IAPYMA EYTENIAOY XPYEZOYN METAAAION AKAAHMIAZ AOHNON EKNAIAEYTIKO KEIMENO A.A.E.E.N. YMOYPFEIOY EMMOPIKHE NAYTIAIAEIIPOAOTOE IAPYMATOS EYFENIAOY O Evyénos Evyevidns, deuayg xat oonyds tov «ldgipatos Evyevidow, mgoeide evwgitara xat oxnudzioe ty adic xeno(Onon but avayxato nagdyo- vra pla tHv 196060 tov éOvous amotelei n dotia KatagtION Twr tExMiKEv Has ae ovvdvagud mp0 THY NOx} tous aywyr. Thy nexolOnoy tov aver) tv uetérgewe oe yervala medén evegyeotas, Grav xingoddtnae oeBaots 1006 ya tn obotaan IdQvpatos, mov Oa Elye ws oxond va oupBadder orny texixy exxatdevon tw véwy ms Eddddas. ‘Exot, tov PeBoovdgio tov 1956 ovveotj6y to «ldguua Evyevidow,, tov onotov tv d1otxnon avéhape n adelgy tov Mag. Siuov, ajupova ye ty ext- Ouuia tov diabém, ANS ty otryur exein dgxoay meayyatonowrpevot ot oxoxoi ov ogaparioOyxe o Evyémos Evyevions xar ovyyodvus 1 exsrjou- oy gas and us Baadreges avdynes tov eOvixot pas Blov. To égyo tov Dgvuatos avvéyice and 10 1981 péxgt 10 2000 0 Nixddaos Begvinos- Evyevidns: éxtore ovvexiter avtd 0 x. Aewvidag Snpntorddns-Evyevions. Kara my xddxwon twv oxondy tov, to ‘ldguua mgoétake tay éxdo- on texvixibv Biphiwv td00 yia Adyous Bewgntixot's doo xat meaxtixows. AtemiotéOn medypant Gu anotehel mowragyiny avdyxn 0 epodiaopds Tav antsy we ceigés a6 Pipi, ta onoia Ga ébetav 09d Gepéha otqv nat- dela tous xa ba anotehovoay ovyyodvug noditun BiBhobfen ya nde Teyvind. Exdixdtega, doov apoga ora exnaudevtind Pipiia twv anovdaativ tov Anpootwy Syoksv Eunogixot Navtxos, ro ‘ldquua avélape tote yy &xdo- of tous ae mhrjon Hat revi ovvepyacia we tm AtevOvvon Navtris Ex- naidevcews tov Yrovpyeiov Eunoguajg NavtMas, und ty enomtela tov onoiov undyovtat ot Zxohés avrés. H avdbeon oro ‘liguua éyive we ty va" aagib. 6128/5031, ts Ing Avyotatov 1966, andpaon tov Yaougyeiov Eu- nogias Navtdias, ondte xa ovvexgonj6n xat n aguddia Exigom Ex- ddaewy. Anorélequa ins ovvegyasias aunic irav n éxdooy ts Zeveds BiBuothjxn tov Navtixov, dou ekedd@noay: a) Mia tous pabytés twv Méowy Naveixdy Szoidy 30 rdpor PiPdiww (1967 - 1979). B) Tia us AAZEN (Avateges Ay- dows Zyolés Eunogixos Navrxo) 54 tduot (1981 - 2001). Kéiqios oxonds twv exddoewy avtéy, twv onolwy to mepiezsuevo etvathupwvo je ta exdotore toxdovta avalutixd meoyoduara tov YEN, frav n nagoyy} mQ0s tovs oxovdaarés twv Navtixiv Syohiv AAZEN xat Navtixiy Avxtivy tov avayxaiwy tore exnaudevtinasy xeysévon, Ta ortokc avtiatorzotv moos ta pabripata nov diddoxovea otis Syohks avrés. Extons ehijg6n wialteon medvowa, core ra Piplia avtd va elven yevindre- ea zorfoa ya dhovs tovs akwumatixods tov Eunogixod Navtixod, nov aoxoty to exdyyehua ¥ e&eMooovear ony tegagyia tov xkddou tors, xooks avr va onuaives 6m enégyercu perapols) orm ord yn tov megieyouévou Tovs. Me tqv uz. ag. 1168B [14.6.9 vxoveyue} andgaon to Yrougyeio Eu- oguajs Navrdias avébeae oto ‘logy Evyevidov tay ovyyoagy xat éxd0- on tow didaxtixiy eyyergidlav tov Navtixiv Axadnuuiy: 16n 1 Extt00-7) exddaewv tov lgiipatos, omy onoia petéxel, Omws névra, xat o d1evOwvTS Navtxrs Exncudeéoews tov YEN, meoexfoute ovuqivus moog andyacy rov YEN tv ovyyoagy, 15 Bipliaw moos xddvyn exciyovady avayxay tov oxovdaoriy paaet wv oyvovtwy avcdutuxéy xooyoaupcirwy. Ta Piphice av- 14 Eyovy ovyyouges 1fdn xa cugioxovten oto ordébio ts exdéoEws. Ot ovyroagels xai n Enttgom) Exdéoewy tov ldgtiuatos ekaxolovboiv va xatapddovy xdb_ mooondbera, ware ta Pilla ve: efva ExoTpOVIKES dana aiid xar me0daguoopéva ong avéyxes Hai ug Suvaréuytes THY onovdaatéiv. Ii’ avté éxowv ngooeyuévn yhwoainy) diariaway twv xexee- Yo Tovg xu 7 dtatQaypdrevon wv Ozudrwr eivat avdhoyn moos tH orci- Mn Hg exnadevoews, ya THY onola xgoog(tovra Me thy mooapogd atove xaOmyntéc, otovs oxovdaorés mms vavtixric bag exnaidevoeux, xat o€ Slovg tous akaparixove tov E.N. twv exddue- Gy tov, 10 ‘Tdguua oyupalel otny xQayLaronoinon tov oxonON TOU 1Spv- 19 tov Evyeviov Evyevibov. ENITPOMH EKAOZLEQN IAPYMATOL EYTENIAOY AdgEavépoc Eravpénoviac, op. xadnynnic A.B.E. Mepauac, MpdeSpoc Teavvng Teyérovios, op. xaSnyntiig EMIT. Tedvvng TeaBapac, avradapyos A.E. (E.A.), Anniitpiog Baothdxns, mroiapyos A.E., Atev0. Navt. Eka. Y.E.N. LopBovdos exi tav exddcewv tov ISpipatoc Kev. Mavéeng, xadny. ®V.ocoguxiis Lyodiig Mavertommpiov AGnvav. Tpapyaréag ms Emtpomic, Pedpyiog Avipedxos.oe EYTrENIAOY BIBAIO@HKH TOY NAYTIKOY QKEANOTPA®IA Meraqoaon ota EMnvixé and to 616hio «American Practical Navigation» (Vol. I, Part six «Oceanography» - Pub. No 9) and tov x. IZRANNH ZA®EIPONOYAO ag yixNotagyo TLN. (¢.a.) AMLovyo Queavoyoagiag xa YSgoyeacias AQHNA 2006Reproduced by courtesy of the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic/Topographic Center Washington, D.C., U.S.A.To 616Ai0 auté pe Tov TiTAo Axeavoypagia, eivai "eTappaon ané Ta ayyAiKG Tou avtiotoixou Turatog tm aLepiKaviKtig EKSdoEWG, American Practical Navigation (Vol. |, Part six, Oceanography, Pub. No. 9). To 18puya Euyevidou npoéén atv ueTappaon Kat ExSoon tng Akeavoypa- giag weTd and oxeTiKr} éyKpion tou Defense Mapping Agency, Hydrographic/ Topographic Center tn¢ 3.4.1985. Kata tv ueTagpaon KaTa6ArjOnke Kade Suvatr} MpoortdGeta yia TV EnuTUXT ané500n tou Keyévou ota edAnvixd, Gate aUTS va Elvat KaTavoNTS aTOUG Enousaatés. Ot pwroypagies rou 616Aiou, Enedr} éxouV avarapaxéei and THY auEpiKavi- kt} &k500n, tows napoucidouv opioyéves extunwtikés atéAetes, Tic ortoleg eAniGoue o€ peAAovtixr enavéxdoon va BeATuboope, av Lag XopnynBovv Ta npwtétuna. Eniong yia Adyous Texvixous Sev petappaoOnKav ot ayyAtKol dpot Tou eivat tunwpévot péoa ong PwTOypagies. H KaTaVénoT ToUG duw Sev Ba napouoidon Kapid SuoKoAia otous avayvéates, Sedouévou ti 01 dpo1 autol epunvevovtat oto Keievo eva dinka Tous ce napévOeon uTdpxet kai n ayVAIK} opodoyia.KE®@AAAIO NPQTO Ol QKEANO! 1.1 Oxeavoypagia. Elvai n epappHoyh Twv emtoTnHdy OT HEALTH Tw PalVOLEéVaV Tw wkeavov. H wkeavoypagia aoxoAsitat etdikotepa He TH HEAETH YeviKd TOU OXNHATICHOU TWV WKEAVOV, KABGG KAL HE TA PUGIKG, XNHIKG, YEWAOYIKA Kat BIOAOYIKG XAPAKTNPLOTIKG ToUG. ‘ETOL O KAGBOG GUT6G EVévEL Kal UNEPKAAUTTTEL TOUS Eexwptotoug Topeis THs Yewypaglac, YewAoylag, xnLElag, puoIKtic Kat B1OAO- ylag. MoAAég uodtaipécetg aUTV Tw EMoTHdY, éTwS n KNHATOACYIa, otkoAoyia (BtoAoytKr} OXEGN HETAEL Tw opyavicudv Kal TOU TIEPIBGAAOVTOG Tous), BakTnpLoAoyia, BioxnHEta, UBPoSuvaytKr}, akouGTIKH Kat OTTTIKH ExOUV exTeTapéva WEAETHBEl GTOUG wWKEAVOUS. Ot wreavoi KaAUrToUV 70,8% Tg emupavetag tS ync. ZuyKeKpIUéva o Athavtikés KaAUTITEt 16,2%, 0 Eipnvikdg 32,4% (3,2% neptoodtepo ané ™ Xepgaia neptoxt dAng THg YnG). © IvSiKdg 14,4 Kal Ta UMAAOMAAICIA Kal OL Tpooxeiveves @dAagoEs (and Tig onoleg n To WeEYGAn elvat o APKTIKOG weaves) 7,8%. H &kTAON Kal LOVO TWV WKEAVéV Tous KaBioTd BELG HEAETNS. To weyaAttepo Syws Kivntpo yt auté BploKetar oT oNLGOIa ToUg yla TIG Hetagopéc, aTHV EniSpacr ToUG GTOV KaIps Kat TO KAI Kat OTH GELa TOUS «WG Mmy@v evépyetac, TPO~TIS, MEcILOU VEPOL,, KABA Kat AvopYavev Kal OPYaVIKaV oucwy. 1.2 lotopia tng wkeavoypagiac. Ol apxikés HEAETEG Tw kEAVaY apopotoaV KUpIWg GTA NPOBAWATA THC vauatrAotag. Ot MANpo@opies ot oXETIKEG WE NaAippolec, petPaTa, NXOBOAr- GEIG, MAYO Kal aTtooTaCEIG HETAEL Twv Sapdpwv Aiavidv Hoav anapattntec, KaG@> TO WKEdVEIO EUNdPLO avanTUGDdTaV. LULPwva HE TOV IOTOPIKO Kal gIAdG0g0 NosEIddvi0, eixe HETPNBEL B480¢ 1000 opyuliv oT BdAacoa THS Lapdnviag, otic apxéc tou Sevtepou atdva r.X. Mepi ta wéoa Tou 190u audva o1 Bewpies tou AapBivou Tepi e€eAlEews ESwoav peydAn GEnon om oUAACYH Badacciwv opyavicudy, eneid} MoteUdtav aNd TéTE aNé HEpIKOUG, STI OAEC OL yhiveg poppéc éxouv ekeAXBel and wKedveloug npoydvouc. Apyétepa, n2 GoBapr HElwon TMOAAGY GALEULGTOV MPOKGAEGE THY avdyKn yia épeuva T¢ OXEGEWG TWY OIKOVOLIKG AEAOYWV OPYAVIGHOV MPG Ta PUAIKG XapaKTnpIOTI- KG TOU Tlep\BAAAOVTés TOUG, E1diKdTEpA oT BopetoduTiKH Eupdrin Kat Ew and Tig aktég TH¢ lanwviac. AKOuN LeTayevéotepa, n augavéuevn onpacia wv @KEAVaV OTIG MOAEUIKEs ANOGTOASS, iw HETA aNd TH XPNOWONOINon TeV uno6puxiwv, anattovce Thy KatTa6oAh HeyAwv MpoonaBey yUpW and ta TPOBArHATa EvTOMMGHOU Kat ETuBEdews KATE EXBPIKDV OTOXWV. AUTO EIXE AV ANoTéAcOHA THY EMLOTHHOVIKA LEAETN NOAAV ANdWEwV TOU apopouv oTIG GaAagvES, aTIG OTIoles TPOnYoULEVWG Sev Swétav Mpodoxt}. Axeavoypagixt épeuva. H épeuva twv Badagodv Hrav apxiKd Kat Héxpt To 190 aldva vo Yewypagikh, napa To yeyovés, 611 ot auvexeic Kat aUEAVopEvEs NapatnpHaeI TwV VaUTIKGY, 6rIUg EXOUV KaTaypa—El GTOUG TIPwTOUG XApTES KAI odnyieEC TAOU, NEPLEAGUBaVaV OUXV4 GroIXEla GXETIKA LE Tig NaAippotes, ta PebLaTA Kat ta GAG wkeavoypagiKd patvépeva. Ta peydda eEepeuvntixé taEiSia, Kat KUpto Adyo auTd Tou dpxicav ota 1768 Hie Tov MAoiapxo Kouk Kat Guvexic8nkav ané Baracgonépous, org o Aa Mepowt, o MneAtvykoxdouzev kat o ToUuiAKs, eyK@pIdo8nkav akon Kat and emtotiiyoves, Napa tavta n entoTaLOVIKH epyacia oToUS wkeavous eKeivn THY TeploBo Htav MOAG Tepioptopuévn, AdyW THs EAAEIEws KATAAAHAY yNXavnHe- TWV Kal GUOKEU@Y Vid Tov EAEYXO TwV OUVENKAY, KATH aNd THY EMM@PdvEIa THC @dAaooac. Eto WETAEL 0 avtINAOLapXoG TOU ALEPIKAVIKOU TIOAEUIKOU VaUTIKOU Mé8tou Govtaiv Mdoupu, nou epyazétav oto npwtonopiaKd YSpoypaptKd Tpageto tou NoAeuikou Nautikol Tv Hvapévav MoAtteiv, omy OudctyKTwv, TPOHENGE Ge UNAS BabLS TeAEIOTHTAG THY AVAAUGN TwY NapaTnprGEwv TOU eixav Kataypagei oto enionyo nyEpoddyio Tou nAo{ou tou. Ta npwta tou SULNEpdopata, Ta onoia Kat SnHoGIeLANKaV ora 1848, eixav NOAU HEYGAN onpacia ya Tous XeIpiopods Twv MAOIWV OXETIKG He THY UNSdELEN EUvoIKdv Topeldv MAEUGEWG, HE aNOTéAEOLA va NpoKAAEcoUV Bie8vt} GuvEpyacia oTOUG TopElg Mg wkeavoypaplag Kat TH VaUTIKIG HETEwpoAoyiac. Ka®ig n texvoAoyla peta to 1850 mpoxwpovce pe yopyd éryara, Sev TapapeAHEnkav ta ZnTpaTa Tou wKeavoypagiKod eFonAipou. To Bpetavikd vautik6 ora 1872-1876 yndpece va anoatetAet To MAGIo THg AUTOU Meyahetotn- tag TodAAevrep ce NayKOa}to TAE(S1, rou thtaV Kal n NpwTH NayKoopla KaGaPA WKEAVoypagiKt, aNooTOAH Ge BaGid vepd. Ta Selyyata tou 6uB0d nou ouvéAcEe To MAolo, énwe avaAUenkav and Tov cep Tewv Mapped, é8ecav ta GepEéAta THg YEwAoYiKIig wkeavoypaglag Kal 77 Setyyata Badagawvou vepou, Org avaAUenkav ané tov C.R. Dittmar, anédeikav via npwtn opd ott ta Biépopa oucTatikd Twv aAdtwv THs BAAagoas GUVaVTdVTAI NaVTOU HE THY (51a Tipaktikt} avadoyia. Ané ekelvn THY Erfoxt} HEXPL OFUEpG, Ta TapaKTIA USaTa NOAADY KpaTaV Kat 01 eEdpaeig Tou 6UBOU Tous MoU Eival KATAAANAO! Via aAteia, EXoUV WeAE TBE! eVTATIKG, EV MOAUAPIOLA oKAgN Stapspwav EOviKoTHTUY éXoUV SteEaydyel wxeavoypagikés épeuves oTV avoiKTH BGAag0a. Avaeda ToUG NHLoLéva3 urtpEav: To aHepikaviké “AAynartpos, and To 1882 Expt To 1920° to auotpiaKd. fléAa ot Meaéyeio Kai omy Epuépd @dAagaa, etaEW 1890 Kai 1896° to davéZiko Nrdva, To onoio Kata Th StdpKeia twv TAESiwv tou, weta—s 1920 kar 1922, avakddue Thy TonoBedia am BGAagoa FapyKdaoo, énou yevidvtat ta xéNa TOU EUpwTaiKol TUNOU’ To aNEpIKAVIK6 KdpveyKi and To 1927 wc To 1929° TO YEpUAvIKd MérTEop atov ATAAVTIKO and To 1928 UéxXpI To 1938, KABd¢ Kal TO Gpetavikd NrioxdBepu I OTOV AVTAPKTIKG WKEAVG, HETAEU Twv ETdv 1930 Kat 1939. AEloonpeiwtes Ytav eniong ot EldiKé¢ aNoGTOAgs, GToUS cULNAyEIC mdyouc Tou APKTIKOU WKEAVOU Twv VOPENYIKaY MAClwv @pap Kat Méouvr, and To 1893 Wéxpl To 1896 Kat and To 1918 Léxpt To 1925 avtictorxa’ avapéperdr £50 1 andneipa Tou cep Tewpry, Xtoupnept oulAKive va KwvnGei KaTW aNd Tov TIdyo He To 6pETavIKd UNOBPUXIo NauTIAOG To 1931 KAGE Kal N eyKaTéoTACN TOU PWOOIKOU GTAGLOU, ato BOpElo NAO To 1937, and Tov onolo ylvovtav Tlapatnprgets Tou cupNayr ndyou mou enémes. Tnv (Sta enoxr épeuvec nou dieEGyovtav Kovta otnv aktt, und Tv KaBodhynon Twv ‘EAAevt-Xdvoev oT Nop6nyia kat Twv ‘Expav kat Mryiépkvec at Loundla, Snwoupynoav to BewpntiKd uNd6aBpo ya THY EPLNvela TwV wxkeavelwv peupdtwv. Tote Kal o Mdptiv Kvottoev om Aavia katép@woe va HeAETHOEL Tig AKPIBEIG AeTTTOUEpEles TOU GUOXETIOHOU HETAEL xAwPIddEWS, aAuUpétnTag Kal TUKVéTTAG, HE aMOTéAcoHAa va KaTaoTel Suvatév va enaAnGeusouv ot Bewplec pe Mapatnprjceic nediou. Kata Tm didpketa tou Sevtepou nayKdoptou MoAgpOu o1 KuploTepE Bacikés épeuvec Siakonnkay, enidy) avtiKkatactaenkav pe epyaoies oe Bspata otpa- TWTIKGV EPAPHOYaV Mo wKEavoypaglac. OL aNoGTOASS Baeswv UddTwV avaved@nKay HETa Tov NOAELO ANd To GOUNSIK6 MAo{o “AApNaTpaG, To onolo akoAoUnoav To BaviKé Faddreia, to Sevtepo BpetaviKd ToGAAEvréep (rou vaurmyrenke To 1931) Kat to Nrioxééepu II omy AvtapKtiKh, KaBd¢ Kal TOA TOU GHEPIKAVIKOU IBpUATOS EKpiTTS CTOV EtpnviKd wKeavd. QkeavoypagiKh épeuva SieEayotav and Auepikavotic Kai Pdacoug otov ApKTiKé weave. 1.3 MpoféAcuon tov wkeaviv. AV Kat MOAAOL anpalvovtes YewAdyol Stagwvowv aKkdyn He To cULNEpaopa ott 1 Sou Tav nneipwv eivat or Baan THs Stapoperixt} and Th Soy Tov wkeavav, undpxouv auEavopeves evdeikelg ya va unooTprXBel n Bewpia dui o1 Bpdxor Tou 6piokovtal KdTw aNd Ta EdagiKd OTPaYATA Tou BUBOU Twv wKEavov, elvat Tepicoétepo muKvol and auTols nou 6picKovtat Kdtw and Tig nne(pouc. ZUpPava LE TH ewpia auTH, OASKANPOG o PAoIds THG YNG ETUMAgel ENdvwo GE éva KevTpiké Uypé Mupriva, Ta Se THAT Tou anoTEAOUY Tig Nneipous, eneIdh eivai ehagpétepa, emmnAgouv He LEYAAUTEPO BABYS eAeuseplac. ‘Eto! ot Mo Aermtéc neploxés Nou anoteAoUvTal and BapUTepo 6p4Xo, oxnHaTIZouv AEKd- vec, ériou éxet GuyKevtpwbel To vepd. To oxfHa Tov wkeaviov PETABGAAETAL GUVEXwG, ENIELdH] Ot FIMEIpOL ETUTAEOUV Kat mapacupovrar (continental driff). H eripaveta tng yng yNopel va BewpnGel ott anoteAcitat and apKetés «MAdKeG». Ot MAGKEs aUTEG GUVSEOVTal HETAEY TOUS Katd uKog ypaypdv @pavcewe t SiaTourc (fracture H fault lines). Yndpxet4 ota8eph Kat aEloonyelwm Kivnon autév Tey MAaKGv. Tia Tv MpogAeun Tou vepow otoUs wKEavous éXouV enlong StatunwBel TOAARS avtipaTiKés aNdWels. AV Kal LEpIKol yewAdyot UoOTHPIZoUV OTL 6A TO vepd UMPXE KNOTE HE LOPHr USpatHdv oTMV atTHdapaIpA THs YN Kat OTL éneve ye KatappaKTadet BpOXEés HAIG 1] YN WOXONKE APKETG, 1a GAAN OXOAr TUoTEGEL Ott T ATHST@PAIPA THg APXIKG NUPAKTUEYNg YNG X4ENKE Kal STI TO vep6 ucompEsenKe CTadIaKG KaBdG TIvaZoTAV Ge ATHOUG and NpaioTEla th é6yaive TMV emupdveta and Kautés Mnyés. To WeyaAuTepo Lépog TOU vEpou ENdvu GTO PADI THC YNG BploKeTat Tapa otoUG wKeavous (nepitou 328 000 000 KUBIKA Xepcala piAta H TIepiTIOU To 85% TOU GUVéAU TN). To LEGO B4B0q Tw wKEAVOV eivar 2072 opyuLés Kal n UvOAIKH éKTao} TouG eivat 139000 000 TeTpaywwiKd Xepaata pIAta. 1.4 Qkeavoypayixt xnpela. Mnopei va Siaipe8ei oe pia KUpIa épN: 1) XnuEla Gardoatou vepou. 2) Xnusia Gaacoiwv Znpdtwv Kat 3) Xnueia opyavioydv nou Zouv oT B4Aacca. H npdtn éxet iaitepn onuagia yia to vauTIKS. Or xntkés (tOTNTEs Tou Baddgotou vepou MpOGBiopifovtat and Tv avadvon, Seryudtwv rou AquSavovtat and Stapopa onueia kat B46. Ta deiyyata nou Mpogpxovtat KATH and THY EmIpavela THS BdAagaaG, Ta TlalpvopE HE E:dIKES HETOAAKES @IGAEG, OXEdIaGLEVES YC GUTOV To GUYKEKPILEVO OKONd. Ot AVOIKTEG PIGAES MPOGSéVOVTAL KATA TaKTa Kat KATAAANA StaotHWaTa Ge éva oUpya nou éxet Hn NapeaGei and To MAolo oth BGAacoa. MEAIc ot gIdAEG @@dcouv ota emBuuNTd BAN, Eva LETAAAKS SaKTUAISI f ayyeAlopspoc (messenger) pixvetat Katé urikog Tou aUPLATOG. Th oTIYLT MOU o ayYEMOpdpOG, 8AveEt GTHY NEGTN OIGAN, TPPOKAAEL TO KAEiaiUS THG, KaBwG Né—PTEL ENdvW GE eIBIKO UNXAVIONS THC. ‘Etor nayiSevEt Esa tg Seiya vepod and to GuyKeKpILEVO B480c, eva aneAeUBEpavet at UVEXela Eva dEUTEO ayYENO- 60, 0 OTTOLog KivElTaI MPOS Ta KATH, KATA [KOG TOU GUPHATOS. H Stadikasia aut enavaAapBaverat pe KdGe pLdAn GoTIOU va KAcigouV dAEs. Tote To cUpLIA avpetat endvw oto MAoIO NpOTEKTIKG Kal KGBE PIGAN agaipetral, LOAIG TO GUpHa PEdcet T6G0 KOVTA, doTE Va Elval BuvaTH n apalpEcH THg aNd To cUPHA. AN6 Toug Siépopouc TUToUG PLaAdv Tou éXxouV emtvonBel, n gIGAN Névoev (Nansen bottle) e(vai n euputepa ywworh. Elvat epodiacpévn ue apatpoupevo TAaiato, oto orto{o unopei va Npoodedel BepHdpETpO, oNdTe pETpIETAL TaUTS- Xpova Kat n GepHOKpacia Tou Seiyyatog tou vepou. 1.5 ®uorKés i516tTHTEG Tou Baddoatou vepou. E€aptvral, Kata KUpLO AdYO, ANS THY NEPLEKTIKOTHTA TOU GE aAdtI, | @eppoKpagia kat thy nieon. Noté00, napdyovtes STs n KivnGN Tou vepoU Kat - 1 MOGSTHTa THg KaTaKPaTOUEVNG LANG, erMpedzouv |iStHTES, dr Elva TO Xpya Kal n Stapaveta TOU vepou, n aywyi"STHTA Ths BAAaGoaG, n anoPPOgN- on THs padievépyetag KAN.1.6 AApupérnra (salinity). Elvat 1 nooétnta te Siadupévng otepedg WANG WéGa oTO vEps, OtaV Ta avepakouxXa LETaTpaTOUy GE oEE(Sia, To BPULLSIO Kal TO WwOIdt0 Ge XAWpIBI0, Kal nN) opyavikr) WAN oFelSwdei. Exppdzetar ouviewc oe wépn avd xdda (6dpouc), uN6 opiopéves npotnosécelg. H aAuUpSTNTa Sev eivat y iSia pe TH XAwplwon (chlorinity), 1 ortoia eivat fon nepinou Le To MoGd THg xAWPIvNg, dtav Ta 6pwyidia Kat ta o€eidia petatpanovv oe xAwpidia. (Kat oudia to Teplexduevo oe xAwpivn sival Tepintou 1,00045 popés n xAwpivon, Onwc Tpoddtopifetai pe TuoMoInLEéves Stadikaolec). ‘Exet unoAoyio@ei Ott ta 5UO auté gaivéoueva ouvdéovtat epnerpikd We Tov TUNO: aAuupotnta = 0,03 + 1,805 x xAwpiwon Ta va npoodioptobei n aAuUpétnTa, anarTASnKe and MaAtd [a apyH Kat SUoKOAN Siadikacia. AvtiBeta, n xAwpiwon KaBopicBNKe eUKOAA KaL LE akpiBela, We EYMACUTIOHS ToU Selyyatos HE viTPIKd dpyupO. Maddtepa Tpoodi6piZav TH XAwPIWON Npdrta Kal KaTOMV UNOASYIZav THY GAWUPOTHTA HE Tov TUTIO MOU TpoavagéepEnke. Me th "EBOSo auTH n aAuUPSTNTA MpoddiopiZo- TaV TEAK He O~PaALG Trou Sev uTepéBatve To 0,02 tou uépous ota xia "EN. Xhwepa n aAwupotnta petpeltar Kat’ euBslav YE TH XPNO\WOTIOMON evdc vETpnTh alyupérnrag (salinometer), ue Tov ontolo HETPOUUE Tig HETABOAES OV aywyiwotnta. H aAWUpSTATA KUAlvETal GUVYBwE HETAEU 33 Kal 37 LEpwv ava XIdda Kat 0 LEGOS Spoc eivat nepinou 35 UépN avd XWIdda. ‘Onou dpwW~e To vepo éxet apawéel, Orwe Otav BploKetat KOVT OTHV EKBOAN EVds TOTALOU H Gotepa and Karola Suvath BpoxSrtwon, N aAyUPSTHTA eival KGrwS HEWwyEVN’ avtiGeta, of nepioxéc He UNEPBOAIKH, EEAtyION, nN aAyUPSTHTA NOPE! va pOdoei aKdyN Kat 40 pépn avd xIdda. Fe opiopéves nepiKAiotes Udatives Teptoxéc, aEoonpeiwtes eivat n Meyadn AAyupr Aiwvn on Fiouta Kain Nekpd O4Aaooa om Mikpd Agia, n aAuUpStTA UNEpBalvel NOAASS ops AUTO TO uéytoto onusio. Erm xAwplwon opelAetat nepinou to 55% tg akuupdtntac, ev@ 0 Uéd0¢ Spoc Bpioketai nepinou ota 19 wépn avd xidda. 1.7. @epyoxpacia. H @eppoKpaoia otov wkeavé MOIKIAAEt KATA TIOAG, TdG0 opiZévtia, 6G0 Kat katé 64805. H wéyiom™ Tut} eivat YUP oTOUS 90°F Kat oUVavTaTaL oT emupdveta Tou Mepatkou KOATIOU To KaAoKalpl, eve n xauNAdtEpN BeppoKpacia Tou éxet HeTpNBel, civar YUpw atoUG 28°F (rou Elvat Kat To GUVNBLOLEVO eAGXLOTO ONLEIO MHEEWE TOU Bardaaiou vepou). TéEtoIes BepHOKPadiec napa- TMPOUVTAI GTIG MOAIKEG TIEPIOXES KGL KOVTA GTO BUBS SAwV TwV wKEaVav TEpAaU6avovEvwv aKOUN Kal Twv 6UBdV TpoTIKdv Teploxiv. O MayKéoptog ‘ArAag OeppoKpaoiev th Empdverag tng OGAaogac, exdoan N? 225, napéxet he Aertougpeta tig uéoeg BepyoKpagtes yia KGOe prva. O nivakag rou akoAousel Mepléxel THY exaTooTia(a KaTaVoUt BEpHOKPaGIOY yia OASKANPO TOV KOGHO, GTOUG pve SeBpoudpto Kai AUYouaTo. ‘Exel Aneel and tovNayKéopio ‘AtAavta GeppoKpacidv nou avapépape: @eppoKpacia Exarootiala tit emupaveiag tng wkedvetag ‘mg 8dAaacas Teploxti¢ oe Badyoug °F OeBpouaproqAuyouctos =< 35 120 35-40 65 40-45, 40 45-50 45 50-55 40 55-60 5,0 60-65 55 65-70 8.0 70-75 10,0 75-80 17.5 80-85 23,0 85-90 0.0 H Kataképu@n Katavour tov BepyoKpaoiby Selxvel Ge drEG OXEdOV TIC @dAagaEG pElwon THG BEPLOKpaclag é6G0 aUEAveEl To B480c. Enetdt\ to KpUO vepé elval nepicoétepo nukvé (unoTiBeTat 611 n aAWUPSTNTA Napapével n (Sia), BubiZeTal KatTw and To BepUdtEpo veps. AUTH n BUBION Exel we GNOTEAECHA TOV KATAHEPIOHS Twv BEPHOKPAoWdY, O oTOlog Suws Elval avTiBetog Npog Tov KATGHEPION Twv BEPHOKPacKdY GTO PACId Thc yng. Exel n GepyoKpacia auEdvetat we Thy GENO Tou 64Bous Kdtw and THY Empavela Tou Eddgouc. Tevikd om @dAaooa napatnpeltat cuvABwc éva avdutkto otTpdpa ‘and tod8EPHO VES, KATW ANd THY ETMPAvEld TH. = aUTO n BepyoKpaoia eval n (51a ue exelvn nou elvar omy empdvela. To otpipa autTé npoKadeltar and Suo uoikés dtadikagieg: npdta, and my avayiEn Tou vepow Adyw tg EMldpdaews Tou avéplou, Kal Seitepo and My avacTpOgT ME HETaywyic Th¢ BePUSTTAC. Auto onpalvet 6t To vepd TS emi@dvelag KABdG WUXETal yiveTal NepIoDdTEpO TUKV6 Kat BuZetaL, eve T Bon Tou KaTaAGUBavel Exelvo Nou extoniZerat Kat eivar Geppdtepo, HE aNoTéAgoHA va avépxetat To TeAeuTaio aUTS NpoG THY erupdveia tng AdAagoac cav Eappdtepo. H Stadixaola aut} enavakayBaverat Gorou To oTpaya va yiver O6BEPHO. To oTPdYa GUTS avantUodETaI KAAUTEPA Tig apKTiKés MEPLOXés Kal OTOV AVTAPKTIKO WKEAVd, GANG Kal Ge BdAagaEC, énwg oT Badtit) Kat oTn GdAacoa tg lanwviag, Kata ™m SidpKela Tou xelydva, drou pNopel va eneKtaGel WEXpt TO BUGS TOU wWKEavoU. Eti¢ TpoTUKés @dAagoEs TO avaKatepévo and Tov aépa otpdya vepou pMopel va eneKtabel HEXPI Kal To 648g Tw 125 LETPwV. To OTPdY"G GUTS UNOpeEl va StatNpNGel Kas”7 An Ty SidpKeia tou Etous. Katw and to dBEeppo oTpaya Napatnpettat pia Zavn taxeiag pemoews tng SepyOKpaciac, Nou ovoydZEetal oTPwya aTOKAl- gews TG BEppoKpactag (thermocline), Mpog tig BEPHOKPAGies Tw Baeswv UddTWV Twv WKEAVaV. Ee B480¢ HEyAAUTEPO aNd 200 opyuiés n CepHOKPacia sivat Mavtou Katw ané Tous 60°F, ota de BabUTeEpa GtPayaTa, Ta onoia ‘ouvTpouvtal and naywpéva vepd, Tou éxouv BusLGBEl aN THY EMMMAvEIA TOV Badacody tT ApKTIKtG Kat THg AVTapKTIKG, NapaTmpoUVTaL XaLNAdTEpEG BeppoKpacies, aKdyn Kal WéXpt ToUC 28,5°F. Zug Wuxpdtepes neptoxés n WUEN npoKadgi tv avaotpo@H tg HETaywyric Kat t068EPHO VEPs TO XEINwVA" TO KaAOKaipL 6yws SNtoUpyettal éva oTPaYA anoKAicews tm¢ BEpHOKPAciag, TOU eival EnoxIaKd, KaBd¢ Ta avédtepa Otpapata tou vepou yivovtat Bepudtepa. Mia turtKr KaunUAn BeppoKpacidy anetkoviZeTat oto oXKWa 6.3a. H Beppo- Kpacia o& onotodtnote enBupnTs 6480s pMopei va npoodiopioGei pe éva avaotpepépevo Beppoperpo (reversing thermometer) nou éxei npooappoodei Oto MAaiaio THs ~IGANG Ndvaev (napdyp. 1.4). MOAIG n IGAN KAgicEl, TO BepHOpeTPO HETPA TH BEPHOKpacia HE MpoTEyyION 0,04°F, Napsxovtag étaI BéTPNON Ge Pla GUYKEKPIEVN XPOVK OTLYEN Kal Yid GUYKEKPILéVO ON}LELo THS @dAacoac. EuoKeués WE BepyIKd aToIXela (thermistors) (AettoupyouV [le Th peta6oAh Tg aywydTHTAG EVds NHLaywyOU, avddoya pe TM HETABOAH TC @epyoKpagiac), XPNoIWOTIOLOUVTAL MIOAU id TOV UMOACYIOHS Twv BEpLOKpA- o1dv. To STD (salinity - temperature - debth, aAuupétnta - BepyoKPacia - B480c) eivat éva pnXavnya nou exnépnet nxnTiKd or|yatTa GUvEXog NGAWOU, dtav auté éxet napeadet and To MAcio Uéoa oT B4Aagoa’ n BeppoKpagia Npoadiopi- etal Ye TO GepyiKd oTorxXei0, | AAWUPOTNTA HE AywyILOTNTA kal TO BGBoc WE Thy micon. Zuvexrig KaTaypagr Twv BepyoKpaoidy e(xe aPXIKa MPayyatonoin- Gel ye GUOKEUr, NOU OvoLGzétav BaduBEepHoYpaeos (bathythermograph) Kat rou elxe avakaAu@éet and tov EmtAxdouz To 1938. H ouoKEur exeivn AsttoupyoUGE oe 648g Expt 75 HéTpA. O unxavixdg autéc BadUBEpHOYpd@os avTIKaTAGTAENKE OXEdOV KAG’ OAO- kAnpiav and to 6a8usepyoypdgo, MoU enynkuveTal (expendable bathy- thermografh - XBT) kat nou xpnoimonoiel Bepptkd otoixelo. O XBT ouvdéertat ye To MAIO pe Aenté GUpya. To cUpHa Elvat reprtUAtyHEvo HéGa OTN BoA(Sa TOU emuNkuVopEvou BaBUBEpHOYpA@oU' KABdg N BoAida exopevovifeTal EAEUOE- pa and To MAoio at BdAagoa, To cuppa EeTUAiyetal. To B480¢ NpoGSiopiZetat AN To XPdvo Tou HEGOAGBNGE Kal aNd THY TaXUTHTA BUBicEWs THC BoAidac, mou elvat yvworh. H anédotaon 6480ug nposdiopiZetat and to M0Gd TOU oUppatog, rou givat anoOnKEULEvo OTH BoAiSa’ To To GUVMBLOLEVO LOVTéAO enuinkuvopsvou BaeuBeppoypdgou éxet andotaon 6dB8ouc 500 yéTpwv’ SNAGSH auTH THY KEKAtLEVN aNdaTAGN and To MAdIo pNOpEl va PEdEI n BOASA kat ouverts HéXpig Exel elval Suvats va HeTpNBoUv BEPHOKPAdies Tou VEpOU. Emmy &kpn th BodiSag To obpya ondzet Kai BoAida BualZetat cto 6uB6 Tou wKeavou. Mia GAAn auoKEeur aUTOU Tou TUMOU pixveTal and aepooKdwos, Evid ta otoixela peTadiSovtai and to BaeusEpHOYpa~o aUTS GTO aEpooKa@os HE NASKTPOHAYVNTIKG KUHATA, TOU EKTIéUTIOVTal aNd KATGAANAO TAWTHpG, HE"TOV onoiov éxet cuvde8el to abpya tou XBT.a 1.8 Neon. EMV wkeavoypagiKh epyaoia n nicon exppdtertat yevixd oe Wovdd_ec Tou OUOTHHATOS EkaTOOTd-ypaypdpia-SeutepdAenta. H Baik Wovada autou Tou ouoTatog sivat n pla SUVA avd TeTpAywvIKd EKaTOOTO. AUTH Eival 6uWC NOAL Lukpr} povdda, yr’ auté éva eKxaToupupio Suves cuvioTOUY pla GAAN Neptoodte- po euxpnom povdda, nou ovoudZetat prap kat n onota eivat (on nepinou We TY rigor plag atTHSa@aipag. H atTHOO@aIPIKT Micon EKPPAZETAL OUXVA CE PIAA undp (millibar), 1000 ané ta onofa isouvtat pe éva ynap. EMV wkeavoypagiKt 6uws epyaota n nleon Tou vepou HETPIETA! CUVHBwe NaVvTOU ce vTEGINNdp (decibar ), 10 ané ta onoia wobvtat pe éva Nap. ‘Eva vrecipndp elvat oxed6v {00 pe 1/2 Al6pa ava Tetpaywvikt (vtoa. H povdda auth elvat eEurMpetiKt OTN wKeavoypagia, ylati TautiZetai nepinou ye ty nicon Mou aoxei éva UétpO vepot 6480ug THe BdAacoac. Katd ouvénela n rleon oe vteownde eivat nepinou 7 (51a pe to 6480 THs B4Aacoac oF LéTpa, ta Onoia GAAWOTE Eivat 7 Lovdda pEtTphGews Tou 6dGouc, Nou KaTd napddoon Xpnowonoteitar amv wKeavoypagikh epyagia. H nicon os Sidpopa 646n, We Spouc nepiccdtepo Tpoattous Kat yvwoToUS Oto vauTIKS, Exel wo EEC: BaGoc [Micon oe Al6pec ava ae opyuiég | tetpaywvixrh ivtca 1000 2680 2000 5390 3000 8100 4000 10810 5000 13520 H avEnon tg mtéoews, LE THY AUENON Tou BdBouG, Eivai oxed56v oTAGEpr, enetdH To vepsd elval EAGXIOTA HOVO OUPMIECTO. MoAovori mpaktikd OAEc ot PUOIKEés ISTHTES TOU Bardaatou vEpou ernped- Zovtat and tv nieon ce aEtoonyEiwto BaOyd, to anoTéAeoua Sev iva todo [eydAo, 600 exeivo nou npoKaAelral and Thy GAWUPoTNTa Kal Th BepHOKPadia. H nieon éxet e&éxouca onpacla yia ta umoBpuxIa, dueca pev Adyw t¢ Buvdpews Nou aoKel ota UAIKG Tou oka@oUG, éUNEGA Se Adyw tng ENtdpdaews ME Om MAeuaTOMTA. 1.9 Nuxvérnta (density). Nuxvornta elvat n yé%a avd povéda 6yKoU. Ot wkeavoypagor xpnaILONotobV To GUOTHHA EkaTOOTO-YpaHLdpIo-BeuTEpoAEnto, oTO onoio N nUKVOTNTa exppdaceTal He YpaHUdpia avd KUBIK6 EKaToOTS. H avadoyla Th¢ MUKVéTHTAG blag ougiag, oe oXéon WE [la GUYKEKPINEVN GTABEpH oUC!a, KATH and Kavovikés OUVErKES, OvoLAZeTaL e15iKih BapUTATa (specific gravity). EE optouot NMUKvéTHTa Tou aTocTayLEVvoU vEpou GTOUG 4°C (39,2°F) elvat Eva YpaLLdpLo ava xtootAitpo (BnAGSH 1 yPaLapto ava KUBIKS EkaToTOETPO Nepinou).Zuvends, av auté xpnoworomBel wo otaBepr, povdda, émwc oupéalver GAWOTE OTHV WKEAVOYPAPUKH EPyacia, oL TIKES THG TUKVOTNTAS Kal THC etdikhig BapUTHTag TauTICovta TPAKTIKG. H nukvétnta tou @addoolou vepou eEaptatal and tv adyupétnta, ™m @eppoKpacia Kai Thy nleon. Me oraBepH CepyoKpacia Kal nicon n RUKVéTHTA eTASAAAETaL pe THY GALUPSTHTA’ AdYW TNS GXédEWE THE AALUPSTHTAC Le TH Apion, n MuKvéTNTa pETaBAAAETaL kal HE TH XAWPIWON. H BepUOKPaGia Tov 32°F Kal 7 atHOo@arpiKr MHeon, BewpOUVTat we Ol KAVOVIKES OUVETKEC Ya TOV TIPOGSLOPIONS THG TUKVOTNTaG. O1 eMMdpdaeig THs BepyIKTS SiactoArc Kat THC GUPTMEDEWS XENCIPOTIOLOUVTAL yia TOV TPOGBIOpiopS TG MUKVOTNTaG, GE GAAEG BeppoKpaoies Kat Tuéceig. H MUKVOTHTA oe pa OPLoNEvN Micon ermped%et THY TIAEUOTOTNTA Tw UNOBpUXiwv. Eivat eniong OnHAVTIKH Yia TIg OXECEIC THC HE Ta wkedveia pevpata. Ol peyaAdtEpes peTaBodéc oTHV RUKVOTHTA TOU BaArdgaIoU vepou napaty- pouvtat ony erupaveta tg BdAacoaG, 6roU To vEpd UNOKEITAL Ge EMMdPACEIC, Tou dev napatnpowvtat ota HeyaAUTepa B48n. H TuKvOTNTA TOU vepou oTV emipavela Tg BGAagoag HEtwvETaL AdYW TOV BpoXOTTHTEWV, TS ELopOTIG uddtwv and Thy Enpa, tng THEEws Tw Ndyuv, H Tov Stiadikacwv Bepydvaeas Mg. ‘Otav To vepd tng emupavetag yiveTat Atyotepo TUKVO, éXEl TY TaoN va emunAgel ENGVH aNd OTPPA vEepou, Tou éXel HEYAAUTEpN NUKVOTHTA Kat Bploketat QUTIKA aNd KaTW TOU. YndpXet LIKpH TAN yia avayLEN Tou vepou Kat ye aut enikpatel n otaGepétmra. H nuKvétnTa Tou enupavelakoU vepou au&Gvetat He Thy EEATHLON, TO OXNHATIOHS Bardootou Ndyou, KaBWE Kal He THY WUEN. Emv nepirrwon Kata Thy onola To veps aTHY Entpdveta yivet NUKVOTEPO ané auté nou 6pioKetat ané Kdtw Tou, MpOKaAEtral avaylEN AdYW avactPOMTG TMS aywymstTntac. To nepiocdtepo NUKVS EmupavelaKd vepd BuBiZeTat Kat avaytyvUeTat He To AtyOtEpO TIUKVS, TIoU ElvaL and KATH. To GTPaYA VEpOU, Tou Snutoupyeirar ston, éXe1 wa evdpeon nuxvotnta. H diadikaoia aut auvexize- Tal, @orOU N MUKVSTNTA Tou avayIKTOU OTPapPATOS va yivet LIKPSTEPN aNd THY TUKVOTHTA TOU VEpoU, TOU BploKETaI KATH aNd To CTPdyA. H StadoxiKh KuKAopopia BepHoKpacIav, n ontola GuvTEAEtTaL ToL, wo HEPOS aUTIg TNS Biadikasiag, priopet va Snuoupyroet MOAU BaGid Kat opoWbpopgA avdyIKTa otpapata. AV TO vepd tng empdvElag tHS BAAaoOaS yivel APKETA TUKVO, uropet va BustGBel aKdyN Kat HEXpt To BUGS ToU WKEavou. AV aUTS cULGEl CE kArtota reptoxt}, Oriou n Kivnon Tou vepou yivetat xwpic EUNOdIa, To NUKVOTEPO auté vepd Staxéetat, diaokopniZetat Kat Ge GAAEG TEPIOXEs, SnLoUpYavTAG Kat’ auTé Tov Tpdno Eva NUKVd OTPdpLG CTOV NUBHEva, dTav BuBloBei. Ertetdr N HeyaAUtepn avEnon nukvétMTaG ONLEWVETAL OTIG TOAKEs NEPLOXéG, MOU O aépag sivat wuxpdg Kat oxnpatiZovtat ekel Tepdoties NoodTNTEs MdyoU, TO TIAYWHEVO, TUKVO TIOAIKO vepd Kiveitat TpOG To BUGS Kal KaTOntv dtacKopnife- Tat otadiakd oe XauNASTEpa YewypagiKd NAAT. Emv neptoxH Tou APKTIKOU WKEAVOU TO WUXPS, TUKVS vEpd NEpLopiZetat and to Bepiyyelo NOpOUS Kat THY UNoBardaola opocEipd He andtoya Npavt, rou extelvetai and T™ Fpoikavdia TIpog THY loAavola, HEXPL THY Eupdrm. Etov AVTApKTIKS wKEaVd OuwC Sev UNapXoUV Napspoia YewAoyiKd ELMS, ue aNOTéAEoNa HEYGAEG NOGSTHTES TIOAU KPUOU Kal MUKVOL vEepoU, ot ONOlEs oXNHATIZovTal Exel, va PEOUV TPOG Ta10 66peta, Kara r}KOG ToU BUBOL TOU wWKEAVvOU. H Siadikacla auth éxet ouvexioBel ent MoAU HeydAa Xpovikd StaotHWaTa, Kat yi GUTS Exel KAAUpBEL OASKANPOS 0 BUB6s Tw WKEAVOYV UE GUTS TO TUKVd vEps, état Se eEnyelrat Kat n UNapEN otpapatog KPUOU GaAracawvoU vepou, Ge TOAU HeydAa B48, Ge dAoUG TOU WKEAVOUG TH UdpoyEiou, 6nw¢ Tpoava~épenke. An6 optouéves andweig ot wkeavoypagikés Siepyacles eivat napdpoies pe exelvec, Mou NapaTnpouvTat Kat oTHY aTHéopaIpa. H KUKAOgopIa THs aywYIES- THTag GToUS wkEavoUs elvat KdTWS 6yoia LE THY KUKAO@OpLa oTHY aTUdapaIpA. Ot uddtiveg UAZeq, Tou éXoUV oXEdév opot6yop~Pa XapaKTnpLCTIKG, efvaL avddoyes He Tic agpies [AZEc. 1.10 Eupmeotétnta (compressibility). To Baddaato veps Elva aXed6v AoUUTEOTO, aPOU o BaBYds THs GULMUETEDS Tou TeplopieTat ato 0,000046 avd pnap KdTw an6 otaBepés oUVverKes. H THI autH WeTaBaAAeTaI EAAXIOTA, STAV WETABGAAETAL N BepHOKPadia Hn aAYUpOTN- Ta. H enlSpaon ts cuuTiécews eEavayKdzet Ta Udpia ths UANg va TAnoIdoouv To éva MeptdaSTEpO GTO GAO, NPOKAAGVTAG KAT’ aUTOV Tov TeéTO avENN THs TUKVOTHTAS TH¢. MOAOVETI N GULMIeGTOTHTA Tou BaAacowvou vepou eival XAUNAH, N GUVOAKT TH¢ ETBpaon Elvat AEAoyN, AdYw THg WEYGANS TlocéTHTaG vepou Nou ernpedzerat. AVN GULTIEGTOTHTA Tou vepou THg B4Aaccas HTav unSevixt, to entinedo Ts BGAaauag Ba HTav yUPW ota 90 MddIa UYNAdTEpO, ané auté nou eivat ofuepa. 1.11 IkG3eg (viscosity). 1&@Beg elvai n avtiataon ot Por. To Baddaoto vEepé eivat Ayo Nepioadtepo tEGBeg and To ndotpo. To EdSec aukdvet pe THY avEnon ths aduUpdtNTac, n enldpach tng Suws Sev elvat ToGo oNHavTIKH, 600 elval n en’Spacn and hv eAdTTWON THS BEPHOKPAGIac. H THM HETABOANS dev elval CNoWLOPON Kal ylvetal peyaAUtepn Kad n BepHOKPAoia edaTToVvEtal NEpicddtepo. AdYW TS EMlBpagews TNS BEPHOKPaGiag GTO 1EdEc, KAMOLO avTikelevo, NOU e{vat aoupnteoTo, (owe BuBIoTEt Le TAXUTEPN THN WEG GE BEPUS ETIMavElaKd vEepd, Tapd péoa oe WuxpdtEpo vEepd thg B4Aacoac, NOU BpiokeTaI KaTwW aNd To emipavelakd, EvtouTolg Via Ta Mo NOAAG AVTIKElLEVa To aNOTéAEGLA AUTO {owe va aviorabuetat Kuping Adyw tg OULTUECTST|TAS TOUS. Ot npaypatiKés oxédEIg Tou Siayopdvovtat otov wKEavé eivat oUTIAOTIKA TEptaGSTEPO MOAUTAOKES aNd THY aNAr EEYNON Tou Sdoaye Nponyoupévwc, AOYW TNS TapaXwdSoug KiviGEWS TOU VEpOU "ECA GTO BardooIo xwpPO. H enidpaon ané mv avatapaxt Tou vepou ovopdtetal 1EwWS|eq mEepidivijcews (eddy viscosity). 1.12. E:ixr) Gepyéthta (specific heat). EWikr Bepustnta eivar n nooémta Seppdtntag Tou anatteital, yia va avupwsel 1 BepyoKpacia tag Hovdbag paZag Kdmolag oUGiag Kata évau OUYKEKPILEVO TODS. E™V wkEavoypagiKr Epyaota, n ELdiKr BEPUOTHTA eKOpA- Zetal GTO GUOTHUA EKATOOTO-YPALUGPIO-SEUTEPOAENTO LE TOV ApIBLd Twv BepuiSwv (calorie) nou anattouvtal ya va auEnBei n BepyoKpagia evég ypappapiou ths UAng Kata 1°C. H eldiky BepudTTa pe oTaBEpH neon eival ouviBuc 1 NooStyTa nou sival emmBupNTH, Stav avagepduesa ota uypG, Evo eUKAIpIakd ENOpeEl va XpNaortoInGel Kal EldtKH} BepUdtHTa Le TAGES SyKO. H avaAoyia avayeca o° autés tig Suo ModdtmTEs éxet Gueon oxéon HE THY TaXUTHTA Tou riXouU WédA CTO vepd tT> BAAaGoAG. H etdux) Cepydtnta Tou Badragowou vepou edattdvetar ehappd HE THY aGEnon tTHg aAUPSTHTaG. EvtoUTOIG sival KATA MOAU HeyaAGTEpH and THY et5ikt| OEpHSTHTA Twv XEpoalwv TeEpOX@V. O wkeavdc elvat ytyavTIalo Soxeto kat myt Sepydttac. Mnopei va anoppogrigel peydAeg NooéTHTes BEPHS™- Tag [Je NOAU [KPT HeTABOAH THg BEpHOKPAotac. AUTO opetrETal Ev LEpEL OT|V unAr etSikt BepHSTHTa Tou VEepod Kal EV HEpEL OTHV AVAL TeV VEPaV TOV wKeaviv, Tou &Xel we aNoTéAEOHA TH Stavowr Tg Bepydttag péoa oe éva UdaTIVO OTPMYA, TOU BpicKETaL MpOG Ta avwTepa B48N, SNAaSH Mpoc THv empdveia tg BGAacoac. H Enpd éxet XaUNASTEPN EIdIKt, Bep"STNTA Kat emimpooBétwg 6An n GEPHdTNTA XAveTat Th} KatakpaTeltat péoa ce Aentd otpGya agpa nou 6ploketat Kovtd ot emipdverd mc. AutO eEnyel ™m peyaddtepn duvatétnta YETaBoArig Twv BEpHOKpacidv tou eddapouc, oe HeyaAdTepn SnAaSH KAipaka, KaGdc Kat Twv BEpLOKPAGiby Tou OTPaLATOS TNS atuéo@aipag nou 6ploKeTat endvw and To édapoc, He anotéAcoya va Snploupyowvtar ot pouddves Kal o1 ywwoTés Ge dAoUS XEPaales Kal Baddaoies QUPES TWV TPOTUKV Kal TWV EUKPATWV TEPLOXaV THC yNs. 1.13 @eppiKi, SiactoAK (thermal expansion). Mia and tig mo evdtapépoucec Stapopés avéopeca oto Badaoawvd Kat oto Téaipo veps, elvat exetvn Nou avagépetat ath BEPLIKH SiaaTOAN. To Badagaivd vepd ouvexiZet va yivetat nUKVOTEpO, Kab WOXETAL, KABGG SNA} n @epyoKpaaia Tou KatépxeTat MpoS To anjElo MM}Eews' To NdcINO vepd avtibeta p8dvel TM HeYAAUTEPN NUKVéTHTA ToU GTOUG 4°C Kal KaTOMWV dGCTEAAETAL (yiverat SNAGdH Ayétepo TuKV6, apalstepo). Edv Wuxeel Meptogdtepo Kal N @eppoKpagia Tou KaTEAGEI GToUG O°C, To Naydvel. Me auTH 1 Siadikaoia voeitat 6t1 n avaulEN Tou Néc\LoU vepou, Adyw avacTPOMrIs THs aywyNSTATAS ToU, OTaYAaTA OTOUG 4°C Kal STI N THEN TOU MPOXwpEl NOAU ypnyopéTEpa, KAT ‘ané auté To onpelo. H Tih THg BEpHIKtig StacToArg Stav n BepyoKpaata efvat auEnuévn eivat peyaAutepn oto Badacalvé veps, ané THY TIN TOU MapaTnpet- Tat TO TIdoINo. ‘Eto! napatnpoupE, ti Ge BePHOKpagia 15°C (59°F) Kal Ge atpoopaipiKr nicon, © OUVTEAEOTIG BepyUKG StactoArg eivat 0,000214 ava 6a8ud Kedoiou, yia vepd B4Aacaag He GAWUPSTHTA 35 LEPGv avd XIGda. O ouvteAcotiig THg BEPUIKHg StactoAri¢ auEdvel, Oxi USvo He Tm HEyAAUTEpN aAyUpSTNTa, GAG Kal He THY aUENLEVN GepyOKpadta Kat nicon. Ev avadoyia Twv 35 pepdv avd XIAIdSa O UVTEAECTHG TOU ErMpaVvELaKOU vepou auEAvet and 0,000051 avd 6a8yd KeAotou ctoug 0°C (32°F), otous 0,000334 ava Basy6 KeAolou otous 30°C (86°F). Ze ota8eph GepuoKpaaia 0°C (32°F) Kat aApUpoT|TA34,85 pepdv avd xAtdSa 0 ouvteAcoTHg aUEGvet otoUs 0,000276 ava Babys KeAciou a nieon 10000 vrecundp (oe 648g SnAGdH 10000 nepinou LEtTPwv). 1.14 Oepyixt aywyipétnta (thermal conductivity). Ero veps, 6rwg Kat Ge GAAEG OUGIES, Ula ANE Tig HEBSSOUG LETAPoPac THC GepUoTHTas elvat n HeTAPOPA HE aywyYLSTHTA. To MdcILO VEPs Eival KaKdG aywydc BepLdTNTaG, eneIdH EXet OUVTEAEGTH BEPUIKHS aywyStNTas 0,000139 Gepyidec avd Seutepdrertto, avd EkATOOTS Kat avd BaB"6 KeAdiou. Ta to GaAacawvé vepd 0 ouvTeAcaTiig eivat cha~ppa LIKPSTEPOG, MANY Syws auEAvEL HE T™ HeyaAdtepn BepyoKpagia H nicon. Qorb00, edv uNdpXel avaTapGEN Twv Uddtw, N oNOla UExPIG optoyévou onpeiou napatnpeitai oxe5év NdvTOTE OTOV WKEAVS, o1 Siadikacles UETAPopag Mg BepHOTMTAG HeTABdAdovTal. AnoTéAcoHa TAG avatapdEews elvat va auEnBei ge NOAU WeYdAo GAELS n TIM WETAPOPAc BEpUdtATaG. O GUVTEAEOTHIC «BUvNg» MoU XeNoWoroLeitat oth AEon TOU GUVTEAEGTH TOU GTAo\LOU vEpou, elvat T600 OAL HeYaAUTEPSc TOU Kal EEApTATal TéG0 MOAU ané Thy Evtaan THE avatapdtews, wore ot emdpdceig Ms BepHoKPaclag Kat THS TIéGEWS va Gewpovvtat aofpavtes. 1.15 HAektpixt aywyipétnta (electrical conductivity). To vepé, nou Sev neptéxet Eéva cwyatisia, elvat NOAU Kak6g aywyds TOU MAEKTpIkOU pevpatos. EvtoUToIG, étav uNdpXet OTO vend StaAupEvo aAAT, Ta HOpta Tou adaTio toviZovtat Kat yivovTat état aywyol NAEKTPIOHOU. (AUTO Trou OMY Kolvi} YAdGGA OVvOUATETAL NdciLo vEeps epIEXet Sdpopa wpaTIdIa Kat eivat Kare aywydc TOU NAEKTPIKOU PEUATOG’ [16VO To KaBapd, To antooTayyE- Vo vepé, elvat KaKdg aywyds TOU NAEKTPIKOU petpaTos). Tia To Adyo autd n MAEKTpIKH AYwyILSTNTA Tou Badagawvou vepou eivat EUBEwS avdAoyN TIPO Tov ApLB"S Twv Lopiwv Tou adaTioU Uéca GTO veps. Tia onoLadHNoTE Sedouévn aAyupétnta, n aywywStnTa auEdverai ye K4Be aLENON TH BEPHOKPaiac. 1.16 Padievépyeia (radioactivity). MoAovéri n noaétnta Ing padlevepyou UANg oto Badacawvd ved eivar NOAD btkpr}, 1 GAN aut UTapXet EvToUTOIG oTa Baddaota IWATA Ge MOAU HEYaAUTE- Po BABU, and tt TOUS BPAXOUG ToU PAdIOU tng YnG. To YeYovég aut opelAetal lowe OTHY KaTAKPHVICN TOU PadioU f GAAwY padtevepydv oToI- Xelwv, aNd To vétpIo Tou GaAacavou vepou. H padlevépyeia Tw avwtépwv Tipog THY EMtpdvela TOU BUBOU GTPULGTWV KLATwV eival LKPStEPN aNd Th padievépyeia Twv BaButEpwY oTPULATwV. To Yeyovds GUTS NOPE! va OMEIAE- Tal OTHY GNoPPdPHON THS PAdtevepyou WANG aNd Tig HaAaKés HENBPAVES TwV @adaccinv opyaviopv. 1.17 0 ouvredeotig Sia@hdcews (refractive index). O ouvtedeotig SiaBAGoewc tou Gadacolvow vepol auEdvel, Kaba n13 aduupémmra yivetat HeyaAdtepn Hn BepHoKpagia edattdvetal. EnewH o ouvteAcortig HETASGAAETAI He TH OUXVETHTA THs EvépyEtag NOU akTIvOBOAEi- Tal, n «ypapLh D» tou vatpiou xprayonotetrat cuvAews Gav ataBEps LETPO ouyKploews. 1.18 H empaveraxt évraon (f EARN f evepyeia) (surface tension). H erupavetakt évtaon Tou vepou oe Suves avd TeTpAYwWvIK EKATOGTOLETPO eivat nepinou (on ue 75,64-0,144T + 0,0399 cl, ériou T eivat n BepHoKpagia tou vepou ae Ba@uouc KeAaiou (ekatootiaia KAijaka) Kat cl eivat n xAwpiwon Tou vepod oe Hépn avd xWidda. ‘Onwo npokUnTet and ™m oxéon auth, n emtpavetakh évtacn auEaverat pe tT XAwpIwon Kal yt" aUTOV To Adyo Elvat Alyo HeyaAUTEpN GTO BadagaIvd veps, and 600 eval GTO Néo\Wo. Map tavTa n Tapoucia GwUaTIBiwv GTO VEPs THY KABLOTS KéTwG WIKPSTEpN aNd auTHV NOU TPOKUNTEL EPaPLdZovTAG Tov TUNO MoU NpoavagépapE. 1.19 Atapaveia (transparency). H Biagaveia Tou Badagowvow vepou moIKiAAel, avéAoya [Le Tov apiB"s, To HéyeGos Kat Th PUN Twv GwHATIS{wv TOU KaTakpaToUVTal GTO vEps, KABIG eniong avddoya kat Ye T PUN Kat évtaon THg PwTEIvAg aKTIVOBOAiaG. O GaGpS¢ THg EAaTTaTEWG THG PwrEWg Evépyetag He TY ALENaN Tou B4doug ovopdzetat ouvredcaric anoaééoews tng Siapdveiac. O apxikdg UTOACYIGLE ng Biapavetag yvérav pe TH Xpran ev SioKou nou ovoyazdtav Sfoxog FEKKr (Secchi disk). O dicKog Htav domipog Kal ix StayEtTpo 30 eKatootév (Aiyo wikpdtepog and éva 1631 YUdpSaG). O Sicko auTdg 6UaOtav otadtakd yésa ot BAAagaa. To 6480c, GTO onolo EEapaviZéray, fytav To B480C, HExXPL TO onoto umpXe Stapaveta, To 6480 SnAadr Kataypagrg tH¢ Stapdaverac, Zta Tapaktia GSata to 6480 Stapaveiag 6pioxetat weTaEU 5 kat 25 petpwv (16 0G 82 n651a). tv avorkTH BGAdaGa To B4B0c PBAVEI GUVHBUc Ta 45 Ewe 60 HETPA (148 éwc 197 m6d1a). To peyaAUTepo B480¢ Stapdvetac, nou éxei KaTaypayel, HE THY Napandvw E8050, eivar 66 yétpA (217 ndSia) Kat EpioKetar oth @GAacca twv Zapyacawv. Bioko EéKkt eEakoAoueel va anoTeAel aMAr GUOKEUT Kal UAIKO KaTaypa- oh Ts Stapdvetag Tou Badagcivow vepou, av Kat ofEpa EXouV erivondet Tepiaadtepo aKpiBelg GuoKeUss YI aUTéV TO oKONd. 1.20 Xpapa. To xpaia Tou vepow tg E4Aacoac NoIKiAAEI Ge HEYGAO BaGL6. To vepd Tou pebpatog Tou KOATOU éxet Babid YaAGZIa aNdxPwon, Eva Napspoio peta ota avoiktd tg lanwviag mipe Thy ovoHacia Kouposio (Maupo Peuya), e€artiag Tou okOUPOU XPdYATOS Tou vEpot ToU. KATA [KOS TOAAGY aKTaV TO vEpO elvat mpdowvo. Ee wepiKéc GdAeg TonoGEdieg EXE KADE Ty KAEKOKKIWy anéxpwon. Ta Sidpopa xpwpaTa, EKTds aNd To yaAdtio, opelAovtat oe Biodoyikéc Mnyés Kal aitles, GMWE TLX. GTO MAayKTév. Ee optopéves rapaKtiec“4 Teploxég NpOKAAOUVTaI and ZAPATA, Ta oOTIOla KaTaKpaToUVTat OTIC EKBOAES TwV NOTApdV EldiKOTEpA. “EEw and tig aktés, Kuping ottg Tportkés H UNOTpONIKés Meploxéc, Napatn- pettat GuviBug pla aNéxpwon Tou yaAdZiou Xpwpatog. AuTd opelAetat oT Biaonopd Tou NAakoU Mwtds and MOA UIKPd CWHATISIa, Ta onoia KaTaKpatouvtat eniong oto vep6, 1} aNd WSpIA aUTOU Tou {diou TOU vEpoU. Ayw TOU TIOAU UIKPOU [}KOUG KUHATOs TOU, To YAAAZIo XoMpa StackopniZerat TIEPIGGSTEPO AMOTEAEGHATIKG aNd Ta XpapaTa Nou éXouv pEyaAUTEpa pNKN KUpaTos. EtaI o wKeavég palvetat yaAdZlog yia TOV [510 aKpIBic Adyo, yia TOV onolo eppavizetar yardZiog Kat 0 oupavéc. To Tipdowvo xpd", MoU GUXVa eppaviZetat Kovté atic aktéc, elvat plypa and To yaAd%io, Mou o@elAETat OTH Siaonopa tou pwrdg Kat plag oTaBeprig evdidAutH¢ Kitpivng XpwoTiKts oUGiac, 1 onola éxet oxéon He THY UnapEN tou @uTOMAayKTOU oTHV Meptoxh (napdyp. 1.24). To Kapé H KaTaKéKKwvo vepd nalpvet To Xpdya Tou and peyddEc TOOSTHTEs OPIOLEVUV TUTIWY LLKPOOKOTTIK@V UKIaV (algae), NOU UTaPXOUV oT @4Aaoua f Kal Exel MOU EKBdAAOUV KOVTS TOTApO!. 1.21 Oaddcoia yewdoyla. H @addoola yewhoyia elvat KAdSog TG wkeavoypaglag, MOU aoXoAettal HE TO avayAugo Tou Gadacowou 6u80U, Wialtepa Se Ue Ta XAPAKTHPIOTIKG Twv oxeaveluv Ackavéy, ue Tig yewaoyikés StadiKkagles nou ta ednwtovpynoav Kat Telvouv va Ta peTaB4AAouy, KaBdG enfong He Ta Baddoola WZ\WaTa. 1.22 AvayAugo Tou 6u6o0u (bottom relief). ZUYKPITIKG LE To avayAUgO Tg Enpac, To avayAUpO KdTw aNd THY EMupavela Mg BdAaooag pag elvat MOAU Atyotepo yvwors. MExpI Npda@ata Nn BdAacoa anodelX6nke anoteAecpatikdg MpaY"dS Yla TY aNdKTON Yvacewv, NOU avapépovrat ota yewdoyikd XapaktploTikd Tou Busou TM<. Mapd To éti éxouV yivet HeTPrOEIG ToU B4BoUG Tou BUBOU YEXPL 1000 opyuléc, KATA Ndoa mu@avétnTa HON and to Sevtepo aidva LX. (napdyp. 1.2) dnw¢ elnape, EVTOUTOIS 0 APIELSG THV HETPGEWV GE BaBId vepd UTMpEE OXETIKA LIKPdG Kat QUTO ENeldH Ol WETPrGEIG aUTés yivovTaV LE THY aNAH XPNaWOMOINon BApouc Tou 6uaZotav péXpt To BUGS. ‘OAN auTH N Siadikacla Kat xpovosdpa trav, a@ou yia pla Kat HOvN HETpNON xpELdTovtaV NOAASS wpEC, Kal ANATOLE ELdIKO eEOMALod. ANd THY EToXT SUwWS TH XENOWONOU}TEWG [lag aNoTeAEoLATIKTC NXNTIKHG GUGKEUTs, TO 1922, 0 apIBLds TwV LETPTIGEWV YIa THY EUpEOn TOU BGBouG tou BuBot ce Babiés BGAaCoEG Exel AUENe ONHAVTIKd. Apydtepa avanrdx@nke Kal xpnoworoujOnke nxNTIKés KaTaypagéag Tou 648ous (recor ding echo’ sounder), to nxoBoAootiKd. O Kataypapéag auTéc enétpee ™m ouvext ixvoypagnon Ms HopPoAoyiag tou BuGoU (bottom profile) kat uTIOBor- noe ETO NPAKTIKG THY ANSKTNHON YVaCEWV, OXETIKV HE TO AVaYAU@S TOU. ME auToUg Toug TPdMOUG KAI BE GUTS TO UAIKO EXOUV avaKAAU@BE! TOAAES opooeipss éoa oT BAAdooa, KaBig Kal GAAG XaPAKTHPIOTIKA THC EMPdvELAS Tou BUBOU. Mapd To yeyovéc Spc StI Ta KUpISTEPA XapAKTNPIOTIKd Tou BUBOU15 elvat ofepa yvword, napapévouv dyvwotec NOAAEs Aerrrouépetes, Nou npénet va yivouv Kat autés ywworés. Katé prog Tw nepiocotépwy aktév tev Nnelpuv o 6Ued Napouatdzet Gagpiala KAlon WEXPL 640g Mepinou 100 opyuldy. ANé Exel Kat MpOG Ta a8Utepa vepd n KAion yivetat Neploadtepo aNéToUN. H Neptoxn auth AéyeTat upaAoxpnmida (continental shelf) (ox. 1.220). ‘Exel Stactécetc NAdTouG nepinou 30 pIAlwv Katé 00 6po, HeTABaAAETaI Suws YeviKOTEpA aNd LNdév HEXpL Kat 800 Ata, To peyaAUtepo yépog TH¢ exTetvetat EEw and Tig apKTIKés aKTES TH LiSnplag. Napspoia upadokpnnida, rou extelvetat mpog Ta €Ew and éva vat ané pla opdda, ouctdda, vnowv ovoudtetar vnowwriK UpadoKpHMida (island shelf). Eto e€wteptKd Gkpo TNS U~PAAOKPNTIdag N To aNdtOUN KAlon, and 2° péxpt 4°, ovoudtetat nrerpwrikd mpavéc (continental slope) | vacKaTiKd mpavés (island slope) avadoya Ye To edv To npavég autd ektelvetal népa and TneipwTikés akTés th Tig akTés GUGTHSag vnGudv. To u~padonpavés dev elvat opoispopeo. Avtideta éxet noAUap\BYOUG AdPOUG, opocEIPés HEYAAOU IUY}KOUG Kal [IKpOU MAGTOUG HE aNToLEs KAioelG, eEGoTE H MAATépATa, KABGG Kal Gabiés eooxés, Papdyyia, HE HEYAAUTEPO GE [EYEBOG KANOIO apayyl, NOU hmopei va cuyKpiGel we to Grand Canyon. To avayAugo Tou 6u8oU Twv wkeavay yNopel va GUyKPIBEl Le To avéyAU~O mg Enpds. Kat ta Suo SnAadH éXouv andkpnuva Epaxddn Gouvd, 6asiés e0oxés, ASpous, Nediddeq KAN. To WeyaAUTEpO HEpOG Tou 6UBOL Tav wKEaviov TuoTevETat OTL GnoTEAciTal aNd évav APIOUS KUKALKOU Alyo-TIOAU th NUIKUKAIKOU OXhHaTog KaTaNTHOEWY Tou BUBOL, TOU oVvoLAZovtai AeKdves (basines) Kat TEPIBGAAOVTAL aNd ToIXdpaTa (Kpdoneda) uLKPdtepoU B48ouG. Ta unoBaAdoota XapaKtnpiotiKd TOU BUB80U Mpoddioplfovtai we EEG: (oxfiwata 1.22a Kat 1.226): Apxinedayikr} moStd 1 m105id (archipelagic apron 4 apron).— Mpdkettat yia ehappd katwpépeta Le YEviKd OLAAH Emupaveta Tou BUBOU, n onola BpioKeTat kuplag yUpW aNd ouTada vRoWV H YUPW and Baraca dpn. ‘Efapon, undykog (bank).— Aviwon Tou Baddcaiou 6u80u endvw and Tipavés. Eniéva ané auti} to 6480g Tou vEpol elval oXETIKG LIkps, apKETS Spas Via apart vavairhota omy emtpavera Tg B4AacGaG. Aexdvn (basin)— Katértwon tou 6uGo’ oe diactdéceig Tou moiKiAAouv, oxtwatog Alyo-MOAG KUKAIKOU 1) NUKUKAIKO. Nepi8dpio f nepi@dpto TMG upaAoKpNTisag (borderland 1 continental borderland)— Nepioxf Tou 6uGo’, Nou Guvopevel HE THY TneIPO Kat TOU ouviiGus elvat KaTEAnUévN and UpaAoKpNTida f BpioKetat ora Spid THC. Eivat TioAU akavéviom we ripog Ta B48N THs Kat ialtepa Ge GUYKPION HE Ta TUIKG Kat GUVNEtGHéva B4EN THe UPAAOKPNIdac. Baba evoxr, papdyy: (canyon).— BaBid Katéntwon Tou BuBou, oXETIKA OTEVH} WE TIPOG TO MAGTOS THG, HE ANéTOUA Navi, 0 6UB6g TNS oNOIaG, aTIG Tepicodtepes nepintwceig, KAlvet Kat’ euBelav MIpog Ta KdTU. Kavog (cone) aveytotiipag (tan)— Xapaxtnptotikd tou 6ueoul, rou éxet edagpés KAIGeIc Kat OXFWA KdVOU 1} Kal avELLoTHpa GuvNBEoTEpA Kat BpioKeTaL GUVABUG KOVTA GTO XaLNAdTEpO TéAog IHG BaBLGe Edoxtc. YeaaonAatoo (continental margin) — H Gavn tou Busou Tou Siaxwpivet thy16 AMADHIY AG ADBW AOL HL0IdULxDdDX “meek XE7 AQADNBY AM}ZADIAM AML HHLOIdLAXDdDX, “pee “Xz Ss eaor 9-0 NoLonevin s a SD1HO DHVIDONVEDO TWAYN S. = z 001K3W 40 41ND “ ” 3HL JO db)» AHAVYOOISAHE ANIEYWENS [ Nvisingy ! Salvis G3LINN |18 avaSudpevn tnetpo and To BaGU EUB6 TG B4Aagoac. AnoTEAEttaL GUVHBw> and opoceipés PEYAGAOU prKOUG Kat HEYGAOU EUpoUG, HE OHAAd npavi, to ugadonpavés Kat TRY UpaAoKpNrI5a. Hneipwrixr} aveywon (continental rise) — Katwépeta tou BueoU, pe ekappés KAloeic, 1 onola updvetai npos coug NPsTIodEc Tou UPadoNpavous. BAENE Kat «OHGAN Opogeipd (rise). Opetv6 odatnua (cordillera) — NeptiapBavet dAsc tig SeuTEpetiouces 51a6a8- ploetc, eowtepiKd UYpineda Kat AeKdvEs. Katw@épeta (escarpment f scarp) — Enlynkeg kat auyKpitixd anétoyo npavéc Ts Emupavetag Tou Gaddootou BuGoU, rou Siaxwpllei eninedec 1 we ehappec KAloeic neptoxéc TOU. Zavn Opatcews h Statopdv (fracture zone).— Extetapévn ypappixt ovr aouviiGtota akavéviotng tonoypaglag tg Erupavelag Tou Busou. NepiAayed- vet peydAa Baddoata pn, opocEipés HE HEYGAO NKOG, [KPO TAGTOS Kal Anétoua Npavi} 1 aouUUETPES OpoTEIPsc KABMC Kal UPAAGUAAKES H KATWPE- petec. Xéoya (gap)— Katantwon tou 6u80u, nou exteivetat we LopOr TONS KaBETIIG ULAg OPOTEIPAG HEYGAOU [KOU KAI HEYGAOU Hh WIKPOU eUpouC, LE anétoyes H ONAAgS KAlEIC, adaKpita. Ado (hill). — Mikpry avowwon tou BuB0u th BdAagaac, Lpous cUVBwS puxpdtepou Twv 200 LéTPwWV and THY ent@dvela tou BUBCU On, todra (hole)— Mikey) Katarrrwon tou Busou. ‘Yyupa (knoll). — Avopwon tou Busou tm BdAagoag Mydtepo and 1000 nétpa pe nepiopioyévn ékraon oTMV KOPUM, THC. Npdoxwon (levee). — Avaxwpya nou suvopete pe tH pa Hh Kal YE Tig SUO TAEupés evdg Baddootou StavAou fh WE TO HEpOG ekeivo Evdg Papayyiow f mieStdSacg Tou BuBOU, To onoio extelveTat Mpog THY avoiKTH BdAagaa Ye XANNAT KAlon. Td@poc (moat). - KukAtkr Katéntwon Tou BuGou Tou pMopei va pV eivar ouvextig Kal n onoia 6pioKeTal oT Bdon NOAADV LIKpdV Baraooiwv BouvaY 1 nowy. eas (mountains). — Ynodialpeon evéc HeyGAou Kat TOAUMAOKOU oXNHAT- quot eE4pcewv Tou 6ue0U, n onoia Siaypdgeral pe cagrveta. AnoteAel yEVIKG HEpog evéc opetvod auatHpatos. Kopugr} (peak). — AveEdpmtn Kopugr nou nposkéxet endvw oe opoceipa 0& GUMAEyHA Baragolwy Bouvav. Nedidéa (plain). — Eninedn nepiox} tou Busou te B4Aagoag, He ehagpés KAloeig H OXedSv Xwplg UpopEtpIKés Stagopéc. Ywinedo (plateau). — Avupwon tg Emipavelag tou Busou, ye eninedy OUYKPITIKG Kat GEWAOYN EKTAoN OTHY KOPUM! NOU cUVHBwC avépxeTaI Ne- pioadtepo and 200 uétpa om pla TOUAGXIGTOV MAEUpA THC. Ouoeidtic nepioxh (province). — Neproxf anoteAowpevn and oudda napo- Holwv HETAEL tous BaBULETpIKdV EEGPOEWV, TwV ONOlwv Ta XAPAKTNPLOTIKA @Gploxovtai oe aEtoonyelwm avtiBeon pe Ta XAPAKTNPLOTIKG TOU BUBOU Tw YEITOVIKdY TEPLOXav.19 Zeipd (range). — Ze1pa ané Baddootes opoceipés HEYGAOU [H}KOUS Kal LIKPOU MAGToUG H aNd Baddooia Bouvd HE NapdAANAN SidtaEn yetaEW Tous. “Ypadog (reef). — Xupmukvwpévoc BpdXog Tou BploKetat £Ew and tig aKtéc, Ue eAGXtaTO 6480g 20 yéTPa (f} 10 opyuiés) H AtyotEpO. ANOTEAEL KivVSuVO ya T vavotncta. Antoun opoceipa (ridge). — Avopwon tg emupdvelag Tou BUBOU Ye WEyGAO Ut}Koc, GAG HE [tKp6, OTEVS TAATOG Kat He aNéTOLES MAEUpEc, aNdTOLA Navi. QuaAr opoceipa (tise). — Avupwon tg emipavetag Tou BUBOU YE HEYGAO Ut}Koc, GAG Kal He HeyaAo erlang TAGTOG, He Mpavi rou éxouv ONAAH KALon Kat YEVIKG HE ONGAG XapaKtnpLOTIKd avUpadcewc. Zapdpt (saddle). — Xapndd tyhya tou 6u80U tms> SBGAacoac, endvw oe andtoyN opovEipd 1 avdpeca Ge Baddooia Bouvd. @aAdoat0g SiauAog (seachannel). — XapmAr Katartwon THg EMIpAvEtag Tou 8uB0U, HE HEYGAO UTIKOG, HIKPd MAGTOg Kal oxHUA U 1h V. ZuvavTatat ouviews enavw oe nedidSa tou BUBoU HE parse KAloEIg H EMdvw Ge Kdvo. Mixp6 BaAdaoto épos (seamount). — Avupwon tng emupavetag Tou Busou TOU pBdvet ta 1000 pétpa H Kal NEpicadtepa Kal Exel NEplopioyévn éKTaon OTHV kopupr Ths. Yeadoxpnrida fh nnewwrixr upadoKpnnida (self 4 continental shelf). — Zavn Tou Bu8oU MoU NPdakettal OTHY FnEIpO H BploKetal yUpw and vot. Exteiverat ané Tv aktoypapnt te pnxlag usXpt 648g Ts BdAdCoAG, and to onoio apxiZet ouvii@uc atoonpelwoT avEnon te KAidews Tou BUSOU pO HEyaAUTE- pa 648n. Pnxd (shoal). — Mn oupnayég UAWK6 rou BploKetal endve oTHV EMI@avela Tou BuG0U, Ew an6 Tig akTés, HE EAGXIGTO B4B0q BdAacoa 20 HétPA (1h 10 opyutéc) 1 Atyotepo. Yno6puxto Kpdoriedo ¥ aBabric éEapon (sill). — To XaLNAS tpHYA Lag aNdtoLNS H ONAArs opocEIpac, n ortola StaxwpiZet wkedveles AsKdves eTAEd Tous 4 and Thy NpooKelyevn emt@dveta TOU BUBOU. Npavés 1 upadonpavés (slope 1 continental slope). Katwpépeia tou Busou Tou extelvetat and to TéAOg TG UPAAOKPNTISag TPES Ta HEyaAUTEpa B4en. Empowvi (spur). Aeutepsvouca aviywon msg erupdvelag tou 6uB0U th Seutepevouca andtopn h Kat oMAAr OposEIPA, n onola extelverat we NPOBOAr KGTolou EUpUTEpOU YEWAoYIKOU XaPaKTnpIOTIKOU Tou BUBOL. Tpaneloeidéc BaAdao1o 6pos f yktytdd (tablemount 1} guyot). Mikpd BaAdoaio Opog mou éxet GuyKpITiKa OLaAN, erinedn KOpuH. E&aomS f Opavio rAdtapa (terrace f bench). — ‘EEapan tn¢ erupdvelag tou 6u80U Tou poIdZe1 He Bpavio H NdyKo, n ontola cuvopEtel Ye KdTOIa GAA uno6pixia sEapon. Anétoun upadaiAaka (trench). — Ba®id ecoxr TS emmpavetag Tou BuBOU, LE HeYAAo UNKo Kal UIKPS TAGTOG, KaB\G Kal HE OXETIKG aNdtOHES MAEUpEs. OuaAr ugaAawAaka (trough). — ABabr\¢ EdoXr THC ETUMAVEIAG TOU BUBOL, LE UeyAAo pTKog Kal aK6"N HEyAAUTEpo TAdTOS Kal WIKPSTEpO B4B0G aNd THY anétoun upadavAaKa. Koudda (valley). — Exe aBabrig, HEYGAOU TAdTOUG EGOXt THC EMIpaveEtag Tou BU8OU, Le OAAG Mpavi, Ths OTIOIag 0 BUBSc KAlvEI YEVIKd GUVEXAC TIPOG Ta20 Kdtw. O optoudg auTé¢ xpnoworoieital yia YewAoyiKd XapaKTnPLOTIKG TOU 6uB0u nou Sev éxouv Ta avdAoya pe exelva Evdg PaPAYyIOU Ge ONOLOd\\NOTE OnLavTKd Tura THE EKTddEwE ToOUG. O xapaxmptap6c 6a8U (deep) pnopel va xpnoworoinGel yia KdMoIo MOAL 680 TuYYa Tou wKEaVvoU Kat YEviKd yia TyrPA Tou efval BaBLtEpO and 3000 opyuiée. To uéd0 B4B0g Tou VEpot GTOUS WKEAVOUS Elvat 2075 opyutés (12450 n6d1a) Kal duyKpivetat He HECO LPog Enpdc, endvw an T B4Aacoa, rou efvat 2750 nddia. To peyakUtEpo yvwoTs B4B0g oN BdAagoa elvai 35800 nddia Kat Bploxetat omy UpaAaUAaka Marianas, otov Eipnvikd wKeavd. H unAdtepn yvworh Kopu@H TS Enpdc eivat To 6pog ‘EBepeoT, 29002 nddia. To 23% twv wKeavav nepinou eivai pnxdtepo, aBaBéatepo, and 10000 nddia, 76% nepinou Gploxeta peta—s 10000 Kar 20000 nodiwv kat Alyo Nepicodtepo and 1% elvat BabUtEpo and 20000 nddia. 1.23 @aAégo1a WAyara (marine sediments). O 6u86c tou wkeavod anoteAsital ané WAN rou éXel evanotedel Exel KATA SidpKela awwvwv. H GAN aut anoteAe(tal Kat’ apxrv and: 1) Xda Kar BpdXoug Nou sxouv HETApEPBEl oT BACON Ye NoTdyIG HE kata, 2) natotiaky otdKTn Kat AGBa, 3) unOAEiWWaTa BaAagolwy opyavicpav. Mixpdtepes nooémtes xepoalag UAng peTapspovtar om BdAacoa HE Tayetd@veg Enpdc, weowvrar and tov dveyo fh evanoriBevtat ye xnyIKés Stepyagiec. H teAeutala aut} Siadixagia SixatoAoyel my UnapEn KovSuAwv Hayyaviou nou KaAUTToUV HEpIKd TyYaTa Tou BuGoU Twv wKeavev. H VAN eTagépetat ctoug wKEavotc He Ta wKedvEla PELWATA, He Ta KUHATA Kal HE Tov néyo. Kovtd omy akt n GAN evanorlBetat We avadoyla TpV wrowv ndxoug K48e 1000 Xpdvia, eve Uo oTIG Babiés BAAaOUES, HAKpIG aNd TIC aKtéc, n avadoyla evanoBécewc Elvat ydvo "/ ivtoa NdXo¢ ota 1000 xPdvia. O1 @aAdgotes evanodéoeIc GE vepé NOU elval apkeTd BABU Kal PAALoTA TdO, OTE va un ermpedzerat and th Spdon Twv KULATWV, UNdKEIvTaL GE KGNOIO BabUd Bia6pdcewe. Tedeuralec épeuvec éxouv SelEel, 6ti optoyéva pevpata TOU BUB0U Elvat T600 toXUPG, GoTE LMOPOUV Va HETaKIVOUV Ta (hata. YndpXouV pedpara nepidivijcewc (turbidity currents) napdpoia pe ta aépiva pevpata OMOBHGEWS NOU MapaTNpoUVTa! OTV ENP, Ta ontola "NOpoUY va HETAKIVOUV peyddec pdZec ZnLatwv. Ta pevpara nepidivijceus elvar ward, Ott EMOpOUV Va Siadvouv Xovdpd KaAwSIa OU SXoUV ovTIGBEl GTO BUG TwV wKEAVav. EEattlag autou Tou yeyovétos, KaGKac Kal TOU APYOU PUBHOL EvanoBécEwG, N SuvatomTa yewroyikrig Kataypagric Twv Baraoolwv Cato elvat euvoiKdte- pr ané th Suvarémta Kataypapric twv Xepoatov inpdtwv. Ta @addoowa Zhpata anoteAovtal and pepovwpéva owyaTisia SAwWV TWV HeyEBHv, and Tov mo AEnTS MAS UEXPL TOUG TEpdoTIOUG OYKOAIBOUS. Ee yevikés ypanués, ot avépyaves evanodéoetc KOvTa OTHV AKT Elvat OXETIKa tpaxeies (4uHos, NétpES, XAAIKIa KATL), Eve ol evanoBEdEIG TOU BpioKoVTat oto21 GUG6 Twv Badswv USATwv elval NOAL AErrrotEpEs (TMAS). Ze pepiKés Teploxéc Ta MUpITIKd UMPOAEIWHATA Twv Badaoolwy opyavicudy 1 ol agBEcTOUXES evanoBéceic (npoeAedoews eite opyavitic elte kat avépyavne), eval apKetéc, @oTe va KUpLAapXOUV oTNV ETIPavela TOU BUBOU TwV wWKEAVaV. Zta Baddoota iZpata oUvavTOUE HEYGAN noIKWAla xewpGTwV. Ta avolKTOTE- Pa Xpapata (4onpo rj anaArig xpoldc) ouxva oxetiZovtai ye XOVTPOUG KOKKOUG xaAatia 1 pe evanoBécetc acBeotéAtGou. Ta mo cKoUpa xpapata (KéKKivoO, UNAs, npdatvo KAn.) oxeriZovtat ouvr|8w¢ Ye T Adorm, oTHV ontola KUpLAPXOUV UeTAAAKéc oualec, rwE TO OEeI510 Tou OLdI}poU H To Layydvio. H paun Adorm BploKetat ouxvd dE Neptoxt BUBOU H ortola avatapdovETaI Alyo, SrIas Efvat o TUBUEVaE Evde PrYLATOS 1 La KATAMTTWON THE EMIMAVEIAG TOU BUBOL, MOU Sev éxet edevBepn F050 mpog GAAeg neptoxég Tou. Ta Baddooa Zhyata pedetavrat Kuplog pe Selyyata Bueod. Ta Selypata eMupavetaKdv evanoBéEwv avacUpovtal He ExoKagéa (snaper) (yia TH AdOTM, Gupo KAT.) We Spaya (dredge) (uvr@uc ya BpaXw5n VAN). Av elvat avayKala y AWN Ssiyyatos vAng and nepioyy Kato and Thv emipdvela Tou 6ueoL, xenoworoisita owArvas qudtwv (coring). H ouoKkeur aut anoteAetrat kupiwg ané éva owArva, nou e1oépxetal KataKdpuga péoa ota {hata Tou BuG0U tS BGAagaag YE BdpN 1 UE EKpHEEIC. Asiyya Nou anoKTdtal Kat’ aUTO TOV TPONO AVTINPCOWNEvEL T PUTIKH GEIPG Tw Siapdpwv oTPwLATwV. Aelyyata 6480uc Znudtwv peyaAUTepoU and 100 nddia éXxouv anoKtnGel We TH XOHON Tov OWATVEV ZnHdTwV. To delyya BUBOU, nou elval duvaTO va anoKkT@el and To vaUTIAASHEVO, adEipovtag TH) CUvNeloLEVN BoAlda EupssEwS Tou 6480uG hg BGAaaaac LE Airlog H He CaTOUWI, anoteAEl ateAr EvSEtEN TOV ouvenkdv LANs Ths Emtgdvela Tous BUBOU. : 1.24 Zuvori, wkeavoypagia. 01 BadUBEPHOYpAgIKés NapATHPrGEIG Kat ot BEPYOKpadtes THG EnLPavEIag mg SdAagoag avagépovtat Kat’ euBelav oTV KevTpIKt) MetewpodoytKt) Yrmpeota Api®yopetphaewy tou EtéAou twv H.IL.A. (Fleet Numerical Weather Center), nou éxet mv €3pa thg ato Movtepéd tng KaAupépwiag. Ot ouvormikés autés avapopés avaAdovtat Katérlv [le NAEKTPOVIKE UNOAOYIOTH, Ya va TPoTBiopiaBowv ot BEPUIKEG GUVAI}KEG TOU WKEAVOU Ge OOLOdHTOTE ONWELO oto Bépeto nutspalpio. Biédtoypagia Crease, J. “The Origin of Ocean Currents.” Journal of the Institute of Navigation (British), vol. 5, no. 3 (July 1952). Day, A., Rear Admiral. “Navigation and Hydrography.” Journal of the Institute of Navigation (British), vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1953) Deacon, G. E. R. “Oceanographical Research and Navigation.” Journal of the Institute of Navigation (British), vol. 4, no. 3 (July 1961). Defant, A. Physical Oceanography. (2 vols.) New York, Pergamon, 1961. Marmer, H. A. The Scope of Oceanography. James Johnstone Memorial Volume. Liverpool, University Press of Liverpool, 1934.22, National Research Council. Physics of the Harth—Oceanography. Bulletin no. 85, Chapter V. Washington, The Nationsl Academy of Satow, P. G. “Some Problems of Underwater Navigation.” Journal of the Institute of Navigation (British), vol. 4, no. 3 (July 1951). Shepard, F. P. Submarine Geology. New York, Harper, 1948. Sverdrup, H. U., M. W. Johnson, and R. H. Fleming. The Oceans, Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology. New York, Prentice-Hall, 1942.KE@AAAIO AEYTEPO NAAIPPOIES KAI NAAIPPOIAKA PEYMATA Tevixa 2.1 To nadippoiaK6 patvopevo. To nadippolaKd patvopevo elval n neplodikh Kivnon Tav uddtwv TS @dAagoag, Nou TpoKaAeitat and SiapopeTiKés Suvayets EAEEwS Twv Stapopwv oupaviay cwpEatwv, Kupiag THs GeATVNG Kal TOU ALOU, ot ontoles EpapHdZovTat nave oe diépopa wépN TH yNG, KaBdC Nepiotpépovtat. H raA(ppota yNopel va e€urinpetel aAAG Kat va Snutoupyel eunddia ato vauTAASpEVvO. Optopéves popés N AVEPwON Kat n TTGON Tou vEpou Eivat SuvaTS va oxnaTieL apKETS 480g oTN BGAagaa, ote va eruTpéNet Tov AOU ENdvw and KAroLe NPOOXWLO- UKO BEAoG. ‘AAAES Popés Nope! va NapEpModiZet To VAUTAASHEVO KATA Tov siom”Aou Ge KANOIo Atpavi th TOV aTIéTAOU an6 GUTS. H por Tou PELLATOS UNopet va unto6on8a Thy Nopeia Tou vaUTAASHEVoU Hh va THY NapELTodivet, ynopel va KaTEUBUVEL TO VaUTIAASHEVO po KIVBUVOUG H KGL HOKPIG and aUTOLS. Katavodvtag auté to palvéyevo Kat Kdvovtag ouveTt} Xpron tev npoyvd- Gewv, MoU SnLOotEvOVTal GToUG NivaKEs NaAIppoLdy Kal NAAIPPOLAKGY PEULG- Twv, KaBGG Kal TV TeEpIYpapdY NOU NapEXoVTAL oTIG OSnyle¢ MAOU, Elvat Buvatd oro vauTiAASHEVO Va XapdEet Thy Mopeia Tou Kal va Spoporoyricet ™ BiéAcuor} Tou, Eto Gate n NaAlppota va tov eEurmpetel t} TOUAAXIOTOV va TOV Bon@d oto va anogeuyet Tous KWvUvoUS. 2.2 MaXippora Kai pedya. Kata mv avépwon Kat Tv mtdon tg n MaAlppoia ouvodeveta and TEplodiKr opiZovtia Kivnon Tou vepow, MoU ovoLaZeTal MaAIppolaKd pedpa (tidal current). Or 5uo Kivjgelc, NaA(ppoia Kat MAAIpPOLaKS peULG, BPlokovTat GE otevi oxéon. AnoteAouv pépn tou (tou paivouévou, nou Snyioupyeltat and Tie NadippotaKég Suvdpetg Tou NAlou Kal Hg GeAtvNG KUPluc. Eivat, evtoUtotg, anapattnto va ylvet caprig Siakpton HETAEG naAippotag Kat TaAIppoiakou pespatoc, eneid4 n Oxon Tous Sev elvat anAt oUTE Kat MaVvTOU N| (Sta. Moog SteuKpivion Kat anoguyh Napavorigews elvat avayKalo va AexGel OttPy © vautiKée Xpnoiyonoiel THY TeXvIKH, OpoAoyla: MaAlppora (tide) yia TV Kataképugn avepwon KAI MTGon ToU vepow Kai NaAIppolaKs pEdya (tidal current) yta Thy opiZévtia por. H nadippoia éxet MAnuUplda Kat aundTida, Eva TO TAAIPPOLAaKd PevpG KaTEUOUVETAI aNd THY avoIKTH B4GAagoa NpoOS THY AKT, onéte napatnpetrat n MANHWUPISa TOU NAAIPPOLAKOU PELpATOS, Kal and TV akth mMpog TV avoIKTH GdAacoa, ondéte napatpeltal n auNwTiSa TOU TAAIPPOLAKOU PevPaTos. Et BPETAVIKth NPAKTIKH, ElSIKOTEPA, To NAAIPpOLAKd peupa avti va ovoudzerat «tidal current» ovoudZetal tidal stream. 2.3 Aina. Zuxvé unoomplZetat omV emomyN 6ti Nn iKavéTHTA THE NpoyvaGEWC Evbc @UOIKOU yeyovétos anoteAel évdelEn Katavoroews. Eneid} ot nadlppoies AVtKOUV ota WKEavoypAgIKd PalvoyEvG, Nou elval SuVATS va NPOBAsNOVTal WE T™ HEYaAUTEPN Suvatr axpl6e1a, propel eUKOAG va eEaxBel To cupNépaoya, ott Ol QUaIKOL WKEAVOYPAPO TI¢ KATaVOOUV aANBIvd. 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Auvaperg rou Snpioupyosv tm NaAippoia O naykéapiog voyog Tou Nevtwva yia tT BapmTa opifet T6G0 Tig TPOXIES Twv oUpAviaV CWHATUV, 600 Kat Tig SuVdyEtg NOU MPOKAAOUY Thy NaAlppota Kat epapysovtat enévw ota odpata auTé. H EAKTIKH SUVaLN Thg BapuTHTaG -HeTAED onowvdH note pagav m, Kat my divetat and tov tun: Fe. Gm,m, a énou d elvat n andotacn WetaEU twv U0 WaZdv Kat G elvat pla otaBepr, MoU eEaptarat and tig Hovddec nou Xonoponoiobvtat. O vopyog NpoUNO@ETEL Ott OL wdZeg m, Kat mz, elvat onuela. O Nevtwv trav oe Géon va anodelEel, Tt opoyevelc opalpes pMopouv va BewpovvTat paZiKd onuela, 6tav npoodiopiZe- Tal N TPOXIG ToUG. EvtoUToIc, 6tav UMPOAOYiZovtal ot StapopetiKés Suvayeic Bapumtac, npénet va AayGdvovtat uNdyN ot NpaypaTiKés SiagTacEIG TwV patov. Me 6don to vowo ths BapUTHTag aNoKGALwENKE 6TI Ot TpOXIés Twv Suo HOZIKGV OnElwv elvat KwVIKG THYIHATA YUpw and To KEvtpo BapUTNTAG Tw 5uo aZav. Edv 7 pla 1 Kat ot 5U0 pdZec elvai opoyevels ogalpsc, avtl WagiKd ‘Onpela, ot tpoxtés Elvat [Steg HE exelves Tic TPOXLES MoU SnULoUPYOUVTaL av oASKANPN 1 UdZa THC Gpalpac HTaV OUYKEVTpwLEVN Ge Eva oNLELO GTO KéVTpO Ts oealpac. Em nepirtwon Tou cuoTHUATOS yNC-GeEAT\vNG, TOGO N YN 6G0 Kat N ceAtvn, Siaypapouv eddeintikés Tpoxiés YUPW and To KévTpo BapuTNTaG Tous, av ylvet napadek) n andonompévn napadoxi, ott Kat ta duo auTad oupdvia odpata elvat ovoyevels apalp|s, KAA Kal OT Elval aLEANTées Ot eAdKtikég SUVGUEIG TOU NALOU Kat Tav GAAWV TAavNTav. To Kévtpo BapUTATAG ‘TMG Yng Kat THg GeAtvNg TonOBeTElTal GE aNdoTAON 0,74 Re aNé To KEVTPO TNS yng, ériou Re sivat n axtiva tg yng. H anéotaon auTt elvat (on nepinou pe ta 34, TMs anootdcews and To KEVTPO THS YNG, HEXPL THY Ert@dverd THC, KATA UN\Kog THC Yas Mou Evibvel Ta KEVTpA TNS YC Kal THS DEAT NG (OX. 2.3a). Npog t oedavn Kévtpo Bapbtntas yng~cedivas Kévtpo tag patas ts Y1S Ey. 2.30. Kévtpo 6apimntag yng-ceAtivng.