SCIENCE RESEARCH IV

Fourth Quarter- Module 3

NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS
PART 1
Mann Whitney U Test

MELC 1 Week No. 3 Code: SSP_RS8_IA1Competency: Process Data

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 Science Research – Grade 10
Supplementary Learning Material
Quarter 4 – Module 3: Non-Parametric Tests (Part 1): Mann Whitney U Test

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MELC 1 Week No. 3 Code: SSP_RS10_IA1 Competency: Data Processing

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 Science
Research
IV

Name: _______________________________________ Date:____________ Score:__________

SUBJECT: SCIENCE RESEARCH IV

QUARTER 4 Module No. 3
Lesson: Non-Parametric Tests (Part 1)
Mann Whitney U Test
Objective/s:
1. Enumerate the assumptions of the Mann Whitney U Test
2. Determine the parametric equivalent of Mann Whitney U Test
3. Run a Mann Whitney U Test for two set of data

1. PRETEST

Direction: Complete the table showing the non-parametric

equivalent of parametric tests

Parametric Tests Non-parametric Equivalent

Independent Sample T-test 1. ___________________________
Paired T-test 2. ___________________________
One-way ANOVA 3. ___________________________
One-way ANOVA w/ Replications 4. ___________________________
Pearson r 5. ___________________________

2. REVIEW

Direction: Let us go back all the way to

ACTIVITY NO.1 the first quarter. Do you still remember
the statistical treatment for comparing
two (2) population means? Let us now try
to run this test on the results of a Likert questionnaire using weighted
arithmetic mean. The results are from two (2) unnamed sections.
Item No. Section 1 Section 2
1 4.3 3.9
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 2 4.2 3.8
3 4.1 3.7
4 4.2 3.9
5 4.3 4.0
6 4.2 3.7
7 4.1 3.8
8 4.2 4.0
9 4.3 3.9
10 4.0 3.8

Guide Questions:
1. What test did you use to determine the significant difference
between these two (2) populations means?
2. What is the result? How is its interpretation?
3. What do you think is the problem with running this test on the
samples?
How is the weighted arithmetic mean obtained? As discussed in the
previous module, this computation is calculated from the results of a
questionnaire that may be using an ordinal scale. Therefore, the
resulting number describes the central tendency of a given set of
values quite like the middle value (also called the median). This is
because ordinal data only has the median and mode (measure of how
many a data occurred).
How does this affect running the t-test? Remember that t-tests
assumes there is normal distribution of a data set and is therefore
considered as a parametric test. As discussed too in the previous
module, it should either come from a ratio or interval scale. It could
not run on an ordinal scale. What statistical test is best for a non-
parametric, ordinal scale type of data?

3. INTRODUCTION

In the previous module, we explained how an ordinal data can be processed to

measure a general result. We did it by assigning a number, giving weight to each
response. In other words, we ran a weighted arithmetic mean for an ordinal
response obtained from a Likert scale type of questionnaire.
But sometimes, a researcher may not only want to determine the general nature
of each item. The study may be focused on determining whether there is a
difference between two groups to whom the test is done. In other words, there
could be two set of data to which a test for significant difference is important. But
as we have seen in the previous activity, using the t-test is inappropriate for such a
problem. If it is not, what is? This is will be explored in the next activity

4. ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY NO.2 Mann Whitney U Test

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 KEY CONCEPT
The Mann Whitney U Test is the non-parametric equivalent of the t-test. This test
should be used to determine the difference between pairs of data that are non-
parametric in nature. Such data can be obtained using ordinal scales such as the
five (5) point response of a Likert scale questionnaire.
One of the null hypotheses for this test says that there is a probability that 50% of
the members of the first set of data will exceed a member of the second data.
The formula for getting the U Statistic is as follows:
𝑛1 (𝑛1 + 1)
𝑈1 = 𝑅1 −
2
Where R is the sum of the ranks in the sample, and
n is the number of items in a sample

Direction: Read the foregoing example and compute for the U Statistic of two
(2) set of data
Example 1
Let us now try the U test on the set of data considered in the Review Activity
Item No. Section 1 Section 2
1 4.3 3.9
2 4.2 3.8
3 4.1 3.7
4 4.2 3.9
5 4.3 4.0
6 4.2 3.7
7 4.1 3.8
8 4.2 4.0
9 4.3 3.9
10 4.0 3.8
STEP 1: Get the ranks of each number as a whole independent from their
sections.
Item No. Section 1 Section 2 Ranks 1 Ranks 2
1 4.3 3.9 19 7
2 4.2 3.8 15.5 4
3 4.1 3.7 12.5 1.5
4 4.2 3.9 15.5 7
5 4.3 4.0 19 10
6 4.2 3.7 15.5 1.5
7 4.1 3.8 12.5 4
8 4.2 4.0 15.5 10
9 4.3 3.9 19 7
10 4.0 3.8 10 4
Notice that there are equal numbers. In such a case, we add up the consecutive
ranks until the next rank and divide it by the number of occurrences. For
instance, we placed 1.5 to both “3.7” from section 2 (Items 3 and 6) because it
covered ranks 1 and 2. Getting the average of both numbers gave us 1.5.
Similarly, we have rank 10 for all “4.0” from both sections (Item 10 for Section 1;
and Items 5 and 8 for Section 2) because it covered ranks from 9 to 11. Its average
is indeed 10.

STEP 2: Get the total of each column’s rank. For Section 1, it is 154 while it is 56
for Section 2.

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 STEP 3: Follow the formula for U-Statistic for each section.
𝑛1 (𝑛1 + 1) 10(10 + 1)
𝑈𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 = 𝑅1 − = 154 − = 55
2 2
𝑛2 (𝑛2 + 1) 10(10 + 1)
𝑈𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 = 𝑅2 − = 56 − = −1
2 2
STEP 4: Our U-statistic is the lowest among the two which appears to be -49; in
reality, however, we do not consider the sign and therefore both of them are equal.

It is now time to decide on the value of the U-statistic. If we considered an alpha

level of 0.05, we will use this table to determine the U-critical:

Source: Mann-Whitney Table. Real Statistics Using Excel

Tracing the value of n in the table to 10 for both n1 and n2, we intersect at 23. This
means that U-critical is equal to 23.
STEP 5: Make a decision on the null hypothesis H0. The general rule is you accept
the null hypothesis if U-statistic is greater than U-critical. Since the value of U-
statistic is less than that of U-critical, we can say that we reject the null hypothesis
H0 if it states that there is no significant difference between the two sections.
Therefore, the weighted arithmetic mean between these two section have a
significant difference with each other. (Note that this is different from how we treat
the critical and statistical values from the t-test. In the t-test, we accept the null
hypothesis is t-stat<t-crit. On the other hand, the condition for Mann-Whitney is we
accept the null hypothesis is U-stat > U-crit.)

Exercise
Perform the Mann-Whitney U Test for the two set of responses of students about the
statement “Online-synchronous learning has more flexibility than face to face
classes”. Responses are coded as 5-Strongly agree; 4-Agree; 3-Neutral; 2-Disagree;
1-Disagree. One section were taught using Google Meet while the other used
Messenger Classroom during synchronous sessions
Student 1 G Meet Messenger
1 5 3
2 5 4
3 4 3
4 5 3
5 5 2
6 4 4
7 4 3
8 5
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9 6 5 2
10 4 2
 7 4 3
8 5 4
9 5 2
10 4 2
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How is the Mann-Whitney U test different from the t-test?
2. Is there a difference on the H0 decision if you run and compared the U-
test and the t-test?
3. What could be the source of difference?
Why did we used the U-Test instead of the more familiar t-test? Here
are the assumptions of the Mann-Whitney U Test:
✓ The dependent variable is measured using an ordinal or a
continuous (ratio/interval) scale.
✓ There should be two independent, categorical groups.
✓ Data should be independent. There should be no relationship
between the two groups (like belonging to the same category) or
within each group (like testing the group in two different points
in time)
✓ Data is not normally distributed. However, they should follow
the same shape, either both are bell-shaped and skewed left or
right
All of the check boxes are satisfied in our foregoing example and
exercise.

ACTIVITY NO. 3 Why decide on parametric and non-parametric

tests?

KEY CONCEPT
A non-parametric test does not have an assumption about a data set. For instance, it
does not say that the data comes from a normal distribution. On the other hand,
parametric tests may assume about a population’s parameters. For example, the
mean or standard deviation could be homoscedastic or heteroscedastic.

Direction: Scan the QR Code to watch the video about the correct
statistical tool for parametric and non-parametric test. It is better
to watch it together via screen sharing or ‘watch together’ feature
of FB Messenger, Zoom, or Google Meet.

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. Why is it important to determine the type of data that you have
before running a statistical test?
2. When are parametric tests used? When are non-parametric tests
used? Make a table about the characteristics of each

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 Research is all about data. But without proper processing, the results
could be misleading. It is therefore important to check out references
before running a test even if you are confidently sure about the test.
Checking out references and asking your adviser is really a big help in
finishing your investigation

Direction: Perform the Mann-

5. CHECK YOUR Whitney U Test on the results
UNDERSTANDING from your survey if it covers a
test on the significant
difference. The source of
difference could be some other variables like
gender, socio-economic status, age, or geographic location. It could also come
from your questionnaire data itself as part of grouping the respondents per
demographic. Check your statement of the problem for the basis of such
testing for significant difference

Direction: Complete the table showing the non-

6. POSTTEST parametric equivalent of parametric tests

Parametric Tests Non-parametric Equivalent

1. ___________________________ Mann-Whitney U Test
2. ___________________________ Wilcoxon signed Rank Test
3. ___________________________ Kruskal-Wallis Test
4. ___________________________ Friedman’s ANOVA
5. ___________________________ Spearman’s R

References:
Calderon, Jose Methods of Research and Thesis Writing.Mandaluyong, Philippines:
National Bookstore, 1993
Calmorin, Laurentina and Calmorin, Melchor.Research Methods and Thesis Writing.
2nd Ed.Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store Inc. 2007
Leard Statistics. Measures of Central Tendency. Retrieved May 31, 2021 from
https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/measures-central-tendency-
mean-mode-median.php
Mann-Whitney Table. Real Statistics Using Excel. Retrieved June 1, 2021 from
https://www.real-statistics.com/statistics-tables/mann-whitney-table/
PNG Fuel Clip Art Image: Green electronic connect. Retrieved July 1, 2020 from
https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/noyix.
Stephanie Glen. "Mann Whitney U Test: Definition, How to Run" From
StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! Retrieved May
31, 2021 from https://www.statisticshowto.com/mann-whitney-u-test/
Stephanie Glen. "Non Parametric Data and Tests (Distribution Free Tests)" From
StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us!
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/statistics-
definitions/parametric-and-non-parametric-data/
PRE-TEST POST-TEST
1. For inquiries or feedback,
Mann-Whitney U Test please write or call:
1. Independent sample t-test
2. Department of Education
Wilcoxon signed – Schools Division Office-Mandaluyong
rank test 2. Paired t-test
Calbayog Street,
3. Kruskal-Wallis Test Highway Hills, Mandaluyong City 1500
3. One-way ANOVA
Telefax:
4. Friedman’s (632) 79552557
ANOVA 4. One-way ANOVA w/ replications
Email Address:
5. Spearman’s R sdo.mandaluyong@deped.gov.ph
5. Pearson r
●www.depedmandaluyong.org

MELC 1 Week No. 3 Code: SSP_RS10_IA1 Competency: Data Processing

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