of 𝑟 , compounded annually, then the
amount after 𝑡 years is given by
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)𝑡
Example 5. Referring to Example 3, is it possible for Mrs. Dela Cruz to double her
money in 8 years? 10 years?
Solution: Using the exponential model 𝑦 = 100,000(1 + 0.6)𝑡 , we substitute 𝑡 = 8 and
𝑡 = 10:
If 𝑡 = 8, 𝑦 = 100,000(1.06)8 ≈ 𝑃159,384.81
If 𝑡 = 10, 𝑦 = 100,000(1.06)10 ≈ 𝑃179,084.77
Since Mrs. Dela Cruz money still has NOT reached Php 200,000 after 10 years,
then she has not doubled her money during this time.
The Natural Exponential Function

Some situations can be modeled using the exponential function with base 𝑒, an
irrational number whose value is approximately 2.71828. At this point, we will just rely
on the scientific calculator to obtain further decimal expansion of 𝑒 .
Definition
The natural exponential function is a function defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
for all x real numbers.
Example 6. A radioactive substance is decaying according to the function

𝑦 = 500𝑒 −0.02𝑡 , where 𝑦 milligram is the amount present in 𝑡 years from now. How
many will be left after 10 years?
Solution. Substitute 𝑦 = 10 to the given function. Using a scientific calculator, we have
𝑦 = 500𝑒 −0.02𝑡 ≈ 409.
Example 7. The half-life of Zn -71 is 2.45 minutes. At 𝑡 = 0, there were 𝑦0 grams of

1
Zn-71, but only 256 of this amount remains after some time. How much time has
passed?
𝑡
1 𝑇
Solution. The half-life of substance can be calculated by the formula 𝑁(𝑡) = 𝑁0 (2)
where 𝑁(𝑡) = quantity of the substance remaining

𝑁0 = initial quantity of the substance
𝑡 = time elapsed
𝑇 = half-life of the substance
Given
𝑇 = 2.45 minutes 𝑁0 = 𝑦0
1
𝑁(𝑡) = 𝑦 𝑡 =?
256 0
Substitute
𝑡
1 𝑇
𝑁(𝑡) = 𝑁0 (2)
𝑡
1 1 2.45
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2)
256 0
𝑡
1 1 2.45
= (2)
256
𝑡
1 8 1 2.45
(2) = (2)
𝑡
8 = 2.45
𝑡 = (8)(2.45)
𝑡 = 19.6 minutes
Thus, 19.6 minutes have passed since t = 0.
What I Have Learned
An exponential expression is an expression of the form 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑 , where

𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1. An exponential equation is an equation involving exponential
expressions. An exponential inequality is an inequality involving exponential
expressions. An exponential function with base b is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥
or 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 , where 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1.
Exponential equations and inequalities can be solved using the following

properties:
• If x1 ≠ x2, then 𝑏 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑏 𝑥2 . Conversely, if 𝑏 𝑥1 = 𝑏 𝑥2 then x1 = x2.

• If b > 1, then the exponential function y = bx is increasing for all x. This
means that bx < by if and only if x < y.
• If 0 < b < 1, then the exponential function y = bx is decreasing for all x.
This means that bx < by if and only if x > y.
In representing exponential functions through its table of values, assign values
of x then solve for y.
The relation where a constant ratio between two consecutive values of y for
equal differences in x is called an exponential function.
Depending on the value of b, where b is the base, the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 has
the following graph.
Given the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 for 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1,

• The domain is the set of all real numbers.
• The range is all y > k if 𝑎 > 0 and all y < k if 𝑎 < 0.
• To find the x-intercept, set f(x) to zero, then solve for x. To find the
y-intercept, set x to zero and solve for f(x).
• To find the zeroes, set f(x) to zero and solve for x.
• The horizontal asymptote is y = k. There is no vertical asymptote.
Suppose a quantity 𝑦 doubles every 𝑇 units of time. If 𝑦0 is the initial amount,

then the quantity 𝑦 after 𝑡 units of time is given by
𝑡
𝑦 = 𝑦0 (2)𝑇 .
If the half-life of a substance is 𝑇 units, and 𝑦0 is the amount of the substance
corresponding to 𝑡 = 0 , then the amount 𝑦 of substance remaining after 𝑡 units of time
is given by
𝑡
1 𝑇
𝑦 = 𝑦0 ( )
2
If a principal 𝑃 is invested at an annual rate of 𝑟 , compounded annually, then the
amount after 𝑡 years is given by
𝐴 = 𝑃(1 + 𝑟)𝑡
The natural exponential function is a function defined by

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥
for all x real numbers.
What I Can Do
Direction: Do what is asked in the following problem.

Dita was infected with the COVID19 virus. She has mild symptoms like fever,
dry cough and sore throat. Paracetamol is a drug used to treat mild to moderate pain
and to reduce fever. It has a half-life in the body of 3 hours. Under a doctor’s care,
Patient Dita is given a dose of a certain paracetamol. Patient Dita asks the doctor for
another the same dose of this paracetamol. The doctor agrees to allow patient Dita to
take dose once there is only 6.25% of the original dose remaining in the body. How
long will patient Nelia have to wait, before taking another dose of this paracetamol?
Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following is an exponential function?

A. 4x = 16 B. y = 3x2 – 1 C. y = 3x + 2 D. 32x + 3 + 3 = 6
2. Which of the following is an exponential equation?

2𝑥−1
A. 2x + 1 = 4 B. 3x2 – 2x = y C. =0 D. 5x + 5 = y
3𝑥
3. What is f(x) = 5x if x = -2?

A. 1/25 B. 1/5 C. 5 D. 25
1 𝑥−2
4. What is the value of x that satisfies the equation 82𝑥−3 = (16) .?
A. -17/10 B. -10/17 C.10/17 D. 17/10
5. Which of the following satisfies the inequality 6x < 216?

A. 2 B.3 C. 5 D. 6
1 2𝑥 1
6. What are the values of x that satisfy the inequality (3) > 27?
A. x > 3/2 B. x < 3/2 C. x > 5/2 D. x < 5/2
7. Which of the following table of values is NOT an exponential function?
A.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 125 25 5 1 1/5 1/25 1/125
B.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5
C.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/27 1/9 1/3 1 3 9 27
D.
x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
f(x) 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 2 4 8
8. Which of the following graph represents an exponential function?

A. C.
B. D.
1 𝑥+1
For numbers 9 to 11, use the exponential function 𝑔(𝑥) = (4) −4
9. What is the domain of the exponential function?

A. all real numbers C. all real numbers greater than 4
B. all positive real numbers D. all real numbers greater than -4
10. What is the x-intercept of the exponential function?

A. -15/4 B. -2 C. 4 D. no x-intercept
11. What is the horizontal asymptote of the exponential function?

A. y = -4 C. y = -1
B. y = -2 D. no horizontal asymptote
12. Which of the following statements describes an exponential decay?

A. A colony of bacteria grows by 20% every half hour.
B. The amount of radioactive isotope of carbon has a half-life of 5500 years.
C. A certain culture of bacteria grows from 500 to 400 bacteria every 1.5 hours.
D. An amount deposited by Jessie in a bank earns a compound interest of 6%
yearly.
13. If a certain growth of bacteria depends upon the formula y = 150(3 x), what is y
when x = 4?
A. 1350 B. 4050 C. 12150 D. 36450
For numbers 14 to 15, use the given situation.

A radioactive element has a half-life of three weeks. Initially, there are 4000
grams.
14. What is the exponential model for this situation?
𝑡
𝑡
1 3
A. 𝑦 = 4000 (2) C. 𝑦 = 4000(2)3
3
3
1 𝑡
B. 𝑦 = 4000 (2) D. 𝑦 = 4000(2) 𝑡
15. How many will remain after 12 weeks?

A. 125 g B. 250 g C. 500 g D. 3363 g
References
Banignon, Ricardo B. Jr, et. al. General Mathematics for Senior High School.
Quezon City: Educational Resources Corporation, 2016
Department of Education. General Mathematics Learner’s Materials. Pasig City:
Department of Education, 2016.
Department of Education. General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Pasig City:
Department of Education, 2016.
Natividad, Stephen Kyle, et. al. General Mathematics for Senior High School. Makati
City: Salinlahi Publishing House, Inc., 2018
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – Schools Division of the City of Batac
16S Quiling Sur, City of Batac, 2906 Ilocos Norte, Philippines
Telephone No: (077)677-1993

GenMath Q1Wk5to6 Mod5 Exponential-Functions

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General Mathematics

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Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed by the Schools Division of the City of Batac

Most Essential Learning Competency (MELC)

• Represents real-life situations using exponential functions. (M11GM-Ie-3)

After going through this module, you are expected to

1. represent real-life situations using exponential functions;

2. Which of the following is an exponential inequality?

5. Which of the following satisfies the inequality 3x < 81?

7. Which table of values represents an exponential function?

9. What is the domain of the exponential function f(x) = 2x?

For numbers 14 to 15, use the given situation.

14. What is the exponential model for this situation?

15. What is the barangay’s population in 20 years?

In this lesson, we will differentiate exponential function, exponential equation

A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only

An equation is a statement that asserts the equality of two expressions. It is

The previous activity is an example of an exponential function. Before we define

An exponential expression is an expression of the form 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑 , where

The following are NOT exponential expressions.

An exponential function with base b is a function of the form 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 or

𝑓(𝑥) = 63𝑥 16𝑥 = 𝑦

22𝑥+3 = 16 253𝑥 − 4 = 121

52𝑥 − 5𝑥+1 ≤ 0 25𝑥 > 125

Recall the following laws of exponents.

2. Power of a Product: (𝑎 ∙ 𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑏 𝑚

3. Power of a Power: (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛

6. Zero Exponent Rule: 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0

Let us consider the given exponential function.

One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions

Example 2. Solve the equation 4x-1 = 16.

Example 3. Solve the equation 125x – 2 = 25 x + 3.

Property of Exponential Inequalities

Example 5. Solve the inequality 3x < 9x – 2.

x + 5 ≤ 6x (the direction of the inequality is reversed)

Notice that a constant value of 2 was obtained in the first difference in y.

The table of values for f(x) = 2x is as follows.

Plotting of points for f(x) = 2x Graph of f(x) = 2x

Plotting of points for f(x) = (1/2)x Graph of f(x) = (1/2)x

A. Find the domain and range of the rational function.

B. Determine the x- and y-intercepts, zeroes, and horizontal and vertical

Direction: Given the following functions, construct a table of values of

2. y = 3(2x) and y = 0.4(2x)

The y-coordinate of each point on the graph of y = -2x is the negative of

The y-coordinate of each point on the graph of y = 3(2 x) is 3 times the

The graphs of these functions are shown below.

Exponential functions occur in various real-world situations. Exponential

It can be observed that as the step number increases by 1, the number of

Exponential Model for Population Growth

(a) The amount of substance remaining after 30 days is 1.25g.

Exponential Model for Exponential Decay

The Natural Exponential Function

Example 6. A radioactive substance is decaying according to the function

Example 7. The half-life of Zn -71 is 2.45 minutes. At 𝑡 = 0, there were 𝑦0 grams of

where 𝑁(𝑡) = quantity of the substance remaining

An exponential expression is an expression of the form 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑑 , where

Exponential equations and inequalities can be solved using the following

• If x1 ≠ x2, then 𝑏 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑏 𝑥2 . Conversely, if 𝑏 𝑥1 = 𝑏 𝑥2 then x1 = x2.

Given the exponential function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 𝑥−ℎ + 𝑘 for 𝑎 ≠ 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑏 ≠ 1,

Suppose a quantity 𝑦 doubles every 𝑇 units of time. If 𝑦0 is the initial amount,