Starter Grammar reference

Present simple y present Present perfect y past simple

continuous Afirmativa Negativa
• el present simple se usa para hablar de rutinas, hábitos I/You/We/They’ve sung.
He/She/It’s sung.
I/You/We/They haven’t
sung.
y situaciones permanentes
He/She/It hasn’t sung.
• el present continuous se usa para describir qué está
Interrogativa Respuestas breves
sucediendo en el momento de hablar
Have I/you/we/they sung? Yes, I/you/we/they have.
Expresiones temporales Has he/she/it sung? No, I/you / we / they
haven’t.
Con present simple Con present continuous Yes, he/she/it has.
No, I he/she/it hasn’t.
usually, always, never, etc. at the moment
on Sundays currently • el present perfect habla de acciones pasadas sin decir
every day/week/month now cuándo ocurrieron. El past simple siempre indica
once/twice/three times a today cuándo ocurrió la acción
week/month, etc. this week/month He’s been to the gym. Ha ido al gimnasio.
He went to the gym yesterday. Fue al gimnasio ayer.
Verbos modales: presente y • con el present perfect usamos expresiones de tiempo
generales, como always, never, recently. Con el past
pasado simple usamos expresiones específicas como ago,
Presente Pasado yesterday, last week y at 9 o’clock
Habilidad / can/can’t go could/couldn’t go We’ve always spoken English at home, but yesterday
permiso we spoke French.
En casa siempre hemos hablado inglés, pero ayer
Obligación have to/must go had to go
hablamos francés.
Falta de don’t/doesn’t didn't have to go
obligación have to go
Prohibición mustn’t go ✗
Tiempos de futuro: repaso
Consejo should/shouldn’t should/shouldn’t • will o won’t + infinitivo sin to se usa para hacer
go have gone predicciones y ofrecimientos, pedir favores y para
expresar decisiones espontáneas
• los modales se usan para expresar habilidad, permiso, I think that she’ll win the competition.
obligación, falta de obligación, prohibición y consejo Creo que ganará la competición.

• el pasado se forma de dos maneras: modal en pasado
+ infinitivo sin to o modal + have + participio
She couldn’t go to the cinema – she had no money!
¡No podía ir al cine porque no tenía dinero!
We should have bought the tickets yesterday.
Deberíamos haber comprado las entradas ayer.
• mustn’t no tiene forma de pasado
Tiempos de pasado: repaso
• el past simple se usa para hablar de acciones
terminadas en el pasado
• el past continuous expresa una acción que estaba
sucediendo en un momento del pasado o una acción
en progreso que fue interrumpida por otra acción
used to
• used to se usa para hablar de hábitos o estados que
eran comunes en el pasado
He used to get the bus to school, but now he walks.
Él solía ir al instituto en bus, pero ahora va andando
I’ll lend you this book if you like.
Te prestaré este libro si quieres.
I’m very hungry – I think I’ll make a sandwich.
Tengo mucha hambre; creo que me prepararé un
bocadillo.
• usamos be going to para hablar de planes futuros e
intenciones
I’m going to stay with my cousins in July.
Me voy a quedar en casa de mis primos en julio.
• también se usa para hacer predicciones basadas en
evidencias
It looks like it’s going to snow later.
Parece que nevará más tarde.
• el present continuous se usa para planes fijados de
antemano
I’m playing football on Saturday.
El sábado juego al fútbol.
• el present simple se usa para hablar de eventos futuros
fijados en un horario o programa
Our class starts at 9 o’clock tomorrow morning.
Nuestra clase empieza a las 9 mañana por la mañana.

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 Grammar practice Starter

Present simple and present Past tense review

continuous 4 Use the past simple, past continuous or used
1 Complete the sentences using the correct to + verb to complete the sentences.
form of the verbs in brackets. Use the present 1 I used to sit (sit) next to my cousin in class but
simple or the present continuous. now Harry is next to me.
My sister Lisa 1 loves (love) sport. She 2 My uncle (do) the shopping when
often 2 (play) hockey and volleyball he (fall) and (break)
with her friends, and she also 3 his leg.
(go) skateboarding twice a week. In fact, she 3 I (have) hot chocolate and toast for
4 (skateboard) at the moment – she breakfast yesterday.
5 (train) for a competition next month, 4 My mum never watches TV but when she was
so she needs to practise. We get on well, but we’re younger she (watch) TV every day.
very different. I 6 (not enjoy) doing 5 We (prepare) lunch when we
sport at all – I prefer dancing and music. I sometimes (hear) the news.
7 (watch) Lisa’s competitions, though.
Right now, I 8 (wait) for Lisa to come
home so we can practise our dance for the school Present perfect simple and
show! past simple
2 Choose the correct option. 5 Choose the correct option.
1 I work in a clothes shop at weekends/now. 1 I in Romania since I was four.
2 I’m not talking to my friends every day/at the a ’ve lived b lived
moment. 2 I my best friend on the first day of primary
3 Do you usually/today play a musical instrument? school.
4 Do they listen to the same songs at the moment/ a ’ve met b met
every day? 3 My brother very busy recently.
a ’s been b was
Modal verbs: present and 4 The school athletics team a competition since
past last year.
a hasn’t won b didn’t win
3 Complete the conversation with the correct 5 My parents a café in the city centre last month.
modal verbs from the box.
a have opened b opened
can couldn’t have to must mustn’t 6 I that thriller two months ago.
should should have a have read b read

I’m so hungry. I 1 couldn’t eat my sandwich

at school because it fell on the ground.
Future tense review
6 Rewrite the sentences using the correct future
You 2 bought something in the canteen.
tense.
You’re right. But I didn’t have any money. 1 I meet Alex at six o’clock tonight.
I’m meeting Alex at six o’clock tonight.
You 3 always take some 2 Jordi’s learning French next year.
money with you.

That’s a good idea – I 4 3 Oh, and I’m probably making a cake for mum’s
remember to do that in the future. birthday.

And another thing you 5 do is 4 The plane is landing at 7:05.
to ask a friend to share their lunch.

But I don’t want them to be hungry too. 5 I think our science project wins the competition.

You 6 take all of their lunch
because they 7 eat too! 83
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1 Grammar reference

Present perfect simple • los verbos de estado como know, understand, want,
love, hate o hear no se suelen usar en present perfect
• para acciones pasadas sin especificar el momento en continuous.
el que sucedieron
I’ve visited the pyramid at Chichen Itza.
He visitado la pirámide de Chichén Itzá. Question tags
• para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y Present simple You like pizza, don’t you?
continúan en el presente Present continuous He is going, isn’t he?
We’ve lived here since I was ten. Present simple of be I’m a great singer, aren’t I?
Hemos vivido aquí desde que tenía diez años.
Past simple You went to the party,
• se forma con have/has + participio de pasado didn’t you?
He has sung that song before. Past continuous You were working, weren’t
Ha cantado esa canción antes. you?
They haven’t heard him sing live. Past simple of be They were at work, weren’t
No lo han oído cantar en directo. they?
Present perfect We’ve seen this film,
Present perfect continuous haven’t we?

Afirmativa Negativa • son una manera diferente de hacer preguntas

I/You have been singing. I/You have not (haven’t) • se usan para buscar la aprobación del interlocutor
been singing. You didn’t go to school today, did you?
He/She/It has been He/She/It have not (hasn’t) Hoy no fuiste al colegio, ¿verdad?
singing.
We/You/They have been
been singing.
We/You/They have not
• menos con be, se forman con un verbo auxiliar en el
tiempo apropiado y que concuerde con el sujeto
singing. (haven’t) been singing.
Your mum likes chocolate, doesn’t she?
Preguntas Respuestas breves A tu madre le gusta el chocolate, ¿verdad?
Have I/you/we/you/they
been singing?
Yes, I/you/we/you/they
have. • si el verbo principal es be, se repite ese verbo en la
No, I/you/we/you/they
question tag, tanto en las formas simples como en las
haven’t. continuas
He is very tall, isn’t he? Es muy alto, ¿no?
Has he/she/it been Yes, he/she/it has.

You were very angry earlier, weren’t you?
singing? No, he/she/it hasn’t.
Antes estabas muy enfadado, ¿no?
• para acciones que empezaron en el pasado y They are dancing beautifully, aren’t they?
continúan en el presente, y para enfatizar la duración Bailan de forma muy bonita, ¿no?
o repetición de una acción We weren’t looking in the right place, were we?
I’ve been waiting half an hour for the bus. No estábamos mirando en el lugar correcto, ¿no?
Llevo media hora esperando el autobús.
• para acciones repetidas en el pasado reciente (no
• si el verbo principal es afirmativo, la question tag es
negativa, y viceversa
determinado); a menudo se usa con expresiones You went to the book shop, didn’t you?
como lately, recently Fuiste a la librería, ¿no?
We’ve been going to this café a lot recently. She isn’t crying, is she? No está llorando, ¿no?
Últimamente hemos estado yendo mucho a esta
cafetería.
Preguntas con preposiciones
• para acciones que acaban de terminar y tienen
• se pone preposición al final de una pregunta cuando la
consecuencias en el presente
‘You are sweating.’ ‘Yes, I’ve been cycling for the last hour.’ partícula interrogativa es el objeto de la preposición
‘Estás sudando’. ‘Sí, he estado montando en bici una hora’. Who is this present for? ¿Para quién es este regalo?

• se forma con have/has + been + participio de presente
(verbo en -ing)
He has been reading that book since 9 am.
Ha estado leyendo ese libro desde las 9 de la mañana.
They haven’t been talking to me much lately.
Últimamente no han hablado mucho conmigo.
• cuando el verbo principal es un phrasal verb
Did you switch the computer off?
¿Apagaste el ordenador?
• cuando el verbo rige una preposición: agree with,
come from, depend on, listen to, speak to, talk to, think
about, worry about
Who do you agree with? ¿Con quién estás de acuerdo?

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 Grammar practice 1
Present perfect simple and Question tags
present perfect continuous 4 Choose the correct option.
1 Complete the sentences with the present 1 You aren’t coming home late, are you/do you?
perfect simple of the verbs. 2 There wasn’t any food left, was there/were
there?
decide not hear listen read 3 He downloaded the new live album, did he/
release not see try didn’t he?
1 We ’ve listened to Ariana’s new album several 4 You’ve heard this song before, haven’t you/have
times. you?
2 Taylor Swift a new single already. 5 She was wearing a new dress, didn’t she/wasn’t
she?
3 you a newspaper
recently? 6 Unripe bananas have a strange taste, don’t they/
haven’t they?
4 They the new superhero film yet.
5 I to go to college in Canada. 5 Write complete sentences with question tags.
6 She anything from the university yet. 1 you / got home / early
7 he diving or water You got home early, didn’t you?
skiing?
2 your school / starts / at 8 o’clock
2 Complete the sentences in the present perfect

continuous with the verbs in brackets. 3 we / were enjoying / that music
1 The support band has been touring with Maroon 5

since July and they have three gigs left. (tour) 4 your friends / have read / this book
2 I for twenty minutes,

so twenty minutes to go. (run) 5 you / don’t tidy the classroom / every day
3 People tickets as fast as
I thought. There are lots left. (not buy)

6 there / weren’t / many people / at the shop
4 Susan to basketball
lessons since she was a little girl. (go)

5 you the
piano every day since I told you to? (practise)
6 Matt recently because Questions with prepositions
he injured his arm a month ago. (not swim)
7 it all day 6 Order the words to write
or has it only just started? (rain)
questions.
3 Order the words and write sentences in the 1 you normally / worry / what / about / do
present perfect simple or continuous. What do you normally worry about?
1 I / save / my favourite photos / on my phone / . 2 you / off / the air conditioning / did / switch
I’ve saved my favourite photos on my phone.

2 he / before / never / to a live concert / go / . 3 does / from / the / where / come / student / new


3 I / for ages / to arrive / wait / for you / . 4 films / you / in / what kinds / interested / of / are


4 see / my new / you / headphones / ? 5 about / they / what / thinking / are


5 they / on this album / their favourite / record / 6 who / with / you / agree / do
songs / .


6 you / learn / for long / Chinese / ?

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2 Grammar reference

Oraciones de relativo • who y which no se pueden sustituir por that

This restaurant, which is my favourite, has a great
especificativas choice of pasta dishes.
Pronombre relativo Uso Este restaurante, que es mi favorito, tiene una gran
who/that personas selección de platos de pasta.
which/that cosas
whose posesiones Pronombres reflexivos e each
where lugares other
when tiempos Pronombres de sujeto Pronombres reflexivos
• para dar información esencial sobre una cosa o persona I myself
We met someone who looks exactly like you. you yourself
Conocimos a una persona que era clavada a ti.
he himself
• usamos who para las personas she herself
There is the boy who sang at the school concert.
it itself
Ahí está el chico que cantó en el concierto del colegio.
we ourselves
• usamos which para las cosas
you yourselves
I don’t know which photo to choose.
they themselves
No sé qué foto escoger.
• usamos whose para indicar posesión
• se usan cuando el sujeto y el objeto de la oración son
la misma persona
This is the girl whose voice is amazing.
I promised myself that I would learn to speak Chinese
Esta es la chica cuya voz es impresionante.
fluently.
• usamos where para los lugares Me prometí a mí mismo que aprendería a hablar chino
I think this is the street where Jason lives. con fluidez.
Me parece que esta es la calle donde vive Jason. They call themselves musicians but I’m not sure that I

• usamos when para indicar un tiempo

agree.
Se llaman a sí mismos músicos, pero no sé si estoy
Last summer was when we first met.
muy de acuerdo.
Fue el verano pasado cuando nos conocimos.
• who y which se pueden sustituir por that • each other se usa para expresar una acción mutua
entre dos personas
I think you’re the person who chose this costume.
Joe and Tim are good friends. They help each other with
I think you’re the person that chose this costume.
their homework. (Tim helps Joe and Joe helps Tim.)
Creo que fuiste tú quien eligió este disfraz.
Joe y Tim son buenos amigos. Se ayudan el uno al otro
con los deberes.
Oraciones de relativo Gina and I gave each other a Christmas present. She
explicativas gave me a scarf and I gave her some gloves.
Gina y yo nos hicimos regalos en Navidad. Ella me dio
• para dar información adicional, no necesaria, sobre una bufanda y yo le di unos guantes.
una cosa o persona
John, who is my cousin, is studying medicine at
university in Madrid.
John, que es mi primo, está estudiando medicina en la
universidad en Madrid.
• who, which, whose, where y when se usan de la misma
forma que en las oraciones relativas especificativas
• las oraciones explicativas van entre comas para
separarlas de la oración principal
Last weekend, when it was my birthday, my parents
bought me a car.
El fin de semana pasado, que fue mi cumpleaños, mis
padres me compraron un coche.

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Defining and non-defining
relative clauses
1 Use a relative pronoun to join the two
sentences.
1 2017 was the year. I finished college then.
2017 was the year when I finished college.
2 This is the phone. I wanted to buy it.

3 That’s the girl. Her mum is my dance teacher.
Grammar practice 2
4 Join the sentences using a defining or non-
defining clause as necessary. Use the relative
pronoun or adverb in brackets.
1 This is a famous theatre. They have performed
shows like The Lion King. (where)
This is a famous theatre where they have
performed shows like The Lion King.
2 In 2017 I visited Los Angeles. I saw Lady Gaga
making the film A Star is Born. (when)


3 My brother works in a restaurant. It’s famous for its
steak and kidney pie. (that)

4 That’s the place. I used to go swimming there.


4 Jeff works as an engineer. He’s lived in lots of

5 There’s the boy. He likes skateboarding.
different places. (who)


2 Find and correct the mistakes. Then add the 5 My mother’s favourite food is sushi. She loves
commas to the non-defining relative clauses. visiting Japan. (whose)
1 My twin sister that looks exactly the same as me is

one minute older.
My twin sister, who looks exactly the same as me, Reflexive pronouns and each
is one minute older. other
2 La Paz where is in Bolivia is one of the highest
cities in the world. 5 Complete the sentences with the words in the
box.

3 Last Christmas which we stayed with Uncle Toby each other itself myself themselves yourself
in Oslo it was really cold.
1 I’m going to treat myself to an ice cream.
2 How did you teach to play the

4 My brother Leo who star sign is Libra is a very guitar?
honest, reliable guy.
3 They bought a new computer
yesterday afternoon.

5 The city of Prague when I met Alex and Sergei is a 4 They talk to all the time on the
really beautiful place. phone.

5 My phone updates automatically

every week.
3 Complete the sentences with the clauses in
the box. Add commas or full stops where 6 Find and correct the mistake in each sentence.
necessary. 1 Have you ever recorded themselves with this
who is Jennifer Lawrence’s doppelganger camera?
which never sleeps Have you ever recorded yourself with this
when I went to Russia camera?
where Shakespeare set his play Romeo and Juliet 2 They are friends with themselves because they
who starred in The Hunger Games have a lot in common.
1 Alexia Maier, who is Jennifer Lawrence’s

doppelganger, lives in Florida. 3 I can’t believe they made this themself.
2 That’s the actress

3 Verona is 4 I want to treat me to a new pair of shoes.
a beautiful Italian city.

4 New York is the city
5 Last year I visited
the Kremlin in Moscow. 87
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3 Grammar reference

Verbos modales de She might have been very busy so she hasn’t had time
to call.
deducción y especulación Puede que haya estado muy ocupada y por eso no ha
Significado Presente tenido tiempo para llamar.
Certeza I/You/He/She/It/We/You/
They must be tired.
• can’t se usa para hablar de cosas que son imposibles
You can’t be serious! There is no way I’m doing that.
Posibilidad I/You/He/She/It/We/ You/ ¿Estás de broma? De ninguna manera voy a hacerlo.
They might be tired. Jack can’t have been at the party because he’s on
Posibilidad I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ holiday in Greece.
They could be tired. Jack no puede haber asistido a la fiesta porque está de
Imposibilidad I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ vacaciones en Grecia.
They can’t be tired.
• couldn’t se usa para hablar de cosas del pasado que
Significado Pasado creemos imposibles
It couldn’t have been the original manuscript because I
Definitivamente cierto I/ You/He/She/It/We/You/
have that at home.
They must have been cold.
No podía haber sido el manuscrito original porque ese
Posiblemente cierto I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ lo tengo yo en casa.
They might have been
cold.
Posiblemente cierto I/ You/He/She/It/We/You/ Past perfect
They could have been cold. Afirmativa Negativa
Imposible I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/We/You/They had I/You/We/You/They had
They can’t have been cold. seen it. not (hadn’t)
• must, might, could y can’t se usan para expresar He/She/It had seen it. seen it.
He/She/It had (hadn’t)
posibilidad y certeza, y para hacer deducciones
seen it.
• en presente la estructura es sujeto + must/might/
Preguntas Respuestas breves
could/can’t + be
You must be so happy that Mike passed his exam. Had I/you/he/she/it/we/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/
Debes estar muy contento de que Mike haya you/they seen it? you/they had.
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/
aprobado el examen.
you/they hadn’t.
It might be an original Monet painting.
Podría ser un cuadro original de Monet. • para hablar de una acción que sucedió antes que
otra en el pasado
• en pasado la estructura es sujeto + must/might/ We had eaten breakfast by the time they arrived.
could/couldn’t/can’t + have been Ya habíamos comido el desayuno cuando llegaron.
She can’t have been at school today because the
school is closed. • a menudo se usan las expresiones temporales by the
Hoy no puede haber ido al colegio porque está time, ever, never, already y by then
cerrado. The film had finished by the time my dad came home.
They could have been studying together in the café. La película ya había terminado cuando mi padre llegó
Podrían haber estado estudiando juntos en la cafetería. a casa.

• must se usa para decir que una cosa es casi segura o • se forma con had (not) + participio de pasado
que es extremadamente probable He hadn’t left when dad came home.
It must be raining because you’re all wet. Aún no se había ido cuando mi padre llegó a casa.
Debe estar lloviendo porque estás empapado.
They must have been hungry because they’ve eaten
everything!
¡Debían tener mucha hambre porque se lo han
comido todo!
• might o could se usan para decir que una cosa es
posible
You might be right about that, but I’m not sure.
Quizás tengas razón, pero no estoy seguro.

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 Grammar practice 3
Modal verbs of deduction Past perfect
and speculation 4 Complete the sentences with the past perfect of
1 Look at the information in the table and the verbs in brackets.
complete the sentences with must be, might 1 I hadn’t heard about the moai heads on Easter
be or can’t be. Island before I read this book. (not hear)
2 We photos of the Mona Lisa before
Rose Jackie Pearl
we went to the Louvre, but the real painting was
Height 1.58 m 1.70 m 1.90 m much better. (see)
Eyes Green Blue Brown 3 you Spanish before
Hair Long, black, Short, curly, Short, you went to South America? (study)
straight brown blond, 4 By the time my mum was 28, she my
straight father and decided to stay in Spain. (meet)
5 Can you believe it? Before this holiday I
1 The short person can’t be Pearl because on a plane anywhere! (not fly)
she’s tall. 6 she already the book
2 That girl with long, black hair and green eyes when you met her? (write)
Rose.
3 The girl over there Pearl, but I’m not 5 Choose the correct words.
sure. I can’t see her well enough. 1 The students hadn’t done their homework when I
4 The girl with blue eyes Pearl: she arrived/had arrived this morning.
has brown eyes. 2 After we read/had read the instructions we tried to
5 The tall girl Pearl: the others are assemble the cupboard.
much shorter. 3 By the time the train had arrived/arrived we had
6 The girl with short blond hair Rose finished all our snacks.
because she has long black hair. 4 I wanted to buy my mum a present but I spent/had
spent all my money at the cinema.
2 Choose the correct option. 5 Had you already seen/Did you already see her
1 You could have seen/couldn’t have seen Sally before we got there?
because she’s in Hong Kong at the moment. 6 I had been to that museum several times before our
2 This dress only cost $20, I think the sales clerk class went/had gone there on the school trip.
must make/must have made a mistake.
3 He says he doesn’t feel well. He might have 6 Order the words to write sentences.
caught/can’t catch a bug on the plane. 1 by the time / the bus / to the station / already / we
4 There is no Internet now. She can’t have/must got / had / left / .
have paid her Internet bill. By the time we got to the station the bus had
5 We could have gone/can’t go to the cinema but already left.
we didn’t know which film to see. 2 Dieter / never / which is why / had / in a concert /
sung / he / so nervous / was / before / .
3 Complete the sentences using past modal
verbs of deduction and speculation.

3 hadn’t / breakfast / they / went / to school / before /
1 It was impossible for him to do it.
eaten / they / .
He can’t/couldn’t have done it.
2 None of the other teams is any good. I’m sure our

4 ever / she / on live TV / before / performed / had / ?
team won the competition.
None of the other teams were any good. Our

team the competition. 5 you / chosen / before / had / the class / the topic /
began / ?
3 Jayden didn’t buy the jacket. He didn’t have
enough money.

Jayden the jacket. He didn’t have
enough money.
4 It’s possible that Priya went to the cinema.
Priya to the cinema.
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4 Grammar reference

Future continuous y future Modales futuros

perfect Presente Futuro
Future continuous Habilidad o can/can’t -
posibilidad be able to We will/won’t be
Afirmativa Negativa
able to go home
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ early.
They will (’ll) be working. They will not (won’t) be
working. Obligación y must -
necesidad have to/need to You will have to/
Preguntas Respuestas breves
will need to go
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/ home early.
you/they be working? you/they will.
Falta de don’t have to/ They won’t have
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/
obligación o need to to/won’t need to
you/they won’t.
necesidad go home early.
• para hablar de acciones que estarán sucediendo en
un momento determinado del futuro
This time tomorrow, I’ll be dancing at your wedding. • can/can’t/be able to se usan para hablar de habilidad
o posibilidad. En el futuro solo se usa be able to
Mañana a esta hora, estaré bailando en tu boda.
You will be able to finish your homework in class
• se forma con will/won’t + be + participio de presente tomorrow.
(verbo en -ing) Mañana podrás terminar tus deberes en clase.
They will be studying in London this time next year.
El año que viene por estas fechas estarán estudiando • must/have to/need to se usan para expresar obligación
y necesidad. En el futuro solo se usan have to/need to
en Londres.
He will have to work late tonight because there is a lot
Future perfect to do.
Afirmativa Negativa Esta noche tendrá que trabajar hasta tarde porque hay
mucho que hacer.
I/You/He/She/It/We/You/ I/You/He/She/It/We/You/
They will (’ll) have started. They will not (won’t) have
started.
• not have to y not need to se usan para expresar falta de
obligación o necesidad, tanto en el presente como
Preguntas Respuestas breves en el futuro
Will I/you/he/she/it/we/ Yes, I/you/he/she/it/we/ You won’t have to buy a new school uniform next year.
you/they have started? you/they will. El año que viene no tendrás que comprar un uniforme
No, I/you/he/she/it/we/ nuevo para el colegio.
you/they won’t.
• para hablar de acciones que terminarán antes del Oraciones temporales de
tiempo indicado en la frase
He’ll have done an apprenticeship when you finish
futuro
school. • para hablar de situaciones en el futuro usamos when,
Para cuando tú acabes los estudios él ya habrá hecho as soon as y until
un trabajo en prácticas. He will pick you up when you finish school.

• se forma con will/won’t + have + participio de pasado

Te recogerá cuando salgas de clase.
They won’t have started the presentation before we get • la estructura es future simple + when/as soon as/until
there. + present simple
No habrán empezado la presentación antes de que I’ll cook dinner when you get home.
lleguemos. Prepararé la cena cuando llegues a casa.
We’ll go on holiday as soon as you finish school.
Nos iremos de vacaciones tan pronto como termines
el colegio/en cuanto acabe el curso.
They won’t go out until it stops raining.
No saldrán hasta que pare de llover.

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 Grammar practice 4
Future continuous and future Future modals
perfect 4 Choose the correct option.
1 Write sentences in the future perfect with the 1 It’s very hot today so we won’t be able to/can do
verbs in brackets. sport outside.
1 By this time next week we ’ll have started our 2 You will have to/need pass your driving test
summer holidays. (start) before you can drive on your own.
2 If you continue reading that fast, you 3 They won’t need/won’t able to wear the school
the book by dinner time. (finish) uniform tomorrow.
3 he the website 4 She will must/have to pass an exam before she
by tomorrow night? (complete) can study here.
4 Most people at least once by the 5 I think they’ll be able/be able to play football on
time they’re 25. (vote) Saturday.
5 She has so much homework, she 6 He won’t have to/need stay in hospital tonight.
it all by the weekend. (not do)
5 Complete the sentences with be able to, have
6 Let’s meet at the café at 1:30 – I
to or need to in the affirmative or negative.
lunch so I’ll be very hungry. (not have)
1 I can’t wait to work as a chef because I
2 Choose the correct option. ’ll be able to cook all day long.
1 At 10:30 tomorrow I’ll be waiting/’ll have waited 2 We earn some money if we
for the train to the airport. want to spend the summer travelling.
2 By this time next year we ’ll be speaking/’ll have 3 If you choose an outdoor job then you
spoken English fluently. work in an office.
3 Houses are so expensive; I won’t be buying/ 4 With all this money you go
won’t have bought one by the time I’m 20. to college after all.
4 What will you be doing/have done this time next 5 The train leaves in five minutes so we
week? run if we want to catch it.
5 Will you have given/be giving three 6 He take the exam if he
presentations by the end of term? doesn’t arrive in two minutes.
6 Tara won’t be working/won’t have worked in
the dive shop this summer. Future time clauses
3 Rewrite the sentences in the future continuous 6 Complete the sentences with the correct form
or future perfect. of the verbs.
1 I start my apprenticeship at 9:30 tomorrow. apply book find leave retire
At 10:00 tomorrow I will have started my turn understand
apprenticeship.
2 The Christmas holidays start on 24th December. 1 You’ll start saving money when you find
a job.
By 26th December, the holidays .
2 We a holiday until we save enough
3 Ken is working in the shop next week.
money.
Next week Ken in the shop.
3 I home as soon as I finish school.
4 At 8:30 pm tomorrow night we’re watching a film
4 Kevin will continue studying until he
at the cinema.
the topic completely.
At 9 pm tomorrow night we a
5 They from work when they decide
film at the cinema.
where they want to live.
5 I’m meeting the new principal tomorrow at 10
6 She’ll take her driving test as soon as she
o’clock.
17.
By 11 o’clock tomorrow I the new
7 When I know what I want to study, I
principal.
for college.

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5 Grammar reference

La pasiva be allowed to, let, make

Afirmativa
Present simple
The juice is made.
The apples are washed.
Past simple
The juice was made.
The apples were washed.
Future (will)
The juice will be made.
The apples will be washed.
Future (be going to)
The juice is going to be
made.
The apples are going to be
washed.
Negativa
The juice is not (isn’t)
made.
The apples are not (aren’t)
washed.
The juice was not (wasn’t)
made.
The apples were not
(weren’t) washed.
The juice will not (won’t)
be made.
The apples will not (won’t)
be washed.
The juice is not (isn’t)
going to be made.
The apples are not (aren’t)
going to be washed.
be allowed to
Afirmativa
I am/was allowed to eat
sweets.
He/She/It is/was allowed to
eat sweets.
We/You/They are/were
allowed to eat sweets.
Preguntas
Am/Was I allowed to eat
sweets?
Is/Was he/she/it allowed to
eat sweets?
Are/Were we/you/they
allowed to eat sweets?
• be allowed to se usa para decir qué puede o no
puede hacer una persona
• la estructura es be + (not) + allowed to + infinitivo
Negativa
I am not/was not (wasn’t)
allowed to eat sweets.
He/She/It is not (isn’t)/was
not (wasn’t) allowed to eat
sweets.
We/You/They are not
(aren’t)/were not (weren’t)
allowed to eat sweets.
Respuestas breves
Yes, I am/was. No, I am not/
was not (wasn’t).
Yes, he/she/it is/was. No,
he/she/it isn’t/wasn’t.
Yes, we/you/they are/were.
No, we/you/they aren’t/
weren’t.

• para centrarse en la acción, en vez de en quién la realiza

Hundreds of olive trees are grown in this area of Spain.
En esta zona de España se cultivan cientos de olivos.
• para decir quién/qué realiza la acción usamos by
The first watch was made by Peter Henlein.
El primer reloj fue hecho por Peter Henlein.
• la estructura es verbo be + (not) + participio + (by)
A lot of new songs are written every year.
Todos los años se escriben muchas canciones nuevas.
• detrás de will/won’t y (not) going to se pone el
infinitivo en pasiva: be + participio
A huge number of new clothes will be produced next
year.
El año que viene se producirá una enorme/ingente
cantidad de ropa nueva.
The factory is going to be closed down by the
government.
El gobierno va a cerrar la fábrica.
• el infinitivo en pasiva se usa detrás de los modales,
entre otros verbos. Puede ir con o sin to, según el
verbo que vaya delante
Most plastic products can be recycled.
La mayoría de productos de plástico se pueden reciclar.
The amount of goods we recycle needs to be increased
in order to protect the planet.
Para proteger el planeta hay que aumentar la cantidad
de productos que reciclamos.
The award was expected to be given to Mr Taylor not
Mr Smith.
Se esperaba que dieran el premio al Sr. Taylor en lugar
de al Sr. Smith.
The students are not allowed to wear their own
clothes to school.
No está permitido que los alumnos lleven su propia
ropa al colegio.
• let se usa para dar u obtener permiso. Tiene un
significado parecido a be allowed to
• la estructura es let + complemento indirecto + verbo
My parents let me stay out until 11 pm on Fridays.
Mis padres me dejan salir hasta las 23 h los viernes.
• make se usa para expresar lo que una persona obliga
a hacer a otra
• la estructura es make + complemento indirecto +
verbo
My parents make me do the washing-up after dinner.
Mis padres me hacen lavar los platos después de cenar.
Oraciones impersonales
• son las que usamos con say/think cuando no sabemos
o no es importante decir quién ha dicho algo
It is said that the world’s population will reach 8 billion
in 2024.
Se dice que en 2024 la población mundial llegará a
los 8.000 millones
In the past, it was thought that recycling rubbish
wasn’t important.
Antes se creía que reciclar la basura no era importante.
• se forman con it + be + said/thought + that + oración
It is thought that more and more animals are
becoming endangered every year.
Se cree que cada año hay más animales en peligro de
extinción.

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 Grammar practice 5
The passive be allowed to, let, make
1 Complete the sentences in the present or past 4 Choose the correct option.
passive with the verbs. 1 We have a school uniform so we aren’t allowed/
are allowed to wear fashionable clothes.
affect hold invent not make
not recycle not wrap 2 Are you allowed/You are allowed to play video
games at home?
1 The Olympics are held every four years. 3 We were allowed/aren’t allowed to stay out
2 An Olympic gold medal of solid until midnight last Saturday.
gold. 4 I don’t think food and drink are allowed/were
3 Glass and plastic bottles thirty years allowed to be brought in here.
ago. 5 In the end he was allowed/is allowed to take his
4 Sea animals by the plastic rubbish guitar on the plane with him.
in the oceans.
5 The fruit we sell in plastic any more. 5 Complete the sentences with the correct form
of make or let.
6 the telephone by
Alexander Graham Bell? 1 My mum lets my friends stay over at the
weekend.
2 Rewrite the sentences, changing the active to 2 The teacher the whole class write
passive or the passive to active. an essay about recycling.
1 The money will be donated by three different 3 Can you me choose the film we’re
companies. going to watch today?
Three different companies will donate the money. 4 Does your brother you help him do
2 They probably won’t finish the new school gym his chores so he can complete them quickly?
by next year. 5 The actor fans take selfies of him all
The new school gym the time.
3 The law will be approved by the president next 6 The maths teacher us work really
week. hard because he gives us so much homework.
The president
4 Are they going to repair your bike in time for our Impersonal phrases
bike ride on Saturday?
6 Write impersonal sentences.
in time for our bike ride
1 After World War I / think / that / there wouldn’t be
on Saturday?
another world war.
3 Complete the text with the verbs in brackets After World War I, it was thought that there
in the correct passive form. wouldn’t be another world war.
2 In the 1950s / say / that / humans couldn’t fly to
Finally, it appears that people have realised the the moon.
importance of reducing the quantity of rubbish
that 1 is produced (produce). In the past,

rubbish 2 (put) in one bin and left 3 think / that / sea levels may rise two metres by
outside for collection. Nowadays, in a lot of places 2100.
people 3 (require) to sort their

rubbish into different categories for recycling. 4 say / that / Sweden is leading the way in the zero-
Back in 1980 plastic simply 4 waste campaign.
(not recycle). Today around 25% of plastic
5 (recycle), which is better, but

is still too low. Did you know that plastic bags 5 In 1983 / think / that / Star Wars: Return of the Jedi
and bottles 6 (can / make) into was the final Star Wars film.
material to make outdoor furniture? Food waste

7 (can / convert) into biogas fuel. 6 think / that / English is the most widely spoken
We need to make recycling a part of our lifestyle, language in the world.
or this planet 8 (turn) into one huge
landfill.

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6 Grammar reference

Condicionales: cero, primero, • en todos los condicionales, los verbos pueden ir en

afirmativa o en negativa tanto en la situación como
segundo y tercero en la consecuencia
Situación Consecuencia If she didn’t have enough money, she wouldn’t buy
that coat.
Cero condicional
Si no tuviera suficiente dinero, no se compraría ese
If the sun shines, it gets warmer. abrigo.
If you do not/don’t put ice it melts.
If she didn’t have enough money, she would save up
in the freezer,
to buy the coat.
Primer condicional Si no tuviera suficiente dinero, ahorraría para
If you break the law, you will/’ll go to prison. comprarse el abrigo.
If you don’t practise the you won’t improve.
violin,
Segundo condicional
Condicionales con unless
If he stole that book, would he get into big • se usa unless en lugar de if + negativa
trouble? We’ll go to the park tomorrow morning unless it rains.
If they didn’t have a the criminal would be able Mañana por la mañana iremos al parque a menos que
witness, to go free. llueva.
Tercer condicional • se puede usar unless con todos los condicionales,
If I had waited five minutes, I would have seen the pero habitualmente se usa con el primero
burglar. Unless you give me a lift, I won’t go to the party.
If she hadn’t gone to the she wouldn’t have bought Como no me lleves/Si no me llevas en tu coche, no iré
shop, the dress. a la fiesta.
• el cero condicional se usa para hablar de situaciones
que siempre son ciertas I wish e if only
If you feed the fish, they become dependent.
Si das comida a los peces, se vuelven dependientes. Deseos presentes y futuros

• el primer condicional se usa para hablar de situaciones

posibles en el presente y sus consecuencias
If we eat now, we won’t be hungry during the class.
Si comemos ahora, no tendremos hambre durante la
clase.
• el segundo condicional se usa para hablar de
consecuencias posibles de una situación hipotética
en el presente o en el futuro
If he wasn’t tired, he would go running now.
Si no estuviera cansado, iría a correr ahora.
If I were you, I would study hard to pass the exam.
Si fuera tú, estudiaría mucho para aprobar el examen.
• el tercer condicional se usa para hablar de las
consecuencias hipotéticas de hechos pasados que
nunca sucedieron, p. ej., situaciones imposibles
If we had seen him last night, we would have known
he had moved to Madrid.
Si lo hubiéramos visto anoche, nos habríamos
enterado de que se había mudado a Madrid.
If I had gone out last night, I would have met Alex.
Si hubiese salido anoche, habría conocido a Álex.
• en todos los condicionales se puede poner la
situación o la consecuencia en primer lugar. Si la
situación va delante, añadimos una coma
If she had enough money, she would buy that coat.
Si tuviera suficiente dinero, se compraría ese abrigo.
She would buy that coat if she had enough money.
I wish I knew how to speak Chinese.
I wish we could play the guitar.
If only I could remember her name.
Arrepentimientos pasados
I wish I had learned how to speak Chinese at school.
I wish we had learned to play the guitar when we were
younger.
If only I hadn’t failed my maths exam.
Situaciones hipotéticas
I wish I were more extrovert.
If only I weren’t so short.
• wish/if only + past simple se usan para expresar
deseos presentes o futuros
I wish I could run as fast as Nico.
Ojalá pudiera correr tan rápido como Nico.
• wish/if only + past perfect se usan para expresar
arrepentimiento por hechos pasados
I wish I had gone on holiday to Italy with my friends.
Ojalá me hubiese ido de vacaciones a Italia con mis
amigos.
• wish/if only + were se usan para hablar de situaciones
hipotéticas
I wish I were there with you now.
Ojalá estuviera allí contigo ahora.

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 Grammar practice 6
Conditionals: zero, first, 4 Find and correct the mistakes.
second and third 1 If you would set your password as 12345, it will
probably be hacked.
1 Complete the zero and first conditional If you set your password as 12345, it will
sentences with the verbs. probably be hacked.
change go not get not listen 2 If I had read the email, I would tell Granny that it
save taste visit was a scam.


1 If I go abroad, I ’ll visit new places. 3 If you had a simple password, your account isn’t
2 We energy if we switch off the very secure.
lights when we leave the room.


3 If Lily moves house, she 4 If she hadn’t experienced online bullying, she
schools too? would have started the self-help group.
4 If you suck a lemon, it very sour.


5 Chocolate soft if you leave it in the 5 If you witnessed a crime, what do you would?
sun.
6 If you to the rules, you won’t know


what to do next.
7 They lost in the mountains if they
Conditionals with unless
take a map with them.
5 Rewrite the sentences with the word unless.
2 Choose the correct option. 1 If you don’t talk in the library, you won’t get into
trouble.
1 If I found/had found a burglar in my house, I
would call the police. You won’t get into trouble unless you talk in
2 If Mike had bullied my friend, I would speak/have the library.
spoken to the teacher. 2 If I don’t get paid, I won’t go on the trip.
3 They wouldn’t have arrested the smuggler if the

animals didn’t make/hadn’t made noise. 3 You’ll be angry with yourself if you don’t get a
4 The criminal would pay/wouldn’t have paid the good grade.
fine if he had enough money.

5 If she didn’t break/hadn’t broken the law, she 4 If he doesn’t go to the cinema, I won’t go.
wouldn’t have gone to prison.

6 If we saw/had seen someone committing a
crime, we would call the police.
I wish and If only
7 They would be terrified if they had/had had to
go to prison. 6 Complete the sentences with the verbs in the
correct form.
3 Complete the text with the phrases.
be can have know not forget
allow hadn’t fallen asleep ’ll be
went would chase 1 If only I had known what a phishing email was
– I only heard about it for the first time yesterday.
1 In Arizona, if you allow a donkey to sleep
2 I wish I older, then I would be
in your bath, you’re a criminal.
allowed to stay out later.
2 In South Dakota, if you fall asleep in a cheese
3 If only they a car we could use – it’s
factory, you in trouble with the
being repaired now.
police.
4 I wish he speak Spanish – he can’t
3 If the burglar on the bed, he
understand me.
wouldn’t have been caught.
5 If only she to buy him a present last
4 We after a shoplifter if we saw one.
week – he wouldn’t be so angry now.
5 If I to prison, I would be very
unhappy.

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7 Grammar reference

El estilo indirecto Peticiones, ofrecimientos,

Estilo directo Estilo indirecto sugerencias y órdenes en
‘I play video games.’ She said (that) she played estilo indirecto
‘We are playing video
video games.
They said (that) they were
• las peticiones se suelen formar con ask, que siempre
va seguido de un complemento indirecto o
games.’ playing video games. complemento de persona
‘We played this video They said (that) they had She asked me to send them a photo.
game.’ played that video game. Me pidió que les mandara una foto.
‘I’ve started to read this
book.’
You said (that) you had
started to read that book.
• los ofrecimientos a menudo se forman con offer, que
normalmente va seguido de un infinitivo con to
‘We’ll see you in the park They said (that) they would They offered to give us a lift to the station.
later.’ see us in the park later. Se ofrecieron a llevarnos a la estación.
‘I can download it on my
phone.’
She said (that) she could
download it on her phone.
• las sugerencias habitualmente se forman con suggest,
que a menudo va seguido de that
‘You have to exercise three The doctor said (that) I had He suggested that we all go out for dinner.
times a week.’ to exercise three times a Sugirió que fuéramos todos a cenar fuera.
week.
• se usa para comunicar lo que ha dicho otra persona • suggest puede ir seguido de un verbo terminado en
-ing, especialmente si se usa para proponer un plan
• en estilo directo, repetimos entre comillas las mismas She suggested going to the cinema on Saturday.
palabras que dijo la persona; en cambio, en estilo Sugirió que fuéramos al cine el sábado.
indirecto, no se usan comillas
John said he had uploaded the photo to the website. • las órdenes se forman con ask o tell, que siempre van
seguidos de un complemento indirecto
John dijo que había subido la foto al sitio web.
He told us to remember to hand in our projects.
• cambiamos el tiempo verbal Nos dijo que nos acordáramos de entregar los proyectos.
‘I didn’t have breakfast.’ ‘No desayuné’.
She said she hadn’t had any breakfast. Preguntas en estilo indirecto
Dijo que no había desayunado. Preguntas de sí/no
• cambiamos los pronombres personales y los ‘Are you hungry?’ He asked if/whether she
was hungry.
adjetivos posesivos
‘I went shopping with my brother,’ said Tom. ‘Have you eaten lunch They asked if/whether we
‘Fui a comprar con mi hermano’, dijo Tom. yet?’ had eaten lunch yet.
Tom said that he had gone shopping with his brother. Preguntas Wh-
Tom dijo que había ido a comprar con su hermano.
‘Which cup of coffee is He asked which cup of
• a menudo cambiamos las expresiones temporales o yours?’ coffee was mine.
las omitimos ‘How long are you going He asked how long I was
‘I want to go out next weekend,’ said Jill. away for?’ going away for.
‘Quiero salir el próximo fin de semana’, dijo Jill.
Jill said she wanted to go out the following weekend.
• para comunicar lo que ha preguntado otra persona

Jill dijo que quería salir el siguiente fin de semana. • las preguntas indirectas cambian el tiempo verbal
lo mismo que las oraciones enunciativas y tienen la
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto misma estructura que ellas: no se usa verbo auxiliar y
today that day se pone el sujeto delante del verbo
tomorrow the day after/the following Rick asked when I had seen John.
day Rick me preguntó cuándo había visto a John.
yesterday the day before/the
previous day
• las preguntas de respuesta sí/no necesitan if o whether
Mum asked if/whether we were late for school.
next week the week after/the Mamá preguntó si íbamos tarde al colegio.

last week
following week
the week before/the
• en las preguntas Wh- incluimos la partícula interrogativa
Dad asked where I was last night.
previous week Papá me preguntó dónde estuve anoche.
ten years ago
this year
ten years before
that year
• no se usa ningún signo de interrogación
Dad asked who I was with.
Papá me preguntó con quién estaba.

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 Grammar practice 7
Reported speech Reported requests, offers,
1 Write these sentences in reported speech. suggestions and commands
1 ‘I’m ready to play.’ 4 Write the sentences in reported speech with
The contestant said that she was ready to play. the correct verb ask, offer, suggest or tell.
2 ‘I haven’t played chess online.’ 1 ‘Don’t start the test until I say go.’
The boy said The teacher told us not to start the test until
3 ‘We downloaded a new game, which is fun.’ she said go.
They said 2 ‘Why don’t you use a dictionary?’
4 ‘Playing games online can be addictive.’ My friend
The psychologist said 3 ‘Please can I have some paper?’
5 ‘We’ll go and buy the new model tomorrow.’ The student
They said 4 ‘I’ll wait for you after class.’
Stefan
2 Rewrite the information using reported
5 ‘Go to the gym for your PE class.’
speech.
The coach
Pete 6 ‘Let’s study together in the library.’
Thanks for agreeing to collect Jane from the Paula
station. She is quite tall and she’s got long
blonde hair. She’ll have two big suitcases with
her. She has had a long journey so she will
Reported questions
probably look tired. She took some lunch with 5 Choose the correct option.
her so she won’t be hungry. 1 My boss asked me whether I wanted/wanted I to
Thanks, Ted go to the meeting.
2 The teacher asked us if we had finished/had we
Ted said thanks for agreeing to collect Jane from finished our essays.
the station. 3 Dad asked me where I had put/did I put my bike.
4 My sister asked Dave how had he studied long/

how long he had studied Chinese.

5 We asked them which wanted they game/game
they wanted to play.
3 Choose the correct option. 6 I asked you if you had to do/whether had you
1 ‘I didn’t see him at the beach yesterday’. to do any homework tonight.
Frances said that I/she hadn’t see him at the
beach yesterday/the previous day.
6 Rewrite the questions using reported speech.
1 ‘Where are you staying?’
2 ‘You can easily hurt yourselves so you need to be
careful.’ He asked me where I was staying.
The coach said that we can/could easily hurt 2 ‘What are you doing later?’
themselves/ourselves so we needed to be They asked me
careful. 3 ‘Which musical instrument can you play?’
3 ‘I last played this board game two years ago’. My aunt asked
She said that I/she had last played that board 4 ‘Have you ever watched Dr Who?’
game two years ago/two years before.
My cousin asked
4 ‘Harry gave me this book last week.’
5 ‘Did you enjoy the meal?’
She said that Harry had given her/him the book
He asked me
last week/the previous week.
6 ‘How long does it take you to get to work?’
5 ‘I’ll see you at the cinema.’
My boss asked me
Nina said she will/would see us/you at the
cinema.

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8 Grammar reference
Gerundios e infinitivos
Verbo + gerundio Verbo + infinitivo
admit begin agree want
avoid continue decide forget
don’t mind hate encourage remember
enjoy like expect stop
finish love hope
miss prefer intend
think start manage
• algunos verbos van seguidos de un gerundio
We enjoy skiing Nos gusta esquiar.
• el gerundio puede hacer la función de sujeto
Snowboarding is one of my favourite sports.
El snowboard es uno de mis deportes favoritos.
• normalmente se usa detrás de una preposición
The teacher is very interested in learning to surf.
El profesor está muy interesado en aprender a hacer surf.
Bob is very good at playing tennis.
Bob es muy bueno jugando al tenis.
• otros verbos van seguidos de un infinitivo
We want to stay in a room with a sea view.
Queremos alojarnos en una habitación con vistas al mar.
• los infinitivos normalmente van detrás de un adjetivo,
p. ej., interesting, pleased, happy
I am so pleased to meet you, Mrs Taylor.
Encantado de conocerla, Sra. Taylor.
• normalmente se usan para describir la finalidad de
algo, en lugar de usar in order to
We made this model (in order) to show the layout of
the town.
Hicimos este modelo para mostrar el plano de la ciudad.
• verbos como help, advise, encourage o remind ponen
el complemento indirecto delante del infinitivo
The teacher advised us to learn the vocabulary in Unit 8.
El profesor nos aconsejó que aprendiéramos el
vocabulario de la unidad 8.
• algunos verbos pueden ir seguidos de un infinitivo o
de un gerundio sin que cambie el significado
We like doing/to do exercise every day.
Nos gusta hacer ejercicio todos los días.
• otros pueden ir seguidos de un gerundio o un
infinitivo, pero el significado cambia
I remember going horse riding on the beach. (you
remember an experience you had)
Me acuerdo de que monté a caballo en la playa.
(Recordar una experiencia pasada).
I remember to pay the rent every month. (you
remember to do something)
Me acuerdo de pagar el alquiler todos los meses.
(Acordarse de hacer algo).
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Influence 4 · © Macmillan Education Limited 2020 · Your Influence B1+
Cuantificadores
Con nombres Con nombres no
contables contables
few (not) much
a few How much … ?
several lots of
(not) many loads of
How many … ? plenty of
lots of
loads of
plenty of
• few/a few/some/several se usan en oraciones
afirmativas. Few enfatiza un número pequeño; a few,
several y some indican una cantidad mediana
Few students in my class have been skiing.
Pocos alumnos de mi clase han ido a esquiar.
A few/some/several students are going skiing this year.
Este año unos cuantos /algunos/varios alumnos irán
a esquiar.
• (not) much y (not) many se usan en oraciones
negativas e interrogativas
We don’t have much time left in this class.
No nos queda mucho tiempo en esta clase.
There aren’t many people rowing on the river today.
Hoy no hay mucha gente remando en el río.
How much does this tennis racket cost?
¿Cuánto cuesta esta raqueta de tenis?
How many pairs of ski boots have you got?
¿Cuántos pares de botas de esquí tienes?
• lots of/loads of/plenty of se usan con nombres contables
y no contables para hablar de grandes cantidades
He has lots of money so he’s paying for everyone.
Tiene mucho dinero, así que invita a todo el mundo.
There are plenty of apples so you can all have one.
Hay muchas manzanas, así que todos podéis coger una.
• enough se usa para hablar de una cantidad suficiente
I think we have enough food for everyone.
Creo que tenemos comida suficiente para todos.
• not enough se usa para cantidades insuficientes
There aren’t enough books so some students will have
to share.
No hay suficientes libros, así que algunos alumnos
deberán compartirlos.
• too much se usa con nombres no contables para
hablar de una cantidad excesiva.
You gave me too much money so here is your change.
Me diste demasiado dinero, aquí tienes el cambio.
• too many se usa con nombres contables en plural
para hablar de una cantidad excesiva
I have too many biscuits so please have some.
Tengo demasiadas galletas, coge algunas, por favor.
• be + adjetivo + enough se usa para hablar de una
cantidad suficiente
I think a five-kilometre hike is far enough for me.
Creo que una excursión de 5 km es suficiente para mí.
 Grammar practice 8
Gerunds and infinitives 4 Choose the correct option.
1 This conference is a good opportunity to meet
1 Choose the correct option. lots of/few/loads people today.
1 I dream of becoming/to become an Olympic 2 Only a few/plenty of/several students at my
champion one day. school enjoy cycling.
2 They love watching/watch the football World 3 How many/much/few water is there in the pool
Cup on TV. today?
3 We were happy hearing/to hear that you passed 4 There are plenty of/few/much different exercise
your exams. classes for you to choose from.
4 Grace forgot doing/to do her warm-ups before 5 Several of/Few/Much people believe they can
the race. run an ultramarathon.
5 I hope watching/to watch my team win this 6 There are lots/plenty/loads of balls, so everyone
competition. can pick one up.
6 Being/To be an Olympic gold medallist is a 7 I’m going to show you few/several/much
dream come true for me. different exercises.
7 We signed up for the marathon seeing/to see if
we could run that far. 5 Complete the sentences with enough, not
enough, too many or too much.
2 Complete the sentences with the words in 1 I don’t like it when the beach is this busy. There is
brackets. not enough space to put your towel down.
1 I didn’t know he was so good at playing 2 There are five colas but only three people. I think
volleyball. (play) we have drinks.
2 Did you manage the tickets or shall 3 Has everyone had to eat? Can we
I? (buy) clear the food away now?
3 My dad was very surprised that I 4 My dad thinks I spend time on my
was on the school team. (find out) laptop.
4 We don’t mind at the supermarket if 5 The teacher thinks we don’t have
you need to buy something. (stop) time to study this unit.
5 Do you miss exercise when you go 6 It’s quite late. There is time to play
away on business? (do) volleyball.
6 the competition was not an option 7 There are coffee shops in town now
for me. (lose) and hardly any actual shops!
7 I remember my first swimming race
when I was ten. (win) 6 Complete the sentences with the quantifiers.
3 Find and correct the mistakes. a few enough few loads of not enough
too many much too much
1 Lily avoids to do exercise whenever she can.
Lily avoids doing exercise whenever she can. 1 I’m so tired. I think I’ve done too much
2 Can we stop resting for a while – my legs are tired. exercise today.
2 I’m going to show you techniques

3 I think to learn a language is much easier than to help improve your fitness.
doing exercise. 3 There are six classes running today and I think
that’s , don’t you?

4 People say it’s very important doing some form of 4 The run was cancelled because
regular exercise. people signed up.
5 people at work are interested in
joining your class, around 15 I think.

5 The team captain is responsible for organise
regular training sessions. 6 There are people in the way so I
can’t see who won.
7 I’m afraid I don’t have time, so can

6 She didn’t expect winning the first round. we hurry up?
8 sports people have been as

successful as Usain Bolt or Mo Farah.
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Influence 4 · © Macmillan Education Limited 2020 · Your Influence B1+