Formula

Sheet
MATHEMATICS
CLASS 12

@NCERTKAKSHA

Vaishale
gain
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 Relations and Functions
Relation: If A and B two
non-empty sets, then subset & of AXB is called
are
any
Relation from set A to B. i.e. R: A-B<>REAXB

If (x,y)tR then we write

xsRy (read as x is R related to
y) and

If (x,y) & then we write

icy (read as x is not R related to
y)
Domain and
Range of a Relation: If R is
any relation from set A to set B then,

Dom(R).

NCERT
Domain of R is the set of all first coordinates of elements of R and is denoted
by
Range of R is the set of all second coordinates of R and it is denoted
by Range (R)
A relation Ron set A means, the relation from A to A i.e., RAXA

Empty Relation: A Relation in a set A is called empty relation, if no element of A is

related to
any element of A, i.e.B =
PCAXA
universal

KAKSHA
Universal Relation: A Relation & in a set A is called relation each of A is

related to element of A, i.e. B AXA

every
=

Identity Relation: R
[(x,y):
=

xtA, ye A, x
y3
=

OR R =
P(x, xc); eEA3
ARelation R in a set A is called -

Reflexive Relation: If (a, a)tA, for every at A

Symmetric Relation: If (a,ac) -R implies (a2,a.)-R for all as, act A

If (a,,ac) -R (ac, as) -R (ac,as)tR for all A

Transitive Relation: and implies
a,ac,as-
Relation: is transitive
Equivalence If R reflexive, symmetric and

Antisymmetric Relation: A relation 1 set A is

in a
antisymmetric.
If (a,b) -R, (b, a)tR -> a bv a,btRor aRb and bRa = a =
b, v a, bt R.
=

Inverse Relation: If B,
A and B are two
non-empty sets and be a relation from A to

such that R= [(a,b): atA, beB3, then the inverse of R, denoted

by RI,
is relation from to A and is defined RF [(ba): (a,b) CR3
a
by
=

Equivalence class: Let R be an equivalence relation on a

non-empty set A. For all atA,
the equivalence class of 'a' is defined as the set of all such elements of A

which related a under R. It denoted (a).

are to is
by
i.e. (a) equivalence = class of 'a =
9xEA: (x, a) (R]

Function ·Let X and y be two

non-empty sets. Then a rule of which associates

to each element yeX, a unique element, denoted

by flat of Y, is called

a function from X to Y and written as fix-4 where, flee is called

image of x

is called of f(x) co-domain

and x the
pre-image and set y is called the of f
and f(x) (f(x): <eX3
=
is called the
range off.
One -
One or Injective Function: A function fix-y is defined to be one -
one if the

images of distinct element of X under fare distinct;

i.em,cetX:f(x) f(x) = -> x, =1 Otherwise - is called

many
-
one

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Onto or Subjective: A function f: X-Y is said to be onto if every element of Y

is the
image of some element of X under f; i.e. for every yet,
there exists an element is in X such that f(x) =

y
One -
One and onto on Bijective: A function fixey is said to be one-one and

onto, if is both one-one and onto.

Note: f: X-Y is onto it and

only if Range of f= Y

composition of function: Let f: A - B and

9:B-> > be two function then the

composition off and

a
denoted
by got and defined as

NCERT
function got: At

gf((()),
the

+ wetA

Invertible function: A function fix-y is defined to be invertible, if there

exists a function g:Y-X such that

gof: ex and fog
=
ty.
The function g is called the inverse off and is denoted
by 7%.

KAKSHA
Binary operation: A binary operation * on a set A is a function *: AXA-A.
denote *(a,b) *b
we
by a

A binary operation * On a set A is called commutative, if a *b

=
b*a, for
bt A.
every a,
A
binary operation *: AXA-A is said to be associative if
(a* b)*c =
a*(b*c), + a, b, ct A

of
identity element

·A *:
binary operation AXA-A, an element etA, if it exists, is called
identity
for the operation *, if a*e=e* a, atA

A
binary operation *: AXA-A with the
identity elemente in A, an element at A

is said to be invertible with respect to the operation *, if there exists an element

bin A such that a* =
e = b*a and b is called the inverse of a and is

denoted by a "

No. of function: Let f: A-B be and (Al=n and IB1 where,

any mapping m
=

IA) represent no. of elements in set A

IBI represent no. of elements in set B

Then, Total no. of function from A to B m"

=

If Total of n
Casecis n m; then no.
mapping
= =

Total no. of one-one

mapping
=
n!
Total no. of onto
mapping
=
n!

n
Case(ii) If Total of
nam; then no.
mapping m
=

Total no. of one-one

mapping
=
mcan!
Total of onto 8
mapping
=
no.

·Case(iii) If Total of mn
n>m; then no.
mapping
=

Total =
no. of one-one
mapping
Total no. of onto
mapping -mlmcacm-n

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

-
Functions Domain (x) Range (y)

y sin-x C 1,1]
FI
= -

C0s"x 1 1,1] 10,π]

y
=
-

y: tan-x R
(t)

NCERT
903
y cosesxk- ( -1,1) F1,17
=
-

sec x
y 1 (
1,1)(0,π)-913
= - -

cOt" x R (0,π)
y
=

A
Bhaiya Didi
always with you

KAKSHA
Properties of inverse
trigonometric functions

sin" (Sincc) x
xcf , ) sinxt cosecx ·x210Rx1-1
= =
·

COs"((0sx) x.xt(0,π) = Cos"x 1 = sectic · KILOR <E-L

x

tan"x =cOtx:
tan"(tanx) 1 x > O
xixt-I, I
=

COt"((tx) xxt(0,π) =

tanixt =-T + cotx: x<0

sect(s) x=xt
(0,π)-913
=

R =
Real Numbers

cosec"(cosecx) 903
xxt(#,17
= -

*
since (sinx). xt(-1,1) sin" (x) =
-Sinx · xt( 1,1] -

cosx((osx).xt(-1,1) Cos"(-x) π
=
-

Csx=xt1-1,1)

tanx (tan"x): xt R tan"( -x)=-tan"x ·xtR

cotx((Otx).xtk -

( -1,1) COt" -x) =

π-COt"x ·xtR

sexx(sec x).xtk -

( -1,1) sec" (x) =

π-Sec x · (el? I

cosecx (cosecx) · xt R o (x? I

sin"x + cos"x: # ixt1 -

1,1]
2

tan"x + (ot"x =
# · xt- R
2

sectx cosecx
1: 1x(1 1
+ =

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Sin**) #
Sin""yeSim="RODEg*#GDC*} 2sinix sin"(2x):
ax-
=

sin-ex-sin""yesim="RODEg*-GEDC*} 2cos x =
COS" (2x-1): 0 = x 1
=

RDDY-GDC* NEE 3
tan"(,2x)
CoS="
Costex # Cos
""y =
Itan" x =
· -
1<x>)

CoS="RODy + GDC* NEGE 3

Costex COs""y stan"x=
sin"),e -11x-I
- =

tanix +
tan"y=tan" (Pty) ·
eycc Itan" x
cos"(c): 1 x- x78
= -

1+ x

NCERT
stan"x
π+tan"(,23): ifis
=

tanix
tan"y=tan" (iyxyc -
-

Macron
3sinix sin" (6x-4(3): Expression substitution

1=x1
=

KAKSHA
+
x3 a x atano
=

or x a
=

Coto
30s"x cos"(4x3 3x)
·t
=
- x +
1

a?-x"OR a"-x3

is
3 tanix tan"
(3x-3sare ·i <xc
a
=

cos")1 -c()
tan"(1(()
sinx =
=

x OR a -

sin")1 -c()
tan"(6,
a x
cos x x
-

= =

x a x +

x =
atan t0 OR x =
a Cot-0

-cot") 1.(2) sea"

(t) cosec) 1.() a x x
= = +

&

tanix
sin)((x) COS
"(i+x)
=
=

sec"(1 +()
-cot"(t)
= =
cosec"
I
1

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Matrices
Matrix: A rectangular fixed number
matrix is a
arrangement of numbers or functions arranged into a

of and columns. A matrix is written inside brackets (J. in matrics is

rows Each
entry a

called an element of the matrix.

are 912..... an
·

a First row (RI)

We shall write A =

(dijC
mxn-order of Matrix

↓↳
A =
82 aze..... a2x >second row (Re) i throw
j-th column

00......

(No. of of columns
amn-order
ame ame..... of Matrix rows xNo.

NCERT
w

CCSFirstsecondETER
v

Exeolm
in
column if column.
column Matrix: A matric is said to be a matrix it has
only one

Exbodou
Now Matrix: is said if
A matrix to be a row matrix it has
only one row. a

(x) = Poco
3 E 9 R,

KAKSHA
Square Matrix. No. of rows (m) =
No. of colums(n)
C Cc C3

Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is said to be a

diagonal matrics if all its non diagonal

Ex((ote
elements are zero. non-diagonal elements zero.

Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matric if its

diagonal elements

equal.
Ex(.9/fediagonal
are

elements equal
A matrix in which all 1 all
Identity Matrix: square diagonal elements are and rest are zero.

Ex(11(1)
Koa diagonal elements (1)

Null or Zero Matrix: If all its elements are zero. We denote zero matrix
by 0.Ex 101,
1
Equal Matrix: Two matrices A =

(a) and B=
(bi) are said to be equal if -

(i) of order
they are the same

(ii) Each Element of A is equal to the

corresponding element of B i.e.
aij=bij for
all; and j

Upper triangular MattiCANURDeMtridngulateMattia

Orpersoniaie.allentriesbelowprinciais
a

Transpose of a matric diagonalarezero. Example:Itcoveniangularcolumns of A and denoted to

A'OR AT
Properties (i) (AT= A (ii) (kA)T=kAT (iii) (A+Bl= AT + BT cirs (ABlY= BAT
K is constant
any &

A= A skew-symmetric matrices A'=-A

symmetric Matrices

Diagonal elements of skew

a
symmetric matrice are zero.

For square matrix A with real entries than (AtAT) is a

symmetric and (A-AT) is
any
skew
symmetric.
Any square matrix can be expressed as the sum of a
symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.

A
A
I(A +
I(A A
-

+
=
 Addition of
Matrices If A =

(aij mxn and B =

(bijmxn two matrices of the same order men, then

their sum AtB is men matrix such that,

(A+B)ij =

dij +
bij Vi =

1,2, . . . . . ,
m and j =
1,1, . . . . .
n

Properties of matrix addition

AtB B+A (iii) Existence of identity AtO= AtO A

Commutativity
=

ii) =

(ii) Associativity (iv) Existence of inverse At( A) 0 ( A)+ A

(A + B)
= =

(B + c)
-

+ c A +
-

(v) Cancellation laws A+B Atc =

-> B =
c and BtA =
C+ A = B =
C

Scalar Multiplication of matrix Let A=

laij be a matrix and K is a scalar. Then the

NCERT
a men

Matrix obtained multiplying each element of matrix A

by by
K and denoted KA AK.
is
by or

Properties of scalar Multiplication of a matrix If A =

(aj) and B =

(bij) be two matrices of the

same order, say men, and K and I are scalars,

then (i) K(A+B) =
kA+ kB (ii) (k + 1) A kA
=
+ 1A

defined

KAKSHA
Multiplication of Matrices Two matrices A and B are said to be for multiplication,
if the number of columns of A (pre-multipliea) is equal to the number

of rows of B (post multiplier).

- -
Bux -A Ba
A.
Properties of Multiplication of Matrices equal

(a) A(B + c) =
AB + AC
(i) Associative law (AB)C =
A(BC) (ii) Distributive law

(b) (A+ B)C =

AC+ BC
(iii) Existence ofmultiplicative identity IA: Al A =

Elementary operation (Transformation) of a matrics: There are six operations (transformation) on a

matrix 3 of which due to row and 3 of

due to column, called Elementary Transformation.
(i) The of any two column.
interchange two rows on

(ii) The column

multiplication of the elements of any
now or
by a non-zero number.

(iii) The addition to the elements of any now on column, the corresponding
elements of any
column
other row or multiplied by any non-zero number.
Invertible matrix of A is square matrix of order men and if there exist another square
matrix B of the same order such that AB: BA: Im
The A is invertible and B is called inverse of A.

Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.

If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB)"= B"Al

Inverse of a matrix
by elementary operations

Let X, A and B be matrices of, the same order such that X: AB. In order to
apply sequence of
elementary row operations on the matrix equation X: AB, we will apply these row operations

simultaneously on X and on the first matrix A of the product on RHS.

Similarly, in order to
apply a sequence of elementary column operations on matrix eq.
X- and second of product
AB, we will
apply, these operations simultaneously on X on matrix B the

AB on RMS.
In view of the above discussion, we conclude that if A is a matrix such that A "exists,

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
then to find A
"using elementary now operations, write A: IA and
apply sequence of row

operation on A: IA till we
get. 1: BA. The matrix B will be the inverse of A.
Similarly,
if we wish to find A"using column operations, then write A: Al and
apply a sequence of
column operations A: Al till 1: AB.
on we
get,
Remark In case, after applying one or more
elementary now (column) operations on A: IA (A All
=

if we obtain all zeros in one on more rows of the matrix A on L.M.S. then A" does not

exist.

NCERT
KAKSHA

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Determinants
#
Determinant: To matrix A= sail of ordern, we can associate no. I real
every square a

or complex) called determinant of the square matrix A, where aij-(i,jt element of A.

Denoted as det A or IA1.

Determinant of matrice of order one: Let A =

(a) be the matrics of order 1, then determinant

of A is defined to be equal to a

lacs areex,
0:acNea
Determinant of matrice of order 2X2: Let A =
F detCA) =IAI =

NCERT I ate at ati

Determinant of matrice of order 3x3: Let A =

daiia-gee
932 as2 933

Expansion along first row (RI

KAKSHA
an a12
adn =(n 0 =
-

acdccacsl-deelace asre I as 821 &22

-
a f

as

dp(a22833 -

932923) -

dx (928ss-932d23) + 813 (921932-as1922)

Note: (i) For matric A. 1Al is read as determinant of A and not modulus of A.

(ii) only square matrices have determinants.

Properties of Determinants:

(i) The value of the determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns interchanged.
(ii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are
interchanged, then
sign of determinant

changes.
(iii) If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are identical, then value of determinant

is zero.

(iv) If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a constant K,

then its value gets multiplied by K.

(v) If some on all elements of a now or column of a determinant is expressed sum of two

cor more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as sum of two (or more) determinants.
(vi) It, to each element of any now or column of a determinant, the equimultiple of corresponding
elements of other row (or columns are added, then the value of determinant remains the same

i.e. the value of determinant remains same if we

apply the operation R-Ri+kR; or (,ec,+kCj.
Area of Triangle: Area of Triangle with vertices (x,y), (x,yc) and (x, ys) is,
v x,y,1
+
=

x2 y2 L

[
eg ys
Note:

(1) absolute
Area is a positive quantity, we
always take the value of 0.

(ii) If Area is
given, use both positive and
negative values of the determinant for calculation.
(iii) The area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero.
Minors: Minor of element 11 its
an
as of the is determinant obtained
by deleting row

and it column and is denoted

by Mij. ~ mirror of ai

cofactors: cofactor of an element

ai,
denoted
by Ai, is defined by Aii=(-1)"*
Adjoint of a matrix: The adjoint of a square matrix A= (ai) is defined as the transpose

of the matrix (Ai]mxn. Adjoint of the matrix A denoted

by adjA.
I
(the cofactor of the element aii)
singular matrix: A square matrix A is said to be
singular if (A1 0
=

Non-singular matrix: A square matrix A is said to be

non-singular if (Al +0

NCERT
Theorem! If A be matrix of ordern, then A (adjA) (adjA) A 1 All
any given square
= =

If AB and
Theorem 2 A and B are
non-singular matrices of the same order, then
BA also
are
non-singular matrices of the same order.
Theorems (AB1 =
1Al/B1 where A and B are
square matrices of same order.

A and A
Theorem 4 square matrix A is invertible it only if is
non-singular matrix.

KAKSHA
consistent
system. If system of equation have solution (one or more exists.

Incosistent
system: If system has no solution or solution does not exist.

inverse of
system of linear equation using a matrics:

x
Consider the
equations, a,x +
b,y
+

c,z d =
Here, A =

1, bix =

and B = d,

.
d2
axx +
b,y + c,z d
=

as bs d3,
dxx +
b,y + c,z d Cs,
= .

~
-

a,
&

b, x
a, c,
Then the system of equations can be written as, AX =
B =)
y
I

As be C2 d2

as by C.-
2, d3,

Case If A is a non-singular matrics, then its inverse exists. Now X: A "B

Case I If A is a
singular matrix, then 1A1 =
0 (AdjA) B + 0 sol" does not exist (incosistent)

(AdjA) B 0 =

infinitely many sold or no sold

(consistent or inconsistent)

&

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Continuity and
Differentiability
continuity: suppose - is a real function on a subset of the real numbers and let c

be point in the domain. Then t is continuous at cif

a lim f(x) f(c)
=

x- C

A function if
Discontinuity: said to be discontinuous at point x=a, it is not continuous

at this point. This point xc= a where the function is not continuous is called

the point of discontinuity.

NCERT
Theorem / suppose - and two real functions continuous at real then,
be a no.

(1) ftg is continuous at (3) is continuous at x =

x =
fog
[provided g(c) to
(f)
(2)
f-g is continuous at x = (4) is continuous at x =c,

Theorem suppose - and real valued functions such that

(fog) is defined at
are c.

If g is continuous at c and if I is continuous at g(c), then

(fog) is

KAKSHA
continuous at c.

Differentiability: suppose is a real function and c is a point in its domain. The

derivative off at defined by limf(cth)h -f(c) provided this limit

exists. Derivative of fat c is denoted by f'(c) or

(f((()). The function defined by

f(x) =
lim f(xth) -

f(x) wherever the limit exists is defined to be the derivative

n+ 0 h
off. The derivative denoted
by f'(k) or
Aff(x) or
y f(x) by
if
day or
a
=

Algebra of derivaties:
(i)(u v' ut +
=

(ii) (nu' =
n'V + Ur' (Leibnite or product rule

(iii)
(t= n'rur, whenever to
contient even

Theorems. If a function f is differentiable at a point c, then it is also continuous

at that point.
NO f@.
Every differentiable function is continuous.

Chain Rule: Let f be a real valued function of which is a composite of two

functions u and v i.e. f =

rou; suppose t =
u(c) and if dt
dx
f=dv.
d
do
and exist, we have
At di

suppose of is real valued function which is a composite of three functions u, U

and w; i.e. 4- (wowl or and if t =
r(x) and s u(+)
=
then

d(wou).
A dt-w. Asa
=

dt

some properties of Logorithmic function

l09pP logpD9 logop+ l0gn9 logp"= 10gpP+l0gpp= 2logp

10gap
= =

109na

l09b() logp2 1
&

logop" 10g,x l09b

=

nlogp
-
=
=

10g,b
 I I I
Note: Exponential form logarithion form

23 =
8 109.0
=
3

b4 =
b logbb
=
1

y 1
=

logb1
=
0

some standard derivative

(sinx)
(sinx)
I
(C)
0
=

c =
constant c
=

&
=

dx 1- x2
1
&(x) nxn-
(cosx) (cos-x)
I
=

six
=- = -

NCERT
&x 1- x2

=
-(ex) A (tanx)
sex d (tan"x) L
=

dx 1 + x3

A(c (t-x) FR
x) coseci
(10) =
= - =

A(s x)
((ecx)

KAKSHA
seek tance I
(a") a"logaa
= =
= &

l xx?-1

A (cosec()
coseck.Cota (cose(x)
=-

2
(logax) 100
=
= -

dx xx?-1

logarithmic differentiation Derivative of functions in

parametric forms
y f(x)
=
(u(x)](x)
=

x f(t)
=

g(t)
=

parametric form with as a parameter.

taking log both sides,

logy r(x) =

log (n(x) dy=dy. d

using chain rule to differentiate
dy
log(u), ofthe
dt

Ey ·dy v(x).1.u(ex whenever ata

=
+ v(x) -
-

dx

dt

dy y[u(.u(x) v(x).log(u(x) T
= +

dy g'Ct) (as=g'It) f'Ct] (provided f'(t)

= and =

second order derivative

order derivative defined
Note: Higher may be
similarly
wet
y f(x)
=

dy f1
=
(i)

differenciate (i) again w.r.t to x,

d(dy) (f'll do=f"(x)

"
=

- Denoted Day only

Rolle's theorem. If f: (ab) -> R is continuous on (a, b) and differentiable on (a,b)

such that fal-f(b) then there exists in (a, b) such that f(c) 0
=

some

Theorem Mean value

Langrange on theorem.
If f: (a,b) -> i is continuous
on 1a,b) and differentiable
on (9.b). Then there exists some cin (a,b) such that

f(x) f(b) f(a)

- &

b- a

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Application of Deerivatives
Rate of change: If y f(x),
another
a
quantity y varies with quantity x, satisfying some rule =
then

dyg
Jon f(x) represents the rate of change of y with respect to xatx 10. =

dx

Differentials: Let
y
=
f(x) be
any function of 1 which is differentiable in (a,b). The derivatives of this

function at some point is of (a,b) is

given by the relation

dy-limoy -timf(x
+fx) -

f(x) 1 =

Ne

NCERT
I
dy = f(x)
= differential of the function

and functions
Increasing decreasing A function f is said to be,

(a) increasing on an interval (a,b) if

x,<x,in (a,b) > f(x) =
f(x) for all x.,xt(a,b)

(b) decreasing on an interval (a,b) if

x, <x, in(a,b) > f(x) =
f(x) for all x.,xt(a,b)

(a1+
(b)

(e)
Theorem.

+
+
is

is

is

Tangent
increasing
decreasing
a
Let

constant

to
f

in

in
be

function
continuous

(a,b) if f'(x)>0 for

(a,b) if f'(x)<0 for

the
in
on

(a,b]
KAKSHA
1a,b)

itf (x)
each

each
and

=
xt

xt

0
differentiable

(a, b)

(a, b)

for each xc
on

(a, b)
the open interval (a,b). Then

equation of tangent at
(x,y) y f(x)
is
a curve the to the curve
given by
=

y y
g) (x x)
dry(so, OR f'(x0) slope of (30,y)
=
m
tangent at
- - = =

you
(x,y)
If dy does not exist at the point (xo,yo), then the
tangent at this point is parallel to the y-axis
dx
and its equation is x= x

If tangent to a curve
y
=
f(x) at x =
x is parallel to x-axis, then
dyitis
Normal to the curve

Equation of the normal to the curve

y
=
f(x) at a point (40, y) is
given by,
1(x 1)
dy)OR
f'(x)
-

y yo m slope of tangent at 1910,

-
= -
=
=

Myre
(10%)

If dy at the point (Co,y) is zero. then equation of the normal is x =

1,
dx

If
by at the point (C,y) does not exist, then the normal is parallel to x-axis and its eg. y=yo

normal I
slope of the
-
=

slope of the
tangent
Approximation (et
y
=
f(x), OK be a small increment in 1 and
by be the increment in
y
corresponding to the increment in x, i.e.
Cy =
f(x+ ((x) -

f(x). Then approximate value

of oy
(dy)e
=

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Maximum or Minimum value of a function (Absolute Maxima or Absolute Minimal

A function f is said to attain maximum value at a point at f(a)

Dy, if =
f(x) v xtDy
then f(a) is called absolute maximum value off.
A function f is said to attain minimum value at a point be Df, if f(b) =f() V xtDy
then f(b) is called absolute maximum value off.
Local Maxima and local Minima (Relative Extremal

Local Maxima A function f(x) is said to attain a local maxima at x=a, if there

exists a
neighbourhood (a-6,a + 6) of such that f(x) <f(a) -

x + (a-3, ats), eta, then fal is the local maximum value of f(x) at x =
a

NCERT
Local Minima A function f(x) is said to attain a local minima at if
x=a, there

exists a
neighbourhood (a-6,a + 6) of such that f(x) <f(a)
x + (a- 3 a +s), efa, then fal is the local minimum value of f(x) at x =
a

(a) First derivative test:

ii) If f(x) changes sign from positive to

negative as is increases
through c, then ' is a

point of local maxima and f(c) is local maximum value.

KAKSHA
(ii) If f(x) changes sign from negative to positive as i increases
through c, then ' is a

point of local minima and f(c) is local minimum value.

viii) Iff'(a) dosen't

changes sign as is increases
through c, then c is neither a point of local

minima nor a point of local maxima. Such a point is called point of inflection.

(b) second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval 1 and CCI. Let f be

twice differentiable at c. Then

(i) x =
c is a point of local maxima iff" (c =
0 and f"(c) < 0. In this case f(c) is

called local maximum value.

(ii) x =
c is a point of local minima if f'(c =
0 and f"(c) > 0. In this case f(c) is

called local minimum value.

(iii) The test fails of f'(c) =

0 and f"(c) =
0. In this case, we
go back to first derivative
test.

absolute
Working Rule for
finding absolute maximum on minimum values

Step 1: Find all the critical points off in the given interval, i.e., find points is where

either f'(x) =
0 or is not differentiable.
Step 1: Take the end points of the interval.

Step 1: At all these points, Calculate the value off.

Step 5: Identify the maximum and minimum value of out of the values calculated in

Step 1. The maximum value will be the absolute maximum value off and the

minimum value will be the absolute minimum value of f.

Critical Point A point (in the domain of a function fat which either f'(c =
0 onf is

not differentiable is called a critical point off.

&

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Integrals
Integration (Anti differentiation) ·
Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
Instead of differentiating a function. We are
given
the derivative of a function and asked to find its primitive, i.e., the original

Ia
Derivatives

NCERT
1
&(x) nxn- (x4dx
+7
=

xn
=

+ c,x
+ -
z

&x n +
1

d(x) =
2
(dx x
=
+
c
dx

(sinx) C cossdx
c
=

KAKSHA
Sinx +
=

(COS x)
A Since
(sincedx=-cosx
= -

+ c
dx

&(tanx) Sec x
(secdx
=

=
tanx +
dx

(Cotx) cosec*x
(cosecsdx
=

=-Cotx +
-

&
c
dx
((ecx) seek tance
(secktancdi
=

& =
Seck +
dx

A (cosec() cosecs. Coty

(cosecxcotcdx
= -

=
-cosecic + c
dx

I
tsinix) dx Sin"x
inc
= = + c
&

&x 1 -
x2

dx
(Cos -x)
C
A I
Cos x
= -

I -
+ C
dx 1 -
x2 1- x2

(tan"x)
C
d =
L dx = tan "x + c
dx 1 + x3 1+ x2

(t-x)
C x3
dx Cot" x+C
F
=

dx 1 +

&(sec-x)
C
= I dx -
sx x + c

dx R x-1 xx-- 2

(cosec" x) cosec" x
(xx2
A = I dx =- + (

dx R x-1 -
1

(ex)
=
(eidx e+
=
c

((l0x) = (tdx log(x + c

=

dx

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
Integration by substitution method

Stancdx =

log(secil + (secudic =

log(seck + tancl +

(cotadic log =

(since + Scosecedxc =

log( cosecs -
Cotxcl +

Integrals of some particular functions

C 12 log( a) c
(92 log(x + x a c
-

=
+ =

NCERT
Catin 1914 sin"t+c
Cd -tan" to the
(x dx
+ a
log(x
=
+ x+ a)) + c

KAKSHA
To find the integral (accessbox to

we write,ac+bx + c ax +
I bx +
I a((x tu +
a))
=

+
= -

113
t-b=
Now: pUt x+b = t -> dx = dt and
2A

The
integral becomes
to pee1
To find the integrated of the
type: /Petaand a

where p,a,a,b,c are constants.

To find the real numbers A, B such that,
px + q A
=

(ax+ xx + c) + B A(2ax
=
+ b) + B
dx
Integration by partial fraction
=

IaFatara
(x a)(x b)
-
-

na +cal"
Px +
q
(x -
a)=

na+ b+i
Px +
qx + r

(x a)(x b)(x c)
-
- -
-
c

Px +
qx + r

(x -
a)"(x -

b)

qx
(x2Bt,
Px + + r A
+
(x a)(x-+
-
bx + c) (x -

a) +c
where xx+bxtc cannot be factorised further.
Integration by parts (f(xlg(xdx =

f((()/g(ccdx -

((f'(x)(g(x((dx) dcc

Integral of the
type (e"(f(x)+(((())dx (e"f(x)dx =

(x -
a-dx
(x
=
-
d) -

)lox + ( -

at + c

(x + a-dx
tx
=

+ a +
lox + x+ a + c

(a+ -
xdx
t
=

a -x+
asiniac

NCERT
Fundamental theorem of Calculas

Area function: A(x)

=) "F(xldi
Firstfundamental theorem of integral calculas:

KAKSHA
Theorem. Let f be a continuous function on the closed interval (a, b) and let A(x)
be the area function. Then A'(x) =

f(x), for all icela, b

second fundamental theorem of integral calculas:

Theorem 2. I be continuous function defined on the closed interval (a, b) and F

be an antiderrative off.

(f(x)dx (F(()] F(b) = = -

F(a)

Definite Integral If F(x) is the integral of f(ec) over the interval (a,b), i.e.

(f(xdx =
F(x) then the definite integral of f(x) over the interval

(a,b) is denoted
by "Flex is

definedidgf(xdx
as

=
F(b) -

F(a)
A
lower limits

Definite integral as the limit of the sum

&

If(xdx =

imh(f(a) + f(a + h)+.....f(a + (n -

1)n))
OR

(f(xdx
i
1)n)) b-
where 0

a)lim (f(a)
a asn - a
(b
=

= -
+ f(a + h)+ .....
f(a + (n -

some properties of Definite Integrals:

Po:).f(xcdx =

1.fltdt ps. (f(x)dx (f(x)dx )"f(2a x)dlc=

+ -

Pc:(.f(x)dx 1*f(ccde 2) f(xdx iff(2a x) f(x)

)f(x)d S
Po: :
=
- -

=-

Pci)f(xdx 1.f(xxdx 1f(xbdec

O i f(2a x) -
= -

f(x)
=

p. .
(ii)f(xidx=2)"ficlidi: f(x) is even function
Pa:(.f(x)dx 1f(a
A

+b -
x)dc ie.f(-x) f(x) =

(ii)
f(xidx 0
=

if f(x) is odd function.

Pe:( f(x)dx (f(a

if( x) -
=
-
f(x)
x)dx
=
-

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 ApplicationsofIntegrals
(1) The ofregion bounded
y f(x),
the x-axis and lines
area
by curve =
the x a
=

and x=b(b a) is
given by
(* f(x) ydx
>
Area =

dx =

(2) The area ofregion bounded

by the currex=
p(y), y-axis and the lines
yc
=

and is
ye Area:
Sady pyldy =

NCERT
(3) Area enclosed between;
y f(x) and y g(()
=
=

and the lines;x a, =

x b
=

Area =

1P(f(x) -

g(x)]dx;f(x) g(x) =
in(a,b]

14) f(x)
If gles)
= in (a,c] and f(x) g(x)
=
in (c b],a<c > b then;
b
Area
((f(x)
=
-

g(x)]dx f(g(x)
+
-

f(x)]dx

KAKSHA

·Ncertkaksha/Umesh SainiVaishalisaint
 CDifferential Equations
Differentiation: An equation involving the independent variable x (say), dependent variable

and differential of dependent

y (say) variable
the officients with

respect to independent variable i.e. dy, d'y, d'y,....., etc.

dx dx2 dx3

example: dy+uy
dx
=xc,
d'y-3dy+5y=c)
decz
are differential equations

NCERT
Order and Degree of a differential equation:
Order differential equation derivative
The of a is the
highest order occurring in the

differential equation
The
degree of a differential equation is the
degree of the highest order derivative

occurring in the equation, when the differential cofficients are made free from
radicals, fractions and it is written as a
polynomial in differential co-efficient.

KAKSHA
-
a+2
example: o
diy-dy order derivative: 3 I order 3
=

highest
=

dx3

& the
degree of the highest order derivative occuring in the equation

degree: 1

jaody
to
order 2

degree:
=

not defined (because this differential eat cannot

be written in the form of polynomial in diff" co-efficient (

Note: Order and degree of a differential equ are
always positive integers.
General solution: The solution which arbitrary constants
contains is called the

general solution (primitive) of the differential equation.

solution
Particular solution. The solution obtained from general
the by giving
is called
particular values to the
arbitrary constants a

particular solution of the differential equation.

Equations in variable separable form:

function of and function

Consider the equation y = X.Y where X is a is
only Y is a

dx
of y only.
(i) Put the equation in the form
t, dy =
xd c

=(xdx
(i) Integrating both the sides, we
get
(dy + c where c is an
arbitrary constant.

Thus the required soll is obtained.

Equations Reducible to variables separable form:

f(ax + by
&

is write form
equation
dy
in
the given =

(ii) Put ax+

by +c =
z, so that
dy= 5(91 a) -

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
-

(ii) putting this

by
in the given equation, we
get
z(d-a) f(2). =
This equita

reduced in the form: dz =de. After integrating, we

get the required
result.
a bf(z)
+

Homogenous differential Equation A differential equation of the form a= F(x,y)

is said to be
homogenous differential equation if F(x,y) is a
homogenous function of degree zero.

(i) suppose +cldo

dy
rx and so v
y
=
=

dx

(ii) The n+cldo

y given equ. equ
value vic and is substituted in The reduces to
y
=

NCERT
=

dx

separable form, which solved

variable can be
by integrating both sides.

(IV) Finally v is replaced by to get the required solution

Note: If the
homogenous differential equation is in the form dx =
F(x,y) then we

substitute and
dy
t vtyar
so and proceed aboveare
x
vy as
=
=

KAKSHA
First order linear differential equation

dy Py
+ G
=

(i) 1x +
Px ()
=

dy
where and Q are constants on function of x
only. where and Q are constants on function of y only.

I
.F. eSPdce
=

(1.F. =

Integrating factor) I.F. = eJPdy (I.F. =

Integrating factor)

solution of (i) is i solution of (i) is i

y.(1.5) (0X(1.5.)dx
=

+ c x. (1.F.) =
(0X(1.F.) dy + c

&

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 NectonAlgebra
rector: Aquantity well direction called
that has
magnitude as
->
as is a vector.
->
a vector
denoted by AB or A >B

Initial point: The point Awhere from the vector A starts is known as initial point.

Terminal point: The point B, where it ends is said to be the terminal point.

Magnitude: The distance between initial and terminal points ofa vector is called the magnitude
(or length) ofthe vector.

NCERT
Scalar: Those physical quantities which have
only magnitude are called scalar, e.g., area, volume,
mass etc.

Direction cosines: If at
=

+
by +ck makes angle X, B.2 with the direction ofx-axis, y-acis
and z-axis direction cosines
respectively, COSX, COSB and cost the
then are

and denoted 1,m and

z
of are
by n where, N -P(a,b,c)

KAKSHA
↓
b
m COs)
1 10SX a c
m
cosB
= =

orK
= = = =

az b2
+
(z,
+ a b2 + (2
+
az b2 + +
c
<y

xL

Direction nations: If numbers a, b, c are proportional to direction cosines 1, m and n

respectively of, then a, b, are called direction rations ofa

I P(x,y,z)
Position vector: consider a point(x,y,2) in space. The vector of with initial point,
o
>Y
origin 0 and terminal point P, is called the position vector ofP. L

zero vector: Avector whose initial and terminal points coincide is known as to vector.

Unit vector: Avector whose magnitude is unity is said to be unitvector. denoted

by . =
a 1 a
||
Co-initial vectors: initial called coinitial
Two or more vectors
having the same pointare
reCtOMS.

Collinear Vectors: Two or more vectors are said to be collinear ifthey are parallel
and
to the same line,irrespective oftheir magnitudes directions.

Equal vectors: Two and 5 said to be equal, if have the

vectors are
they same

magnitude direction ofthe positions of initial

and
regardless their

points, and written as a 5 =

Negative of
a

vector: Avector whose magnitude is the same as that ofa given vector,
but direction that called
ofit,
negative
is opposite to is of
->

the given restor. B=-AB

"a
Addition of
vectors: A AB =

+ 5 (Triangle law ofvector addition

A "B

Properties ofvector addition: (i) a5 5 +

+
=

(ii) (a 5) 1 a (5 1)
+ +
=
+ +

(iii)a 0 0 a = +
=
+

-> -
->
a
(x1=1 x (15) scalar Midpoint M 5
+

Multiplication ofa vector by scalar:

=

a
2
Note: For scalar k, k8=J
any vector component
-
component form: x4
=

yy zk
+ +
(5) =

x+ y2 2 x,
+

y,z scalar
=

components of

·Ncertkaksha/Umesh SainiVaishalisaint
 vector
joining two points: 1021 f(72 =

x,)
+
(yz -

y,) (zz +
-

z) ⑦

3"

section formula: case when R divides PC

internally
i mb + =

m n +
n .
↑

u,pi,
at

·...
Case 1 When R divides PR
externally i mb =

- n
m -
n

Scalar (or dot) product of two vectors : -

P

T
5
5 1/51c0s0 coso:a.
[a;,+1]
+
=

0 =
cos I

NCERT
O is the
angle between and 5, 0-03
1/15/ 10 7
t
(1) .5 5. =

(3) (x) .5 1( 5) =

a
=

.(65)
Properties:
(2) .(5 + c) .5 + .] =

(4) .5 0 =

=> 0, 5 0
=
=

or 15

(3) If =aci +

azy+ask and 5 b, 4 b, y b, K,
=
+ +
then .5 a1b1 azbz azb3
=
+ +

KAKSHA 5.5
(s) Projection of on 5 a.5 =

and position vector of on

15/

a
a. -
17) Projection of5 on
=

and position vector of 5 on

|a |

Note:Iftwo vectors and 5 are given in component form as

a
"+a,j+ asks and b, 4 + by + by
a.5 a,b, azbz azby
=
+ +

Observations as

1. 5 is a real number.

5 5
2. Let and be two non-zero vectors, then 5 0 if and
only if and are
=

perpendicular to each other i.e. a. 5 0

=
>
3. If 0 = 0 then 1.5=1115). In particular . =
191, as 8 in this case is 0.

4. If 0 i =

then .5 = -
11/51. In particular .)-) =-
191, as 8 in this case is .

5. In view ofthe observations 2 and 3, for

mutually perpendicular unit vectors ", and is, we have

y.Y y. y
=
1,k
=

1
=
Y. y y, y
1
1. y
=
0
=

vectors and 5 .5
COS0=
6. The
angle between two non-zero is
given by
|a|15|
7. The scalar productis commutative. i.e. 5 5. =

Projection of a rector on a line: The I is called the projection vector and its
magnitude (51 is

called on directed
simply as the projection of the vector the
line I

o
·
x
Observations :

i on 1
1. If is the unit rector
along a line), then the projection of a vector the line is
given by
a.p".

·Ncertkaksha/Umesh SainiVaishalisaint
2.
Projection ofa vector on other vector 5, is given by a Bom
] I( 5) on

3. If O =
0, then the projection vector of AB will be AB itself and ifofit, then the projection vector

AB
of will be BA.
ofAB will vector.
I) 371,
4 If0 =
or 0 =
then the projection vector be zero

Note: IfX, B and I are the direction

angles of vector =an + acy ask, +
then its direction

cosines be
may given as

a.Y a,, a2, az scalar components

COSB dc
=

a2,
10S X -

=
=
and COSV = a

111:/ ↑| |a | a unit vector

NCERT
=

a C0SXY+COSBj+ COSUR
=

(or cross) aX5 llIIsinon OR 1X51

sino:
vector product of
two rectors
=

O is the
angle between and 5, 0-03 11151
i unit vector perpendicular to the plane and
=

properties :
x5 5x
-

(2)

KAKSHA
=
-

&

(2) Ifa X5 0
=

=> a 0,
=
5 0
=

or 11

· I
Ifa a, Y
=
acl a3R and 5 b, i by +bk ,X5 as

=atas the
(3)
=
+ + +

Observations · 2. X5 is a vector.

a X5 1/15/
#
2.If 0 =
then
=

1xb/
sino:
two and 5
3. Angle between vectors
| |l51
4.YXY yx y k y
=
=
5
=

: =
O
i x
y 4
=

,jXk y,kx =
y y
=

5. 5XY = -

k, k x y =
- Y and 4xk =
-

5)
Area oftriangle ABC
1/5lllsin0 11a X
=
=

Area ofparallelogram ABCD 15lIsino 1X51

=
-

Projection formulae:
(1) a bCOSC =
+

CCOSB (2) D CCOSA + acos(

=
(3) alosc
c: + bcosa

·Ncertkaksha/Umesh SainiVaishalisaint
 Three CD imensional
Geometry
-
-direction cosines
Relation between the direction cosines of a line P+mx + n 1 =

joiningtwo pointsyou
Direction segment (Decembers
and
cosines of a line Q
are
xz x1 yz y1 22 z1
-
- -

=
=

PQ PO P

NCERT
Vector whose position vectors
Equation of a line that passes through the given point
and parallel to
given vector is (rector form(
a
r a =

+ x
Cartesian Equation,
x x y y1 z
z1 x x y y1
-

z
-

z1
- - -
-

=
= OR =

④
⑩
I M H direction ratios

KAKSHA
Vector Equation of a line that passes through two points i =
a+x(B-a) XER
- vectors
-

position
y- y1
Cartesian (((x,y1,(c)(((x,ye,()x -( z z1
-

Equation points:
- =

xe x) yz yzz z2
- -
-

If al; bic, and 92; bCiC are the direction ratios of two lines and 0 is the

acute angle between two lines then; a1az+ bybz

↑ ↑
COS0 =
+ (C2

as + b + ca+ b+ c
Two lines with direction ratios a, b, c, and ac, bc, cz are

(i) perpendicular o =
90° a,an+ b,bz + c,c
=
0

Ab
(ii) parallel 0 g0=

C2

If O is the acute
angle between the line i =
a + xbi and i =
ac + xbci
O
then is
given by:

cosoof) on 0 =
cost 15, bc
Izl1bc1
creator form)

15,x,I al)
(5,X).(a-
The shortest distance between the lines

ra =
+ xb, and r a =
+ xcis

x-x y-y1=z-21 x x y ycz z1

-

Cartesian form, and is

-

lines
-

= = -

al by C1 a2 b2 82

I I
xz -

x1 Y2 Y1
-

22 21 -

&

al bl CI
Az be C2

↓(b,(c -

bz() + (c,dc -

(a)+ (aybz -

acby)-

ac+ ub
1x(-)
Distance between Parallel lines F =
and r a+ =
ub is

151
Equation of a plane in a normal form C. =a ( vector form)
C Lunit
- distance
from origin
Cartesian form, (x+ d position vector normal
my + nz rector
=

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
The equation of a plane through a point whose position vector is a and perpendicular
to the vector is
(i-). i =
0 (rector form

Cartesian form, A(x -(c) +

B(y -y) + ((z 2) 0 =
-

Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points

(r.a)((b -a) x (E-a)) =

0 (rector form

NCERT
Cartesian form, x x y y,z z1
- - -

0
xz x,yz yzz
=

z
- - -

xz x,yz y,
- -

zz 7, -

(rector form)
plane 5. (ni+ xn) d1+ Ade
passing through the intersection of two
given planes
=

(A,x+B,y dc) x(A,x

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cartesian form, + (z -
+ +
Bzy + (z -

dx) 0
=

Angle between two planes Coso:

-
..i
Inil Icl

Cartesian form
Cos0 =
A, Az+ B, Bz + c, C
A, + B,3 + c, A," + B + c

Angle between a line and a plane

or
the
angle of between the line and the plane is given by 90:0, i.e. Sin1900) =
Cos

sind: 5.R OR &= sin" .n

151.In1 15 1.In 1

&

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 timean
programming
Linear (LP) is optimisation technique linear function is
Linear
programming: programming an in which a

optimised (i.e. minimised or maximised) subject to certain constraints which are in the form
of linear inequalities and equations. The function to be optimised is called objective function.
Applications of linear
programming: Linear
programming optimum combination of several variables subject to

certain constraints or restrictions.

((PP):
Formation of linear
programming problem The basic problem in the formulation of a linear

NCERT
to mathematical
programming problem is set-up some

be
model. This can done
by asking the following questions:
(a) What are the unknown (variables)?
(b) What is the objective?
(3) What are the restrictions?
For this, let K, 112,1...... In be the variables. Let the objective function to be optimized

KAKSHA
(i.e. minimised or maximised) be
given by 2.

(i) 2 c,x,
=

+ (2xxt...... + Cnty where cix;(i=1,2, . . . .

.. n) are constraints,

(ii) Let there be run constants and let a be a set of constants such that

911(1+91zxz+.......... + anxn(t, orI)br =

acP+a22Cet....anCon), FoMe
t

amexs + a mzket........ + amn(n), = orI) m

The problem of determinating values of

x,,x2,....... In which makes 2, a minimum or maximum

and which satisfies (ii) and (iii) is called the general linear
programming problem
general LPP

(a) Decision variables: The variables (,,c2,x,..... On whose values are to be decided, are called decision

variables.

(b) Objective function: The linear function z =

cx, + (,xt..... tonin which is to be optimized (maximised on minimised

is called the objective function or preference function of the

general linear
programming
problem.

(C) Structural constraints: The inequalities given in (ii) are called the structural constraints of the general
the
linear
programming problem. The structural constraints are
generally in form
of inequalities of type or -
type, but
occasionally, a structural constraint
may
be in the form of
an equation.
(d) Non-negative constraints: The set (iii) known the set of non-negative
of inequalities is
usually as

constraints of the
general (pp. These constraints
imply that the

variables x,,,...... I cannot take

negative values
(e) Feasible solution: Any solution of a
general (44 which satisfies all the constraints, structural and non

(pp.
negative, of the problem, is called a fesible solution of general
(f) Optimum solution: Any feasible solution which optimizes (i.e. minimize or maximises) the objective function
of the LPP is called optimum solution.

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Requirements for Mathematical Formulation of LPP: Before mathematical form of
getting the a

linear problem, it is important

programming
problem handled
to recognize the which can be
by linear
programming problem. For the

formulation of a linear
programming problem, the problem must
satisfy the
following
requirements ·

(i) There must be an objective to minimise or maximise

something. The objective must be capable of being
clearly defined mathematically as a linear function.
(ii) there must be alternative sources of action so that the problem of selecting the best course of actions

arise.
may
(iii) The
economically quantifiable limited
supply. the constraints to LPP

NCERT
resources must be in The gives
(iv) The constraints (restrictions) must be capable of being expressed in the form of linear equations
or inequalities.

solving linear
programming problem: To solve linear
programming problems, corner Point method

is adopted. Under this method

following steps are performed:
first, feasible region obtained graph of given and
Step 1: At is
by plotting the linear constraints

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its corner points are obtained by solving the two equations of the lines
intersecting at that

point.
Step 1: obtained its
The value of objective function 2: ax+
by is for each corner point by putting
and place of and and
x
y-coordinate in is
y
in z ax+
by. Let M and m be
largest
=

smallest value of 2 respectively.

Caset: If the feasible is bounded, then M and m are the maximum and minimum values of 2.

Case
I: If the feasible is unbounded, then we proceed as follows:

Step I: The half plane determined

by by M and
by <m are obtained.
ax+ > ax+
open

Case: If there is no common point in the half plane determined

by axc+ by> M and feasible
region, then M is maximum value of 2, otherwise I has no maximum value.

Casel: If determined and feasible

there is no common point in the half plane by axc+
by <M

region, then m is minimum value of 2, otherwise I has no minimum value.

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Probability
Conditional
Probability If E and F are two events associated with the same sample space of a

random conditional event E under

experiment, then the
probability of the

the condition that the event F has occurred written as

PE) is
given by,
P(ENF);
(
PE) =
P(F) + 0

P(F)

Properties of Conditional Probability Let E and F be events associated with the sample space

NCERT
s of an experiment. Then,

(i)
P(j) P(E) 1 (ii)
p((AVB)) P(y) P(5) P((ABS (iii)
p(E) 1
P()
=
-
=
=

+
=
-

Theorem
Multiplication on
Probability
Let E and F be two events associated with a If E, F and G are 3 events associated

sample space of an experiment. Then, with a sample space, then,

KAKSHA
P(ErF)
P(E)P(E): P(E) P(E1F1a)
P(c)P(E) Peir)
+ 0
=
=

P(F)P(E): P(F) 0
= +

Independent Events: Let E and F be two events associated with the same random experiment, then

f and F are said to be independent it. PCENF) =

P(E). PCF)

Dependent Events: Two events and Fare said to be dependent if they are not independent, i.e. If
(ENF) +P(E). P(F)
↑

Three events and conditions hold:

following
A, B C are said to be independent of all the

(ANB)
↑
P(A) P(B) =

(ANC) P(A)P(C)
P =

↑(Br() 4(B)P(C) =

and P (AMBrc) =
P(A) P(B) P(C)

Bayes' Theorem If E,Ec..... In are

mutually exclusive and exhaustive events associated with a

sample space and A as

any event of non-zero
probability, then;

P(Ei)P()
P(ti)
&

zP(Ej) PE)
=

Theorem of total
Probability Let SE,,Ec, .... En> be a partition of the sample spaces. Let A be

event associated with

any s, then:

P(A)
znP(Ej) P))
=

Random variable and Distribution A random variable is real valued

its
probability a

whose domain is the sample space of

a random experiment. The Probability distribution of a random variable X is the

system of numbers:

S X :x, x2.... CCn

where P,s0: "Pi=1 i 1, 2...
=

n
P(X): P, Ps.....
. . ...

Pn i1 =

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini
 Mean of a random variable Let X be a random variable assume x,x,,..... Con
[The expectation of X OR E(X) with probabilities P,,P,...... In respectively. Mean of X
·
denoted is the number
by a xiPi
i2
=

E(X) x
=

xiPi
=
=

CsP1 +CzP2+..... + Cn pn

Variance of a random variable

-2 =

=(xi -

M)-pi =

mcpi -

NCERT
v E(x- n)
or
equivalently
=

standard deviation of the random variable X is defined as:

v
variance(x)
(xi u) p,
= =
-

KAKSHA
Bernoulli Trials Trials of random experiment called Bennuolli trivals, if
a are
they
conditions:
satisfy the
following
(i) There should be finite no. of trials.

(i) The trials should be independent.

(iii) Each trial has
exactly two outcomes: success or failure.
(iv) The
probability of success (or failure) remains the same in each trial.

Binomial Distribution A random variable X

taking values0, 1, 2 .
. .
.,
n is said

to have binomial distribution with parameters n and 4 of

its
probability distribution is
given by
P(X r) =

xCrpique
=

where 9 -
1-p and r =
0, 1,2, ...
n

&

NcertKaksha/Umesh
· Saini Vaishali saini