Course Content

Definition and Importance of Intrapersonal and Interpersonal relations:

Differences:

Interpersonal happens between two or more people whereas.

Intrapersonal happens within one’s own inner self. Thus, intrapersonal is also known as
self-communication.

Interpersonal and Intrapersonal are two terms, that refer to communication.

Thus, these two terms are major ways of communicating or sharing information with one
another or within one’s own self. Even though they are two very distinct terms, some people
use it incorrectly, thinking that they are similar.

Key Areas covered:

1. What is the Interpersonal definition of communication elements?

2. What is the Interpersonal definition of communication nature?
3. What are the similarities between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal outlines of common
features?
4. What is the difference between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal comparison of key
differences?

What is Interpersonal?

Interpersonal refers to something happening between two or more people. It

can describe actions, communication, or even a certain kind of relationship. Thus, this is
something existing or happening between people. Moreover, there are two distinct
parties involved in this type of circumstance.

In general, there are four various elements engaging in interpersonal

communication:

Sender, message, medium, and receiver.

In addition, there is also feedback as illustrated:

This communication can happen either in verbal or non-verbal means.

Importance [a] can improve their social as well as a professional standard in life, [b] great at
engaging and maintaining healthy interpersonal relationships with others, and [c] essential
aspects of a good leader as well.

What is Intrapersonal
It refers to communication in an individual mind or self. In other words, this is the internal
discourse of a person. Hence, the parties involved are only the individual’s mind, to be more
specific, the three layers of the individual’s mind: id, ego, and superego.

Three main concepts [directly influence someone’s intrapersonal connection]

1. Individual’s self-concept
2. Perception
3. Self-perception

Importance of Intrapersonal

= eventually develop a good self-concept about his/herself

=also develop a good idea about their own personality and identity

Similarities between Intrapersonal and interpersonal

=both are most often related to communication or other related concepts

= it involves one or more individuals

Comparison
 Theories Interpersonal Relations Intrapersonal Relations
Definition Referring to some things Referring to something
That occurs between That occurs within oneself.
people
Who’s involved. Two or more people Just you.
When does it happen When you want to When you want to please,
communicate with others. reflect, get closer to
yourself.

Media Used. Phone, computers, tv, in- Minds, diaries, audio

person, letters recordings
Concerned with. Exchange of ideas Thoughts and analysis

Interpersonal Vs Intrapersonal

Refers to something Refers to something

involving relations occurring within the
between persons. individual mind or self

There are two or more There are no external

parties involved. positive parties involved.

There are varied reasons May involve critical

for people to engage in analysis or even a
interpersonal response to loneliness.
communication.
There is feedback from the There is only individual
parties involved. feedback.

Conclusion:
 Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Relations are two terms that sometimes appear like most
people.
The main difference between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal is that:

Interpersonal happens between two or more people whereas Intrapersonal

happens within one’s own inner self.

Examples of Intrapersonal Communications

Thinking form: This includes thinking as well as dreaming both daydreaming and the dreaming
we do when we are asleep. i.e. nocturnal dreaming.

Vocal form: This way of performing intrapersonal communication is essentially talking to

yourself out loud.

Written form:

Type of Interpersonal Communication and Interpersonal Skills

● Verbal – whenever you talk or even make an audible sound [like “hmn” or “ahhh”
For example, you are creating verbal communication
● Listening

● Written communication

● Non-verbal communication

● Phone calls

● Meetings

● Presentation

● Emails and Texting

Examples of Interpersonal Communication

*Often defined as communication that takes place between people who are interdependent
and have some knowledge of each other… for example
= communication between a son and his father
 = an employer and an employee
= two sisters
= a teacher and a student
= two lovers/ two friends

Social Diagram of a Person

Conclusion:

Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Relations are two terms that sometimes appear similar to
most people.

The main difference between Interpersonal and Intrapersonal is that …

Interpersonal happens between two or more people whereas Intrapersonal happens

Within one’s own inner self.
Looking Glass Self [Charles Horton Cooley]

Significance:

Describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they
believe others view them, using social interaction as a type of “mirror” people use to
judgment they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.

Stages:

1. How we imagine we appear to others

2. How we imagine other’s thoughts or judgment on how we appear, and
3. Whether or not we change our appearance or behavior based on their opinion

Three principal elements of the looking glass

1. The imagination of our appearance to the other person
2. The imagination of his judgment of that appearance, and
3. Some sort of self-feeling such as pride or mortification

Is the looking glass self-accurate?

It is controversial for two reasons:

1. This view supposes that people have a good idea of how significant others see them.

2. People’s beliefs about how others see them are not very accurate.

Concept of looking glass self:

- Describes the process wherein individuals base their sense of self on how they believe
others view them.
- Looking-glass self-theory describes /suggests that we come to know ourselves by
reflecting on how others see us.
- Using social interaction as a type of “mirror” people use the judgments they receive
from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior.

Examples:
 On a dance floor, many people who see themselves as “good” dancers, may be perceived
as “bad dancers”, but will nonetheless react as if they are good dancers. While an individual’s
self-image is shaped by others, this only happens through the mediation of their own minds
Self-perception Theory [Daryl Bem, 1967]
- Social psychologist and professor emeritus at Cornell University
- The originator of the self-perception theory of attitudes formation and change
- Has also received research on psi phenomena group decision-making, handwriting
analysis, sexual orientation, and personality theory and assessment.

Self-perception Theory [SPT]

- Can be applied as seen in a real-life situation
- Account of attitude formation developed by psychologist Daryl Bem
- Asserts that people develop their attitudes [when there are no previous attitudes due
to a lack of experience, etc. and the emotional response is ambiguous] by observing
their own behavior and concluding what attitudes must have caused it. The theory is
counterintuitive in nature as the conventional wisdom, is that attitudes determine
behavior. Furthermore, the theory suggests that people induce attitudes without
accessing internal cognitive and mood states. The person interprets their own overt
behavior rationally in the same way they attempt to explain another’s behavior.

Further studies/evidence
- Self-perception theory, demonstrating emotions do follow behaviors
- Example:
Corresponding emotions [including liking, disliking, happiness, anger, etc.]
were reported following their overt behaviors which had been manipulated by the
experimenters.
- The behavior included making different facial expressions, gazes, and postures…
Subjects inferred and reported their affections and attitudes from their practical
behaviors even though they were told previously to act that way which is consistent
with the James Lange theory of emotion.

Cognitive Dissonance [CD]. Self-Perception Theory [SPT]

CD is the state of discomfort. Resulting
from conflicting ideas, beliefs, attitudes,
or behavior.
Introduced by Lean Festinger
SPT is the theory that claims people
develop attitudes and opinion, by
observing their own behavior and
drawing conclusions from them.
Introduced by Daryl Bem.
 There is always discrepancy between There is congruence between attitudes
attitudes and behavior. and behavior.
Give rise to discomfort. Does not give rise to tension or
discomfort, just logical observation.
The difference between Cognitive dissonance and Reducing Dissonance:

Cognititive Dissonance Reducing Dissonance

Attitude: Attitude:

Domestic abuse is bad and no one should put My partner does not mean to hurt me so it is
up with itl. not really abuse.
Behavior: Behavior:

I continue to stay in an abusive relationship. I am not in an abusive relationship, so there

is no reason to leave.

The importance of our self-perception also referred to as self-concept [a] it can influence
our judgment [b] mood and [c] behavior.

If we have a positive perception of ourselves, we will most likely have more positive
thoughts and beliefs about the world overall, which in turn can lead to more frequent positive
behavior.
Social Comparison Theory [Lean Festinger] SCT

Importance of Social Comparison Theor

- It can motivate people to improve.
- It can also promote a judgmental, biased, and overly competitive or superior attitude.
- It proposed that people who compare themselves with those who are similar to
them typically produce accurate appraisal of their capabilities and beliefs.

Social Comparison Theory – two types of SCT

Upwards Downwards

You > Me You < Me

You’re a better dancer. I am sorry you don’t have a

job.
POSITIVE: Inspiration Gratitude
Motivation
Effector (strength) Hope
NEGATIVE: Enjoy Scorn
Dissatisfaction Pity
Effector (weakness) Self-Criticism

Success, failures, and why you should stop comparing yourself to your friends do not mean “I
am a failure or my friend’s success does not mean I am a failure.”

Is SCT good or bad?

SC can be useful because it provides us with a way to determine if we are “on track”, but it can
also be extremely harmful and result in negative thoughts and behaviors.

How SC affects self-esteem?

When we can compare ourselves favorably with others, we feel good about ourselves, but
when the outcome of comparison suggests that others are better or better off than we are,
then our self-esteem is likely to suffer.
How do you overcome SC?

Eight practical ways to stop comparing yourself to others:

1. Practice gratitude – an early quiet morning before anyone is awake, with your hot
coffee, be grateful that you it… etc.

2. Unlock the power of contentment

For example – gratitude leads to contentment, which allows you to be in a state of joy
and satisfaction no matter what your circumstances… you’re happy with where you are
in life and not worried about what other people are doing

3. don’t compare your life to anyone else’s highlight needs – once you take the focus off
them [ex. financial security] and put it back on your own life, you can start to turn things
around with your life

4. focus on your strength – you can be humble and still recognize your strengths, talents,
and accomplishments. You don’t have to beat yourself up to be humble

=the more we compare ourselves to others, the worse we feel about ourselves to
others, the worse we feel about ourselves. That’s a dangerous trap we’ve got to avoid.

=try writing down these things you really take about yourself

= I’m proactive – I like accomplishing things, so whether it's responding to toads on my

next book or making dinner reservations, I’m always looking ahead and acting.

= I love people – I may or may not have won the beauty contest but I’m the “friendliest”
superlative of my senior class. I really have always enjoyed being around people.

= I’m an amazing baby sleep trainer – seriously, if I wasn’t doing what I do for a living, I’d
start a business around sleep training babies. What can I say? It’s a gift, and it's a good
one!

5. Celebrate other people – constantly comparing ourselves to others lead us not to cheer
on the people who are working hard to get somewhere. And it makes it hard to
celebrate with the ones who’ve accomplished something.
 Ex. When a friend tells you about her new job – be happy for her or if someone buys a
new house participate in her enthusiasm.

6. Learn to compare with yourself instead of others and be really happy and contented.
Instead of focusing on where you are compared to others focus on your own goals.
Where are you compared to where you were at this time last year?

Or five years ago? Use a journal for it does wonderful things for your security… if you
have no journal start it today.

7. Have boundaries around how much time you spend on social media … it will only have a
massive effect on our mental well-being…

-some boundaries you can put in place to protect yourself… such as

*Unfollow any accounts that tend to make you feel bad about yourself
*Set a timer and allow yourself to scroll for 30 minutes. When the time is up, step away
from social media

*Turn off your phone when you’re having dinner with your family and friends. Being
fully present with them will make everyone happier.

*don’t feel obligated to reply to every comment and message – “ain’t anybody got time
For that.”

*When you feel the pull to check social media, ask yourself why you are bored,
Uncomfortable or seeking affirmation? What can you do to feel better instead?

8. Take a social media fast

*it’s almost impossible to be satisfied with your own life if you’re constantly looking at
what someone else has

*Shut off all the social networks and while you’re at it, unsubscribe from all these
emails, and newsletters that show you how much you’re “missing’.

*Spend time focusing on how much you truly have… family, friends, job, and all it
matters
In your life.

Don’t compare yourself to others anymore.

 Focus on the quality of your life not the number of your likes,

Just an example of SCT-

- A music student might compare herself to the star student in the class.

If she finds that her abilities do not measure up to her peer’s talents, she might be
driven to achieve more and improve her abilities.

Reflected Appraisal Theory [RAT]

- A term used in psychology to describe a person’s perception of how others see

and evaluate him/her.
-
The RAT process concludes that people come to think of themselves in the way
they believe others think of them [Mead, 1934; Cppley, 1902; Sullivan, 1947].

Some facts:

- Internalized perceptions of other people’s beliefs about them known are reflected
in self-appraisal.

Social comparison states that individuals determine their own social and personal
worth based on how they stack up against others; reflected appraisal describes a
person’s perception of how others see and evaluate him/her.

Self-concept:

A relatively stable set of perceptions that people hold about themselves… a.k.a.,
looking glass self. Our ability to see our “self” as another sees us – your self-image
results from the images others reflect on you.

Reflected self:

Personal reflection – is taking the time to think about, meditate on, evaluate and
give serious thoughts, attitudes, motivations, and desires.

Is reflected appraisal positive or negative?

 As expected, reflected appraisal and self-esteem are negatively selected – people
who perceived that others relate to them in terms of roles and statuses tend to
score lower on the self-esteem scale.

Insights of other authors by:

Kathleen D. Vohs, Eli J. Finkels – 2006

- An American psychologist and behavioral economist – 2006

BP – Behavioral psychology or behaviorism is a theory suggesting that the environment shapes

humans. In a most basic sense, behavioral psychology is the study and analysis of observable
behavior. This field of psychology influenced thoughts heavily throughout the middle of the 20 th
century.

Types:
Examples of BP’s can be separated into four major sub-disciplines-

1. Applied behavior analysis

2. Cognitive therapy
3. Behavioral therapy
4. Behavioral psychology

Perspective
According to the behavioral perspective, the way we behave and learn can be explained
through our interactions with the environment. Our actions are always a response to stimulus,
which either occurs naturally or because of a learned response.

Strengths
One of the greatest strengths of behavioral psychology is the ability to observe and
measure behaviors. Because behaviorism is based on observable behavior, it is also sometimes
easier to quantify and collect data when conducting research.

Application
Behavioral psychology is used in a therapeutic application in many situations.
The most common way for behaviorism to be used is in the treatment of children with autism.
Behavioral analysis combined with conditioning can help children with mental health
conditions, such as autism to learn new skills and techniques.
Examples of behavioral psychology:
Modern behavioral psychology or behaviorism continues to explore how our behavior
can be shaped by reinforcement and punishment.
For example, new eyes teaching experiments can develop an understanding of
how we learn through positive and negative feedback.

The main concept of Behavioral Psychology:

- Also known as behavioral psychology.
- All behaviors are learned through interacting with the environment through
conditioning.
- Thus, behavior is simply a response to environmental stimuli.
-

How to apply behavioral theory … how?

1. The teacher leads the class through a topic

2. Students listen silently
3. The teacher then sets a task based on the information
4. Students complete the task and await feedback
5. The teacher gives feedback, then sets the next task
6. With each round of feedback, the student is conditioned to learn the material

Is behavioral psychology used today?

It is still used by mental health professionals today, as its concept and theories remain
relevant in fields like psychotherapy and education.

Some information [relevant]

How is John Watson's theory used today?

- Watson was an American psychologist who popularized the scientific theory of

behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school. Watson advanced this
change in the psychological discipline through his 1913 address at Columbia
University, titled Psychology as the Behaviorist Vocerus It.
- Watson continued to grow his theory by looking at behaviorism and emotions. He
studied how they determine our actions. His research is still used today, and his
theory continues to prove effective in psychological and educational settings.
The Relationship Paradigm [Goodfrey Barrette-Lennard, 2013]

His approach to himself:

ATTITUDES, INTERESTS, and BENT

1. “I see myself as pretty resistant to orthodoxy – standardized or fixed way of thinking and
practice”.

2. The sexual aspect is already implied “I am not a typical practitioner if indeed there are
any such.

3. Once interest has moved over time from an originally exclusive focus on individual
psychology and one-to-one therapy to a gradually widening [international] interpersonal
and social dimension.

4. Later years … more engaged in therapy than during a full-time academic career…focus
on innovations and interests.
Philosophy of Trust - Faulkner, Thomas 2017

Trust is central to our social lives. We know by trusting what others tell us. We act on
that basis and based on trust in their promises and implicit commitments. So, trust underpins
both epistemic and practical cooperation and is the key to philosophical debates on the
conditions of its possibility.

What is the philosophy of trust?

Trusting requires that we can …

1. Be vulnerable to others – vulnerable to betrayal in particular

2. Rely on others to be competent to do what we wish to trust them to do; and

3. Rely on them to be willing to do it

Is trust necessary for knowledge?

Evermore, trust is necessary for the successful dissemination of knowledge, and, by
extension, for nearly any form of practical deliberation and planning that require us to make
use of more information that we can gather individually and verify ourselves.

Opinion of Plato
Plato’s ideal state is founded on trust, but it is a trust that runs one-way. The
questioning, challenging attitudes of the philosophers is not required of the ordinary citizen;
they are expected to trust their rules without question.

The virtue of trust [refer to the philosophy of trust]:

*In the first case – trust refers to something that is generally considered morally right

*in the second case – trust refers to something that is centerish paribus, morally right
nor wrong, and in the
 *In the third case – trust refers to something that many people [and societies more
broadly] consider immoral.

What is trust in psychology?

In an interpersonal relationship, trust refers to the confidence that a person or group of

people has in the reliability of another person or group, specifically it is the degree to which
each party feels that they can depend on the other party to do what they say they will do.

What is the virtue of trust?

The virtue of trust is personal, our level of trustworthiness, and our ability to trust. The
four virtues of trustworthiness are contained in the trust equation.
Credibility, Reliability, Intimacy, and Low Self Orientation. If someone exhibits those
traits, we call them trustworthy.

Three elements of Trust:

1. Positive relationship – trust is in part based on the extent to which a leader can create a
positive relationship with other people and groups.
2. Good judgment/expertise
3. Consistency

Is trust a virtue or a value?

Trust, is understood as a virtue. Incorporate appropriate rational emotional dispositions.

Such as compassion as well as contextual action, situated in a time or place.

How do you build trust?

Ten of the most effective ways to build trust:
1. Value long-term relationships. Trust requires a long-term relationship
2. Be honest
3. Honor your commitments
4. Admit when you’re wrong
5. Communicate effectively
6. Be vulnerable
7. Be helpful
 8. Show people that you care

Four elements of trust:

1. Consistency
2. Compassion
3. Communication
4. Competency

Each of these factors is necessary for a trusting relationship but insufficient in isolation. The
four factors together develop trust.

The ethical dimension of trust:

Trustworthiness directly relates to ethics on two specific dimensions:

1. Integrity
2. Benevolence

In brief: “ A trustworthy party will not unfairly exploit the vulnerabilities of the
other party in the relationship.”

Moral of Trust
Trust means that we must do more than simply cooperate with others we know
are trustworthy. We must have positive views of strangers, of people who are different
from ourselves, and pressure that they are trustworthy.

Simple words of trust:

1. A. assume reliance on the character, ability strength, or truth of someone or
something.
B. one in which confidence is placed.

2. A. dependence on something future or contingent: hope

B. reliance on future payment for property [such as merchandise] delivered:

credit bought furniture on trust.

Five key elements of trust that drive our philosophy:

● Reliability: Being reliable creates trust

● Honesty: telling the truth creates trust

 ● Goodwill: doing your job well creates trust

● Open: Being vulnerable creates trust

Some barriers to Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Relationships

Intrapersonal barriers:

Obstacles within the self, stop us from sending and receiving information
effectively.

Overcoming barriers to the intrapersonal relationship:

- Stems from individual attitudes or habits, whereas interpersonal barriers occur
due to the inappropriate transactions of words between two or more persons.

Challenges of interpersonal relationships:

1. Lack of cultural understanding

2. Misperception
3. Bias/biases
4. Stereotypical beliefs

How to overcome Interpersonal barriers within the workplace:

1. Use simple words to convey the messages – to have an effective process of
interpersonal communication, you must simplify language
2. Learn the act of listening.
how much you truly have … family, friends, job, and all it matters in your life.