2023 SPE EUROPE ENERGY GEOHACKATHON

2. Basics of Geophysics
Magdalena Markovic

4th October 2023

MAGDALENA
MARKOVIC

Researcher in Geophysics @ Uppsala

University (Sweden)
RESEARCH AREAS:
Near-surface geophysics (infrastructure
projects; landslides; mineral exploration)

CCS projects (land seismic acquisition &

data processing)

Crustal-scale projects (e.g. mapping of

Moho discontinuity)

Instrumentation development (

)
Software solutions
ANONYMOUS SURVEY!
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The question is about your background expertise

The results of the survey will be used for

pedagogical project within Academic Teacher
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THE EARTH’S STRUCTURE

Earth’s interior: seismic waves produced

by earthquakes
Magnetic field: self-sustained dynamo
Geoid
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
OF ROCKS
Density: Gravity method
Magnetization: Magnetic method
Electrical resistivity: Geoelectrical method
Electrical conductivity: Electromagnetic method
Elastic properties: Seismic method

Acquisition

processing

Interpretation
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The question is about your experience with

geophysical methods
EARTH’S
MAGNETIC FIELD
Magnetic storms (variations of
magnetic field)
Van Allen radiation belt
Aurora lights phenomena
Magnetic poles
RESPONSE OF
MAGNETIC FIELD
External field

Magnetic (also mass) susceptibility

(degree to which a body can be Magnetic permeability
magnetized by an external field) Vaccume= 4p´10-7 henry/m
 Ferromagnetc domains Types of magnetization
Magnetic susceptibility also depends k = m - m0 = m -1
on magnetic permeability: m0 m0

For most non-magnetic minerals the

Exposed to a weak external field ratio (relative permeability) is 1

Exposed to a strong external field

DATA
ACQUISITION
Land
Airborne
Marine
CASE STUDIES:
AIRBORNE MAG
Effects from different stages of data
correction:
a: Aircraft orientation (footprint)
b: Diurnal variations
c: Tie-line leveling
d: Micro-leveling
CASE STUDIES:
GROUND MAG
CASE STUDIES:
UAV
PRINCIPLES
Different electrode arrays
Electric resistivity

Direct current of strength I is

injected into the subsurface at
two points and the electric
potential U generated thereby
is measured between two
other points.
From the two measured values
I and U and a factor K
calculated from the distances
of the four electrodes the so-
called apparent electrical
resistivity rho.
ρ = 2π*a * (U / I)
CASE STUDIES: QUICK CLAY
LANDSLIDE IN SWEDEN
Method is usually conduced for groundwater
exploration
Cost-effective method but ambiguous
results...
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SEISMIC
REFLECTION
Vibrations generated on
surface- seismic waves
propagate

We measure the time required

for wave to revel into
subsurface and reflect back
(two-way travel time)

Method was primarily

developed for exploration in
oil &g as industry
 CASE STUDIES:
CCS
Energy transition: carbon
neutrality in Denmark by
2050!
2050
22 000 million tons CO2 can be
stored
 CASE STUDIES:
STUDIES
CCS
P8 Vibrations generated on
P7
surface- seismic waves
P5 propagate
P6
P4
P3
P2 We measure the time required
for wave to revel into
subsurface and reflect back
P1 (two-way travel time)
 Nodal Unit

CASE STUDIES:
STUDIES 10 m

CCS
MEMs Seismove® Landstreamer
2m

...
2 - 10 km
CASE STUDIES

Top Chalk

Base Chalk

Top Gassum

Base Gassum
PROCESSING STEPS

Top Chalk

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum
PROCESSING STEPS

Band Pass filter (20-30-70-90 Hz)

Band Stop filter (48-49-51-52 Hz)

Airwave attenuation (velocity 330 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (2200 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (1000 m/s)

Base Chalk First-break mute
Top Gassum
Refraction statics
Base Gassum
Elevation statics (40 m, 2500 m/s)

Surface-consistent refraction corrections (one-layer model)

Surface-consistent residual static corrections lopped with NMO (2

rounds)
PROCESSING STEPS

Band Pass filter (20-30-70-90 Hz)

Band Stop filter (48-49-51-52 Hz)

Airwave attenuation (velocity 330 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (2200 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (1000 m/s)

Base Chalk First-break mute
Top Gassum
Refraction statics
Base Gassum
Elevation statics (40 m, 2500 m/s)

Surface-consistent refraction corrections (one-layer model)

Surface-consistent residual static corrections lopped with NMO (2

rounds)
PROCESSING STEPS

Band Pass filter (20-30-70-90 Hz)

Band Stop filter (48-49-51-52 Hz)

Airwave attenuation (velocity 330 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (2200 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (1000 m/s)

Base Chalk First-break mute
Top Gassum
Refraction statics
Base Gassum
Elevation statics (40 m, 2500 m/s)

Surface-consistent refraction corrections (one-layer model)

Surface-consistent residual static corrections lopped with NMO (2

rounds)
PROCESSING STEPS

Band Pass filter (20-30-70-90 Hz)

Band Stop filter (48-49-51-52 Hz)

Airwave attenuation (velocity 330 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (2200 m/s)

Median horizontal filter (1000 m/s)

Base Chalk First-break mute
Top Gassum
Refraction statics
Base Gassum
Elevation statics (40 m, 2500 m/s)

Surface-consistent refraction corrections (one-layer model)

Surface-consistent residual static corrections lopped with NMO (2

rounds)
 Nodal

Base Chalk

Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 1 2 3

Horizontal Distance (km)

 Nodal + Landstreamer + Marine
P1

Stenlille-19

Base Chalk

Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 1 2 3

Horizontal Distance (km)

 P3

P1

Stenlille-19

Base Chalk

Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt
 P7

P3

P1

Stenlille-19

Base Chalk
Base Chalk Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum Top Gassum Top Gassum
Base Gassum Base Gassum

Top Salt
Top Salt
Top Salt
 P8

P7

P3

P1

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 2 4 6

Horizontal Length (km)

 P8
P2

P7

P3

P1

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 2 4 6

Horizontal Length (km)

 P8
P2

P7

P4

P3

P1

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 2 4 6

Horizontal Length (km)

 P8
P2

P7 P5

P4

P3

P1

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 2 4 6

Horizontal Length (km)

 P8
P2

• Extension of the reservoir structure P6

P7 P5

P4

P3

P1

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt
Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Chalk Base Gassum
Top Gassum Top Salt
Base Gassum

Top Salt

Base Chalk
Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

0 1 2 3

Horizontal Length (km)

 P8
P2

• Extension of the reservoir structure P6

P7 P5

P4
• Indication of structural closures P3

• High quality at shallow depths P1

Top Gassum Base Chalk

Top Gassum
Base Gassum

Top Salt

Gregersen, 2020

0 2 4 6

Horizontal Length (km)

CASE STUDIES:
MINERAL EXPLORATION
Iron-oxide mineralization in
Ludvika, Sweden

2D reflection seismic survey

CASE STUDIES

46
 CASE STUDIES

Iron-oxide mineralization in
Ludvika
Sparse 3D reflection seismic
survey

P1 P3 P2 P4 P9 P5 P6 P7 P8
 Migrated
3D survey (2019)
3D surveyet(2019)
Malehmir al. (2021)
Malehmir
Unmigrated et al. shells
High-amplitude
(2021)
3D
andsurvey
mineralization-
2D lines (2015+2016)
(2019)
block reconstruction
Markovic etal.
al.
Malehmir
Malehmir et
et al. (2021)
(2020)
(2021)
Historical 1-inch
(1970-71)
boreholes Potential resources:
approx. 300m down-dip (vertical)
approx. 300m lateral (towards
west)
Underlying resources!
CASE STUDIES

Additional resources?

Estimated resources
approximately 10 Mt!

49
CASE STUDIES

Spot robot dog: for mine safety

(measures radioactivity levels;
methane leak)

Drone platforms
CASE STUDIES

Seismic diffraction pattern

recognition (synthetic data)
CASE STUDIES

U-net applied to GPR data for

diffraction signal recognition
CASE STUDIES

U-net applied to hardrock

seismic data

Diffraction generated from

VMS body
CASE STUDIES
 Another VMS body?
Diffraction apex 500 SE
outside of the seismic
volume

Incomplete
diffraction signature

Modelled diffraction hyperboloid

Modelledofdiffraction
the incomplete diffraction
hyperboloid of the Deep zone
56
CASE STUDIES
Seismic and GPR diffraction
denoising using autoencoder
CASE STUDIES
ANONYMOUS SURVEY!
Scan the QR code on the screen, and
write one word in each box. Once you do
that, click submit button!

The question is about the most interesting part of

presentation overall