Test Bank For Business and Society Ethics Sustainability and Stakeholder Management 9th Edition Archie B Carroll Ann K Buchholtz Isbn 10 1285734297 Isbn 13 9781285734293

Test Bank for Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management, 9th
Test Bank for Business and Society: Ethics,

Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management, 9th
Edition, Archie B. Carroll, Ann K. Buchholtz,
ISBN-10: 1285734297, ISBN-13: 9781285734293
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1. Public iuterest iu business ethics has heightened over each of the past three decades.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.l5.07.01- 07.01
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Ethics
STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- DISC: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: KNOWLEDGE
2. The majority of Americans think that the need for ethics is about the same as it was fifty years ago.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
3. The ethics scandal that has come to define modem business ethics is the Enron debacle.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
4. Only about half of Americans say that they are worried about the moral compass in corporate America.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
5. A recent NBES survey indicated that ethical misconduct at work was up slightly.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
6. A December 2012 Gallop poll revealed that only 21% of the public thought that business executives had high or very
high ethics.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
7. The public's opinion of business ethics may be reported at two levels - a high level and a low level.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
8. The public's view of business ethics has always been very high until the recent scandals.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
9. Descriptive ethics is concerned with studying and describing the morality of a particular group of people.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: I
10. Normative ethics depends on whether "everyone is doing it" to justify moral decisions and actions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: I
11. The major questions related to the conventional approach to business ethics are "Whose norms do we use?" and
"\Vhat norms are prevailing?"
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
12. The best reason to base one's ethics on societal norms is that the norms do not conflict; thus they provide clear
guidance to "right" and "wrong."
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
KEYWORDS: BLOOMS: COMPREHENSION
13. Ethical behavior is generally considered to be on a higher plane than legal behavior.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
14. In making ethical judgments, it is usually easier to reach consensus on individual practical cases than it is to agree on
broad principles.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
15. The forces that most often come into conflict with ethics in a business setting are economic and social.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
16. Immoral management implies that decision makers know right from wrong, but choose to do wrong.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
17. Moral management stresses profitability over other stakeholder concerns.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
18. Virtually all companies that exhibit moral management have had that outlook since they were founded.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
19. Researchers have found that many business people go through life thinking that they are objective.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
20. Amoral management relies primarily on a compliance strategy that focuses on obedience to the law.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
21. In Kohlberg's preconventionallevel of moral development, the individual's primary concern is for others.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.15.07.06- 07.06
22. The postconventionallevel of moral development is the most common level for adults over 50 years of age.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
23. Culture is that broad synthesis of societal norms and values emanating from everyday living.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
24. Moral identification and ordering refers to the ability to discern the ambiguity of moral factors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
25. The Enron Era brought about a broad range of legal and ethic charges that included all the following except
a. securities fraud
b. conspiracy to inflate profits
c. corrupt corporate cultures
d. building company assets
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- BLOOM'S: KNOWLEDGE
26. The Wall Street fmancial scandals involved all the following except
a. recklessness about risk
b. ethical lending
c. subprirne lending calculations
d. greed
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
27. At the macro level, big business is being questioned for its:
a. ethical challenges
b. legitimacy
c. individual activities
d. managerial relationships
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
STATE STANDARDS: United States - Georgia -DISC: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES
28. An NBES Survey concluded that ethical misconduct
a. whistle-blowing had decreased.
b. In pressure to cut comers had increased.
c. at work was down slightly
d. was observed more on the job.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
29. There is no doubt that the media are

a. ignoring ethical violations in their own industry.
b. reporting ethical problems more frequently and fervently.
c. defending the right of business to be conducted amorally.
d. reporting breaches of ethics in politics more than they are reporting business ethics violations.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
30. Public opinion polls regarding business ethics are

a. clearly tied to reactions to the latest scandals reported by the media.
b. reflective of actual business ethics currently in practice.
c. unrelated to actual business ethics practices.
d. difficult to assess because the media keeps ethics scandals in the public eye.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
31. The former CEO of Bendix Corporation blames the apparent decline in business's ethical behavior on
a. the greed of senior managers.
b. the contexts in which corporate decisions are made.
c. the lack of required business ethics courses in undergraduate and MBA programs.
d. the decline in the importance of religion in American society.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
32. One of the functions of corporate governance is

a. oversight of senior managers.
b. capital budgeting.
c. incorporating ethics into the strategic planning process.
d. monitoring executive bonuses.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: I
33. The discipline that deals with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation is
a. morality.
b. deontology.
c. ethics.
d. moral philosophy.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
34. A doctrine or system of moral conduct is called
a. ethics.
b. deontology.
c. morality.
d. moral philosophy.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
35. Business ethics is

a. a special branch of ethics unto itself.
b. concerned with moral issues that occur only in business.
c. concerned with right and wrong behavior within a business context.
d. a subset of business practice.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
36. Concepts of right and wrong are increasingly being interpreted today to include all of the following except
a. fairness.
b. justice.
c. equity.
d. equality.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
37. The area of ethics that is concerned with supplying and justifying a coherent moral system of thinking and judging is
called
a. normative ethics.
b. descriptive ethics.
c. business ethics.
d. virtue ethics.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: I
38. Which of the following is not one of the major approaches to thinking about business ethics?
a. conventional approach
b. rights and duties approach
c. principles approach
d. ethical tests approach
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
39. The focus of descriptive ethics is on

a. determining what should be done in a given situation.
b. justifying a moral system of thinking and judging.
c. learning what is occurring in the realm of moral behaviors and practices.
d. learning how to justify one's chosen actions.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: I
40. The approach to business ethics in which we compare a decision or practice to prevailing norms of acceptability is
the
a. virtue approach.
b. principles approach.
c. conventional approach.
d. ethical tests approach.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
41. The minimum standard of ethical behavior can be thought of as

a. following the Golden Rule.
b. adhering to the law.
c. living according to religious principles.
d. avoiding punishment.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
42. Which of the following is not an element of making ethical judgments?

a. observation of the decision or action
b. comparison of the decision or action to prevailing norms of acceptability
c. recognition that value judgments are made regarding the decision or action and the prevailing norms of
acceptability
d. awareness of the moral implications of a situation
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
43. The most serious danger of using the conventional approach to business ethics is
a. reliance on normative ethics without regard to descriptive ethics.
b. lapsing into ethical relativism.
c. lack of innovation in ethical judgments.
d. stunting one's moral development.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
44. All of the following are questions that capture the central meaning of ethics except
a. what is?
b. what happened?
c. what ought to be?
d. what is our motivation?
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
45. Questions about business ethics can be asked at any of the following levels except
a. individual.
b. organizational.
c. economic.
d. global.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
46. The normative question of ethics is
a. what is?
b. what ought to be?
c. how do we get from what is to what ought to be?
d. what is our motivation?
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
47. The ethics question "how do we get from what is to what ought to be?" is
a. descriptive.
b. normative.
c. practical.
d. motivational.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- BLOOM'S: KNOWLEDGE
48. The challenge in all managerial situations is take what can be done and what should be done and frnd
a. a balance.
b. the more practical solution.
c. the least costly approach.
d. the most effective action.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
49. Which of the following is not a model of ethical management provided in the textbook?
a. innnoral management
b. semi-moral management
c. moral management
d. amoral management
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
50. The model of ethical management that implies a positive and active opposition to what is right is called
a. innnoral management.
b. moral management.
c. semi-moral management.
d. amoral management.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
51. The ethical management model that conforms to high standards of behavior or professional standards of conduct is
a. innnoral management.
b. semi-moral management.
c. moral management.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: I
52. The model of ethical management in which managers fail to take morality into account when making decisions is
a. inunoral management.
b. moral management.
c. semi-moral management.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
53. The key operating question of immoral management is

a. can we make money with this action, regardless of what it takes?
b. will this action be fair to all stakeholders?
c. what effects will this action have on our major stakeholders?
d. can we make money with this action?
ANSWER: a
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
54. The key operating question of moral management is

c. what effects will this action have on our stakeholders?
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
55. The key operating question of amoral management is
c. what effects will this action have on our stakeholders?
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
56. The "integrity strategy" espoused by Lynn Sharp Paine is similar to the
a. immoral management model.
b. moral management model.
c. semi-moral management model.
d. amoral management model.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
57. Managers who believe that business decisions are not subject to moral constraints tend to utilize the
c. intentional amoral management model.
d. unintentional amoral management model.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: I
58. Managers who simply fail to consider moral questions when making business decisions use the
c. intentional amoral management model.
d. unintentional amoral management model.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
59. Which of the following is not a structural aspect of unconscious accounting bias?
a. ambiguity
b. attachment
c. approval
d. ambivalence
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
60. The population hypothesis regarding ethical management models is

a. the three models approximate a normal, bell-shaped curve.
b. that the moral management model is the largest segment of the normal curve.
c. that the immoral management model is the largest segment of the normal curve.
d. the three models exhibit a skewed curve, weighted toward either moral or immoral management models,
depending on the society being studied.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: I
61. The individual hypothesis regarding ethical management models is
a. the three models approximate a normal, bell-shaped curve.
b. that individuals managers utilize all three of the models at different times and situations.
c. that individual managers emphasize one of the three models over the others.
d. that individual managers attempt to match the model they use to the particular situation.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: I
62. Lawrence Kohlberg's model of moral development includes all of the following levels except
a. the preconventionallevel.
b. the conventional level.
c. the postconventionallevel.
d. law and order morality.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: I
DIFFICULTY: Easy
63. Which of the following is not a source of a manager's values that is external to the firm?
a. religion
b. philosophy
c. scientific
d. legal
ANSWER: c
POINTS: I
64. The sense that concern for fairness, justice, and due process to people, groups, and communities should be woven
into managerial decision-making is called
a. integration of managerial and moral competence.
b. moral obligation.
c. moral sensitivity.
d. moral evaluation.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG Analytic
65. Moral imagination is:

a. imagining the best possible outcome.
b. being able to see economic and moral relationships
c. the ability to see the relevance or nonrelevance of issues
d. deciding which course of action to adopt.
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
66. An element of moral judgment is all the following except

a. moral imagination
b. managerial competence
c. moral identification and ordering
d. sense of moral obligation
ANSWER: b
POINTS: 1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG Analytic
Provide a short answer to each of these questions. Be sure to fully explain your answer.
67. Compare and contrast ethics and the law. How are they similar? How are they different? Which is the higher
standard? Why aren't they the equivalent of one another?
ANSWER: Students will likely reiterate what they learned from the text, that generally, although
ethics and the law overlap, ethics is a higher standard. Although they are similar,
compliance with the law is the lowest standard, while ethical conduct is a higher
standard. Ethics deals with what is right and just, not only with what is legal. Students
may also recognize that it is not possible to lay down in the law every sort of conduct
that might be illegal, so that ethics is a desired component of legal conduct.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States- BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
KEYWORDS: BLOOM'S: ANALYSIS
68. If business ethics have, in reality, declined over the past decades, what are the primary reasons for this movement?
ANSWER: Students may have many different answers for this question, but most will likely mirror
the opinions expressed in the 2012 Gallop poll and Marist College Institute on Public
Opinion, and the authors, that greed is the primary cause. Executives are viewed as
greedy for both money and power, with little consideration given to factors other than
their personal gain. Other factors cited may include a general decline in morality and
the decline of religious influence.
POINTS: 1
69. What is the distinction that the textbook draws between ethics and morality?
ANSWER: Ethics is described as an academic discipline whose foci are what is "good," "bad,"
"right," or "wrong," and moral duties. Morality, on the other hand, is the actual system
of moral conduct. Thus, ethics is the study of morality.
POINTS: 1
70. Distinguish between descriptive and normative ethics.
ANSWER: Descriptive ethics is concerned with studying and describing the morality of a people,
culture, or society, with no effort to evaluate or judge the system being described.
Descriptive ethics tells what a moral system is. Normative ethics attempts to evaluate,
provide, or justify a moral system--it discusses what should be.
POINTS: I
71. Describe how a Venn diagram can help a manager evaluate moral dilemmas and come to decisions about those
situations.
ANSWER: The authors suggest using a Venn diagram that accounts for a finn's ethical, legal, and
economic responsibilities. Managers can, by "locating" a decision in these three
categories, evaluate a particular decision's potential success in meeting the firm's goals
in each of the three areas. For example, if a manager is contemplating laying off a
large number of workers, he or she might determine that doing so meets the finn's legal
responsibilities (no laws will be broken), but economic and ethical duties will not be
fulfilled. The underlying evaluation of the decision is not actually performed in or by the
Venn diagram. The model is simply a graphic representation of the analysis.
POINTS: I
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: ETHC.CARR.l5.07.04
72. Describe and evaluate the "what is?" ethics question.
ANSWER: The "what is?" question is deceptively simple, in that most students will assume that
anyone can look at a situation and describe it fully and accurately. However, there are
numerous problems inherent in determining "what is?" The first is simply recoguizing
that a situation exists that requires moral interpretation. The second major difficulty lies
in the area of perception and inherent biases. As much as we like to think of ourselves
as objective and unbiased, the fact of the matter is that we all interpret situations
through filters that we have developed over long time periods (and are often unaware
that we have). Another problem is gathering all of the relevant information about the
situation--rarely do managers have the time or resources to fully research and
understand all facets of the situation being analyzed.
POINTS: I
73. \Vhat are the differences among ''immoral,'' ''moral,'' and ''amoral?''
ANSWER: Using "moral" as the basic concept that refers to doing the right thing, we can contrast
the other two terms with it. "Immoral" implies that the actor knows the difference
between a right action and a wrong action, and consciously chooses the wrong one.
"Amoral," on the other hand, means that the actor either doesn't realize there is a
question of right and wrong involved in the decision (unintentional amoral
management), or chooses to set aside questions of right and wrong, and make the
decision based on criteria that exclude ethical concerns (intentional amoral
management).
POINTS: 1
74. What are the seven habits of highly moral leaders?
ANSWER: Archie Carroll, borrowing from Stephen Covey's seven habits of highly effective
people, lists these habits of moral leaders: 1) a passion to do right, 2) morally proactive,
3) consideration given to all stakeholders, 4) strong ethical character, 5) obsession with
fairness, 6) use principled decision making, and 7) integrate ethics with management
wisdom.
POINTS: 1
STATE STANDARDS: United States - Georgia- DISC: LEADERSHIP PRINCIPLES
75. Interpret the authors' statement that "many business people go through life deluded by the illusion of objectivity."
ANSWER: Most managers believe that they are ethical, unbiased, and objective in their decision-
making. However, all people have unconscious biases that influence how they perceive
situations, the motivations they attribute to others, the decisions they make, and the
interpretations of possible outcomes.
POINTS: 1
STATE STANDARDS: United States -Georgia- DISC: Envirornnental Influence- Envirornnental Influence
76. Briefly describe the process of moral development described by Kohlberg.
ANSWER: Kohlberg said that people develop their moral judgment skills in a regular and orderly
pattern over their lifetimes. Young children start their moral development in the
preconventionallevel, in which their primary concern is with their own welfare and
happiness. In this initial level, people begin to learn right from wrong from external
sources (e.g., parents, teachers) by reacting to punishment and seeking rewards. As
people gain experience and mature, they learn that others should be considered in their
moral judgments--that others expect certain behaviors and have the right to be treated
in certain ways. This knowledge begins in a fairly narrow scope, including mainly
family and friends, and expands to include a broader definition of society. In this
second, or conventional level, the individual learns to make judgments that consider
others, and help maintain social order. At the fmal, or postconventionallevel, people
begin to make moral judgment that consider all of humankind and are based on
universal principles of right and wrong, regardless of how other people may define
those terms. Kohlberg noted that very few people actually reach the postconventional
level.
POINTS: 1
Utilize the knowledge you have gained to respond to the following essay questions. Your answers should
state your position and use logical arguments and content from this and other chapters in the textbook to
support it.
77. Using the ethics question "what ought to be?" consider this hypothetical about a corporate planning seminar. At the
seminar, a speaker tells the participants that presidents of large corporations should begin their planning processes
with a vision of society, not with where they want their fmns to be in 5 or 10 years. Evaluate this advice in light of
what you have learned about business ethics.
ANSWER: Students may have difficulty with this hypothetical question, but it is a good exercise for
exploring the question of where ethics begins, utilizing the question, "what ought to be?"
Perhaps the most prevalent view will be that, although the question of what society
should be like is valid, it is not a practical one for corporate presidents to address.
Rather, presidents should concentrate on where they want the company to be in 5 or
10 years. On the other hand, much has been said in this textbook about the legitimate
concerns of various stakeholder groups and the power that corporations have. When
one combines the two concepts of extensive power and strong effects on internal and
external stakeholders, it is clear to see that the overall society will be greatly affected
by the corporation's planning. Therefore, in keeping with the moral management model
and enterprise-level strategy concept, some students may believe that corporate
presidents defmitely should begin their planning with a vision of what they want society
to be.
POINTS: 1
78. Discuss the relevance of one's motivations to his or her ethical actions.
ANSWER: Put another way, this question asks whether we should care why someone does
something. If a corporation builds a particularly safe product and advertises it that way,
should consumers be suspicious that the company is only doing it to enhance its profits?
My answer is both yes and no. Yes, because we do care why people or companies do
things. If the action is unethical, we are much more understanding and forgiving if the
actor was trying to do the right thing, but just wasn't able to for one reason or another.
If the action is ethical, we may be somewhat less concerned about the actor's motive,
but we certainly do not disregard it altogether. We attribute a higher morality to
someone who helps us with no expectation of repayment than we do to someone
whose motive is more self interested. No, because we also care about consequences.
If a company's product harms consumers, that is important to us. Regardless of the
actor's motive, producing a harmful result is something that we condemn.
POINTS: 1
79. The three models of ethical management (immoral, moral, and amoral) provide only one "good" example--that of
moral management. However, the authors imply that immoral and amoral management are prevalent in our society,
while moral management is practiced less. Which is the bigger problem in our society, immoral or amoral
management?
ANSWER: Navistar is a diesel engine manufacturer. One of its plants is located in Huntsville,
Alabama. Due to the sour economy in 2009 and 2010, the company had to cut its
production from 900 engines a day to 100. The company faced imminent layoffs. Plant
manager Chuck Sibley wrestled with the layoff decision and frnally carne up with a
creative solution that saved 50 jobs. Sibley's decision was not to lay off the employees
but to send them out into the community, at corporate expense, to help the needy. Their
initial assigrnnents were to help Habitat for Humanity, the Salvation Army, and CASA,
all nonprofit organizations deeply involved in community volunteerisrn. The employees
were shocked but pleasantly surprised. They will still be paid by Navistar and they will
keep all their benefits. The reassignments are expected to be for three months. Plant
manager Sibley argued that the company will save money because they will avoid the
costs of rehiring and training. The company expects an improvement in market
conditions in three months and then the plan is to bring the 50 employees back to the
plant1This creative solution not only saved the employees from unemployment, but
helped the community in a big way as well. Only a moral manager could come up with
such a win-win solution.
Students should have interesting answers to this question. They probably will be harsher
in their criticism of immoral management, because we all tend to be more critical of
people who do wrong on purpose. Immoral management strikes us as especially
heinous precisely because of the knowledge and motivation that lie behind it. On the
other hand, some students will recognize that amoral management can be just
as harmful, if not more so, regardless of its more benign motivations. In fact, some may
argne that amoral management is worse because the actors do not recognize right from
wrong. (Without implying that corporations display these characteristics, this answer to
this question is somewhat akin to the legal question of whether a criminal is legally
insane [amoral] or not [immoral]. If the courts decide that the criminal is sane [immoral]
the punishment is harsher than if the defendant is found legally insane [amoral]. The
crime could be the same, but judgment of the offender is different, depending on his or
her motives.)
POINTS: I
80. Lawrence Kohlberg found that most adults never get to the third level of moral development. What implications for
management does this observation have?
ANSWER: At level2, the conventional level of moral development, people make moral judgments
based on their concern for others, within socially accepted norms of behavior. Thus, to a
great extent, actors at the conventional level still rely on externally generated rules of
behavior to guide their actions. Combine this observation with the fact that work
envirornnents impose a very strong influence on employees, and we can see that
workers are particularly susceptible to being told what to do, and obeying. In some
ways, this undermines the whole effort to provide individualized ethics training to
employees, essentially telling them to "do the right thing." That kind of ethics training
implicitly assumes that people are capable of forming their own views of right and
wrong, based on their own principled reasoning. If Kohlberg's research is accurate
(and there is tremendous support for it), managers should recoguize that the vast
majority of their workers are not likely to be at level3. Therefore, the guidance
provided by the managers and the work environment will go a long way toward guiding
employees' ethical behaviors.
POINTS: I
81. Describe and evaluate the reasons that many feminists criticize Lawrence Kohlberg's work on moral development.
ANSWER: Starting with Carol Gilligan's, many feminists criticize Kohlberg's work because he
used men as his subjects. Therefore, they claim, Kohlberg's results cannot be
generalized to women. Feminists claim that women approach morality in a different
manner than to men. Men tend to deal with moral issues in impersonal, impartial, and
abstract ways, whereas women tend to concentrate on maintaining personal
relationships and avoiding hurting others. Gilligan termed the feminine approach an
"ethics of care." Subsequent research does not support the clear distinction drawn by
Gilligan, implying that both men and women use an ethic of care (the "feminine"
approach) and an ethic of justice (the "masculine" approach) at different times and in
different circumstances.
POINTS: I
STATE STANDARDS: United States- Georgia- DISC: GROUP DYNAMICS
Test Bank for Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management, 9th
82. Powers and Vogel have suggested that there are six major elements or capacities that are essential to making moral
judgments: (1) moral imagination, (2) moral identification and ordering, (3) moral evaluation, (4) tolerance of moral
disagreement and ambiguity, (5) integration of managerial and moral competence, and (6) a sense of moral
obligation. What is the link of each of these to personal and organizational ethics?
ANSWER: Moral imagination requires the individual to determine ethical issues and values
conflicts that exist within an organization. Moral identification and ordering requires the
individual to sort through the relevant and non-relevant issues in decision making. Moral
evaluation requires the mental capacity to discern others' concerns in individual and
organizational decision making. Tolerating moral disagreement and ambiguity requires
disagreeing interaction between individuals and organizational issues and being able to
tolerate them for a viable solution for the organization. Integration of managerial and
moral competence requires managers to integrate isolated decision ideas with ethical
perspectives. Having a sense of moral obligation is the individual push to have fairness
and justice among people and organizations.
POINTS: 1
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29. There is no doubt that the media are

30. Public opinion polls regarding business ethics are

32. One of the functions of corporate governance is

35. Business ethics is

39. The focus of descriptive ethics is on

41. The minimum standard of ethical behavior can be thought of as

42. Which of the following is not an element of making ethical judgments?

53. The key operating question of immoral management is

54. The key operating question of moral management is

60. The population hypothesis regarding ethical management models is

65. Moral imagination is:

66. An element of moral judgment is all the following except

72. Describe and evaluate the "what is?" ethics question.

74. What are the seven habits of highly moral leaders?

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