Jan Kochanowski

Jan Kochanowski (Polish: [ˈjan kɔxaˈnɔfskʲi]; 1530 – 22 August

1584) was a Polish Renaissance poet who wrote in Latin and
Jan Kochanowski
Polish and established poetic patterns that would become integral
to Polish literary language. He has been called the greatest Polish
poet before Adam Mickiewicz (the latter, a leading Romantic
writer)[1][2] and one of the most influential Slavic poets prior to the
19th century.[3]: 188 [4]: 60

In his youth Kochanowski traveled to Italy, where he studied at the

University of Padua, and to France. In 1559 he returned to Poland,
where he made the acquaintance of political and religious notables
including Jan Tarnowski, Piotr Myszkowski (whom he briefly
served as courtier), and members of the influential Radziwiłł
family.

From about 1563, Kochanowski served as secretary to King

Sigismund II Augustus. He accompanied the King to several Kochanowski, engraved by
noteworthy events, including the Sejm of 1569 (held in Lublin), Aleksander Regulski
which enacted the Union of Lublin, formally establishing the Born 1530
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1564 he was made provost Sycyna, Kingdom
of Poznań Cathedral. By the mid-1570s he had largely retired to of Poland
his estate at Czarnolas, where in 1584 he died, most likely of a
heart attack. Died 22 August 1584
(age 54 or 55)
All his life, Kochanowski was a prolific writer. Works of his that Lublin, Polish–
are pillars of the Polish literary canon include the 1580 Treny Lithuanian
(Laments), a series of nineteen threnodies (elegies) on the death of Commonwealth
his daughter Urszula; the 1578 tragedy Odprawa posłów greckich
Resting place Zwoleń
(The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys), inspired by Homer; and
Kochanowski's Fraszki (Epigrams), a collection of 294 short Other names Jan z Czarnolasu
poems written during the 1560s and 1570s, published in three Alma mater University of
volumes in 1584.[1][5][6] One of his major stylistic contributions Padua
was the adaptation and popularization of Polish-language verse
Occupation(s) courtier, poet
forms.[7]: 32
Years active 1550-1584

Life Known for major influence on

Polish poetry; first
major Polish poet
Early life (1530–1550s) Notable work Treny, Fraszki,
Odprawa posłów
Details of Jan Kochanowski's life are sparse and come primarily
greckich
from his own writings.[8]: 61 He was born in 1530 at Sycyna, near
Radom, Kingdom of Poland, to a Polish szlachta (noble) family of Spouse(s) Dorota, née
the Korwin coat of arms.[3]: 185 His father, Piotr Kochanowski, Podlodowska
was a judge in the Sandomierz area; his mother, Anna Children 7
Białaczowska, was of the Odrowąż family.[3]: 185 Jan had eleven
Signature
siblings and was the second son; he was an older brother of
Andrzej Kochanowski and Mikołaj Kochanowski, both of whom
also became poets and translators.[3]: 185 [4]: 61 [9]

Little is known of Jan Kochanowski's early education. At fourteen,

in 1544, he was sent to the Kraków Academy.[3]: 185 Later, around 1551-52, he attended the University of
Königsberg, in Ducal Prussia (a fiefdom of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland); then, from 1552 to the
late 1550s, Padua University in Italy.[3]: 185-186 At Padua, Kochanowski studied classical philology[4]: 61
and came in contact with the humanist scholar Francesco Robortello.[3]: 185 During his "Padua period", he
traveled back and forth between Italy and Poland at least twice, returning to Poland to secure funding and
attend his mother's funeral.[3]: 185-186 [4]: 61 Kochanowski concluded his fifteen-year period of studies and
travels with a visit to France, where he visited Marseilles and Paris and met the poet Pierre de
Ronsard.[3]: 186 [4]: 61 It has been suggested that one of his travel companions in that period was Karl von
Utenhove, a future Flemish scholar and poet.[3]: 186

Career and the royal court (1559–1570s)

In 1559 Kochanowski permanently returned to

Poland, where he was active as a humanist and a
Renaissance poet. He spent the next fifteen years as a
courtier, though little is known about his first few
years on return to Poland. The period covering the
years 1559-1562 is poorly documented. It can be
assumed that the poet established closer contacts with
the court of Jan Tarnowski, the voivode of Kraków,
and the Radziwiłłs.[10] In mid-1563, Jan entered the
service of the Vice Chancellor of the Crown and
bishop Piotr Myszkowski, thanks to whom he Jan Zamoyski visits Czarnolas, by Karol Hiller, 1878
received the title of royal secretary. There are no
details concerning the duties performed by Jan at the
royal court. On February 7, 1564, Kochanowski was admitted to the provostship in the Poznań cathedral,
which Myszkowski had renounced.[11]: 114–121

Around 1562–63 he was a courtier to Bishop Filip Padniewski and Voivode Jan Firlej. From late 1563 or
early 1564, he was affiliated with the royal court of King Sigismund II Augustus, serving as a royal
secretary. During that time he received two benefices (incomes from parishes). In 1567 he accompanied the
King during an episode of the Lithuanian-Muscovite War, itself a part of the Livonian War: a show of force
near Radashkovichy. In 1569 he was present at the sejm of 1569 in Lublin which enacted the Union of
Lublin establishing the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[3]: 186 [4]: 61

Late life and Czarnolas (1571–1584)

From 1571 onward, Kochanowski began to spend more time at a family estate in the village of Czarnolas
located near Lublin.[3]: 186 In 1574, following the decampment of Poland's recently elected King Henry of
Valois (whose candidacy to the Polish throne Kochanowski had supported), Kochanowski settled
permanently in Czarnolas to lead the life of a country squire. In 1575 he married Dorota Podlodowska
(daughter of Sejm deputy Stanisław Lupa
Podlodowski),[3]: 186 with whom he had seven
children. At Czarnolas, following the death of his
daughter Ursula, which affected him greatly, he
wrote one of his most memorable works, Treny (the
Laments).[3]: 187

In 1576, Kochanowski was a royal envoy to the

sejmik (local assembly) in Opatów.[12] Despite the
urging of people close to him, including the Polish
nobleman and statesman Jan Zamoyski, he decided
not to take an active part in the political life of the
court. Nonetheless, Kochanowski remained socially
active on a local level and was a frequent visitor to Death of Jan Kochanowski, by Feliks Sypniewski,
Sandomierz, the capital of his voivodeship.[13] On 1884
October 9, 1579, the King of Poland and Grand
Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory signed in Vilnius
the nomination of Kochanowski as the standard-bearer of Sandomierz.[11]: 291–292 [14]

Kochanowski died, probably of a heart attack, in Lublin on 22 August 1584, aged 54. He was buried in the
crypt of a parish church in Zwoleń.[3]: 187 [4]: 61 [15][16] According to historical records, at least two
tombstones were erected for Kochanowski, one in Zwoleń and another in Policzno, neither of which
survives. In 1830 Kochanowski's remains were moved to his family crypt by the Zwoleń church
authorities. In 1983 they were returned to the church, and in 1984 another funeral was held for the poet.[17]
In 1791 Kochanowski's reputed skull had been removed from his tomb by Tadeusz Czacki, who kept it in
his estate at Porycko.[18] He later gave it to Izabela Czartoryska; by 1874, it had been transported to the
Czartoryski Museum, where it currently resides. However, anthropological studies in 2010 showed it to be
the skull of a woman, possibly Kochanowski's wife.[19]

Works
Kochanowski's earliest known work may be the Polish-language
Pieśń o potopie (Song of the Deluge), possibly composed as early
as 1550. His first publication was the 1558 Latin-language
Epitaphium Cretcovii, an epitaph dedicated to his recently deceased
colleague Erazm Kretkowski. Kochanowski's works from his
youthful Padua period comprise mostly elegies, epigrams, and
odes.[3]: 187

Upon his return to Poland in 1559, his works generally took the
form of epic poetry and included the commemoratives O śmierci
Jana Tarnowskiego (On the Death of Jan Tarnowski, 1561) and
Pamiątka wszytkimi cnotami hojnie obdarzonemu Janowi Baptiście
hrabi na Tęczynie (Remeberance for the All-Blessed Jan Baptist,
Count at Tęczyna, 1562-64); the more serious Zuzanna (1562) and
Proporzec albo hołd pruski (The Banner, or the Prussian Homage,
1564); the satirical[1][5] social- and political-commentary poems
Zgoda (Accord, or Harmony, ca. 1562) and Satyr albo Dziki Mąż Dismissal of the Greek Envoys,
1578 first edition
(The Satyr, or the Wild Man, 1564); and the light-hearted Szachy
(Chess, ca. 1562-66).[3]: 187 The last, about a game of chess, has been described as the first Polish-
language "humorous epic or heroicomic poem".[20]: 62

Some of his works can be seen as journalistic commentaries, before the advent of journalism per see,
expressing views of the royal court in the 1560s and 1570s, and aimed at members of parliament (the Sejm)
and voters.[20]: 62–63 This period also saw most of his Fraszki (Epigrams), published in 1584 as a three-
volume collection of 294 short poems reminiscent of Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron. They became
Kochanowski's most popular writings, spawning many imitators in Poland.[3]: 187 Czesław Miłosz, 1980
Nobel lureate Polish poet, calls them a sort of "very personal diary, but one where the personality of the
author never appears in the foreground".[20]: 64 Another of Kochanowski's works from the time is the non-
poetic political-commentary dialogue, Wróżki (Portents)..[3]: 188

A major work from that period was Odprawa posłów greckich (The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys, written
ca. 1565-66 and first published and performed in 1578; translated into English in 2007 by Bill Johnston as
The Envoys[21]). This was a blank-verse tragedy that recounted an incident, modeled after Homer, leading
to the Trojan War.[9][22] It was the first tragedy written in Polish, and its theme of the responsibilities of
statesmanship resonates to this day. The play was performed on 12 January 1578 in Warsaw's Ujazdów
Castle at the wedding of Jan Zamoyski and Krystyna Radziwiłł (Zamoyski and the Radziwiłł family were
among Kochanowski's important patrons).[3]: 188 [23][24] Miłosz calls The Dismissal of the Greek Envoys
"the finest specimen of Polish humanist drama".[20]: 68

During the 1560s and 1570s, Kochanowski completed a series of

elegies titled Treny, which were later published in three volumes in
1584 (in English generally titled Laments rather than Threnodies).
The poignant nineteen elegies mourn the loss of his cherished two-
and-a-half-year-old daughter Urszula. In 1920, the Laments were
translated into English by Dorothea Prall, and in 1995 by the duo,
Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus Heaney.[6] As with
Kochanowski's Fraszki, it became a perennially popular wellspring
of a new genre in Polish literature.[3]: 188 [4]: 64 Milosz writes that
"Kochanowski's poetic art reached its highest achievements in the Jan Kochanowski and His Deceased
Laments": Kochanowski's innovation, "something unique in... Daughter Ursula, by Jan Matejko,
world literature... a whole cycle... centered around the main theme", 1862
scandalized some contemporaries, as the cycle applied a classic
form to a personal sorrow – and that, to an "insignificant" subject, a
young child.[20]: 75–76

In 1579, Kochanowski translated to Polish one of the Psalms, Psalterz Dawidów (David's Psalter). By the
mid-18th century, at least 25 editions had been published. Set to music, it became an enduring element of
Polish church masses and popular culture. It also became one of the poet's more influential works
internationally, translated into Russian by Symeon of Polotsk and into Romanian, German, Lithuanian,
Czech, and Slovak.[3]: 188 [25] His Pieśni (Songs), written over his lifetime and published posthumously in
1586, reflect Italian lyricism and "his attachment to antiquity", in particular to Horace,[4]: 65–66 and have
been highly influential for Polish poetry.[3]: 187

Kochanowski also translated into Polish several ancient classical Greek and Roman works, such as the
Phenomena of Aratus and fragments of Homer's Illiad.[3]: 188 Kochanowski's notable Latin works include
Lyricorum libellus (Little Book of Lyrics, 1580), Elegiarum libri quatuor (Four Books of Elegies, 1584),
and numerous occasional poems. His Latin poems were translated into Polish in 1829 by Kazimierz
Brodziński, and in 1851 by Władysław Syrokomla.[1][5]
In some of his works, Kochanowski used Polish alexandrines, wherein each line comprises thirteen
syllables, with a caesura following the seventh syllable.[20]: 63 Among works published posthumously, the
historical treatise O Czechu i Lechu historyja naganiona (Woven Story of Czech and Lech) offered the first
critical literary analysis of Slavic myths, focusing on the titular origin myth about Lech, Czech, and
Rus'.[3]: 188

Views
Like many persons of his time he was deeply religious, and a number of his works are inspired by religion.
However, he avoided taking sides in the strife between the Catholic Church and the Protestant
denominations; he stayed on friendly terms with figures of both Christian currents, and his poetry was
viewed as acceptable by both.[20]: 62

Influence
Kochanowski has been described as the greatest Polish poet prior to
Adam Mickiewicz.[1][2] The Polish literary historian Tadeusz Ulewicz
writes that Kochanowski is generally regarded as the foremost
Renaissance poet not only in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth but
across all Slavic nations. His primacy remained unchallenged until the
advent of the 19th-century Polish Romantics (aka Polish Messianists),
especially Adam Mickiewicz and Juliusz Słowacki, and Alexander
Pushkin in Russia.[3]: 188

According to Ulewicz, Kochanowski both created modern Polish poetry

and introduced it to Europe.[3]: 189 An American Slavicist, Oscar E.
Swan, holds that Kochanowski was "the first Slavic author to attain
excellence on a European scale".[26] Similarly Miłosz writes that "until
the beginning of the nineteenth century, the most eminent Slavic poet was
undoubtedly Jan Kochanowski" and that he "set the pace for the whole
Apotheosis of Kochanowski,
subsequent development of Polish poetry".[4]: 60 The British historian
by Henryka Beyer, 1830
Norman Davies names Kochanowski the second most important figure of
the Polish Renaissance, after Copernicus.[27]: 119 Polish poet and literary
critic Jerzy Jarniewicz called Kochanowski "the founding father of Polish literature".[28]

Kochanowski never ceased writing in Latin. One of his major achievements was the creation of Polish-
language verse forms that made him a classic for his contemporaries and posterity.[7]: 32 He greatly
enriched Polish poetry by naturalizing foreign poetic forms, which he knew how to imbue with a national
spirit.[1][5] Kochanowski, writes Davies, can be seen as "the founder of Polish vernacular poetry [who]
showed the Poles the beauty of their language".[27]: 119

American historian Larry Wolf argues that Kochanowski "contributed to the creation of a vernacular
culture in the Polish language";[29] Polish literary historian Elwira Buszewicz describes him as "the
'founding father' of elegant humanist Polish-language poetry";[25] and American Slavicist and translator
David Welsh writes that Kochanowski's greatest achievement was his "transformation of the Polish
language as a medium for poetry".[26]: 136 [30] [3]: 187 Ulewicz credits Kochanowski's Songs as most
influential in this regard, while Davies writes that "Kochanowski's Psalter did for Polish what Luther's
Bible did for German".[31]: 259 Kochanowski's works also influenced the development of Lithuanian
literature.[24]

Legacy
Kochanowski's first published collection of poems was his David's
Psalter (printed 1579).[20]: 63 A number of his works were published
posthumously, first in a series of volumes in Kraków in 1584–90, ending
with Fragmenta albo pozostałe pisma (Fragments, or Remaining
Writings).[3]: 189 [5] That series included works from his Padua period and
his Fraszki (Epigrams).[3]: 187 1884 saw a jubilee volume published in
Warsaw.[3]: 189 [5]

In 1875 many of Kochanowski's poems were translated into German by

H. Nitschmann.[5] In 1894 Encyclopedia Britannica called Kochanowski
"the prince of Polish poets".[32] He was, however, long little known
outside Slavic-language countries. The first English-language collection of
Kochanowski's poems was released in 1928 (translations by George R. Kochanowski statue,
Noyes et al.), and the first English-language monograph devoted to him, Kochanowski Museum,
by David Welsh, appeared in 1974.[33] As late as the early 1980s, Czarnolas
Kochanowki's writings were generally passed over or given short shrift in
English-language reference works.[34] However, more recently further
English translations have appeared, including The Laments, translated by Stanisław Barańczak and Seamus
Heaney (1995), and The Envoys, translated by Bill Johnston (2007).[33][21][35]

Kochanowski's oeuvre has inspired modern Polish literary, musical, and visual art. Fragments of Jan
Kochanowski's poetry were also used by Jan Ursyn Niemcewicz in the libretto for the opera Jan
Kochanowski, staged in Warsaw in 1817.[36] In the 19th century, musical arrangements of Lamentations
and the Psalter gained popularity. Stanisław Moniuszko wrote songs for bass with piano accompaniment to
the texts of Lamentations III, V, VI and X.[37] In 1862, the Polish history painter Jan Matejko depicted him
in the painting Jan Kochanowski nad zwłokami Urszulki (Jan Kochanowski and his Deceased Daughter
Ursula). In 1961 a museum (the Jan Kochanowski Museum in Czarnolas) opened on Kochanowski's estate
at Czarnolas.[3]: 189

See also
List of Poles
Political fiction
Sapphic stanza in Polish poetry

References
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 3. Ulewicz, Tadeusz (1968). "Jan Kochanowski". Polski słownik biograficzny (https://www.biogr
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and Western Europe: Some American Reflections on Jerzy Jedlicki's "Europe's Eastern
Borderland" " (https://brill.com/view/journals/eceu/41/1/article-p105_5.xml). East Central
Europe. 41 (1): 105–111. doi:10.1163/18763308-04102006 (https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187
63308-04102006). ISSN 1876-3308 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1876-3308).
30. Welsh, David J. (1974). Jan Kochanowski (https://books.google.com/books?id=ARliAAAAM
AAJ&q=%22transformation+of+the+Polish+language+as+a+medium+for+poet%22).
Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-2490-5.
31. Davies, Norman (31 May 2001). Heart of Europe: The Past in Poland's Present (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=yWi-WLvY_v0C&dq=davies+heart+of+europe+kochanowski+psalte
r&pg=PA259). OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-164713-0.
32. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature (https://
books.google.com/books?id=k2RJAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22called+the+prince+of+Polish+poet
s%22&pg=PA312). Maxwell Sommerville. 1894.
33. Segel, Harold B. (1976). "Review of Jan Kochanowski" (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F249517
6). Slavic Review. 35 (3): 583–584. doi:10.2307/2495176 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F24951
76). ISSN 0037-6779 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779). JSTOR 2495176 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/2495176). S2CID 164224517 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1
64224517).
34. ULEWICZ, TADEUSZ (1982). "The Portrait of Jan Kochanowski in the Encyclopaedias of
Non-Slavic Countries: A Critical Survey" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777888). The Polish
Review. 27 (3/4): 3–16. ISSN 0032-2970 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0032-2970).
JSTOR 25777888 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777888).
35. Kochanowski, Jan (1995). Laments (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32237008). Stanisław
Barańczak, Seamus Heaney (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-
18290-6. OCLC 32237008 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32237008).
36. Niziurski, Mirosław (1981). "Muzyczne opracowania tekstów Jana Kochanowskiego".
Rocznik Świętokrzyski. IX: 199–210.
37. Opieński, Henryk (7 June 1930). "Kurier Poznański". Vol. 261. p. 25.

Further reading
Welsh, David J. (1974). Jan Kochanowski (https://archive.org/details/jankochanowski0000w
els). Twayne Publishers. ISBN 978-0-8057-2490-5.

External links
Digitized works by Jan Kochanowski in Polish Digital National Library (https://polona.pl/sear
ch/?filters=public:1,creator:%22Kochanowski,_Jan_(1530--1584)%22)
Works by Jan Kochanowski (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/32515) at Project
Gutenberg
Works by or about Jan Kochanowski (https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subjec
t%3A%22Kochanowski%2C%20Jan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jan%20Kochanowsk
i%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kochanowski%2C%20Jan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%
22Jan%20Kochanowski%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Kochanowski%2C%20J%2E%2
2%20OR%20title%3A%22Jan%20Kochanowski%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Koch
anowski%2C%20Jan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jan%20Kochanowski%22%29%
20OR%20%28%221530-1584%22%20AND%20Kochanowski%29%29%20AND%20%28-
mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Works by Jan Kochanowski (https://librivox.org/author/2821) at LibriVox (public domain
audiobooks)
Works by Kochanowski (https://wolnelektury.pl/katalog/autor/jan-kochanowski/) with
commentary at WolneLektury.pl
Selection of translated poems (https://web.archive.org/web/20060825095239/http://www.ap.
krakow.pl/nkja/literature/polpoet/kochtrif.htm)
Translations of Jan Kochanowski (http://www.baluk-ulewiczowa.neostrada.pl/translations.ht
ml) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20210903041558/http://www.baluk-ulewiczowa.ne
ostrada.pl/translations.html) 3 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine by Teresa Bałuk-
Ulewiczowa
Translations of Jan Kochanowski (http://www.staropolska.pl/ang/renaissance/J_Kochanows
ki/index.html) by Michał J. Mikoś
 Jan Kochanowski (https://web.archive.org/web/20130321090321/http://www.culture.pl/web/e
nglish/resources-theatre-full-page/-/eo_event_asset_publisher/eAN5/content/jan-kochanow
ski) at culture.pl
Jan Kochanowski (https://poezja.org/wz/Kochanowski_Jan/) collected works (Polish)

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