Power Quality Improvement Using Virtual Synchronous Machine Controller Based UPQC Osmania University in Partial Fulfillment eqnirement for the award of jon work submii of the A Disser MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (Specialization in Power Systems) By KANNAIAH YANGALA Roll No.1005-16-743212 Under the Esteemed Guidance of Mr. CH. SIVA KUMAR Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ( Autonomous ) OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, HYDERABAD- 500 007 2016-2018DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (A) OSMANIA UNIVERSITY CERTIFICATE ‘his in to covtily that Uh project, report entitled “POWER. QUALITY IMPROVE- MENT USING VIRTUAL SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE CONTROLLER BASED UPQC” submitted hy KANNATAH YANGALA bearing the Roll No 1005+ 16+749212, in partinl fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of MASTER, OF ENGINEERING in Electrical Engineering, with specialization in Power Systems, Osmania University, Hyderabad during the academic year 2016-2018. Project Guide yo Yo Head of the Department Mr, CH. SIVA KUMAR. Assistant Professor Department of Electrical Engg. University College of Engg. Osmania University, Hyderabad - So0007 ASSISTANT PROFESSOR Bersutment of Elactrical Engineering University Cottge af Enginoaring (AL, Osmania University, Nyderavad-500 007 Department of Ele Dr. G. YESURATNAM Professor Department of Electrical Engz. Univ College of Enge. Osmania University Hyderabad - 500007 = HEAD cirieal Engi 2 of EngineACKNOWLEDGEMENT here had been In the course of stecessfitl completion of the Proje ny niluations, that would have been challenging and difficult to crossover without the help frown exxpo- rienced hands, T think Tam fortunate enough to get people who have been very helpful and working under them was simply a great. experience. Special thanks to my Guide Mr.CELSIVA KUMAR, Assistant Professor, Depart- ment of Electrical Engineering, OU for the valuable suggestions, guidance and support jn successful completion of the project. I wish to convey my sincere thanks to Dr.G. YESURATNAM, Head of the Depart- ment of Electrical Engineering, OU, for his encouragement and masterly supervision for the successful completion of my project work. Tam thankful to all the Teaching and non-teaching staff of Department of Elec- trical Engineering for their kind help in developing the project. Iam grateful to Mr.D.Krishna Rathod, Ph.D Research Scholar of Department of Electrical Engineering for his kind help in developing the project. | finally thank my Parents and Friends for their encouragement, support and help during the study period. KANNAIAH YANGALA (1005-16-743212)DECLARATION This is to certify that work reported in the present thesis titled “Power Quality Tn provement Using Virtual Synchronous Machine Controller Based UPQC? ix a record of work done by me in the Department of Elect cal Engineering, Universityy College of Engincering, Osmania University, Hyderabad. No part of the thesis is copied from books / journals / internet and wherever the portion is taken, the same has been duly referred in the text. The reported work is based on the project work done entirely by me and not copied from any other source. Signature of the Student KANNAIAH YANGALAAbstract Ie energy sources are environmentfriendly and inexhaustible, wo ve ‘phe renewab male plants have been integrated into power grids worldwide, In this project energy pow (WES) employing squirrel enge induction generator (SCIG) « the Wind Energy Syt sore f to the grid, ‘The combination of grid, wind power fuc- jel cell direetly connie Lem lond changes ereates the disturbances at PCC, i ‘Mand har- wag, tuntions aud sys monics. 11's worsening the Power Quality in the system. This situation can be improved ty using Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) controller based Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC) technique, which behaves like a fully-adjustable synchronous con denser. In thin project, the proposed controller VSM based UPQC is compared with PQ theory based UPQC controller, which improves power quality at PCC by using MAT- LAB/Simulation environment. Keywords : WES, UPQC, Virtual Synchronous Machine, CUPS, Power QualityTABLE OF CONTENTS ‘Abstract List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Nomenclature 1 Introduction Ld 1.2 13 14 15 Overview... +--+ > Literature Review... -- scr c cre Research Motivation ..----- Thesis Objective Organization of Thesis. - 2 Power Quality & 21 2.2 23 24 25 26 27 28 Introduction. .------° Types Of Electrical Load: Linear and Non-Linear Loads Major Power Quality Problems... +++ +++ Harmonics Harmonics Indices... .-- +--+ e070 ° Problems Caused by Harmonies... +--+ += Summary 6.0 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 31 32 Introduction to Custom Power Devices . - + - + - ~ Introduction to UPQC. vi vii eoonk re 19 19 23AS Stunt Active Dower Fitter Ra Setire Active Poet Pitter 35 Summary 4. Analysis of VSM Controllers 42 Introduction of VSM Contr! 42. Design Rules of VSM Controller 43> Summary System Description, Simulink Modeling and Results o y 1 Introduction 2. System Modeling 3 MATLAB Files a 4 Comparison of Simulation Results... 2.2.0... wow we 6 Conclusion and Future Work iiiList. of Figures 21 Electrical loads Voltage sag Voltage swell 24 Voltage interruption 2... ee 3.1 General structure of D-STATCOM Basic configuration of D-STATCOM 3.3 Circuit diagram of a system with series controller. 94 Comigaration fore DVR 3.5. Active power filter classifications .......... 3.6 Basic configuration of UPQC 3.7 Left shunt UPQC aS Rie POG 3.9 Circuit diagram of UPQG . 2 ee 3.10 Basic control design of shunt APF... .... . 3.11 Flow chart of shunt APF control technique . . . 3.12 Hysteresis current controller ©... 0.0 e eee eee 3.13 Principle of hysteresis current controller... « 3.14 Basic control design of series APF... 0... ..-- 3.15 Flow chart of control technique of series APF 3.16 Hysteresis voltage controller»... 0... eee eee 3.17 Principle of hysteresis voltage controller 41° Equivalent cireuit of VSM controlled STATCOM . 4.2 VSM control blocks for STATCOM .... . . 43° Practical VSM control blocks for STATCOM . 4A 45 Control blocks of power loop and power plant Control blocks of power loop and current loops . .4.6 Control blocks of power loop, current loop and virtual impedance 5A Multi bus power system oe eee 5.2 Block diagram of multi bus system 5.3 SOFC fuel cell structures... , Equivalent circuit of VSM STATCOM 5A 5.5 Test system. 5.6 Wind Energy System modeling 5.7 SOFC modeling ©6000... eee eee eee Bebo ee ese SS UROL po Geico S10 P:Q theory shunt controler ..,..........,.,......... 5.11 VSM shunt controller... .. 5.12 Voltage and current at PCC . . 5.13 Injected voltage and current . . . G14 VoltagomagatPCC.. 1. ee ec tts 5.15 Voltage swell at PCC... 1.1 eee ee tee 5.16 Voltage harmonics at PCC... 1... ee eee 5.17 THD of voltage at PCC... Dl 5.18 THD of current at PCC ............. 5.19 Frequency of voltage at PCC. cee 5.20 Active and reactive power of Wind Energy System. . . 5.21 Active and Reactive Power of SOFC ................ 5.22 Active and reactive power at grid . 5.23 Voltage and current at PCC . 5.24 Injected voltage and current 5.25 Voltage sag at PCC... 2... 5.26 Voltage swell at PCC... 1... eee 5.27 Voltage harmonics at PCC... ee 5.28 THD of voltage at PCC 5.29 THD of current at PCC be Wemenyolvliagsa PCC, 6 531 Active and reactive power of Wind Energy System . . . . « « « 582 Active and reactive power of SOC 5.33 Active and reactive power at gridList of Tables Examples of linear load. 2. ee ee xamples of non- Tinear load... 2. ss $1 System Parameters... eee 5.2. THD of voltage and current at PCC due to variation of load 5.3. Frequency of voltage at PCC due to variation of load 54 THD of voltage and current at PCC due to variation of grid 5.5 Frequency of voltage at PCC due to variation of grid. vi 12 53 67 69 79 81WES sore MV pce sclG PACTS upge PQ DVR D-STATCOM PWM VSM VSG VsC Abbreviations Wind Energy Syatom Solid Oxiclo Piel Coll Medium Voltage Point of Common Coupling jon Generators Squirrel Cage Indu Flexible AC Transmission System: Unilied Power Quality Conditioner Power Quality Dynamic Voltage Restorer Distribution-Static Synchronous Compensator Pulse Width Modulation Virtual Synchronous Machine Virtual Synchronous Generator Renewable Energy Sources synchronous Reference Frame Active Power Filter Programmable Logic Circuits Root Mean Square Total Harmonic Distortion Custom Power Devices Voltage Source Converter Voltage Source Inverter Current Source InverterQ M D paper @ iy Nomenclature Real or Active power Reactive power Resistance Capacitance Inductance Virtual inertia Virtual damping coefficient System frequency Time in seconds Duty cycle Input active power from de side Output active power from ac side Angular position of the rotor Zero sequence power Angular speed Air density Wind speed Power coefficient Total Harmonic Distortion of Voltage Total Harmonic Distortion of Current RMS magnitude of fundamental component. of Voltage RMS magnitude of component of Voltage viiiNomenclature Direct a3 voltage Quadratic axis voltage Zero sequence voltage DC Link Voltage Load current Shunt injected current System impedance Source voltage Source current Terminal voltage Series compensation voltage Shunt compensation currentChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview ‘The location of generation facilities for wind energy is determined by wind energy re- ion grids and major source availability, often far from High Voltage (HIV) power transmi with medium power ratings, the Wind En- consumption centers [1]. In case of fa ergy System(WES) and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) are connected through Medium Voltage (MV) distribution headlines. A situation commonly found in such scheme is that the power generated is comparable to the transport power capacity of the power grid to which the WES is connected, also known as weak grid connection. The main feature of this type of connections, is the increased voltage regulation sensitivity to changes in load 2]. So, the system’s ability to regulate voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) to the electrical system is a key factor for the successful operation of the WES and SOFC. Also, is well known that given the random nature of wind resources, the WES gencrates fluctuating electric power. These fluctuations have a negative impact on stability and Power quality in electrie power systems. [3] Moreover, in exploitation of wind resources, turbines employing Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG) have been used since the beginnings. The operation of SCIG demands reactive power, usually provided from the mains and/or by local generation in capacitor banks, [4]. In the event that changes occur in its mechanical speed, i.e, due to wind disturbances, so will the WES active(reactive) power caine into the power grid, leading to variations of WES terminal voltage rsa eee This power Caan propagate into the power system, aes e ae known as “flicker”, which consists of fluctuations in the pe ‘aused by voltage variations. Also, the normal operation of WES is Paited due to such disturbances, In particular for the case of “weak grids”, the impact “Sven greater In order to reduce the vol ctuati : 5 SK “fi er", and le voltage fluctuations that may cause “flicker”, auculation, sevoral so jmprove WES fonninal voltage itions have been posed. The most cominon one is to upgrade the power grid, increasing, the short circuit power level at PCC. ths reducing the hnpaet of power thickuations and voltage regulation problems (a In recent plogical development. of high power electronics devices has Homentation of electronic equipment suited for clectrie power systems, ith Jedd to itn pared to tho line frequen activ fast response ¢ mpensators allow great fisibility in: a) controlling the power flow in transmission yystems using Flexible AC Jyansission System (FACTS) devices, and b) enhancing the power quality in distri- ution systems employing Custom Power System (CUPS) devices {5]. The use of these active compensators to improve integration of wind energy in weak grids is the approach adopted in this work. In this paper we propose and analyze a compensation strategy using an Unified Power Quality Conditioner(UPQC), for the case of SCIG-based WES and SOFC are connected to a weak distribution power grid.This system is taken from a real case (6). ‘The main impact in the power distribution system is the quality of power, which causes more distortion in the source due to using nonlinear loads (power electronics loads). The main cause for distortion is harmonics, notching, and inter harmonics. Distortion is that the fundanental frequency sine wave is represented as super position of all harmonic frequency sine waves on fundamental sine wave. The usage of power electronics loads is increased day by day, while considering that industries power electronics drives are used for the automation of the industries. To compensate the distortion in the system. passive filters were used aud while using the passive filters particular harmonic range is only climinated. In order to overcome the drawbacks of passive filter, for the climination of Power Quality Probloms(PQP), (7lactive filters were used. [8)Power quality problems Are harmonics, sag, and swell which are mitigated by the active filters by the configu: tation of dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), distribution-static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM), and unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) {9}. In this paper UPQC 110] is used for the mitigation of the power quality problems which is the combination of “aries and shunt active filters, ‘The series and shunt active power filters are voltage and Sent source converters which ate controlled by the (PWM) Pulse Width Modulation “tals which nee yencrated by the controllers, in recont yy : ; " Fecont Years, the virLual yynchronous machine (VSM) concept las been introduced, us wel I os virtuwl synchronous generator (VSG) , or synchronverter, and power synchro- Mzation e¢ i ‘ "control , inertial emulation aud synchronous power controller (11, 12}, whichontiols gri-eonnected fivertors emulating the behavior of conventional synchronous controls 8 hines to obtain a better, grid-ftiendly transient response. The two tain benefits of ma \siebased contol are power-based synchronization, which eliminates the PLL and its tential instability, and virtual inertia, which is programmable during disturbances te po As such, the kes achiove faster response thant physical synchronous machine advantage 1 type controllers over PQ theory controllers is the where of VS \'SM-type remains inherently in harmony with the electrical system. ‘This property pre. vents VSM type controllers from fighting with cach other and running into in ability, espol improves the transient when contingencies happen, and can remain stabl under islanding conditions. ‘There are different approaches of the concept, some using virtual inertia only, some adding virtual impedance also [13] and some implementing the full inodel of a synchronous machine, Virtual impedance and virtual inertia will be implemented in the strategy pro- posed in this article to make the STATCOM operate as a variable synchronous condenser With virtual inertia [14], the STATCOM will naturally synchronize with the grid aceu- rately if there is any change in the frequency without any risks of losing synchroni ion. Virtual impedance can limit the harmonic produced by the converter itself and also reject that from the system ensuring immunity under harmonic perturbation, where ad- ditionally negative sequence impedance can be added to enhance the response in case of nbalanced phase voltages exists in the system; e.g., during asymmetrical faults. In such way, the VSM-based STATCOM will be moderately sensitive to power or voltage Muctuation induced by Renewable Energy Sources(RES) or the grid itself, featuring bet- ter synchronization performance and thus achieving an improved voltage. Now the VSM [15], concept has been introduced to UPQC. ‘The UPQC is controlled to regulate the WES terminal voltage, and to mitigate voltage fluctuations at the PCC, caused by system load changes and pulsating WES gencrated Power, respectively. The voltage regulation at WES terminal is conducted using the UPQC series converter(SRF), by voltage injection “in phase” with PCC voltage. On the other hand, the shunt conver ter(VSM) is used to filter the WES generated power ‘0 prevent voltage fluctuations, ‘The shoving of active Tink. the VSM-based Induced by floc requiring active and reactive power handling capability. Power between converters, is managed through the common DC UPQE will be moderately sensitive to power or voltage fluctuation S's or the grid itself, Simulations were carried out to demonstrate the ven : i hess of the proposed compensation approach,1.2 Literature Review Naa a day's power quality has become the mst nent factor for boll, peayuy sapiens Now ada und eonsmmens due to the degradation of Ly uloolrie power eneryy bing made to improve power quality, "Tod wnarkol, Moris are: Tn (hi mnadorn world power quality. hin bocome a great issue, AS many Industries mel for domestien ani wer nee A voltage and current fiee from all types of harmonies nnd unbolanees, Daw ta problems hi pe c quality there is development of may methods Lo twnprove power quality by anny active power filters [16}. The concept of powor was introduced by Uho N.C, Hingeant (17), Power electrouies devices consists of a diode, hyristors, IGBT, diodes [18], ‘Pho active power filters are used to remove harmonies from current. of loud sido andl anake supply eurvont completely sinusoidal, and it also mitigate Lhe probloins of supply voltage imbalance iw voltage rise/dip aud make voltages at load side balanced! of equal magnitude, ‘The netive power filters can be combined together and made to remove hoth problem due to voltage and current harmonies. Thore are wide range of controlling technique for nctive power filters [19}-The [20] reactive power theory was used to do simulation of thew phi wire line which is valid for both of the transient and steady state, tree ‘Tho physienl mening, of instantaneous reactive power theory was described in [21]. ‘Pho instantaneous reactive Power theory with the non-linear loads is described in [22], ‘Tho DVR. mode in [23] for removal of all kinds of voltage related problems. Hore the op Lin dliveusiied rating, nystonn consist of PLL and Park’s transformation is used for simulation, In [24] thres phase Simulation of series active power fitor is done for removal of voltage unbalance in supply ‘hapler [25] the operation of explained. In [26] the operation of three phase four wite sluunt APF i explained which is used to suppress load current side and make load voltage balanced and regulated. In cl DSTATCOM i is harmonies which is due to nou linear loads. As the power quality is the most important fe ‘aud removal of all type 80 to gol improved power quality’ of harmonies from voltage and cnerent wo study UPQE whiel is CWE versatile deviee and can be used for both mitigate th problewm due to current harmonies and voltage disturbances 27]. . The voltage source inverter active filters aro used for removal of power quality probs ms ). cti i 8). The shunt active power flr is usd bo romove al Uo problonns related to Surrent hannonies, and reacti Ve power compousition wo Unb Lhe powor quality will ime ae become completely sinusoidal, iti alko wed for pow factor tection Bo). A sories APP removes all kind of problems which ariaay duo to voltage tke woltage distorti i tortion, fluctuations, voltage dip/rise aud mako load sido voltage balanced and Prove and source current will1 in magnitude [30], A UPQC is a device which is formed by connecting a series APE equal in magi | shunt APF back 40 back through DC capacitor [$1]. This vast range of objectives ag i © requirements ease : iovedl either individually or in combination, depending upon the requirements axed is achieved cithe I i iia trolling techniques and configuration which have to be selected appropriately [32]. Jy control {3} UPQC control techniques a introduced for removal of harmonies. A unit: yeetor uplate generation is explained in this paper. In [34] UPQC control strategy was dis. tompla sc e sel for three phase four wire system, here cussed for APF and shunt APF are connected hack to back with the help of DC capacitor and unit vector template control strategy wos ries APF, In [35] © new control strategy for UPQC. was discussed for removal of harmonies under non-ideal mains voltage and unbalanced loads, ‘The used for power quality is improved near PCC (point of common coupling). In [36] a unified quolity conditions was developed for both removal of harmonies and reactive power compensation, UPQC wos studied with both R-L load and R-C load. Here the PI controller were used to get the amount of power loss in the UPQC. As we know that in today’s world due 'inear loads which is because of power electronics devices and due to faults in the systems there arises many power quality problems so to diffe to non- © power remove this problems we use ‘rent types of filters. Barlier passive filters were used but because of their and resonance problems the use of passive filters are not recomme, active power filters are use larger size nded. So now a days 6 to different methodolog: UPQc. ind of problems re] d, which are classified according our main consideration in Shunt APF, Series APF, and A UPQC is most efficient, device as it removes all kin quality. But Shunt APE ry. But lated to power only operates for cure) operates for voltage related problems, quality problem. There are ‘nt related problems wher: So UPQC is the device mainly many control techniques used for shunt APF, eas series APF used for power shit APP simulation, For g vat a0 tory. There is also SP WM techniqu "Scr series APP control techniques used ig Park’s meee re Bed Also we can use SPWM techniques and SVPWM (space Wn this thre pees technique for series APF, For UPQG control technique “sive to news Blieie a The VSM-based STATCOM will be moderately Std itself, featuring oe cee ean induced by renewable energy sources or the Voltage, syuchronization pe formance and thus achieving an improved1. Research Motivation sus ov tote OF pine elect ten dverivess in thie permet sapstenn aid Asse Sanltes jy Dy Aeoched. Suilts like Bicker, Dw to ine i ayaten thn electric pene sill ws intenraghen ned perms ud he sy ‘the jncrenses Hn of Huarsnemies in currents: and voltage, “F ion, industries, aud semiconductor is Contes 1 voltage uctontions, ‘Tee telerrmnnneie to promer quality prodlesus 1 huey seh Wiggs ring, Incluries nee more: seit nasil iy of power, So eres ons Hive studied Ma Reantrne promen a Shunt AVE is used to onnpensnte the prot) pusidal. Ses wOieaye ond wale ty problems qual hu help of active power filters idl iisskes thie seaures: courses, Complies Joad current harmnionics sa used to mitigate problems relatenl to volkaggs igy/rive: in semueo voltage conapletely regulated, UPGC in und to soli all problems laters to voltage and current harmonies anil iiniprove pormer qusdity. 1.4 Thesis Objective The objective of this project are «+ ‘To explore the techniques for removal of current harmonics and spitigate the swell, + Study the UPQC model for poner quality Improvement, © Investigate Shunt, APP for compensating loa current harmonics and so that current dravn from supply is completely sinusnidal, © Investigate Series API 90 to mitigate voltage dip and rive from source voltage and make load voltage perfectly balanced, 1.5 Organization of Thesis {i Chapter | there in brieS description about the theain and paper studied for organization Of thesis andl the: strani ry of work done by different, rexcarchers and how { was motivated todo this project, and objective of theein, I oe : : Chapter 2 there iv a disciwsion bout poner quality, and what are the problems effects 1 i i Me bower quality of syster, Aiffcrem: types of loads, harmonies indices. Iu CA 4 ogee [Mister there is discussion about, UPOC, different control vtrategy of UPQC, Hats Of UP QC Le, of m OF UPOC Le, Shunt APY and series APY, And different control strategy required Situation of both.In Chapter 4 thero is discussion about VSM controller, different control strnteny of VSM, parts of VSM controller, and bow (shunt) VSM controller based UPQC workin In Chapter § there is brief deseription about syntem, ali matlab slinalation, slanualae tion results are given and they nre discussed, ” In Chapter 6 concludes our work and piven the future work whieh can be done to improve this scheme,P ters of the system. nel para Grid voltgae Frequency 15+j6.31 MVAR le Load 2 1252.40 MVAR L Load 3 9.2+j1.85 MVAR i 204j15 MVAR j1000 MVAR i600 MVAR Virtual angular momentum 5 * 10e-3w, Virtual damping factor Lew, Virtual resistor ohm Virtual inductance 0.01 H Fuel cell power rating Fuel cell terminal voltage Veg Wind terminal Voltage 690 v Py Wind power rating 21.6 MW Vepeet Wind speed 108 m/s Le Radius of the swept area 312m Power coefficient 0.592uroysAs ysaZ, :6°g amBt woyshg ysay, T'g'¢ ST AVILVIN esSryppow o19S, suuyo Z% 2 VAW SZ A069 JAX EE g", “SD eS aeg URED = 8s ——*> AN cl ipeads pum | zedoag Pig (s/u) paads pur, ho (6ep) ej6ue yorid (nd) wy | (nd) paads soyessua sulaanl PUI adoog Buyopery unex pura res ‘ 2 3 agSuyepom OAOS *L"¢ ams DMA 2h —{3 a Sh ery coo he RRR ES j sasnd sasnd bat bd _ 280400 WOOLVIS WSA Towuos sees» ofg a 2 gE 2 f i = = re wf = z He = “9 “9 “9 ly Bupopory Daa Pes59 soLtag 16°g ONTLT uoMeWojsues| uonewsojsued | age or obp so? _Uls| jobp age HOT=04 surepo: ER CIN: APMIS, SPEIOS OS Esguasisqng puny pusreierrs 0 opal! 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ENGZ * zongorg eud.z = Wis bl. CRS Cus} aL. Pnpolg us. a woHOK7UCD wUNIS NSA 2'8°9 60comparison of Simulation Results Constant Grid and Variable Load eC of the power system scheme illustrated in Fig.5.1, i em including the controller control strategy detailed in Chapter 4, was implemente; ; using Matlab /Siraulink in Table 5. jons were performed to determine and then compensate voltage 45 ‘The simulated UPQC system Parameters are given 1. Numerical ag, swell and acitive load and sions a ‘goiss due to @ sudden connecting linear inductive load, linear cap so pbs ood. i eemulation was conducted with the following chronology: ik att = 0.0 sec the simulation starts «at =08 to 1 sec voltage sag is created by sudden connected inductive load «ait =15 to L7 sec voltage swell is created by sudden connected capacitive load «at=2 to 2.2 sec by connecting non-linear load, harmonics are created 2 szlation studies, the results are specified without controller, with PQ theory con- =iz taxed UPQC and with VSM controller based UPQC system are operated.(b) Voltage and current at PCC with PQ theory controlled UPQC Lana EEE (c) Voltage and current at PCC with VSM controlled UPQC Figure 5.12: Voltage and current at PCC tae 5.12 (a),(b) and (c) illustrates that the voltage and current waveforms at Fi ee a £=0.8 to 1 sec 30% of sag is created by connecting inductive load and at ely, 88 30% of swell is created by connecting capacitive load, and at t= 2 2. te = are introduced because of non-linear loads. With the comparison of PQ 8g, 8° UPQC, VSM controller based UPQC the sag and swell reduced to 99% “nonics are eliminated. ‘ni 62r we \d Current, ‘yoltage a ot Ca Tina(evcond) wre wt aaa ae wee a (a) Injected voltage and current with PQ theory controlled UPQC eae sot i Ea re eas ae ay ea Baus taken Mee ef Tintecond)| (b) Injected voltage and current with VSM controlled UPQC Figure 5.13: Injected voltage and current The feu 5.13 (a) and (b) illustrates that injected voltage and current with PQ theory ‘ntrolled, UPQC and VSM controlled UPQC. The injected voltage and current is irreg- tr ; 4, teary contrcled UPQC. But at t=0.8 to 1 see VSM controled UPQC inject Mato min imize sag present in the system, at t= 1.5 to 1.7 sec it inject voltage with "= phase to minimize swell present in the system and at t =2 to 2.2 sec it minimize eh, “nwonics present in system.P cat Point of Common Coupling a eee 08 ee hDFPE (a) Vol ——--- 1 CUCU MSNMAI (b) Voltage sag at PCC with PQ th L a9 aaanarerF La sia | es i i SO a ‘Tmo(seconds) (a) Voltage at PCC without controle roller SAN L 1 1 + 2 21 22 ‘Time(seconds) ei ©nie Distortion of Voltage at POC ion" pt ioe (a) THD of voltage at PCC without controller aie acct onan ee (b) THD of voltage at PCC with PQ theory controlled UPQC {I — oul slaaL Meta beataltangtacptiees dere. (c) THD of voltage at PCC with VSM controlled UPQC Figure 5.17: THD of voltage at PCC THD w/e con- THD(PQ- ‘THD(VSM- toller UPQC) UPQC) Table 5.9. "e 52: THD of voltage and current at PCC due to variation of load “sutroller Vatage x 67 ——ti(iésr41 Harmonic Distortion of Current at pee sot (a) THD of current at pec without controller (0) THD of current at pee with PQ theory controlled UPQC iat) 7, Pomemeent WOMe = 2003 THe i gt ett nse a a os (c) THD of current at pec with VSM controlled UPQC Figure 5.18: THD of current at PCC Sa, aia (2),(b) and (c) illustrates that the THD of voltage and 5.18 (@).(b) and n ltat the THD of current at PCC without controller, with PQ controlled 22 SM controlled UPOC respectively. With the comparison of PQ controller rao 5.29 percentage), VSM controller based UPQC reduced Vip to 1.86 % Pals {Es comparison of PQ controller based UPQC' Ira 16.76 percentage), besed UPQC reduced Izyp to 7.23 percentagea active Power of Wind Energy Systom Re aod + Teds, Pea (a) Wind power without controller OS EE aE By OF Os 1 id 1S 4a 1S Ss Bsa “rme(eetonde) (b) Wind powers with PQ theory controller based UPQC T T r T r oy PF SDS GG as or ea ast ia Tag as sa ae asa a ‘Time(seconde) Re a OT ae ae Tae ae ae ey as te ae as ae aT aston) (¢) Wind powers with VSM controller based UPQC Figure 6.20: Active and reactive power of Wind Energy System 5.29 ; hg (@),(b) ana (c) illustrates that the active and reactive power of wind. The atic thesia oe Controllers gives the good results with VSM controller based UPQC * UPQC controller and with PQ controller based UPQC. ip 70i Rosctive Power of SOFC and Nf ee (a) SOFC power without controller (©) SOFC powers with VSM controller based UPQC Figure 5.21; Active and Reactive Power of SOFC ji 5 a (ov) tation of he Without, and (c) illustrates that the active and reactive power of sofe. ‘The Controllers gives the good results with VSM controller based UPQC UPQC controller and with PQ controller based UPQC. ' a(a) Grid powers without controller asananaayle ws Ee es aaa as ae as ae a ae (b) Grid powers with PQ theory controlled UPQC ene (¢) Grid powers with VSM controlled UPQC Figure 5.22: Active and reactive power at grid * fgure Wat gee 2 (4) and (b) iMlustrates that active and reactive power at grid, It shows tty aid reget; Md reactive powers arv within ‘the limit. 12ytant Load and Variable Grid Con? pdt oes Se scheme iustrated in Fig.5.1, including the controllers pe 7 i we 0 ph sewed detuiled in Chapter 4, was implemented using Matlab/Simulink The dated UPQC syetem parameters are given in Table 5.1. Numerical — vs weet protons Wy dAesniinee and then compensate voltage sagewell and sti rt vps OF ty a sudden connecting Jinear inductive load. linear capcitive load and al ; tates i ducted with the following chronology: cession 3108 OH Se nieabon sat = 0g ee the ty Led wwe voltage nag is created in grid simulation starts full load Atal ane Lito Dove voltage selfs created in grid vat = 2510 21 s00 hasmonies are created in grid studies, the results are specified without controller, POC and vith VSM controller based UPQC system are o feelin with PQ theory con- yperated. edie or AO) 73