Impact-Of-Scope-Creep-On-Residential-Construction-Projects (01-21-23)

THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis College
City of San Fernando, La Union
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
by:
Carig, Daisy Bucaoto
Domondon, Russel Mathew Ronquillo
Littaua, Lara Jessica Gacayan
Marzan, Emmalyn Caweng
Sapitula, Kriza Claire Basco
DIANNE A. FERNANDEZ, CE
Research Adviser
December 2022
INDORSEMENT
This thesis entitled “THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON
RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF SAN
FERNANDO, LA UNION”, prepared and submitted by Daisy B. Carig,
Russel Mathew R. Domondon, Lara Jessica G. Littaua, Emmalyn C.
Marzan and Kriza Claire B. Sapitula in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, has
been examined and is recommended for the acceptance and approval for
Oral Examination.
DIANNE A. FERNANDEZ, CE
Adviser
This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “THE IMPACT OF SCOPE
CREEP ON RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CITY
OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION”, prepared and submitted by Daisy B.
Carig, Russel Mathew R. Domondon, Lara Jessica G. Littaua, Emmalyn
C. Marzan and Kriza Claire B. Sapitula in partial fulfillment of the
requirements in CE 412: Civil Engineering Project 1 and is recommended
for Oral Examination.
LEONORA F. QUARTE, CE, MSME

Chairperson
KARLA JOY A. BAUTISTA, CE JAMES F. CUDAL JR., CE

Member Member
ii
APPROVAL
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a rating of
PASSED on January 2023
LEONORA F. QUARTE, CE, MSME

Chairperson
KARLA JOY A. BAUTISTA, CE JAMES F. CUDAL JR., CE

Member Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the course CE 412: Civil Engineering Project 1.
MELVIN R. ESGUERRA, CE, MATE
Academic Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture
Saint Louis College
City of San Fernando, La Union
iii
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
Title: THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON
RESIDENTIAL
CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF
SAN
FERNANDO, LA UNION
Author: Carig, Daisy Bucaoto
Domondon, Russel Mathew Ronquillo
Littaua, Lara Jessica Gacayan
Marzan, Emmalyn Caweng
Sapitula, Kriza Claire Basco
Adviser: Engr. Dianne A. Fernandez
Institution: Saint Louis College
Location: City of San Fernando, La Union
Keywords: Causes, Level of Extent, Frequency of Occurrence,
Level of Impact Project Cost, Quality of Work,
Residential Construction Project, and Scope Creep
iv
Abstract: This study was conducted to know the impact of scope creep
on residential construction projects in the City of San Fernando, La
Union, as a basis for crafting a mitigation plan for the firms to manage
the impact of scope creep. This mitigation plan will serve as the output of
the study. Furthermore, this study used a validated survey questionnaire
as a data gathering instrument, and data were treated using frequency
counting and weighted mean. The study's respondents were two (2)
engineers from each construction company that work as site engineers,
project managers, quantity surveyors, or contract engineers. The study
has a total of 26 respondents.
It was found out that scope creep often happens in both the phases
of the project and the specific scope of work. At the same time, it was
discovered that the extent of scope creep in the phases of the project and
specific scope of works is large, which means that the scope creep has
more than average significant degree of scope in the construction of
residential projects. However, the study shows that the most agreed
cause of scope creep is the design and development were made prior to
conducting a full analysis of the requirements and a cost-benefit
analysis. Lastly, the level of impact of scope creep in residential
construction projects in terms of quality of work, project duration, and
v
project cost is high. This study aims to provide a solution that would
help lessen the impact level of scope creep during the construction of a
residential project.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude and
heartfelt appreciation to the following persons who helped and made this
research possible. Profound gratitude is extended to:
Our ever-supportive parents, who are always there to support,
encourage, and guide us and for being our source of strength, and for
the financial support to make this study possible.
Engr. Dianne A. Fernandez, our adviser, who willingly shared her
knowledge and expertise, for her guidance and encouragement to
improve and to make this research possible from preparation to
completion.
Engr. Leonora F. Quarte, Engr. James F. Cudal and Engr. Karla
Joy A. Bautista, our panelist, for their time, pieces of advice, suggestions
and comments to further improve the conduct of the research and the
manuscript.
The validators, for sharing their expertise and time to check and
validate our research questionnaire and mitigation plan.
vi
The Project Engineers, Site Engineer, Project Manager, Quantity
Surveyor, and Contracts Engineer, for being the respondents of the study
who spared their time and cooperation in answering the survey
questionnaire.
The Saint Louis College Library staff and student assistants, for
their assistance in searching for all the necessary references.
Our classmates and friends, who encouraged, motivated, and
helped us finish this research.
And above all, to Almighty God, who guided and protected us, and
for giving us the strength and knowledge to complete this research.
A big thanks to all of you, we couldn’t have pulled this off without
you.
The Researchers
vii
DEDICATION
The researchers would like to express their
heartfelt dedication to our Almighty God, who is the source
of all wisdom and goodness,
to the faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, for their
administrative guidance and consideration,
to our parents for their unending love and sacrifices,
and to our friends, and classmates
for their enthusiastic participation and efforts.
We thank you once again
for everything.
The Researchers
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDORSEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
APPROVAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iii
RESEARCH ABSTRACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vi
DEDICATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Viii
TABLE OF
Ix
CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xii
LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Background of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Theoretical Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Conceptual
9
Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Review of Related Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
ix
Statement of the
17
Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Importance of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Definition of Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
II METHOD AND PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Research
23
Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sources of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Locale and Population of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Instrumentation and Data

25
Collection. . . . . . . . . . . .
Validity of
26
Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tool for Data

27
Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Categorization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Output of the Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ethical
32
Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
x
Frequency of Occurrence of Scope Creep on Residential
Construction Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Extent of Scope Creep on Residential Construction
Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Causes of Scope Creep on Residential Construction
Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Impact of Scope Creep on the Quality of Work, Project
Duration, and Project
Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Development of Mitigation Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Mitigation Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
IV SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. 64
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
REFRERENCES 69
LIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A Letter to Respondents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
xi
B Survey 76
Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C Letter to 81
Mayor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D List of Construction Firms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
E Research Ethics Clearance Certificate. . . . . . . . . . 83
F Letter of Validation of Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . . 84
G Level of Validity of the 86
Questionnaire. . . . . . . . . . .
H Raw 88
Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I Validation of Mitigation Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
J In-house Language Editor’s Certificate. . . . . . . . . . 94
K In-house Statistician’s 95
Certificate. . . . . . . . . . . . .
L Turnitin 96
Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DOCUMENTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
CURICULUMN VITAE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
List of Tables
No Title Page
xii
.
1 Frequency of occurrence of Scope Creep on Residential
Construction Projects of Construction Firms in terms of
Phase of
Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 Frequency of occurrence of Scope Creep on Residential
Construction Projects of Construction Firms in terms of
Specific Scope of
Works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3 Extent of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Projects
in terms of the Phases of Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4 Extent of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Projects
in terms of the Specific Scope of Works. . . . . . . . . . . 41
5 Causes of Scope Creep on Residential Construction
Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 43
6 Level of Impact of Scope Creep on Residential Construction
Projects in Terms of Project Quality of Work. . . . . . . . 45
Projects in Terms of Project Duration. . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Projects in Terms of Project Cost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
xiii
List of Figures
No
Title Page
.
1 Research Paradigm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Proposed Mitigation Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
xiv
xv
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Scope creep, often known as changes in scope, is a problem that
frequently arises in project management. It occurs when a project's scope
shifts unexpectedly and deviates from the initial plan. It is a result of
improper project definition and management. Aside from those already
stated, a rise in the frequency of negative modification of scope in the
project is a threat that can lead to the instability of the work and needs
to be corrected that allows more rework effort while constrained by time
and resources. As part of this investigation, we will examine construction
projects regarding their impact.
Project scope in the context of construction is a thorough
summary of the objectives and tasks included in the project plan. With
the aid of an architect and construction management team, project
owners often establish a vision for their project, describe how staff and
public members would utilize a proposed building, and determine how
much square footage is necessary to do business.
Scope creep can come in various forms. It frequently occurs
following contract signing, preparation, and investment in a plan by the
owner and general contractor. If the project's scope is altered after it has
started, the budget and timeline will swiftly grow. It prevents the project
2
from being completed on time and cost-effectively. (Carolyn, 2022)
According to (Valdellon, 2021), vagueness is the most prominent
driver of scope creep. It will change if the project scope needs to be
specified and managed. A scope document template can help the project
manager achieve this.
According to (Mubarak, 2020), Poor planning, a failure to
appropriately analyze the impact of change on the cost and schedule,
irrational expectations, and fragmented decision-making contribute to
scope creep. These problems frequently have a detrimental effect on the
owner and lower the project's value. Because it is a direct effect of
uncertainty, which almost surely leads to more adjustments, project
length is related to scope creep. Regulations, market conditions, and
governmental policies are all dynamic. Disasters may be caused by
nature or by humans. The owner's situation may change for the better or
worse. These factors may impact the project scope, but managing these
changes is essential.
In the context of (Giannattasio, 2020), although scope creep is a
word that few people outside of the construction industry are familiar
with, it is crucial to understand it in starting a new home construction
project. Anyone constructing a new home may run into the issue of scope
creep. Scope creep can significantly raise the construction budget,

3
causing the project to be months behind schedule and adding additional
stress to the project manager and the builder.
Few stories are as captivating in the history of project management
literature as that of the Denver International Airport (DIA). Stapleton
International Airport was to be replaced by DIA, which had an October
1994 opening date and a $2 billion construction expenditure. It finally
opened 16 months late and cost $4.8B, an increase of about 250%.
Denver's city government was obligated to spend $1.1M each day during
the delay on the upkeep of the vacant airport and interest payments on
construction loans. United Airlines' requests for scope adjustments were
recognized as the primary factor in the delay. (Stewart, 2015)
According to (Froehlich, 2021), Having a clear understanding of
Scope Creep helps minimize it. Additionally, being aware of the beginning
of the design to finish. The estimate aids in understanding how costs
may have risen.
For example, a kitchen makeover began with the intention of
pulling and replacing cabinets and counters to modernize the style. The
quote the contractor provided the user is appropriate for that restricted
Scope of Work. However, during the project's design phase, the user
changed her mind and is now moving appliance locations, adding more
oversized islands, removing a bulkhead, and getting all new custom
cabinets. Moreover, countertops, splash back, and lighting let someone

4
add new lights and paint in the family room and the dining room while at
it. Now the "estimate" for this Scope of Work will be much more
significant but still accurate to the Scope of Work.
However, it was found out that scope creep affects the reputation
of the one responsible for the design. Thus, scope creep arises due to the
poor communication of all the people involved in the project. Also, the
right procedure for having a contract was not followed which is also one
of the reasons why this problem on scope creep arises. Also, the pride
and the intention of the designer to increase the profit could be one of
the possible reasons of scope creep. It is an equal-opportunity danger,
equally prevalent in large commercial projects and small residential jobs.
The detrimental impacts of scope creep may be mitigated or avoided by
adhering to a few basic recommendations (Lamont, 20v13).
In comparison with the other part of the country, Pakistan is the
most reliable when it comes to the industry of construction (Ahmed and
bin Mohamad, 2014). Extended project duration and increase in the
construction cost is still the problem in construction project (Ahmed et
al., 2018). Ammar (2018) said that this is due to the large number of
clients and demands of the society.
According to Nawaz et al. (2013), due to the delays experience in
the complex projects in Pakistan, this causes a huge loss on the amount
of money invested in the project and waste of time.

5
Furthermore, Maqsoom et al., (2018) stated that the main cause of
construction delay in the country is scope creep. Despite previous
research, scope creep and building complexity needs to be thoroughly
address. According to (Ammar, 2018), construction delays in Pakistan is
really due to the project complexity and scope creep.
Residential projects are constructed across San Fernando, La
Union. Many construction companies have been building new homes
throughout the city. A two-story house or a bungalow can both be
utilized. This research would reveal how construction firms deal with
scope creep while constructing residential houses in the city. One of the
primary causes of project delays is scope creep. More than neglecting
scope creep may have a more significant impact on project completion.
As a result, this research aims to define, discover, identify, discuss and
know the factors contributing to the likelihood of encountering scope
creep on residential projects. Therefore, there is a need for further study
to solve this matter.
Theoretical Framework
This study's framework is established on several hypotheses
gathered and built. Given the potential for difficulties, scope creep
becomes a significant worry for management. Scope creep is one of the
threats for construction project managers to overcome, yet it is

6
unavoidable. It usually occurs when the project's scope, features, or
deliverables exceed what was deliberate. Furthermore, these changes
should abide by the project's budget or timeframe. Scope creep might be
intentional or unintentional, but it always causes problems.
The majority of the time, scope creep occurs due to uncertainty: a
lack of information, poor leadership, too many varied stakeholder
perspectives, and even some late comments (Ray, 2021). According to
(Sehgal, 2021) poor project management of scope is one of the identified
causes of project failures. Failure in showing the project limits and
record changes to these boundaries can lead to out-of-control scenarios.
These theories will offer precise details and thoughts about scope
creep. To fully comprehend the issue, it is necessary to investigate why
scope creep occurs during project construction.
The theory of change focuses on articulating the path and grasping
the intended aim of the study. All operational decisions on what outcome
data to collect and assess and the modifications required to enhance
intervention efficacy are based on the Theory of Change. This
framework's most important aspect is that it emphasizes accountability
and awareness of potential challenges the organization may encounter
while working on the project. (Allen, 2016)
The Theory of Change applies to this research because it gives a
framework that allows engineers and construction managers to provide

7
extensive explanations and examples of how and why a proposed change
is expected to occur in a given situation. It is outcome-oriented, assisting
individuals in clearly establishing long-term goals before working
backward to determine the criteria for achievement.
In the study of (Brown, 2022), "scope change management" implies
that when the scope of the project is finalized, which happens next the
charter phase of the project, modification of the project scope must be
managed, controlled, and documented accordingly. Extending the project
timelines and increasing the project costs are the results of changing the
project scope. As a result, following a formal change management
process is critical because inadequate scope change management can be
problematic.
According to (Creasey, 2022), the process of change management
is a procedure that the manager of the project and the team for that
handles change in the project should apply the management for the
change that is made. The 3-Phase Process of Prosci is a planned,
repeatable strategy for achieving organizational change that varies into
three phases: approach preparation, change management, and outcome
sustainability.
This theory of Scope Change Management will be relevant to this
study in guiding the project managers and engineers in managing,
controlling, monitoring, and documenting the changes that can happen

8
on the projects. Modifying particular project features or functionalities is
a part of scope change management.
Based on (Smith, 2014), quality is something that you cannot
measure or touch. The assurance for success is not based on the
standard of quality or level of defect and set measures on traditional
quality control. He emphasizes that preventing something to fail is still
the best way to ensure quality. The goal is to finish and complete the
task within the set deadline. He stated that quality improvement and
having poor quality relies on how someone manage the project. Having
zero defects doesn’t mean that people do not commit mistakes, but
corporations should not think that having a mistake is just typical.
Instead, they should see work as a process that is characterize by
specific requirements to achieve specific outcomes.
In this study, Crosby's theory of total quality management can be
utilized by altering the four absolutes of quality, which are as
follows: quality as compliance with requirements Prevention, not an
appraisal, is the means to create quality. The standard for quality is the
produce product must have no zero defects. Lastly, nonconformity is
used as a deciding factor for quality. The probability of suffering a delay
during the building of a project be reduced by using or adopting these
four absolute standards of quality by project engineers and management.

9
The researchers will employ the above theories to develop a
mitigation strategy that may propose managing scope creep in the
residential construction projects.
Conceptual Framework
As the project move forward, scope creep leads to more scope
creep. Due to scope creep, a project's scope grows, complicating the
relationships and dependencies among the work packages and tasks in
the WBS to the point where it causes delays and puts additional stress
on the project organization. As a result, there may be even more
unauthorized decisions made within and between departments as a
result of the increased pressure. As a result, cost and schedule estimates
are less accurate, which causes more scope creep than was originally
thought to exist. (Shapiro & Lorenz, 2000, p. 4).
The paradigm used in this study was the Input-Process-Output-
Outcome Model. The input of this study includes the frequency of
occurrence and extent of scope creep in terms of the phase of project and
specific scope of work on residential construction projects. Next is to
identify the causes of scope creep in residential construction projects.
Then another information that will be gathered is the level of impact of
scope creep in residential construction project in terms of quality of
work, construction schedule and project cost. In the process it includes

10
analysis and evaluation of the inputs. These analyzed information will
become as the basis to craft a Mitigation Plan in managing the impacts of
scope creep in residential construction projects in the City of San
Fernando, La Union. The output of the study will be a validated
Mitigation Plan in managing the impacts of scope creep in the City of San
Fernando, La Union. Finally, the outcome will be an effective and well-
managed residential construction projects.

11
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. The frequency Analysis and
of occurrence evaluation of
of having
1. The frequency
scope creep in
of occurrence
residential
of having
construction
scope creep in
project. Validated Mitigation
residential
2. The extent of Plan in managing
construction
scope creep in the impacts of
projects.
residential scope creep
2. The extent of
construction
scope creep in
projects.
residential
3. The causes of
construction
scope creep in
projects.
residential
3. The causes of
construction
scope creep in
projects
residential
4. The level of
construction
impact of
projects
scope creep in
4. The level of OUTCOME
residential
impact of
projects in
scope creep in
terms of:
residential
a. Quality of
construction
Work
projects in
b. Construction
terms of:
Schedule
a. Quality of
c. Project Cost An effective and
Work
b. Construction well-managed
Schedule residential
c. Project Cost construction
projects
Development and
validation of
mitigation plan in
managing the
impacts of scope
creep.
Figure 1. Research
12
Review of Related Literature
This section addresses the relevant studies and literature that the
researcher studied in order to support the claim and importance of the
study.
Frequency of Occurrence
The process of construction, as described by Sindi, M. (2018),
moves at a rapid rate. It is constantly influenced by the dynamic that
exists between the internal and external worlds. Given this, it is only
natural to anticipate ongoing adjustments and alterations within the
scope of the project. These alterations may even be postponed or made
without authorization, but there will be no simultaneous adjustments
made to other aspects of the project, such as the budget or due dates.
This problem is often referred to as scope creep.
Berner (2020) defines scope creep as adjustments to the overall
plan that may result in cost overruns and delays. As its name implies,
scope creep can accumulate gradually as a project goes, and before you
realize it, your contingency funds are depleted, putting your completion
schedule and budget at risk.
Due to the illegal and uncontrolled nature of scope creep, it
typically manifests in the early phases of a project. (Larson & Gray, 2014
p.475). According to academic research, scope creep often results from

13
shifting requirements, specifications, and priorities. (Greiman, 2013,
p.169)
Extent of Scope Creep
Burner (2020) asserts that scope creep can affect even seemingly
trivial things like wall hangings, doors, counters, and floors. For
instance, a project owner might decide to spend two to three times as
much on Terrazzo flooring as on painted concrete. Installing upper
cabinets could add thousands of dollars to the overall cost if only lower
cabinets were initially chosen. Even the most basic of home improvement
endeavors, such as adding a second toilet, may easily cost you between
$3,000 and $5,000! One of the people working on the project made a
statement like, "I can purchase a toilet from Home Depot for $150!" after
looking into the prices. This is true; but, if you include in the costs of
adding more pipes, vents, slab floors, and other components that are
necessary for a large company, the price soon escalates.
Some people think that trying to rein in scope creep comes seen as
stifling dissent and refusing to accord with reality. The requirement to
prevent scope creep can jeopardize the positive user rapport that was
built at the project's inception. Although it's clear that scope creep may
lead to problems like missed deadlines, botched projects, and exorbitant
price tags, many people are nevertheless curious about the potential
benefits of this phenomenon. (Moyyad, 2018)

14
Causes of Scope Creep
Aizaz et. al (2021) discovered that ineffective owner
communication, an excessive number of oversight organizations, and the
location of the project were the three most major drivers of scope creep.
The data also shown that scope creep costs were decreased, and late
scope change management was enhanced through alignment,
communication, front-end planning, material management, and dispute
avoidance. Implementing these methods provides a structure within
which professional communication may be developed, cutting down on
the need for, and cost associated with, scope adjustments during the
course of a construction project. The study's findings should help project
managers spot signs of scope creep and use that information to reduce
the number of changes made to projects as they progress.
The authors, Amoatey & Anson (2017), examined into what causes
scope creep in Ghanaian real estate building projects. Major building
projects in the United Arab Emirates were analyzed in depth (UAE). The
studies made use of both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.
The research uncovered and confirmed five key causes of scope creep inn
pprojects. The project scope is most heavily influenced by the tasks and
15
requirements laid forth, and least by the complexity and degree of
uncertainty involved.
Høylandskjaer, M. (2018) investigated project managers'
perspectives on scope creep. The study's results suggest that managers'
divergent views on scope creep result from their having different levels of
familiarity with the term and its meaning. Uncertainty and
misunderstanding arise when project management teams fail to
recognize the dangers of scope creep. Scope creep may be hard to spot
and distinguish from planned changes because of participants' misuse of
the phrase, which stems from a lack of knowledge of the concept. Scope
creep has been the subject of much discussion in the academic
community. The gap between the two areas, according to the conclusions
of this research, originates from a divergence between the theoretical
frameworks of project management literature and the experiences of real
project managers.
According to Hussain (2012); Sfapour et al. (2018), cost overruns
and missed deadlines are typical in the construction industry,
particularly for mega projects that need the participation of a large team
of workers over an extended period of time. However, the study of
Schoonwinkel & Fourie's (2016, p. 28) on scope changes in construction
projects found that, in reality, project managers don't handle or record

16
changes well, so they don't plan for the risks, extra costs, and delays
that could happen as a result.
Level of Impact
Scope creep’s impact on project success was studied by Komal et.
al. (2020). It was established that scope creep considerations have an
effect on project success. This was also revealed via interviews. It is
believed that projects affected by scope creep take longer to complete,
cost more money, have fewer motivated and stressed-out team members,
have a higher rate of technical staff turnover, have fewer satisfied
customers, require more frequent maintenance, and have overall inferior
quality. Nevertheless, the aforementioned effects of scope creep can be
mitigated by planning for contingencies, incorporating buffer time, and
employing the proper management techniques. There is currently no
accepted method to gauge scope creep. Scope creep may be avoided,
nevertheless, with the help of process management technologies. Flexible
pricing contracts and the gradual expansion of the project's scope
throughout delivery are both things that may be avoided when using
agile approaches.
The overall quality of the product may suffer as a direct result of
scope creep, in addition to increased costs and lengthened completion

17
times (Moustafaev, 2014, p. 315). Given that the many stages and
objectives of a project are interrelated, scope creep in one area might
have far-reaching effects for the other areas. (Madhuri et al., 2018, p.82)
A number of obstacles slowed down the project's completion as a
result of the broader scope. There are a number of unfavorable outcomes
that have been linked to scope creep, including longer project timelines,
lower worker productivity, higher total project costs (due to delays),
higher development costs (which are believed to lead to lower returns on
investment, higher maintenance costs, and incremental losses), higher
material waste, and negative impacts on project quality. Scope creep has
also been linked to a number of positive outcomes, including higher
returns on investment and incremental losses. (Moyyad, 2018, p.278)
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to identify the impacts of scope creep on residential
construction projects in the City of San Fernando La Union, as a
foundation for providing recommendation in managing scope creep.
Specifically, it aims to answer the following questions:
1. What is the frequency of occurrence of having scope creep in
residential construction projects in terms of:
a. Phase of Project
18
b. Specific Scope of Works
2. What is the extent of scope creep in residential construction
projects in terms of:
a. Phase of Project
b. Specific Scope of Works
3. What are the causes of scope creep in residential construction
projects?
4. What is the level of impact of scope creep in residential
construction projects in terms of:
a. Quality of Work
b. Construction Schedule
c. Project Cost
5. Based on the result of the study, what validated mitigation plan
can be proposed?
Assumptions
1. The frequency of occurrence of scope creep in residential construction
projects in terms of phase of project and specific scope of works is
sometimes which means the scope creep occurs from time to time.
2. Scope creep in residential construction project in terms of phase of
project and specific scope of works has a moderate extent.

19
3. There are factors that causes scope creep in a construction of
residential projects.
4. The level of impact of scope creep in terms of quality of work,
construction schedule and project cost is moderate.
5. A validated mitigation plan can be crafted to further prevent the
impact of scope creep on residential projects in the City of San Fernando,
La Union.
Importance of the Study
The research study will be beneficial to the following group of
people specifically to the civil engineering discipline, construction
industry, construction managers, civil engineering students, the
researchers, and future researchers.
The result of this study will be beneficial to the Civil Engineering
Discipline as it will further manage and mitigate the impacts of scope
creep in residential projects.
This study hopes to make the construction industry aware of the
impacts of scope creep that regardless of the amount of changes and
project scope, these changes on the scope of the project can make the
project to fail.
20
The result of the study can help construction managers to have a
better development in making and implementing scope management plan
to mitigate the possible impact of scope creep and to improve their scope
control practices ensuring that the project remains feasible.
To the civil engineering students, this study can provide them
prior knowledge to the problem that they can encounter to their future
engagement in the profession.
To the researchers, the information to be presented would serve
as additional knowledge that they can use in their future engagement in
the construction industry and their experience in conducting this study
will be a basis for their future studies.
To the future researchers, the information that was presented in
the study can serve as a reference for them, who are doing investigations
associated with the subject matter. It can also be used as a background
for subsequent studies.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are operationally defined to ensure a better
understanding of the study.
Causes. It refers to the reason why scope creep happens in a residential
project.
21
Extent. It refers to the point of the degree to which scope creep exists. It
also measures the range that scope creeps covered or affected on a
Frequency of occurrence. It describes the frequency or regularity with
which scope creep occurs in the construction of residential projects.
Impacts. It refers to a factor resulting from scope creep on a residential
construction project. It is frequently the outcome of numerous causes of
scope creep.
Level of impact. It relates to the potential severity of harm that could
result from the effects of scope creep during the construction of
residential projects.
Phase of Project. This term was used as an indicator for the study to
know how often scope creep happens during a particular part of a project
and the range it will cover during the construction of a residential
project.
Project Cost. It refers to one of the indicators for the level of impact of
scope creep wherein the severity of scope creep in the overall sum of
funds during the construction of residential projects was measured.
Project Schedule. This is one of the indicators for the level of impact of
scope creep in the study, where the severity of scope creep in the
22
construction project's timeline during the construction of residential
projects was measured.
Quality of Work. It refers to one of the indicators for the level impact of
scope creep, where the severity of scope creep in the various
requirements and goals that, in addition to exceeding the client's
expectations, must be met during the construction of residential projects
was measured.
Residential Construction Project. It describes a procedure that entails
constructing a new home or renovating an existing one so it can be used
as a residence. Usually, scope creep occurs during this procedure, and
when not managed accordingly, it can affect be affected.
Scope Creep. It relates to the expansion or modification of the project's
scope or the pressure to deliver more than what has been agreed upon
by all parties.
Specific Scope of Work. This term was used as an indicator for the
study. It is used to know how often scope creep happens during an
identified range of an activity that needs to be done and the range that it
will cover during the construction of a residential project.
Validated Mitigation Plan. It refers to the output of the study where it
can be used in mitigating the impact of scope creep.

23
CHAPTER II
METHOD AND PROCEDURES
This chapter includes the research design, sources of data, locale
and population of the study, instrumentation and data collection, tools
for data analysis, data categorization, output of the study and ethical
considerations that will be utilized in the conduct of this study.
Research Design
Descriptive research method is the research design used in this
study. Prieto et al. (2017), explains that knowledge on present
circumstances and conditions is gathered via descriptive research
design. After taking a vast amount of data from a large number of
samples and putting it through a rigorous process, this design produces
accurate results.
For this study, a descriptive research design is required because it
will require for the researchers to conduct surveys in order to collect the
data they need. The researchers will create the survey questions in order
to address the problems identified in the study.
The researcher utilizes a quantitative approach in order to analyze
the data from the survey questionnaire that was used for the study. By
gathering measurable data and using statistical, mathematical, or

24
computational methods, quantitative research analyzes phenomena in a
systematic way (Fleetwood, n.d.).
Sources of Data
Locale and Population of the Study
The research study were conducted during the first semester of
School Year 2022-2023 in the City of San Fernando, La Union. Purposive
sampling was used to identify the respondents of the study. The
respondents of the study were two (2) engineers from each construction
company that works as site engineers, project managers, quantity
surveyor, or contracts engineer. Among the 34 construction firms in the
City of San Fernando, La Union, there were only 18 construction firms
who was given the survey questionnaire due to reasons that the location
of the other firms was not locatable, and some had no time to answer the
survey questionnaire. With the 18 construction firms, the researchers
could not retrieve the questionnaires for the 3 construction firms
because they had no time to answer them. At the same time, 2 firms
have only 1 engineer so they were not included as the study's
respondents. Thus, 13 firms were able to be the respondents of this
study. The study has a total of 26 respondents.

25
Instrumentation and Data Collection
A survey questionnaire was used to collect the data needed for the
study. The questions were crafted by the researcher and were validated
by an expert in English and construction management. The
questionnaire was answered by whichever was available among the site
engineer, project manager, quantity surveyor, or contracts engineer of
the respective firms, which took them about 1 hour of involvement. This
questionnaire consisted of four (4) parts. The researchers give the
respondents an informed consent form to inform them what they need to
know when they become a part of the research. Furthermore, it also
means that they agree to be the study's respondents.
For the first part, the frequency of occurrence of scope creep in
residential construction projects was assessed using a checklist
questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of a 5-point frequency
rating scale.
Then for the second part, a checklist questionnaire was utilized to
assess the extent of scope creep in residential construction projects. This
questionnaire has a 5-point extent scale.
Next is part three, a checklist questionnaire was used to determine
the causes of scope creep on residential construction projects in the City
of San Fernando, La Union. It was crafted based on the causes of scope
creep. Then, the respondents assessed these causes to determine

26
whether they agreed or disagreed with the following causes of scope
creep in residential construction projects
Furthermore, for part four, a checklist questionnaire was crafted to
identify the impact of scope creep on the construction of residential
projects regarding the quality of work, construction schedule, and project
cost. The crafted checklist questionnaire has a 5-point level on the
impact rating scale.
All the data collected become a basis for crafting the mitigation
plan in managing the impacts of scope creep on residential construction
projects.
Validity of the Questionnaire
A validity test was used for the questionnaire for the data gathering
of the study. This questionnaire was presented to the validators, who
were research experts, which consisted of one (1) expert in English and
two (2) in the field of construction management.
After the evaluation of the following validators, the ratings were
summarized accordingly. The computed validity of the research
questionnaire was 4.72, which has a descriptive equivalent of Very
Highly Valid. This means that the research instrument used for the
study can significantly measure what it intends to measure.

27
Tools for Data Analysis
The researchers are subjected to a thorough analysis and
interpretation using the appropriate statistical tools based on the data
collected and tabulated. The raw data were tallied and presented in
tables for easier understanding.
To determine the frequency of occurrence and extent of scope creep
on residential construction projects, and the gathered responses were
tabulated and analyzed using weighted mean.
Frequency counting was used in processing the data for the causes
of scope creep on residential construction projects in the City of San
Fernando, La Union.
To determine the level of impact of scope creep in terms of Quality
of Works, Construction Schedule, and Project Cost, the gathered
responses were tabulated and analyzed using weighted mean.
The formula of Weighted mean is,
WM=
∑ fx
N
where: WM = Weighted Mean
f= Frequency
x= Weight
N= Total Number of Respondents

28
Data Categorization
To measure the data gathered, a 5-point scale made by Likert
(1932) was used to interpret the gathered data from the questionnaire. In
the frequency of occurrence of having scope creep on Residential
Construction the data categorization used is shown below.
Poin
Range of Descriptive
t Interpretation
Mean Values Value
Scale
5 4.51 – 5.00 Always Scope creep happens all the time
in residential construction project.
4 3.51 – 4.50 Often Scope creep happens numerous
times but not all the time in
residential construction project.
3 2.51 – 3.50 Sometimes Scope creep happens from now
and then but not often in
2 1.51 – 2.50 Seldom Scope creep happens once in a
while in residential construction
project.
1 1.00 – 1.50 Never Scope creep doesn’t happen at all

29
The gathered data on the extent of the occurrence of scope creep
on residential construction projects was measured using the data
categorization below.
Poin
t Interpretation
Mean Values Value
Scale
5 4.51 – 5.00 Very Large The scope creep has a wide
Extent significant degree of scope in the
construction of residential
projects.
4 3.51 – 4.50 Large The scope creep has more than
Extent average significant degree of scope
in the construction of residential
projects.
3 2.51 – 3.50 Moderate The scope creep has average
projects.
2 1.51 – 2.50 Small The scope creep has lesser
projects.
1 1.00 – 1.50 No Extent The scope creep has no significant

30
degree of scope in the construction
of residential projects.
While it was shown below how the level of impact of scope creep in
Residential Construction Projects in the City of San Fernando, La Union
will be categorized.
Poin
t Interpretation
Mean Values Value
Scale
5 4.51 – 5.00 Very High The impact of scope creep has a
severe effect in the residential
construction projects.
4 3.51 – 4.50 High The impact of scope creep has a
significant effect in the residential
construction project.
3 2.51 – 3.50 Moderate The impact of scope creep has a
moderate effect in the residential
2 1.51 – 2.50 Low The impact of scope creep has a
minor effect in the residential
1 1.00 – 1.50 Very Low The impact of scope creep has
inadequate or no impact at all in

31
the residential construction
project.
In determining the validity level of the questionnaire and mitigation
plan, the researchers used the following data categorization;
POINT SCALE STATISTICAL DESCRIPTIVE EQUIVALENT

RANGE
5 4.51 – 5.00 Very High Validity
4 3.51 – 4.50 High Validity
3 2.51 – 3.50 Moderate Validity
2 1.51 – 2.50 Poor Validity
1 1.00 – 1.50 Very Low Validity
Output of the Study
The output of the study is a validated mitigation plan for managing
the impacts of scope creep on residential construction projects. The
proposed mitigation plan was based on the findings of the data
collection. Furthermore, the frequency of occurrence in the project phase
that has an interpretation of often is included in the study. Then the
extent of the project phase was also added, which resulted to a large
extent. Also, the mitigation plan also contains results on the level of
impact of scope creep in residential construction projects, which shows a

32
high impact. The cause of scope creep used in the survey questionnaire
was used to show the source of scope creep.
The researchers presented proposed mitigation plan to three
experts in the field of construction management. Their suggestion and
recommendation were used to improve the output of the study further.
Ethical Considerations
In conducting this study, the following considerations to assure
the ethical standards were observed:
The researchers went to the Research Management office to
request for research ethics review and clearance for the study entitled
“The Impacts of Scope Creep on Residential Construction Projects”.
Before the conduct of study, the researchers sought permission
from the selected construction firms in the City of San Fernando, La
Union through a permission letter to inform the respondents about the
data to be gathered from them. The researchers seek the respondents’
approval in answering the questionnaires. The researchers respect the
dignity, privacy, and anonymity of the respondents. The type of
communication regarding the research was done with honesty and
transparency. Moreover, the assurance on the confidentiality of the
respondents’ answer was given. This was accomplished through the use
33
of an informed consent form, which respondents must sign before
completing the study's questionnaires.
The researchers obtained first the firm’s consent before conducting
all form of gathered information needed for the study. The information
about the study was indicated in the cover letter of the given
questionnaires. Everything that was written about the study was
comprehensive and accurate.
Sources of information incorporated in the study were highly
recognized to avoid plagiarism. Recognizing sources and appropriate
citation was done diligently and property to ensure copy right of laws.
CHAPTER III
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the results of the study on the impact of scope
creep in the residential construction projects in the City of San
Fernando, La Union as observed by the engineers of each construction
firm within the locality are presented, analyzed, and interpreted using
descriptive and tabular forms.
Construction Projects
This section shows how often scope creep occurs in a residential
construction project in terms of the phase of project and to a specific
scope of work.
Construction Projects in terms of Phase of Project
The table below presents the frequency of occurrence of scope
creep on residential construction projects of the construction firms with
regards to the phase of a project. The table also contains the indicator
together with its weighted mean and descriptive equivalent.

34
Table 1. Frequency of occurrence of Scope Creep on Residential

Construction Projects of Construction Firms in terms of Phase of project.
Weighted Descriptive
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Scope creep happens in residential projects 4.04 Often
Right after the contract signing 3.08 Sometimes
During the start of the project execution 3.54 Often
At the middle of the project execution 3.62 Often
Near the end of project execution 3.65 Often
Overall Mean 3.59 Often
Table 1 represents the frequency of occurrence of scope creep on
residential projects of construction firms for the phase of a project
according to the respondents. From the table 1, it shows that it has a
weighted mean of 3.59 which yields to a descriptive equivalent of often.
This implies that scope creep happens numerous times but not all the
time in residential construction project in its project phase.
In the table, scope creep happens in residential projects, it has the
highest mean which garnered 4.04 as its mean. This indicate that scope
creep takes place when constructing a residential project. Furthermore,
scope creep frequently occurs near the end of the project execution
wherein the table shows that it is the phase of the project where scope
creep usually occurs. This has a mean of 3.65. According to Sorinolu

35
(2012) scope creep really happens in any phase of the construction.
Thus, it was found out that the typical cause of scope creep is rework
where this usually happens when the construction period is at its latter
part. This was due to some correction of defects that is made during the
construction and the impact of it was not properly manage.
Construction Projects in terms of Specific Scope of Works
As shown on the table below, the frequency of occurrence of scope
creep in terms of specific scope of works is presented accordingly
together with the indicators, weighted mean and descriptive equivalent.

36
Table 6. Frequency of occurrence of Scope Creep on Residential Projects

of Construction Firms in terms of Specific Scope of Works
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Location, layout and elevations 3.38 Sometimes
House orientation and dimensions 3.58 Often
Structural material and design 3.04 Sometimes
Material and design for architectural

4.04 Often
finishes (painting, tiling, and ceiling)
Material and design of appurtenances/

3.81 Often
appliances
Material and design of plumbing fixtures 3.62 Often
Material and design of electrical fixtures 3.5 Sometimes
Material and design of doors and windows 3.65 Often
Overall Mean 3.58 Often
Table 6 represents the frequency of occurrence of scope creep on
residential projects of construction firms in terms of Specific Scope of
Works. It is observed from the table that it has a weighted mean of 3.58
which yields to a descriptive equivalent of often. This implies that scope
creep happens numerous times but not all the time in residential
construction project in terms of the specific scope of works.

37
Scope creep occurs when there is unexpected changes on the
project deliverables, specifications or scope of the project because of the
clients request (Amoatey and Anson, 2017).
As shown on table 6, the indicator that got the highest mean is the
material and design for architectural finishes (painting, tiling, and
ceiling), which is 4.04. This depicts that the specified material and design
for finishes often changes when constructing a residential project.
According to a study in Saudi Arabia, that there is a frequent change in
the types of materials and specification when the construction is ongoing
where this causes delays (Assaf, 2014). Thus, frequent design changes
occur in a construction project.
Extent of Scope Creep on Residential Construction Projects
This section shows the extent of scope creep occurs in a residential
construction project in terms of the phase of project and to a specific
scope of work.
Phase of Project
The table below presents the extent of scope creep on residential
construction projects of the construction firms with regards to the phase
of a project. The table also contains the indicator together with its
weighted mean and descriptive equivalent.

38
Table 7. Extent of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Projects in

terms of the Phases of Project
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Scope creep happens in residential projects 3.96 Large Extent
Right after the contract signing 3.04 Moderate
Extent
During the start of the project execution 3.38 Moderate
Extent
At the middle of the project execution 3.69 Large Extent
Near the end of project execution 3.69 Large Extent
Overall Mean 3.55 Large Extent
Table 7 shows that scope creep happens in the residential projects
has the highest average mean of 3.96 in terms of its extent. This
indicates that scope creep in residential construction projects has more
than average significant degree of scope.
Among the phases of project, the table shows that at the middle
and near the end of the project execution have the highest rating of 3.69
while right after the contract signing has the lowest rating of 3.04. This
shows that at the middle and near the end of the project execution has a
larger extent of scope creep compared to right after signing the contract
and during the execution.

39
Carolyn (2022) claims that scope creep can manifest itself in
various ways. If a project's scope changes after it have started, both the
budget and the timeline must be adjusted. It inhibits the project from
being completed on schedule and at a reasonable cost.
Overall, the extent of scope creep in residential construction
projects has a weighted mean of 3.64, which produces a descriptive
equivalent of "large extent," implying that scope creeps are more
widespread than typical in the development of residential projects.
Specific Scope of Works
As shown on the table below, the extent of scope creep in terms of
specific scope of works is presented accordingly together with the
indicators, weighted mean and descriptive equivalent.

40
Table 8. Extent of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Projects in

terms of the Specific Scope of Works
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Location, layout and elevations 3.77 Large Extent
House orientation and dimensions 3.62 Large Extent
Structural material and design 3.54 Large Extent
Material and design for architectural

3.92 Large Extent
finishes (painting, tiling, and ceiling)
Material and design of appurtenances/ Moderate

3.46
appliances Extent
Material and design of plumbing fixtures 3.54 Large Extent
Material and design of electrical fixtures 3.58 Large Extent
Material and design of doors and windows 3.65 Large Extent
Overall Mean 3.64 Large Extent
Table 8 shows that finishes material and design for architectural
finishes (painting, tiling, and ceiling) has the highest average mean of
3.92 which indicates that among the other specific scope of works,
material and design for architectural finishes has the largest degree of
scope creep.
The failure mechanism in the substructure has a failure impact on
changes in substructure designs, changes in groundworks, differences
concerning the structure, changes in specifications, and so on, according

41
to the findings of the study done by Agyepong (2013). The failure effect
of construction services is the introduction of many new items into the
work, which leads to unnecessary delays in the job and changes that
were not budgeted for, ultimately resulting in an inadequacy in the
contingency sum.
As presented in the table, the extent of scope creep in residential
construction projects in terms of the scope of works perceived by the
respondents has a weighted mean of 3.55, which yields a descriptive
equivalent of "large extent." This gives the impression that scope creep is
more prevalent than usual in residential projects.
Causes of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Project.
In this part, it presents the causes of scope creep in the
construction of residential projects. The table contains the indicator, and
the frequency number of the responds whether they agree or not to the
set indicator.
42
Table 9. Causes of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Project
Indicator Agree Disagree
Unclear project scope definition 22 4
Long project duration 15 11
Failure in managing the project scope 20 6
Client’s unrealistic expectation 16 10
Lack of communication and update with 18 8
Additional request of the client 25 1
Lack of client involvement 19 7
A project team member alters a task

23 3
without consulting the whole team
Lack of project task prioritization 22 4
The design and development were made
prior to the conducting of full

26 0
analysis of the requirements and a cost-
benefit analysis
As shown in the table, ten statements were identified as potential
causes of scope creep in a construction project, and respondents were
asked to indicate whether they agreed or disagree with each statement.
The most frequent of the ten causes of scope creep in a construction
project with a frequency of 26 is when the design and development were

43
done without first conducting a thorough analysis of the requirements
and a cost-benefit analysis. Mirza et. Al. (2013) states that there is only a
chance of success with an established and documented vision. Each
project must clearly define and record its scope in order for the project to
advance in a coordinated manner and for the project's requirements to
be written. The statement of need should remain the same after it has
been derived. When there is no specified requirement, the changes will
take time to manage. Project failure results from a lack of requirements,
changes in the requirements, and vague objectives.
Contrarily, it was found that a construction project's lengthy
duration is a rare cause of scope creep. In a construction project, the
duration of the project is crucial and important. Construction projects
with too many complexities can develop more likely reasons for cost
overruns, increasing risks and uncertainties. Consequently, there may
be more cost and schedule variance, resulting in project failures (Devi, A.
C., & Ananthanarayanan, K., 2017).
Impacts of scope creep on the quality of work, project duration and
project cost
The level of impact of scope creep on residential construction
projects was assessed in terms of quality of work, project duration, and
project cost. This section presents the result of the evaluation of

44
respondents by identifying the weighted mean for each area of scope
creep.
Quality of Work
Table 10 shows the Level of Impact of Scope Creep on Residential
Construction Projects in Terms of Quality of Work perceived by the
respondents. It can be observed from the table that it has an overall
mean of 3.94 which yields a descriptive equivalent of high level of impact.
These points out that almost all of the indicators set for quality of work
have an impact. Among the indicators of the level of impact of scope
creep on residential construction projects the additional tasks have the
highest mean of 4.23 on the other hand overwork laborers have the least
mean of 3.65.
Table 10. Level of Impact of Scope Creep on Residential Construction

Projects in Terms of Quality of Work
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Decreased productivity 4 High
Additional task 4.23 High
Decreased quality of the project outcome 4 High
Disengaged team members 3.81 High
Overwork laborers 3.65 High
Overall Mean 3.94 High

45
The elusiveness of scope creep is also connected to behavioral
economics and the psychology of people. When making modifications to
massive, complicated projects, when adding or deleting specifications
from the project scope appears to have little effect on paper or in the
meeting room, people often misjudge the long-term effects. When a
project enters the execution stage, the actual effects become apparent.
Inhibiting scope creeps, a preventative measure at the 2-planning stage,
which comes before the execution phase. It could be too late to return to
the original specifications once the project organization feels the effects of
scope creep. Therefore, scope creep may appear inevitable and an
inherent element of undertakings (Høylandskjær, 2018). Inadequate
construction worker supervision frequently results in safety issues
brought on by overworked bodies. On the study of (Kessler, 2020)
overworked, fatigued, or exhausted employees are more prone to poor
judgment, burnout, and stress, as well as taking unnecessary shortcuts
to avoid chores that may become too demanding as the week goes on.
According to OSHA, construction is already one of the most dangerous, if
not the most lethal, sectors, accounting for nearly 20% of all private-
industry worker deaths.
From the data shown in Table 10, the impact of scope creeps on
residential construction projects is high, which shows that all the above
indicators significantly impact the quality of the work. The indicator that
got the highest mean was additional tasks; adding tasks to the scope of a
46
project can affect the scope already planned, and discussing with the
client how this additional task can disrupt the project can help.
Project Duration
Construction Projects in Terms of Project Duration perceived by the
respondents. It can be seen from the table that it has an overall mean of
4.27 which yields a descriptive equivalent of high impact. These shows
that almost all of the indicators set for project duration have an impact.
In the table shown below project delay due to lack of resources can be
seen as the highest in the indicators of the level of impact in terms of
project duration, missed delivery date and miscommunication on project
deadline have the same least mean which is 4.19.

Projects in Terms of Project Duration
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Extended project timeline 4.27 High
Missed delivery date 4.19 High
Behind project schedule 4.38 High
Miscommunication on project deadline 4.19 High
Miscommunication on delivery time of

4.27 High
material
Project delay due to lack of resources 4.42 High

47
Any project can succeed or fail due to delays, which are frequently
brought on by frequent, unrecorded change orders (Sweis et al., 2008).
The contractor's resources are one of the main performance indicators
that lead to delays. The resources include money, people, materials, and
equipment. Komal et al. (2019) highlighted several organizational
problems that prevent building projects from succeeding, such as
miscommunication, a lack of resources, and unclear objectives. On the
other hand, Gamil and Rahman (2017) assert that excellent
communication is crucial to preventing scope creep due to the dynamic
and complicated nature of the construction industry. Poor
communication can also adversely affect a construction project's
success, which can even lead to failure (Majeed et al., 2021).
Indeed, project stakeholders are always most concerned with
successfully seeing a project through to completion. This is because
project success positively impacts the outcomes, making it the
stakeholders' ultimate goal (Luo et al., 2020). In the opinion of Bjorvatn
and Wald (2019), project success is the achievement of a project within
the allotted time, cost, and quality limits that meet the requirements and
should also be sustainable (Khan et al., 2020).
In the table above the impact of scope creep in residential
construction project in terms of project duration is high, from the

48
questionnaire that was given to the respondents it was identified that
lack of resources can cause delay in the duration of the project.
Project Cost
Construction Projects in Terms of Project Cost perceived by the
respondents. It can be observed from the table that it has an overall
mean of 4.3 which yields to a descriptive equivalent of high impact. This
indicates that almost all of the indicators set for Project Cost have an
impact. Additional cost for materials has the highest mean in the
indicators in terms of project cost which is 4.58, while additional workers
which have the mean of 4.08 having the least impact on the project cost
on the construction of residential projects.

Projects in Terms of Project Cost
Indicator
Mean Equivalent
Additional cost for materials 4.58 High
Additional workers 4.08 High
Insufficient budget 4.12 High
Cost overrun 4.42 High

49
According to (Høylandskjær, 2018), scope creep harms a project's
success since it delays the timetable, raises costs, and degrades the
project's quality. Additionally, scope changes frequently happen without
the project manager and client's prior approval (Sharma et al., 2017).
The administration of project estimation, budgeting, and finance is
referred to as project cost management (PMI, 2017, p. 24). Budgeting,
estimating, and finance can give a realistic picture of the work in
progress, making problem detection simple while showing the
relationship between cost and schedule performance (Kerzner, 2017).
Cost management is the practical application of monitoring and
regulating running project costs (Wysocki, 2011) .
In essence, project cost management is a strategy for distributing
resources and skills while allowing for a clearer perspective of the
patterns that various restrictions could impose on the project (Meredith
J., 2011). The project managers may find it challenging to plan, measure,
report, and control costs if a defined cost management plan is not
present at the start of the project's life cycle. This can also prevent the
project from staying within its budget, if not even establishing one
(Sokowski, 2015, p. 140).
Based from the table above the overall mean of the impact of scope
creep on residential construction project were high, which means that all
the indicators that were given on the table have a high impact on the
50
project in terms of project cost. Additional cost for materials on
construction projects can affect the scope of the project especially when
there are added task that were not documented and discussed with the
client.
Development of Mitigation Plan
Rationale
The proposed mitigation plan was formulated as the output of this
study. The purposed of this mitigation plan is to help construction firms
manage the impact of scope creep during the construction of a
The frequency of occurrence in the project phase that has an
interpretation of often is included in the study. The extent of the project
phase, which resulted to a large extent, was also incorporated. The
occurrence was based on the result of how frequent scope creep happens
in the phase of the project during a residential project which happens to
happen often. Moreover, the mitigation plan also contains results on the
level of impact of scope creep in residential construction projects, which
shows a high impact. The cause of scope creep used in the survey
questionnaire was used to show the source of scope creep. Thus,
mitigation strategies were given to alleviate the impact of scope creep.

51
The construction firms can use the mitigation plan to effectively manage
the construction of residential projects.
The proposed mitigation plan was presented in tabular form. It
contains the cause and impact of scope creep, its occurrence, frequency,
and extent. In addition, the level of impact, mitigation strategy, the time
when the mitigation strategy should be implemented, and the person/s
who is responsible for mitigating the impact of scope creep. In ensuring
the validity of the output, three experts in the field of construction
management will be used as a validator for the proposed mitigation plan.
These experts will evaluate the plan in terms of the face and content.
Their suggestion and recommendation will be used to improve the output
of the study further.
General Objectives
1. To have a well-managed project for residential construction
projects.
2. To effectively manage the adverse effect of scope creep during the
construction of residential projects.
3. To recommend a solution that will mitigate the impact of scope
creep on residential projects.
4. To lower, the impact level of scope creep for residential projects.
Implementation Strategy
52
This proposed mitigation plan will be shown to the construction
firms in the City of San Fernando, La Union. The success of the plan
implementation will rely on the people who will implement the mitigation
strategy. Monitoring of the plan is highly encouraged. Thus, the time
frame for implementing the mitigation strategy should be strictly
observed. The plan's implementation should also be evaluated to improve
it further.
Figure 2. Proposed Mitigation Plan on the Impact of Scope Creep in Residential Construction Project
Frequ- Person/s
Level Time to
Impact of Occur- ency of Mitigation Respon-
Cause of Extent of Imple-
Scope Creep rence Occurr Strategy sible to
Scope Creep Impact ment
ence Mitigate
A. Quality of Work
The design Additional task High Finalize
and the client’s
development project
Project
were made require-
At the Before Engineer
prior to the ments
middle the con-
conducting of before
of the Large tract Architect
full analysis of Often starting
project Extent signing
the the design
execu-
requirements and cons-
tion
and a cost- truction of
benefit the project.
analysis Conduct a At the Project
Additional meeting kick-off Engineer
request of the Near the Often Large with the meeting
client end of Extent clients Architect
the what are
project their
execu- require-
tion ments for
53
the project.
At the
middle Carefully
of the Large make and
Often
project Extent plan a Planning
Before
execu- cons- and
Lack of project the start
Decreased tion truction Sche-
task High of the
productivity Near the and man- duling
prioritization cons-
end of power Engineer
truction
the Large schedule
Often
project Extent for the
execu- project.
tion
Failure in Decrease At the High
managing the quality of the middle
project scope project outcome of the Large Project
Often Set and list
project Extent Engineer
execu- all the Before
tion project the start
Project
deliveries of the
Near the Often Large Manager
to see what cons-
end of Extent
needs to be truction
the Site
finished.
project Engineer
execu-
tion
During Project
Monitor the Engineer
54
the project
whether Project
the project Manager
project
schedule is
on track. Site
Engineer
Project
Engineer
Have
regular Project
monitoring During Manager
of the the
cons- project Site
truction of Engineer
the project.
Site
Inspector
Disengaged At the High Update the Wheneve Project
A project team
team members middle clients, r there Engineer
member alters
of the Large team are
a task without Often
project Extent members changes Project
consulting the
execu- and on the Manager
whole team
tion stakehol- project
Lack of Near the Often Large ders about and Site
communica- end of Extent all the before Engineer
tion and the changes on imple- Contrac-
update with project the project. menting tor
55
the it.
stakeholders, execu-
clients and tion
team members
Hire
At the additional
During Contrac-
middle workers
the tor
of the Large when the
Often cons-
project Extent added
truction Project
execu- project
project Engineer
tion task is
complex.
A 30-
minute
break for
Long project Overwork
High the
duration laborers
workers
Near the
should be During
end of
implement- the
the Large Project
Often ted in the cons-
project Extent Engineer
morning truction
execu-
and project.
tion
afternoon
to enable
the
workers to
rest.
56
B. Project Duration
Request for When
At the an the
Contrac-
middle additional client’s
tor
of the Large payment request
Often
project Extent for the is ap-
Project
execu- added proved
Additional Project delay Engineer
tion request of by the
request of the due to lack of High
the client team
client resources
Near the
Add During Contrac-
end of
additional the tor
the Large
Often workers to cons-
project Extent
speed up truction Project
execu-
the project. project Engineer
tion
Behind project High Add
schedule additional
At the resources
During Contrac-
middle such as
Additional the tor
of the Large manpower,
request of the Often cons-
project Extent equipment,
client truction Project
execu- and money
project Engineer
tion to keep the
project on
track.
Failure in Near the Often Large Perform During Contrac-
managing the end of Extent project the tor
57
the crashing to
cons-
project keep the
project scope truction Project
execu- project on
project Engineer
tion schedule.
At the Add
middle additional
of the Large resources
Often Contrac-
project Extent such as
During tor
execu- manpower,
Additional the
Extended tion equipment,
request of the High cons- Project
project timeline Near the and money
client truction Engineer
end of to speed
project
the Large up the
Often
project Extent completion
execu- of the
tion project.
Lack of Miscommu- At the High Call the During Contrac-
communicatio nication on middle supplier the tor
n and update delivery time of of the Large the day cons-
Often
with the material project Extent before the truction Project
stakeholders. execu- delivery project Engineer
tion date to
Near the Often Large confirm
end of Extent the
the scheduled
project delivery.
execu-
58
tion
At the
Have a
middle
Additional regular
of the Large
request of the Often High update
project Extent
client with the
execu-
team and During Project
tion
client the Engineer
Lack of Missed delivery
regarding cons-
communica- date Near the
the project truction Site
tion and end of
or possible project Engineer
update with the Large
Often changes
the project Extent
affecting
stakeholders, execu-
the project
and team tion
schedule.
members
Lack of Miscommu- At the High Have a Before Project
communica- nication on middle meeting the Engineer
tion and project deadline of the Large with the cons-
Often
update with project Extent project truction
the execu- team and project
stakeholders, tion workers to starts
clients and Near the Often Large discuss the
team members end of Extent necessary
the informatio
project n
execu- regarding
tion the project
59
(project
deliveries,
scope, and
schedule)
before the
project
starts.
C. Project Cost
Lack of Additional cost At the High The project
communica- for materials middle cost
tion and of the Large estimate
Often
update with project Extent should Cost
the execu- have an Estimate
During
stakeholders tion allocation Team
the cost
Near the Often Large for the
estimate
end of Extent unexpec- Project
the ted Engineer
project material
execu- price
tion changes.
Communi- Before Cost
cate with the cost Estimate
the estimate Team
material
supplier to
have an
updated
60
pricelist
before
having the
cost
estimate.
Cost overrun High Request for
an
additional
payment When
At the for the the
Project
middle added client’s
Additional Engineer
of the Large request of request
request of the Often
project Extent the client if is ap-
client Contrac-
execu- the proved
tor
tion possible by the
cost is not team
added to
the
estimate
Lack of Near the Often Large The project During Cost
communica- end of Extent cost the cost Estimate
tion and the estimate estimate Team
update with project team
the execu- should
stakeholders, tion review the
clients and estimate
team members thoroughly
61
and check
if they
include all
the
possible
expenses
for the
project.
At the The project
middle cost
of the Large estimate
Often
project Extent team
Lack of execu- should
communication review the
tion and estimate
During Cost
update with Insufficient thoroughly
High the cost Estimate
the budget Near the and check
estimate Team
stakeholders, end of if they
clients and the Large include all
Often
team members project Extent the
execu- possible
tion expenses
for the
project.
Additional Additional At the Often Large High A request When Project
request of the workers middle Extent for an the Engineer
client of the additional client’s
62
project
payment to
execu-
the client
tion request
that will
Near the is ap-
cover the Contrac-
end of proved
expenses tor
the Large by the
Often for the
project Extent team
additional
execu-
workers
tion
63
64
CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The summary of the study, the conclusion based on the findings,
and recommendations offered was shown on this section.
Summary
The study covered the impact of scope creep on a residential
construction project in the City of San Fernando, La Union. This study
aims to create a mitigation plan to help manage the impact of scope
creep in Residential Construction Projects in the City of San Fernando,
La Union, to have an effective and well-managed residential construction
project. Thus, this study aimed to assess the frequency and extent of
scope creep in residential construction projects in the City of San
Fernando, La Union. Also, this study aimed to identify the causes of
scope creep in Residential Construction Projects. Furthermore, this
study seeks to assess the level of impact of scope creep on residential
construction projects in the locality regarding the quality of work,
construction schedule, and project cost.
This study utilized a descriptive method of research and a
quantitative approach. The study used a survey questionnaire as a data-
gathering tool that the researcher made. The total number of
respondents to the study was 26, comprising two (2) engineers from the
13 construction firms that work as site engineers, project managers,

65
quantity surveyors, or contract engineers. This was conducted in the first
semester of the academic term of 2022-2023. To treat the data gathered,
the researchers used frequency counting and weighted mean.
Findings
The following are the salient findings of the study:
1. During the different phases of a construction project and regarding
a specific scope of work, scope creep often happens in residential
construction projects in the City of San Fernando, La Union.
2. Scope creep has a large extent in a residential construction project
in the City of San Fernando, La Union, in both the phases of a
construction project and the identified specific scope of work.
3. Among the identified causes of scope creep in the residential
construction project, the most agreed cause was that the design
and development were made prior to conducting a full analysis of
the requirements and a cost-benefit analysis. While the least
agreed cause of scope creep was the long project duration.
4. The level of impact of scope creep in the City of San Fernando, La
Union, in terms of quality of work, project duration, and project
cost is high.
66
5. A mitigation plan was crafted based on the data gathered to help
manage the impact of scope creep for an effective and well-
managed residential construction project.
Conclusions
Based on the findings, the following conclusions were drawn:
1. Many changes happen during the execution of residential
construction projects, including the material specifications and
scope of work, where engineers fail to manage these changes. So,
these uncontrolled changes often lead to scope creep. Therefore,
scope creep is evident in the project phases and specific scope of
works during the construction of residential projects.
2. When scope creep happens in residential projects, it covers a large
part of the project that can result in the phases of the project and
the specific scope of works being affected. As the extent of scope
creep widens, a large part of the project is also be affected. Thus,
scope creep can be critical to the success of the project.
3. Failing to understand the client's requirements, needs, and
demands and neglecting the conduct of the project's cost-benefit
analysis before starting the design and planning of a project is
critical as this will cause more modification on what is already
planned. When these changes are not managed accordingly, it will

67
significantly impact the project, especially on the cost, schedule,
and output quality.
4. Engineers had a hard time managing the impacts of scope creep
during the construction of residential projects in terms of quality of
work, project duration, and project cost. Therefore, there is a need
for engineers and construction firms to come up with an
appropriate and effective measure to decrease the impact of scope
creep in residential projects.
5. The mitigation plan that the researchers crafted is practical and
doable.
Recommendations
1. The construction firms should use the crafted mitigation plan
made by the researcher to effectively manage the impact of scope
creep in residential construction projects in the City of San
Fernando, La Union.
2. Clearly define the project scope because it is based not only on
thoroughly stating what the scope covers but also on focusing
strongly on what the project does not accomplish or entail during
and after project completion.
3. Project managers should increase organizational awareness and a
definitional understanding of scope creep. It might lead to

68
improved communication among project management teams,
which would benefit consumers and stakeholders by clarifying the
project scope before starting a project.
4. The contractor should ensure that every requested change is
documented. The new task should be priced and signed
immediately by both parties, and the change order must become
part of the contract once executed.
5. A construction firm should establish estimates with specified
parameters so that if they present their clients with the estimates,
they will have a far better grasp of the scale and expense involved
with any revisions or additional work required.
6. To minimize unanticipated change orders throughout the project
execution phase, construction firms should ensure that all
agreements between the clients and the contractor are thoroughly
explained to the clients.
7. Have a clear construction schedule so that the project manager
can easily track the time for each task, define the task to prioritize
and assign.
8. A study of the impact of scope creep in a commercial construction
project should be done.
9. Before the contract signing, ensure that the client has read the
contract carefully so that the client will be aware of the project
scope and all the parts of the contract.

69
10. Future academics can use the study's findings to expand their
research on scope creep management.
11. Other researchers can utilize the study's results for further
construction management research.

70
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practices-article
Sharma, R., Sohi, A. J., Hertogh, M. J., & Deketh, J. R. (2017,
September). Controlling the uncontrolled by noticing the
unnoticed. In 2017 12th International Scientific and Technical
Conference on Computer Sciences and Information Technologies
(CSIT) (Vol. 2, pp. 106-114). IEEE.
Sindi, M. (2018). Scope creep in construction industry of Saudi
Arabia. Int. Res. J. Adv. Eng. Sci., 3(2), 277-281. Retrieved
fromhttp://irjaes.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/10/IRJAES-
V3N2P949Y18.pdf
Smith, J. L. (2014, August). Quality Magazine. Retrieved from
https://www.qualitymag.com/articles/92030-phil-crosbys-legacy
Sokowski, D. (2015). Mastering Project Management Integration and
Scope: A Framework for Strategizing and Defining Project
Objectives and Deliverables. FT Press.

79
Stewart, J. (2015). The Denver International Airport Story or Everything
You Ever Wanted To Know About How Not To Run A Project.
LinkedIn.
Sweis, G., Sweis, R., Hammad, A. A., & Shboul, A. (2008). Delays in
construction projects: The case of Jordan. International Journal of
project management, 26(6), 665-674.
Valdellon, L. (2021, February 3). Wrike. Retrieved from
https://www.wrike.com/blog/main-sources-scope-creep/
Wysocki, R. K. (2011, October). wiley. Retrieved from wiley.com:
https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Effective+Project+Management
%3A+Traditional%2C+Agile%2C+Extreme%2C+6th+Edition-p-
9781118016190
80
APPENDICES
Appendix A
Letter to the Respondents
Saint Louis College
College of Engineering and Architecture

81
Department of Civil Engineering
Dear Respondents,
Greetings!
We, the 4th year Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering students of

Saint Louis College of the City of San Fernando, La Union are conducting
a research with the given title of THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON
FERNANDO, LA UNION.
In connection, we prepared a questionnaire to gather the data needed for

this study. In this regard, we are asking for your cooperation to this
study by answering the following question honestly. Rest assured that
your responses will be treated with utmost confidentiality.
Thank you and God Bless!
Respectfully Yours,
The Researchers
Carig, Daisy B.
Domondon, Russel Mathew R.
Littaua, Lara Jessica G.
Marzan, Emmalyn C.
Sapitula, Kriza Claire B.
Appendix B
Survey Questionnaire
Saint Louis College

82
“The Impact of Scope Creep on Residential Construction Projects in

the City of San Fernando, La Union”
Name (Optional): _________________________________________________

Position: _________________________________________________________
Company Name/Firm Name: _____________________________________
PART I. INSTRUCTIONS: Please assess the frequency of occurrence in

the following statements based on your experience. Answer it by putting
a check (/) on your corresponding answer using the scale below.
Frequency rating scale:
5 – Always = Scope creep happens all the time in residential
4 – Often = Scope creep happens numerous times but not all the time
3 – Sometimes = Scope creep happens from now and then but not
often in residential construction projects.
2 – Seldom = Scope creep happens once in a while in residential
1 – Never = Scope creep doesn’t happen at all in residential
5 4 3 2 1
A. Phase of Project
1. Scope creep happens in
residential projects
2. Right after the contract
signing
83
3. During the start of the

project execution
4. At the middle of the
project execution
5. Near the end of the project
execution
B. Specific Scope of Works
1. Location, layout and
elevations
2. House orientation and
dimensions
3. Structural material and
design
4. Material and design for
architectural finishes
(painting, tiling, and
ceiling)
5. Material and design of
appurtenances/
appliances
plumbing fixtures
electrical fixtures
doors and windows
PART II. INSTRUCTIONS: Please assess the extent of scope creep in the
following statements based on your experience. Answer it by putting a
check (/) on your corresponding answer using the scale below.
Extent rating scale:
5 – Very Large Extent = The scope creep has a wide significant
degree of scope in the construction of residential projects.
4 – Large Extent = The scope creep has more than average
significant degree of scope in the construction of residential projects.
3 – Moderate Extent = The scope creep has average significant
2 – Small Extent = The scope creep has lesser significant degree of
scope in the construction of residential projects.
84
1 – No Extent = The scope creep has no significant degree of scope

in
the construction of residential projects
5 4 3 2 1
A. Phase of Project
signing
project execution
project execution
execution
elevations
dimensions
design
ceiling)
appurtenances/
appliances
plumbing fixtures
electrical fixtures
doors and windows
PART III. INSTRUCTIONS: Below are the causes of scope creep in a

construction project. Assess the following whether you agree or disagree
on the following causes of scope creep in residential projects. Put a check
(/) mark on your answer.
AGREE DISAGREE
1. Unclear project scope definition
85
2. Long project duration

3. Failure in managing the project
scope
4. Client’s unrealistic expectation
5. Lack of communication and update
with the stakeholders, clients and
team members
6. Additional request of the client
7. Lack of client involvement
8. A project team member alters a task
without consulting the whole team.
9. Lack of project task prioritization
10. The design and development were
made prior to the conducting of full
analysis of the requirements and a
cost-benefit analysis
Part IV.
INSTRUCTIONS: Below are the impacts of scope creep on the quality of
work, project duration, and project cost. Assess the level of impact of the
following based on your experience in constructing a residential project.
Answer the following and put a check (/) mark using the scale below.
Levels of Impact rating scale
5 – Very High = The impact of scope creep has a severe effect in the
4 – High = The impact of scope creep has a significant effect in the
3 – Moderate = The impact of scope creep has a moderate effect in
the residential construction project.
2 – Low = The impact of scope creep has a minor effect in the
1 – Very Low = The impact of scope creep has inadequate or no
impact at all in the residential construction project.
5 4 3 2 1
Quality of Work
1. Decreased productivity
2. Additional Task
86
3. Decrease quality of the

project outcome
4. Disengaged team members
5. Overwork laborers
Project Duration
1. Extended project timeline
2. Missed delivery date
3. Behind project schedule
4. Miscommunication on
project deadline
delivery time of material
6. Project delay due to lack of
resources
Project Cost
1. Additional cost for
materials
2. Additional workers
3. Insufficient budget
4. Cost overrun
Appendix C
Letter to Mayor
87
Appendix D
List of Construction Firms

88
Appendix E
Research Ethics Clearance Certificate
89
Appendix F
Letter for Validation of the Questionnaire
90
Saint Louis College
College of Engineering and

Architecture
Department of Civil
Engineering
Ma’am/Sir,
Greetings!
We, the 4th year Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering students

of Saint Louis College of the City of San Fernando, La Union are
conducting a research entitled THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON
FERNANDO, LA UNION. As part of our curricular requirements in the
course CE 412: Ce Project 1. In connection with this, we, the
Researchers have crafted test questionnaires as an instrument in
gathering our data for the said research. Herewith attached is a copy of
our test questionnaire.
In this regard, may we request your generous assistance to
validate our test questionnaires before administering them to our
respected respondents. We are much certain with your expertise and
experience in the field of research and construction management, your
assessment of the said questionnaire will help us improve our
instrument. Your participation as one of our Panel of Validators to test
the validity and acceptability of questionnaires is highly appreciated.
We are glad to hear your comments, suggestions, and

recommendations for the refinement of our questionnaire. Thank you
very much!
91
Respectfully yours, NOTED BY:
The Researchers Engr. Dianne Fernandez

Research Adviser
Carig, Daisy B.
Domondon, Russel Mathew R.
Littaua, Lara Jessica G.
Marzan, Emmalyn C.
Sapitula, Kriza Claire B.
Appendix G
Level of Validity of the Questionnaire
92
Saint Louis College
CALCULATION OF VALIDITY OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE
VALIDATOR DESCRIPTIVE
VALIDITY INDICATOR MEAN
1 2 3 EQUIVALENT
a) The questionnaire
comprehensively covers the
5 4 5 4.67 VHV
main and specific
topics/problems.
b) The instructions and
questions are written based on
the respondents' understanding 5 4 5 4.67 VHV
and do not warrant any
misconceptions.
c) The instructions and questions
are comprehensive and complete
to elicit all the appropriate 5 4 5 4.67 VHV
responses to generate relevant
and accurate data.
d) The instructions and
checklist/items are
5 5 5 5 VHV
grammatically correct and free
from any errors.
e) The 5 5 4 4.67 VHV
style,format,appearance,and
length of the questionnaire are
93
appropriately structured and are

detailed to ensure the
respondents' understanding,
focus, and enthusiasm in
diligently completing the
questionnaire.
f) The questionnaire measures
what it intends to measure and
5 4 5 4.67 VHV
the items lead to an acceptable
answer.
OVERALL 5 4.33 4.83 4.72 VHV
Legend:
VHV = Very Highly Validity
HV = Highly Validity
MV = Moderate Validity
PV = Poor Validity
VLV = Very Low Validity
Interpretation:
The research tool has a validity of 4.72, which is equivalent to very

high validity. This implies that the research tool can significantly
measure what it intends to measure.
Appendix H
Raw Data
Saint Louis College

94
TALLY OF RESPONSES
“The Impact of Scope Creep on Residential Construction Projects in

the City of San Fernando, La Union”
Name (Optional): _________________________________________________

Position: _________________________________________________________
Company Name/Firm Name: _____________________________________
PART I. INSTRUCTIONS: Please assess the frequency of occurrence in

the following statements based on your experience. Answer it by putting
a check (/) on your corresponding answer using the scale below.
Frequency rating scale:
5 – Always = Scope creep happens all the time in residential
4 – Often = Scope creep happens numerous times but not all the time
3 – Sometimes = Scope creep happens from now and then but not
often in residential construction projects.
2 – Seldom = Scope creep happens once in a while in residential
1 – Never = Scope creep doesn’t happen at all in residential
5 4 3 2 1
A. Phase of Project
9 9 8 0 0
3 10 5 2 6
signing
5 8 9 4 0
project execution
3 10 13 0 0
project execution
95

5 9 10 2 0
execution
6 5 9 5 1
elevations
8 6 6 6 1
dimensions
5 5 3 12 1
design
11 8 4 3 0
ceiling)
appurtenances/ 8 9 5 4 0
appliances
8 5 8 5 0
plumbing fixtures
6 7 7 6 0
electrical fixtures
9 6 4 7 0
doors and windows
PART II. INSTRUCTIONS: Please assess the extent of scope creep in the
following statements based on your experience. Answer it by putting a
check (/) on your corresponding answer using the scale below.
Extent rating scale:
5 – Very Large Extent = The scope creep has a wide significant
4 – Large Extent = The scope creep has more than average
significant degree of scope in the construction of residential projects.
3 – Moderate Extent = The scope creep has average significant
2 – Small Extent = The scope creep has lesser significant degree of
scope in the construction of residential projects.
1 – No Extent = The scope creep has no significant degree of scope
in
96
the construction of residential projects

5 4 3 2 1
A. Phase of Project
9 7 10 0 0
4 6 7 5 4
signing
5 5 11 5 0
project execution
4 10 12 0 0
project execution
7 8 7 4 0
execution
C. Specific Scope of Works
8 6 10 2 0
elevations
7 6 9 4 0
dimensions
8 8 0 10 0
design
9 10 3 4 0
ceiling)
appurtenances/ 9 7 3 6 0
appliances
6 7 8 5 0
plumbing fixtures
7 6 8 5 0
electrical fixtures
8 7 5 6 0
doors and windows
PART III. INSTRUCTIONS: Below are the causes of scope creep in a

construction project. Assess the following whether you agree or disagree
on the following causes of scope creep in residential projects. Put a check
(/) mark on your answer.
AGREE DISAGREE
1. Unclear project scope definition 22 4
2. Long project duration 15 11
3. Failure in managing the project
20 26
scope
97
4. Client’s unrealistic expectation 16 10

5. Lack of communication and update
with the stakeholders, clients and 18 8
team members
6. Additional request of the client 25 1
7. Lack of client involvement 19 7
8. A project team member alters a task
23 3
without consulting the whole team.
9. Lack of project task prioritization 22 4
10 The design and development were
made prior to the conducting of full
26 0
analysis of the requirements and a
cost-benefit analysis
Part IV.
INSTRUCTIONS: Below are the impacts of scope creep on the quality of
work, project duration, and project cost. Assess the level of impact of the
following based on your experience in constructing a residential project.
Answer the following and put a check (/) mark using the scale below.
Levels of Impact rating scale
5 – Very High = The impact of scope creep has a severe effect in the
4 – High = The impact of scope creep has a significant effect in the
3 – Moderate = The impact of scope creep has a moderate effect in
the residential construction project.
2 – Low = The impact of scope creep has a minor effect in the
1 – Very Low = The impact of scope creep has inadequate or no
impact at all in the residential construction project.
5 4 3 2 1
Quality of Work
1. Decreased productivity 9 10 5 2 0
2. Additional Task 11 10 5 0 0
3. Decrease quality of the
10 9 4 3 0
project outcome
4. Disengaged team members 5 11 10 0 0
5. Overwork laborers 6 6 8 3 0
98
Project Duration
1. Extended project timeline 13 7 6 0 0
2. Missed delivery date 12 7 7 0 0
3. Behind project schedule 14 8 4 0 0
13 5 8 0 0
project deadline
13 7 6 0 0
delivery time of material
6. Project delay due to lack of
12 13 1 0 0
resources
Project Cost
1. Additional cost for
17 7 2 0 0
materials
2. Additional workers 11 6 9 0 0
3. Insufficient budget 12 6 7 1 0
4. Cost overrun 15 7 4 0 0
Appendix I
Validation of Mitigation Plan
99
Appendix J
In-house Language Editor’s Certificate

100
Appendix K
In-house Statistician’s Certificate

101
Appendix L
Turnitin Results
102
103
104
105
DOCUMENTATION
106
Floating of On the way to retrieve

questionnaires to M&R the questionnaires to
Gurion M&R Gurion
Floating of
questionnaires to
JANPAC
Floating of
questionnaires to ECDI
107
CURRICULUM
VITAE
DAISY B. CARIG
Address: BRGY. PANGPANG, BACNOTAN, LA UNION

Contact No.: 09953633044
Email Address: carigdaisyb@gmail.com
I. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21 years old

Gender: Female
108
Date of Birth: April 28, 2001

Place of Birth: Bacnotan, La Union
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino
II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2019- 2023 Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Saint Louis College
Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La Union
2017- 2019 Senior High School Level
Bacnotan National High School
Poblacion, Bacnotan, La Union
2013- 2017 Junior High School Level
Poblacion, Bacnotan, La Union
2007- 2013 Elementary Level
Cabaroan Elementary School
Cabaroan, Bacnotan, La Union
III. SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
Civil Engineering Theory & Practice. CE students, Lingsat, San

Fernando, La Union (March 20, 2021)
The Demands of the Civil Engineering Specializations. CE

students, Lingsat, San Fernando, La Union (April 9, 2022)
Project Monitoring Essentials. CE students, Lingsat, San

Fernando, La Union (April 9, 2022)
Project Management Tools. CE students, Lingsat, San Fernando,

La Union (April 16, 2022)
CE for Sustainable Development. CE students, Lingsat, San

Bring out the leader in you, ‘A learning encounter on

Leadership’. CE students, Lingsat, San Fernando, La Union (May 7,
2022)
109
Work Immersion
DPWH La Union 1st Engineering District
Lingsat, San Fernando, La Union
2019
On-the-Job Training
Ordoño Design and Construction Services
Tanqui, San Fernando City, La Union
2022
IV. ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION
2019- 2023 PICE (Philippine Institute of Civil Engineering)

Student Chapter
Member
Saint Louis College, Carlatan, City of San
Fernando, La Union
V. QUALIFICATION PROFILE
Personal Skills
 Leadership Skills
 Communication Skills
 Resourceful and Reliable
 Time Management Skills
 Average Technological Skills
 Hard- working
VI. CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Elvira Delmendo
SHS Adviser
Mrs. Elsie Valmonte- Mayo

School Principal IV
110
RUSSEL MATHEW R. DOMONDON
Address: Sta. Rita Norte, Agoo, La Union

Contact No.: 09761255110
Email Address: domondonrussel@gmail.com
VII. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22 years old

Gender: Male
111
Date of Birth: September 19, 2000

Place of Birth: Garcia, Tubao, La Union
VIII. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Saint Louis College
President Elpidio Quirino National High
School
San Agustin, Agoo, La Union
2013- 2017 President Elpidio Quirino National High
School
San Agustin, Agoo, La Union
Agoo East Central School
Consolacion, Agoo, La Union
IX. SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
NAW 2022 Construction Project Management. CE and

Architecture students, Lingsat, San Fernando, La Union (December
5, 2022)





112
Share A Tip Session. CE students, Lingsat, San Fernando, La

Union (May 5, 2022)

2022)
Work Immersion
La Union Electric Cooperative
Aringay, La Union
2019
On-the-Job Training
EFV Architectural Services and Construction
Brgy. II, City of San Fernando, La Union
2022
X. ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION

Student Chapter
Member
Fernando, La Union
XI. QUALIFICATION PROFILE
Personal Skills
 Good Communication Skills
 Computer Literate
 Adaptable, Truthful, and Open to Criticism
 Hard- working
 Optimistic
 Resourceful
XII. CHARACTER REFERENCES

Mrs. Dianne Baldoza
SHS Adviser
President Elpidio Quirino National High School
113
Mr. Randy Lacamento

School Paper Adviser
President Elpidio Quirino National High School
LARA JESSICA G. LITTAUA

Address: Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La Union
Contact No.: 639459747902
Email Address: littaualarajessica@gmail.com
XIII. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21 years old

Gender: Female
Date of Birth: January 28, 2001
Place of Birth: San Fernando City, La Union
114

XIV. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
College
A.Y. 2019-Present
SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Senior High School
A.Y. 2017-2019
SAINT LOUIS COLLEGE

Junior High School
A.Y. 2013-2017
LINGSAT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Grade School
A.Y. 2012-2013
SAN FERNANDO SOUTH CENTRAL INTEGRATED SCHOOL

Grade School
A.Y. 2008-2012
SAN FERNANDO NORTH CENTRAL SCHOOL
Grade School
A.Y. 2007-2008
XV. SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
CE Theory & Practice – CE for Sustainable Development

Bring Out the Leader in You
MARKA PH Alisto Pillar - Youth Agenda - Nationwide
On-the-Job Training
Municipilaty of San Juan, La Union – Engineering Department
2022
XVI. ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION

115

Student Chapter
Member
Fernando, La Union
Student Chapter
Assistant Treasurer
Fernando, La Union
Student Chapter
Member
Fernando, La Union
XVII. QUALIFICATION PROFILE
Personal Skills
 Ability to Learn and Adapt Quickly
 Hard-working
 Responsible
 Reliable
XVIII. CHARACTER REFERENCES

Avelina A. Noble
College Instructor
Saint Louis College
116
EMMALYN C. MARZAN
Address: BRGY. AYUSAN, STA.LUCIA, ILOCOS SUR

Contact No.: 09568671122
Email Address: nylamme0825@gmail.com
XIX. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21 years old

Gender: Female
Date of Birth: January 08, 2001
Place of Birth: Butac, Suyo, Ilocos Sur
117
Religion: Born Again Christian

XX. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Saint Louis College
Pascual Rivera Pimentel Memorial
Academy
Poblacion, Sta.Cruz, Ilocos Sur
2013- 2017 Junior High School Level
Sta.Lucia Academy
Barangobong, Sta.Lucia, Ilocos Sur
Sta.Lucia South Central Elementary
School
Burgos, Sta.Lucia, Ilocos Sur
XXI.SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
Auto- Visual Presentation of the SLA Leadership Training

Seminar. SLA students, Teofisto Hermosa Auditorium, Sta. Lucia
Academy (October 7, 2015)





118

Union (May 5, 2022)

2022)
Work Immersion
SACDECO Sta.Cruz Savings and Development Cooperative
Poblacion, Sta.Cruz, Ilocos Sur
2019
On-the-Job Training
EDI Engineering and Construction
Biday, San Fernando, La Union
2022
XXII. ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION

Student Chapter
Member
Fernando, La Union
2019- 2023 Rotaract Club
Member
Fernando, La Union
XXIII. QUALIFICATION PROFILE
Personal Skills
 Organizational Skills
 Communication Skills
 Average Technological Skills
 Hard- working
 Resourceful and Reliable
119
XXIV. CHARACTER REFERENCES

Ms. Rachel Kaye Javines
Program Head
Pascual Rivera Pimentel Memorial Academy
Mr. Arsenio Hezeta

School Principal
Mr. Alvin James Ignacio

SHS Coordinator
KRIZA CLAIRE B. SAPITULA
Address: BRGY. NAMBOONGAN, SANTO TOMAS,

LA UNION
Contact No.: 09664398073
Email Address: sapitulakrizaclaire@gmail.com
XXV. PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 21 years old

Gender: Female
Date of Birth: October 11, 2001
Place of Birth: Agoo, La Union
120

XXVI. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
2019- 2023 Bachelor of Science in Civil

Engineering
Saint Louis College
Carlatan, City of San Fernando, La
Union
2017- 2019 Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics
Agoo Kiddie Special School
San Antonio, Agoo, La Union
With Honors
2013- 2017 St. Mary’s Academy Agoo

With Honors
2007- 2013 Santo Tomas Central Schoool

Poblacion East, Santo Tomas, La Union
With Honors
XXVII. SEMINARS AND TRAINING ATTENDED
National Forum on Advanced Engineering Software for

Infrastructures and Technology, (2021)




121


Union (May 5, 2022)

2022)
Work Immersion
La Union Electric Cooperative
Patac, Santo Tomas, La Union
2019
On-the-Job Training
Department of Public Works and Highway
Second District of La Union
Agoo, La Union
2022
XXVIII. ORGANIZATIONAL AFFILIATION

Student Chapter
Member
Fernando, La Union
XXIX. QUALIFICATION PROFILE
Personal Skills
 Ability to Learn and Adapt Quickly
 Hard- working
 Responsible
 Reliable
122
XXX. CHARACTER REFERENCES

Engr. Leonora F. Quarte
Program Head, BSCE
Saint Louis College
Engr. Dianne Fernandez

Instructor
Saint Louis College
Cristina A. Mangaoang
Academic Coordinator
St. Mary’s Academy Agoo

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THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION

PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION

This thesis entitled “THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON

RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF SAN

FERNANDO, LA UNION”, prepared and submitted by Daisy B. Carig,

Russel Mathew R. Domondon, Lara Jessica G. Littaua, Emmalyn C.

Marzan and Kriza Claire B. Sapitula in partial fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, has

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, “THE IMPACT OF SCOPE

CREEP ON RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CITY

OF SAN FERNANDO, LA UNION”, prepared and submitted by Daisy B.

Carig, Russel Mathew R. Domondon, Lara Jessica G. Littaua, Emmalyn

C. Marzan and Kriza Claire B. Sapitula in partial fulfillment of the

requirements in CE 412: Civil Engineering Project 1 and is recommended

for Oral Examination.

LEONORA F. QUARTE, CE, MSME

KARLA JOY A. BAUTISTA, CE JAMES F. CUDAL JR., CE

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a rating of

PASSED on January 2023

LEONORA F. QUARTE, CE, MSME

KARLA JOY A. BAUTISTA, CE JAMES F. CUDAL JR., CE

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the course CE 412: Civil Engineering Project 1.

MELVIN R. ESGUERRA, CE, MATE

Academic Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture

Saint Louis College

City of San Fernando, La Union

Title: THE IMPACT OF SCOPE CREEP ON

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THE CITY OF

Author: Carig, Daisy Bucaoto

Domondon, Russel Mathew Ronquillo

Littaua, Lara Jessica Gacayan

Marzan, Emmalyn Caweng

Sapitula, Kriza Claire Basco

Adviser: Engr. Dianne A. Fernandez

Institution: Saint Louis College

Location: City of San Fernando, La Union

Keywords: Causes, Level of Extent, Frequency of Occurrence,

Level of Impact Project Cost, Quality of Work,

Residential Construction Project, and Scope Creep

on residential construction projects in the City of San Fernando, La

the study. Furthermore, this study used a validated survey questionnaire

as a data gathering instrument, and data were treated using frequency

engineers from each construction company that work as site engineers,

project managers, quantity surveyors, or contract engineers. The study

has a total of 26 respondents.

more than average significant degree of scope in the construction of

conducting a full analysis of the requirements and a cost-benefit

analysis. Lastly, the level of impact of scope creep in residential

construction projects in terms of quality of work, project duration, and

The researchers would like to express their sincerest gratitude and

research possible. Profound gratitude is extended to:

Our ever-supportive parents, who are always there to support,

the financial support to make this study possible.

Engr. Dianne A. Fernandez, our adviser, who willingly shared her

knowledge and expertise, for her guidance and encouragement to

improve and to make this research possible from preparation to

Engr. Leonora F. Quarte, Engr. James F. Cudal and Engr. Karla

validate our research questionnaire and mitigation plan.

who spared their time and cooperation in answering the survey

their assistance in searching for all the necessary references.

Our classmates and friends, who encouraged, motivated, and

helped us finish this research.