BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR

INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI

INTRODUCTION
Computer actions are governed by the IPO cycle. A program is a
set of instructions that govern the processing.

Character set: a set of valid characters that a language can recognize.It

represents any letter or digit or any other symbol.It supports unicode
encoding standard.

Letters:A to Z , a to z
Digits:0 to 9
Special symbols:*, < ,@, _ etc
White spaces :tab,newline
Other charcaters :can process all ASCII and Unicode characters as apart of
data or literals

Tokens (lexical unit)are the smallest individual unit in a program.

● Keywords
● Identifiers
● Literals
● Punctuators
● Operators

● Keywords are reserved words that convey a special meaning

● Identifiers are building blocks of a program
Rules :
❖ Long sequence of letters and digits

❖ First character must be a letter ,underscore (_)

❖ Case sensitive

❖ Digits 0 to 9 can be a part of the identifier except the first letter

❖ Unlimited in length

❖ Must not be a keyword

❖ Cannot contain special character except _

For eg:
 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI
_hello
Grade1
Basic_pay

● Literals are data items that have a fixed data value

String literals: ‘hello’, ”hello”

Python allows non graphic characters- those characters that cannot be typed
directly from the keyboard. (\t,\n)

For example ,For a new line type

print(‘hello \neveryone’)
hello
everyone

String types in python

Single line strings

For eg:
print('hello')
print('world')
Output
hello
world

Multiline strings

For eg:
Text='hello\
world'
print(Text)
Output
helloworld
 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI

For eg:

print('''hello
everyone ''')

Output
hello
everyone

for eg:
print("""hello
everyone
""")

Output
hello
everyone

Size of strings

‘abc’ :size is 3
Ash\’s birthday : size is 14

For eg:

text="Ash\'s birthday"
print(len(text))

Output

14

len(objectname ) gives the size of the string

Integer literals: 10
 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI
Floating point literals:12.5
Boolean literal:True or False
Special Literal:None
It indicates the absence of a value

● Punctuators : are symbols that are used in programming language to

organise programming.
[],{},(), . , ;

● Operators are tokens that triggers some computation or action when

applied to variables or other objects in an expression.

Unary :one operand

+Unary plus( number itself )
-Unary minus(negation of the number)
For example:
a=5
print(+a)
a=15
print(-a)

Output

5
-15

Binary:two operands

Arithmetic Operators
a+b
a-b
a*b
a/b
a%b
a//b(floor division( divides and discards the fractional part )
 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI

Relational <,<=,>,>=,!=

Assignment or shorthand operators

(=,+=,-=,*=,/=,**=,//=,%=,**=)

a+=10
a-=10
a*=10
a/=10
a%=10
a//=10
a**=10

Logical operators
Logical AND
Logical OR

Identity operator(is , is not)

For eg:

a=10
b=15
if a is b:
print("yes")
else:
print("no")

Membership operator(in, not in)

For eg:
a=[10,20,30]
if 30 not in a:
print("yes")
else:
print("no")
 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI
Barebones of a program

⮚ Comments are non executable additional information added in a

program for readability.
Comments enclosed in triple quotes or triple apostrophe are called
docstrings

Single line
'''
Text here
'''
Mutiline

"""
Text here
"""
⮚ Function is a code that has a name and that it can be reused (executed
again ) by specifying its name in the program where needed

def add(a,b):
c=a+b
print(c)

a=6
b=2
add(a,b)

⮚ Expressions:any legal combination of symbols that represent a value

Eg:12.5
a+b

⮚ Statements are programming instructions that does something .ie

some action take place

For eg:
Sum=a+b
 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI

⮚ Blocks and indentations :a group of statements which are part of

another statement or a function are called block or code –block or
suite in python

Variables and assignments:named labels whose values can be used and

processed during program run.

Creating a variable

Marks=70
Name=’Jake’

Multiple assignments

For eg:

a,b,c=10,4,5
print(a,b,c)

Output:

10 4 5

Dynamic typing:
A variable pointing to a value of a certain type can be made point to a value /
object of different type.
For eg:
a=10
print(type(a))
print(id(a))
a="hello"
print(type(a))
print(id(a))

Simple Input and Output

 BIRLA PUBLIC SCHOOL, DOHA-QATAR
INFORMATICS PRACTICES
PYTHON FUNDAMENTALS
GRADE: XI
input( ) always returns a value of string type

syntax:

<variablename>=int(input(<prompt string>))

Reading numbers
print () – without any value or name or expression prints a blank line

Example

# print the sum of two numbers

a=int(input("Enter a value for a"))
b=int(input("Enter a value for b"))
sum=a+b
print(" The sum of a and b is ",sum)

Output

Enter a value for a10

Enter a value for b20
The sum of a and b is 30