FIBER OPTIC CABLES By: Eng. Ahmed YoussefINDEX 1. Introduction to optical fibers 2. Applicable standards 3. Useful definitions 4. Optical fiber communication system (benefits, application) 5. Structure of Optical Fiber 6. Classification of Optical Fiber 6-1- Single Mode & Multi-Mode 6-2- Refractive Index 6-3- Matched Clad & Depressed Clad 6-4- Step Index & Graded Index 7. Optical Fiber Dispersion 8. Types of Fibers 9. Basic cable construction (Loose Tube & Tight Buffered) 10. Production processes 11. Materials used in manufacturing 12. Inspection and TestingOptical Fiber ication Cal It is a method of communication in which signal is transmitted in the form of light, where optical fiber is used as a medium of transmitting those light signals from one place to another. The signal transmitted in optical fiber is converted from the Electrical Signal into Light, and at the receiving end, itis converted back into the Electrical Signal again from the Light. The data sent can be in the form of audio, video or telemetry data that is to be sent over long distances or over Local Area Networks (LAN). Metallic Communication Cable The cable is made of copper conductor, where it transmits Electrical Signals, and is used mainly for telephones and LANs. In general, the basic unit of a copper telecom cable is made of Two Insulated Conductors twisted together, with a constant lay length forming a Pair. It may also be a group of 4 Insulated Conductors, twisted together, forming a Quad which contain, within itself, two transmission circuits.Applicable Standards for Optical Fiber Cables IEC 60793-1-1 Optical fibers — Part 1-1: Measurement methods and test procedures ~ General and guidance - Edition 3.0 IEC 60793-1-20 Optical fibers — Part 1-20: Measurement methods and test procedures — Fiber geometry - Edition 2.0 IEC 60793-1-21 Optical Fibers - Part 1-21: Measurement Methods and Test Procedures - Coating Geometry - Edition 1.0 IEC 60793-1-30 Optical fibers — Part 1-30: Measurement methods and test procedures — Fiber proof test - Edition 2.0 IEC 60793-1-40 Optical Fibers - Part 1-40: Measurement and Test Procedures - Attenuation - Edition 1.0 IEC 60793-1-42 Optical fibers — Part 1-42: Measurement methods and test procedures — Chromatic dispersion - Edition 3.0 IEC 60793-1-44 Optical fibers — Part 1-44: Measurement methods and test procedures — Cut-off wavelength - Edition 2.0 IEC 60793-1-45 Optical Fibers - Part 1-45: Measurement Methods and Test Procedures - Mode Field Diameter - Edition 1.0 IEC 60793-1-47 Optical fibers — Part 1-47: Measurement methods and test procedures ~ Macro-bending loss - Edition 3.0IEC 60793-1-48 Optical fibers - Part 1-48: Measurement methods and test procedures - Polarization mode dispersion - Edition 2.0 IEC 60793-1-52 Optical fibers — Part 1-52: Measurement methods and test procedures — Change of temperature tests - Edition 2 IEC 60794-1-1 Optical Fiber Cables-Part 1-1:Generic Specification — General- Edition 4. IEC 60794-1-22 Optical Fiber Cables-Part 1-22:Generic Specification — Basic optical cable test procedures- Environmental test methods IEC 60794-1-24 Optical Fiber Cables—Part 1-24:Generic Specification — Basic optical cable test procedures- Electrical test methods IEC 60794-2 Optical fiber cables — Part 2: Indoor cables — Sectional specification IEC 60794-4 Optical fiber cables Part 4: Sectional specification — Aerial optical cables along electrical power lines ITU-T G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable ITU-T G.655 Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber and cable IEEE 1138 IEEE Standard for Testing and Performance for Optical Ground Wire (OPGW) for Use on Electric Utility Power Lines.SOME USEFUL DEFINITIONS Attenuation The loss of optical power, whether caused intrinsically (absorption, scattering and microbends), or by extrinsic components such as connectors, splices, splitters and other optical components. The term is expressed in dB/km. Analog continuously variable signal of varying amplitude. Band Arange of optical spectrum allocated based on optical amplifiers. Six bands are specified: O (original), E (enhanced), S (short), C (conventional), L (long), and U (ultra). These cover the optical spectrum from 1260 nm to 1675 nm. Bandwidth The difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies of a transmission channel or path. Identifies the amount of data that can be sent through a given channel. The greater the bandwidth, the greater the information-carrying capacity. Bt on Unit of data in telecommunications and computing. Each bit is represented by either a 1 or a 0. Acomputer initiates multiple instructions that can manipulate and test bits, and also performs these JL] instructions and stores accumulated data in eight-bit parcels called bytes. Mbit is 10° Bit.Material that surrounds the core of an optical fiber. Its lower index of refraction compared to that of the core causes the transmitted light to travel down the core. Coating The material surrounding the cladding of a fiber. Generally a soft plastic material that protects the fiber from damage. Chromatic dispersion (CD) Chromatic dispersion is the term given to the phenomenon by which different spectral components of a pulse travel at different velocities. Chromatic dispersion (CD) is caused by the fact that singlemode glass fibers transmit light of different wavelengths at different speeds. Sade. ‘device, also called an encoder, that converts data by the use of a code, frequently consisting of binary numbers in such a manner that reconversion to the original form is possible. In single-mode fiber, the wavelength below which the fiber ceases to be single-mode. Doikm Alogarithmic unit describing the ratio of loss of power per kilometer distance.Decibel (dB) A logarithmic unit describing the ratio of two powers. Used to measure loss (oF attenuation) of quality, reflectance, and amplification of optical signals. The ratio of two power levels, P1 and P2, expressed by ~10 log10(P1/P2). P; and P2, expressed by -10 logio(P1/P2). Digital Atechnology of translating information into binary format (0 or 1) where each bit is representative of two distinct amplitudes. Dispersion The cause of bandwidth limitations in a fiber. Dispersion causes a broadening of input pulses along the length of the fiber. Two major types are (a) modal dispersion caused by differential optical path lengths in a multimode fiber; and (b) material dispersion caused by a differential delay of wavelengths in a waveguide material The chromatic dispersion parameter is measured in units of ps/nm-km since it expresses the temporal spread (ps) per unit propagation distance (km), per unit pulse spectral width (nm), Kink Test Kinking is the act of twisting or bending. This is a test method applies to optical fibre cables installed under all environmental conditions. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the ability of optical fibre cables to undergo normal handling without kinking. The test should be carried out in accordance with [IEC 60794-1-21] method E10.Gigabit Gbit gigabit is a multiple of the unit bit for digital information or computer storage. 1 gigabit = 10°bits = 1000000000bits. The gigabit has the unit symbol Gbit or Gb LAN S WAN: In computer systems, LAN is a local area network. WAN is a wide area network ‘Micrometer wm Micron) Amicron; a millionth of a meter (10). Common unit of measurement for fiber-optic diameters. Mode Field Diameter InIED) Mode field diameter (MFD) is determined by the numerical aperture (NA) & cut-off wavelength of the fiber, and is related to the diameter of the fiber core. Numerical aperture is a measure of the highly diffracted light rays captured by the objective. In general, MFD is greater than the physical diameter of the fiber core, which means that some optical power is always guided by the fiber cladding, ‘Multiplexer, MUP or MUX In electronics, a multiplexer, also known as a data selector, is a device that selects between several analog or digital input signals and forwards the selected input to a single output line. The selection is directed by a separate set of digital inputs known as select lines.Nanometer.nm One billionth (10°) ofa meter. The wavelength of an optical signal is measured in nm. Nearand Far End Crosstalk, NEXT Itis a performance parameter measured within a single link/channel It measures the signal coupled from one pair to another. The pair causing the interference is referred to as the “disturbing pair" while the pair impacted by the crosstalk is the “disturbed pair.” NEXT is expressed in decibels (dB). Qntical Time-Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) ‘An instrument that measures transmission characteristics by sending a short pulse of light down a fiber and observing back-scattered light. Polarized mode dispersion (PMD) Typical single-mode fibers support two perpendicular polarizations of the original transmitted signal, which may travel at different speeds and arrive at different times. The average difference in arrival times of the two polarization modes, normalized with length, is referred to as PMD.Wavelength The optical term for frequency. Fiber-optics generally uses the 850 nm, 1300/1310 nm, 1550 nm and 1625 nm wavelengths for transmission purpose due to linkage of performance with light sources, optical fibers, and optical detector technologies. Maveguide dispersion The distortion of mode due to the geometric properties of the waveguide. Wavelength-division multiplexing, WDM Wavelength division multiplexing has long been the technology of choice for transporting large amounts of data between sites. Itincreases bandwidth by allowing different data streams to be sent simultaneously over a single optical fiber network. Zero-dispersion slope Wavelength at which Material Dispersion and Waveguide dispersion cancel each another. In silica-based optical fibers, minimum material dispersion occurs naturally at a wavelength near 1.3 pm Zero-dispersion Wavelength In a single-mode optical fiber, the wavelength at which material dispersion and waveguide dispersion cancel ‘one another. In all silica-based optical fibers, minimum material dispersion occurs naturally at a wavelength of approximately 1300 nm.analog information digital information, coder or converter photo-cell hi fali light source transmitter circuit eee noe) digital pulses light turns on/off at rapid rate JUUL shaper circuit RECIEVER BLOCK or light detector decoder digital output for computerQptical Fiber Communication System Fiber-optic communication is transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared light through an optical fibers. ‘Tansmitter side: If the data is Analog, it is sent toa Coder or Converter which converts the Analog Signal into Digital Pulses of 0,1,0,1 (depending on how the data is), then pass through a Light Source Transmitter Circuit. If the input is Digital then it is directly sent through the Light Source Transmitter which converts the signal in the form of Light Waves. Qntical Fiber Cable; The light waves received from the Transmitter Circuit to the fiber optic cable is now transmitted from the source location to the destination and received at the Receiver Block. beceee a: On the receiver side the Photocell (Light Detector), receives the Light Waves from the optical fiber cable, amplifies it using the Amplifier and converts it into the proper digital signal. Now if the output source Is Digital, then the Signal is not changed further, and if the Output Source is Analog Signal, the Digital Pulses will convert back to Analog Signal using the Decoder circuit.Benefit of Optical Fibre Cable The fibers replaced the copper wire as a transmission cable due to below advantages: + hartge Transmission capacity: ‘single fiber can carry hundreds of thousands of telephone channels, utilizing only a small part of the theoretical capacity + SmallLosses: Approximately 0.2 dB/km signal is lost for modern single-mode fibers, so that many tens of kilometers can be transmitted without amplifying the signals. + Alarge number of channels can be reampiified in a single fiber amplifier if required for a very large transmission distances. + LowCost: Due to the huge transmission rate, the cost per transported bits can be extremely low. + ightWeight. Compared with electrical cables, fiber-optic cables are very lightweight. » Nolnterference: Fiber-optic cables are protected against problems that arise with electrical cables, such as electromagnetic interference (EMI.Applications of Optical Fiber Optical fiber communication is mainly used in the telecommunication industry which uses the optical fiber for: + Telephone Signals transmission. + Internet Communication + Cable Television Signal transmission. + Optical fibre nowadays, is used everywhere in homes, industries, offices for long distance as well as for small distance communication.Process of Fiber Glass Manufacturing There are two main steps in the process of converting raw materials into optical fiber ready to be shipped. + Manufacturing of the pure glass preform + Drawing of the preform Make a Solid Glass Rod = The first step in manufacturing glass optical fibers is to make a solid glass rod, known as a preform. Ultra-pure chemicals, primarily Silicon Tetrachloride (SiCI4) and Germanium tetrachloride (GeCI4), are converted into glass during preform manufacturing, * Three methods are used to manufacture Preform: Modified Chemical Vapor Deposition (MCVD) Outside Vapor Deposition(OVD) Vapor Phase Axial Deposition (VPAD) Reference: https://wiki,metropolia.fi/display/Physics/Manufacturing+of+Optical+FibersTestin Zones FT Outside Vapor Deposition (OVD) Vapor Phase Axial Deposition (vPAD) Mustration of MCVD (inside) processDrawing the Fiber = The next process in manufacturing the fiber optics is to convert into hair- thin fiber. = Fiber draw is the phenomenon for the manufacturing those hair-thin fiber. = Drawing process only begins When we thread the thin fiber into coting dies. = Diameter of the fiber during draw is controlled to 125 microns within 1 micron tolerance. Feed Mechanism Proform + Cladding Melt Drawn Fiber Diameter Laser =| = <— Monitor +— Acrylate Coating UV Curing Applicator Bobbin Fiber Proof Testing Pulling —> ©) Capstan :Test & Measurement * The drawn fiber goes through mandatory tests, where all optical and geometrical parameters are checked to meet strict quality requirements. + Tensile strength of fiber is tested first: reel of drawn fiber is clamped through a series of capstans and loaded to test the minimal tensile strength required. * The fiber is then placed onto reels for distribution and separated equally to required lengths. * Next fiber is tested for any faults using Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR), which manipulates dispersed light to indicate the exact point of defects along the whole length. * Geometrical parameters are tested for all types of fiber: + core diameter + core non-circularity + cladding diameter + cladding non-circularity + coating outer diameter + coating outer non-circularity + coating concentricity error + core-clad concentricity error‘Test. & Measurement, cont, The reel of fiber is tested for transmission qualities and parameters automatically: + Bandwidth: capacity of waveguide (higher capacity required for multimode); + Attenuation: signal strength decrease over distance; + Cutoff wavelength: above which only a single mode propagates; + Numerical aperture: light acceptance angle of an optical fiber is measured; + Mode field diameter: the radial width of the light pulse in the fiber in single-mode fiber; required for interconnecting; + Chromatic dispersion: rays of different wavelengths have different velocity through the core and spread short pulses of light; for single-mode fiber it limits information bandwidth.The three basic elements of a fiber optic cable are as follows: + Core: : It is the light transmission area of the fiber. The transparent core has a Refractive Index n;. * Core is surrounded by a transparent material with a Refractive Index nz < 1;, where itis thick enough to reduce radiation losses to the surrounding air. + The cladding confined light to the core of the fiber, as it provide a lower refractive index at the core interface to cause reflection within the core, so light waves are transmitted through the fiber without leaking outside. Cladding Coating mearang - Light+ Coating / Buffering: * Coatings are usually multi-layers of plastics applied to preserve fiber strength, absorb shock, and provide extra fiber protection. * Ina fiber optic cable, a Buffer is a type of component used to encapsulate one or more optical fibers for the purpose of providing some functions as mechanical isolation, protection from physical damage, and fiber identification. + The coating protects the glass fiber from = mechanical and environmental stresses in R # os application. + The buffer coating has a Refraction Index ny, and provides adaltional mechanical protection for the fiber, and helps oh preserve the waveguide + The buffer coatings are available from 250 Sd microns to 900 microns. iS ny > Ny > NyNOTES; The abbreviation ‘n” is assigned for Refractive Index, which is the ratio between Speed of Light in space to Speed of Light in the object. The optical fiber core, which is usually made of Glass (pure silicon dioxide — SiO.) and has a Refractive Index of 1.49 at 1300 nm. The glass cladding has a slightly Lower refractive index of 1.47. The most commonly used Cladding diameters are 125 ym and 140 um. Coating should be able to absorb shocks, nicks and scrapes and also the moisture which may damage the fiber. The Coating is 250 um diameter. The size of the optical fiber is commonly referred to the outer diameter of its core, cladding and coating diameters. Example: 50/125/250 indicates a fiber with a core of 50 microns, cladding of 125 microns, and a coating of 250 microns.Refracted ray ‘Acceptance Cone Reflected ray Refractive Index n; Acceptance” oui, ace Refractive Index n, ‘Angle Acceptance Angle ny> ng Principle of total internal reflection is used to transmit light ray in an optical fiber. Inside the optical fiber, ray transmission on two interfaces has to be considered. + Alr/ core interface + Core / cladding interface The ray enters the fiber core with an angle @,, (acceptance angle) to the fiber axis. Ray should be refracted to the core of the fiber, then the ray should travel through the core with total internal reflection.Wavelenath in Fiber Optics = Wavelength and frequency are related, so some radiation is identified by its wavelength while others are referred to by their frequency. = For the radiation of Shorter wavelengths (Light, UV and X-Rays) for example, we generally refer to their Wavelength to identify them, while the Longer wavelengths like Radio, TV and Microwaves, we refer to by their Frequency. = For fiber optics with glass fibers, we use light in the Infrared Region which has wavelengths longer than visible light, typically around 850, 1300 and 1650 nm. Wave-lengths used by Fiber Optic Systems ( Single Mode 1310 1550 850 1300 ‘Multi Mode UV| Visible Microwaves Lowest Wave-length m Highest Frequency Highest Wave-ength Lowest Frequency Radio WavesClassification of Optical Fi Optical fiber is classified into two categories based on: 1)Ihe Number of Modes: Single mode fiber (SMF) Multi-mode fiber (MMF) 2) The Reflective Index Step index optical fiber Graded- index optical fiberClassification by Number of Modes Fiber can be identified by the type of paths that the light rays, or modes, travel within the fiber core. There are two basic types of fiber: Multimode MMF (OM) and Single-mode SMF (OS). Single Mode Fiber, SMF = Single Mode Fiber have a single glass fiber. = The diameter of a single mode core is 9 um (9 microns), and a Single Mode cladding diameter of 125 um, which has one mode of transmission. = The narrow diameter would transmit 1310 or 1550 nm in one mode. = Itcarries a higher bandwidth compared to a multi-mode cable. CORE = The price on a single-mode is much higher, but the body of 69pm the cable is much smaller and prevents any distortions CLADDING - $125 um = The transmission rate on a single-mode fiber Increases by 50 times more distance than a regular multi-mode cable.Multimode Fiber Optic, MMF + Multimode fiber is a type of optical fiber designed to Multi Mode carry multiple light rays or modes simultaneously, each at a marginally different reflection angle inside the optical fiber core. + Multimode Fiber Optic Cable have a high bandwidth making the speed high enough to go over medium distances. see CORE ¢ 50 um « Multimode fiber is available in two sizes, 62.5 or 50 microns, Or 62.5 um and a cladding diameter of 125 um. ean * Itis commonly defined as 50/125 micron or 62.5/125 microns. u CLADDING Multimode Fiber Distance and Bandwidth 125m + Typical transmission speed and distance limits are 100 Mbit/s for distances up to 2 km, 1 Gbit/s up to 1000 m, and 10 Gbit/s up to 550 m. + Multimode fiber accommodates roughly 1 GHz of bandwidth, which is much less than single mode, but sufficient for most audio, video and data transmissions. The 50 to 62.5 micron core reduces the tisk of signal interference from dust or other particles.NOTE: Both fiber types have a cladding diameter of 125 ym (microns). Single Mode Fiber Multi Mode Fiber 50 ~ 62.5 ym Cladding Cladding Core Core | s2sum | | 25um |om 0 Fi ; * The Optical Multimode fiber cable is prefixed with ‘OM’, and Single mode fiber cable is prefixed with ‘OS’. + In ISO/IEC 11801 standard, there are Four Types of Multimode Fibers: OM1, OM2, OMS & OM4 and Two types of Single mode fibers : OS1 & OS2. * ISO/IEC 11801 makes it clear that the nomenciatures OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4, OS1 and O82 relate to cable Transmission Performance, whereas the BS EN 50173 series makes it even clearer by describing the OM / OS nomenclature as “Optical Fiber Cable Categories” What is the difference between OS1 and OS? fiber? "The difference between OS1 and OS? fiber optic cables is mainly in cable construction rather than optical fiber specifications. = O81 type cable is mostly of a tight buffered construction whereas, OS2 is a loose tube cable construction, where the cable designs applies less stress on the optical fibers. * 081 fiber optic cable is designed for premises where the maximum distance is 2,0 km with transmission speeds of 1 to 10 Gigabit Ethernet (Gbit = 10° bit) = O82 fiber optic cable is designed for larger transmission distances in the range of 5,0 km to 10,0 km with similar transmission speed of 1 to 10 Gigabit EthernetClassification by Refractive Index Light moves slower in glass than water, so glass has a higher refractive index than water. This means that light is refracted at a greater angle. Index Profile Single mode fibres and Multimode fibres can be distinguished on the basis of index profile. {An index profile is a plot of refractive index drawn on horizontal axis versus the distance from the core axis drawn on the vertical axis. Tunes of Index Profiles There are two types of index profiles: 1. STEP INDEX PROFILE (S!) 2. GRADED INDEX PROFILE (GRIN) The index profile of a MMF can either be step index or graded index type, whereas the index profile of SMF is usually a step index type.Ivpes of Index Profiles, cont, Based on the doping in core and cladding, Single mode fibers can be classified as Step index and Graded index. Step index single mode fibers can have a Matched Clad design or Depressed Clad design. Graded index single mode fibers are typically used in sensor applications, while step index single mode fibers find their application in telecommunications. ZN a SS SST SS Multimode Step-index Multimode Graded-index ‘SinglemodeStep-Index Multimode Fiber (Si) 1. Refractive index changes suddenly at core cladding boundary, so it is called step index fiber. 2. Light in step index follows a zigzag path inside the fiber. 3. Refractive index of the core has a constant value. 4. Band width of step index fiber is 6 to 50 MHz km. 5. Step index fiber has higher attenuation. 6. Pulse dispersion is high. The rays entering at different angle of incidence travel different path length so that they come out at different times. 7. The arrival of different modes of the light at different times is called Modal Dispersion. 8. It is used to transmit information for a short distance and limited bandwidth, but its cost low.Gtaded-Index Multimode Fiber (GRIN) Different Mode = Refractive Index of the core decreasing continuously in a parabolic manner from maximum value at center of a core to a constant value at interface. + Since R.I decreases away from the center, that is the rays entering the fiber continuously ends towards the axis of fiber at same time, so the ray travels in a sinusoidal form. * Bandwidth of GRIN fiber is 200 to 600 MHz km. * GRIN have a lower attenuation. * They are used for medium distances and high medium bandwidth.Feature ‘Step-Index Multimode Fiber Graded-Index Multimode Fiber ‘Bandwidth Size Lower bandwidth Higher bandwidth Diameter of the Core 50-200 ym |About 50 um Application Scenarios Normally used in short-distance (within a few kilometers) and low- speed (8 Mb/s or less) commut systems tion Usually used in medium-distance (10~20 km) and relatively higher-speed (34~140 Mb/s) communication systems. Data Transmission Form Light propagates in the shape of a zigzag along the fiber/core axis Light travels forward in the form of sinusoidal oscillation/curves ‘Modal Dispersion {Affects the transmission capacity of the fiber and limits the delay distance Greatly decreased dispersion than step- index multimode fiber, making a higher bandwidth Performance Relatively worse Relatively better Cost Lower HigherOptical Fiber Dispersion Optical fiber dispersion describes the process of how an Input Signal Broadens / Spreads out as it propagates / travels down the fiber. Normally, dispersion in Fiber Optic includes: Modal dispersion, Chromatic dispersion, and Polarization dispersion. Modal Dispersion High order mode (Longer Path) Cladding * Modal dispersion is a distortion mechanism occurring in multimode fibers in which the signal is spread at a oe Axial mode time, not only based on optical (shortest path) frequency, but also on the different iwar anton wide’ propagation velocity for all modes. (Shorter Path) = Multimode fibers support up to 17 modes of light Cladding ata time are suffering much modal dispersion. = Ifthe fiber is a single mode fiber, there will be no modal dispersion since there is only one mode.Chromatic dispersion = Chromatic dispersion (CD) is caused by the fact that singlemode glass fibers transmit light of different wavelengths at different speeds. «These varying speeds cause pulses to either T\ spread out or compress as they travel down the fiber. — earns Chromatic + Fiber designers can use these two points Light Dispersion (different wavelengths & different speeds) to ee customize the index of refraction profile to produce fibers for different applications. = Chromatic dispersion can be used as a tool to help optimize network performance. = For example, the first lasers used for fiber transmission operated at 1310 nm, and Fiber designers therefore developed the first single-mode fibers to have minimum or zero dispersion at this wavelength. = In fact, G.652 fibers are still designed this way. In these fibers, dispersion is higher in the 1550 nm window.Polarization Dispersion + Typical single-mode fibers support two perpendicular polarizations of the original transmitted signal, which may travel at different speeds, and arrive at different Polarization =>) Mode Dispersion times. Optical » = The average difference in arrival times of the oe two polarization modes is referred to as <<—> Polarized Mode Dispersion PMD. Difforontial Group Delay + Polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is a form of modal dispersion, where two different polarizations of light in a waveguide, which normally travel at the same speed, is traveling at different speeds due to random imperfections and asymmetries, causing random spreading of optical pulses. + The amount of PMD can vary with time for a given link, which means that dynamic compensation is necessary.Ivnes of Fibers G.652 Glass Fiber Among all the single mode fiber types, G.652 fiber is the most widely installed single mode fiber optic cable globally, also this fiber category is also known as the Standard SMF. G.652 fiber is designed to have a Zero-Dispersion at Wavelength 1310 nm, therefore it is optimized for operation in the 1310 nm band and can also operate at 1550 nm. = The first edition of G.652 fiber was standardized in 1984 and now it has four subcategories: G.652.A, G.652.B, G.652.C and G.652.D. All the four variants have the same G.652 core size of 8 - 10 micrometer. ‘Today OS2 fibers are generally G.652.C or G.652.D, and the Aand B categories are less used. The table below gives the Attenuation, Macrobending loss, Polarization-Mode Dispersion (PMD), and Mode Field Diameter (MFD) of G.652 fiber subcategories. Note: Nano = 10°Parameters of G.652 Subcategories G.652.A 6.652.B G.652.C G.652.D Wavalnath | sa49 nm 1550 | 1210m—1625nm | 1340.nm- 16250 4310 nm = 1625 nm sexi, | 1340nm: 0.5 dBikm| qegonm: OS SEL" |4310nm-1625nm: 0.4 dBlkm | 1310 nm-1625 nm: 0.4 dB/km Coefficient | 1550nm: 0.4 dB/km| jee o.4 dBm | 1950nm: 0.3 dB/km 1550 nm: 0.3 dB/km PMD psikm? | Less than 0.5 Less than 0.2 Less than 0.5 Less than 0.2 Nominal MFD eae 95 95 95 95 Support Similar to G.652.A. Similar to G.652.B. applications such | Some higher bit rate | However, transmission bands| However, transmission Application as 10G, 40G, 1006 up to 40km applications like 106 extended to E, S and L. Suitable for CWDM systems bands extended to E and S. ‘Suitable for CWDM systems E band stands for the wavelength range from 1360 nm to 1460 nm. 'S band refers to the wavelength range from 1460 nm to 1530 nm. C band is the conventional one with the wavelength range from 1530 nm to 1565 nm. L band represents the wavelength range from 1565 nm to 1625 nm.Whatis CWDM technology? Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing (CWDM) is a wavelength multiplexing technology for city and access networks. Transmission is realized using 18 channels with wavelengths between 1270 nm and 1610 nm. Due to the channel spacing of 20 nm cost-effective lasers can be used. The channel width itself is 13 nm. Transponde Transponder + CWOM Mux The other is additional 900 ym layer over the 250 Coating um fibers to provide physical protection. + Tight-buffered cables are preferred for indoor applications, and medium length LAN/WAN connections as they are the sturdier option + Generally, the tight-buffered distribution cable comes in various fiber counts ranging from 2 to 144 fibers.o PE Out sheath Corrugated steel tape Kevlar yarn Fiber VC Inner Sheath Tight butterLoose-tube Cable + The loose-tube cable is comprising of a Coated Fiber placed within a semi-rigid protective Loose Tube, which is filled with water-resistant Gel or Jelly to protect fiber from tension and stresses caused by harsh environment as moisture and a wide operation- temperature range from thermal shock to ice loading. + The gel within the loose-tube stops the penetration of water, making the loose-tube cables suitable for harsh outdoor environment Hard Plastic Tube Coated Fibers One or More Moisture Blocking Jelly * From 4 to 12 fibers are placed within color-coded buffer tubes, which are several times larger than fibers. + Loose tube OFC cable is typically used for outside-plant installation in aerial, duct and direct- buried applications.PBT Loose Tube Central Strength Member (Metallic or Non-Metallic FRP) Central Strength Member Jacket Water Blocking Material Addttional Strength Member (if Necessary) Ripcord sant Outer Sheath Loose Tube Cable Double Jacket Note; (PBT) Polybutyiene Terephthalate (FRP) Fibre-reinforced plasticDifference between Tight Buffered and Loose Tube LOOSE TUBE TIGHT BU=FH Better for outdoor and harsh environments as they secure the fibers within a gel that protects the fibers from water and temperature changes Perfect for indoor use and medium length LAN / WAN connections as they are the sturdier option. Contains multiple strands of fiber in a single jacket. Contains a thick coating of a plastic-type material which is applied directly to the outside of each individual fiber. Since the fibers are “loose” inside the jacket, outside forces are less likely to reach the fibers. Suited for outdoor and harsh environments. The buffering material is in direct contact with the fiber. It is suited for “jumper cables” which connect outside plant cables to terminal equipment, and also for linking various devices in a premises networkProcess Machines & Supplier Raw fiber optic natural From approved fiber suppliers OFS, Draka and Corning T QC Inspection I ‘Anritsu and EXFO OTDR Attenuation and physical inspection of fiber Machines & Process ‘Supplier SZ Stranding with Rosendahl FRP and filling and Austria SZ core wrapping process ‘Normal Fiber Coloring andlor ring marking process Medek & Shorner, Austria I In-Process Testing I In-Process Testing I Anritsu and EXFO OTDR Attenuation and physical inspection of fiber color I Stranding lines Anritsu and EXFO OTDR Attenuation and core geometric tests Tubing and Tight buffering process In-Process Testing ‘Multi purpose Tubing M/C Rosendahl Austria ‘Sheathing : moisture barrier, ing , 2re sheathing Anritsu and EXFO OTDR Attenuation and Tube geometric tests I QC Final inspection Rosendahi Austria Sheathing linesDescriptions of the Manufacturing Facilities for Fiber Optic Cables MACHINE / |MACHINE / EQUIPMENT cicuacid Men UkCTiees PROCESS MATERIALS FACTORY TESTING ge [From approved fiber [Anritsu and EXFO OTOR Raw titer OP | suppliers OFS, Draka and a Rave fiber optic natural Attenuation and physical Coming inspection of fiber Normal Fiber Coloring [Anritsu and EXFO OTOR ‘COLORING MIC |Medek & Shorner Austria |andior ring marking | UV curable inks [Attenuation and physical process inspection of fiber color Loose Tube(Tight : : Anritsu and EXFO OTOR Muli purpose Tubing MIC | Buffer Drop Thermoplastic Polyester, a TUBING WC |ReceaaAistia [Cabo Spex polyBuryTeraphhais Pare) |Atenution and Tube Duplex Cable fiancee Stranding with FRE i Anritsu and EXFO OTOR 'SZStranding | Rosendahl Austr fe filling and core er ooung Normal Jattenuation and core rapping process sat geometric tests Sheathing: moisture ‘Sheathing WIC_| Rosendahl Austria barr, Filing, 2 [Nee Cums, Gate) Final QC Inspection sheathing ° ‘9Fiber Color Codes Color codes are used in fiber optics to identify fibers, cables and connectors. Inside the cable or inside each tube in a loose tube cable, individual fibers will be color coded for identification. Fibers follow the convention created for telephone wires except fibers are identified individually, not in pairs. The individual color and group color coding/ldentification scheme of optical fibers shall be as specified below, where it can be identified by Colors OR by Ring Marking Fibers within a cable shall be grouped and each group shall contain 12 fibers. OR Dy | AE |vFiber Colors, cont, Eight Groups Colors for 96 Fibers Group#1 Group#2 Group#3 "Blue" "Yellow" “Green” OR Group#1 Group#2 Group #3 "Blue" “Orange — “Green” Group #4 “Rede Group #4 “Brown” Group#5 Group#6 Group #7 “Violet” “White” “Orange" Group#5 Group#6 Group #7 “Gray” “White” “Red” Eight Ring Marking for 96 Ei FE Ei Group#4 1 ring mark with rings 50 mm apart. Group#2 2 ring marks with rings 50 mm apart. 3 ring marks with rings 50 mm apart. 4 ring marks with rings 50 mm apart. Group #8 “Brown” Group #8 “Black” Group ts . 1 ring mark with rings 100 mm apart. 2 ring marks with rings 100 mm apart. Group #7 3 ring marks with rings 100 mm apart. Group#8 4 ring marks with rings 100 mm apart.orange |green |Brownl| gray | white |red [EteM yellow | violet [rose 13 | 25 Sm 49 | 61 | 73 97 | 109 | 424 orange 14 | 26 Bay) 50 | 62 |7a es | 110 | 422 green 15 | 27 EE go | 411 | 423 brown, 16 | 28 Won) 52 | 64 76 too | 112 | 424 slate 17 | 29 Ge 5s | 6s le tor [113 [125 white 18 | 30 54 | 66 |7B 102 | 114 | 426 red 19 | 31 55 | 67 (7 103 | 115 | 427 Blab) s/8 20 | 32 56 | 68 |80 104 | 116 | 428 21 | 33 57 | 69 | 105 | 117 | 429 22 | 34 68 | 70 |82 toe | 118 | 430 FA | a ae 59 | 71 [eo 107 | 119 | 434 24 | 36 Me) co | 72 |B 108 | 120 | 432 a7 llINK COLOR OPTICAL FIBER APPLICATION, PAY-OFF UV CURING TAKE-UP BOBBINBUFFERING The buffer is an Extruded Tube of Teflon or Polyurethane used to protect an optical fiber or more from physical damage. The buffer is Elastic in nature and prevents Abrasions. It encapsulates one or more optical fibers for the purpose of providing protection functions as: * Mechanical Isolation, = Protection from Physical Damage, = Fiber Identification. Buffer can be: 1- Loose Tube Buffer 2 Tight BufferColors of the buffer tubes The colors of the buffer tubes and likewise the fibers in the tubes provide the identification needed by the technician to complete the splicing of the fibers as the cable plant was designed Buffer tubes follow the same color sequence up to 12 tubes, then tubes 13-24 will repeat the colors with a black stripe (black will have a yellow stripe), tubes 25-36 will follow the same color with an orange stripe, 37- 48 use a green stripe, following the same color code sequence for the stripe. Tubes containing more than 12 fibers will use binder tape to separate fibers into groups. Ribbon cables follow this color sequence also, For splicing, like color fibers are generally spliced to ensure continuity of color codes throughout a cable run.BUFFERING 900 jm Loose Tube Tight Butter Tight Buffer Fiber coated Core Optical — Fiber 125 um Cladding Petroleum Buffer Buffer Tube me ~ Gel Tube, directly applied Contre agp Overs over Coated um si ots Tate Bare Fiber Buffer Fiber A: Loose Tube Buffer Designed for harsh environmental conditions in the outdoors. The coated fiber “Floats” in a hard, abrasion resistant, oversized tube, which is filled with Optical Gel. 2Tight Buffer Designed for indoor applications. In the tight buffer, instead of using gel, it uses a Two-Layer coating. One is Plastic and the other is Waterproof Acrylate.Pay-Off Group of Fibers ad Take-up SideEXTRUSION OF LOOSE TUBE + ‘TUBE EXTRUDED INJECTION OF JELLY S&S ‘COOLING DIAMETER MEASUREMENT ‘TAKE-UP REELFinal S above stage or Jacket of PVC or PE is applied as a protection layer for all cable components formed in is used to apply the extruded outer sheath, Re) EXTRUSION OF JACKET peepee JACKET PRINTING TAKE-UP REELCABLE TYPES A-Qutdoor Cables 1 UNDER GROUND CABLES Loose tube structured in which the gel filled buffer tubes are stranded over by-SZ type around a central strength member. The central strength member is responsible for providing support to the tubes as well providing tensile strength. These cables may also have KEVLAR or Glass Yams for additional strength. Main Types of Construction of outdoor cables are DUCT and DIRECT BURIED 1. :DIRECT BURIED CABLES The cable is directly buried in trenches, providing a jacket which resists damages caused by moisture (rodents and insects), abrasion, compression etc. ‘These cables are available in both Metallic and Non-Metallic type. 2. DUCT CABLES The cable is directly deployed inside a conduit, and are subject to fewer stress than Direct buried cables, these cables are available in both Metallic and Non-metallic type. 2 AERIAL CABLES Aerial cables self support are FIG.8 Cables. The cables support environmental loads generated by wind, snow and extreme temperaturesB.Indoor Cables They are both plenum and riser rated Indoor cables, and these cables are designed to reduce smoke emission and flame spreading The structure of these cables is of Tight buffer, which facilitates handling and termination. Fiber to the home (FTTH), also called fiber to the premises (FTTP), is the installation and use of optical fiber from a central point directly to individual buildings such as residences, apartment buildings and businesses to provide high-speed internet access.1. Central Strength Member 2. Color Coded Fibers 3. Color Coded Filled Loose Tubes 4, Filled Interstices 5. Wrapping Tape 6. Identification Tape T. Glass Yarn Strength Members 8. Aluminium Moisture Barrier 9. Polyethylene Sheath, Black 10. Sheath MarkingGable construction: Central Strength Member Color Coded Fibers Color Coded Filled Loose Tubes Filled Interstices Wrapping Tape Identification Tape Glass Yarn Strength Members Polyethylene Sheath, Black Sheath Marking SP PNMAAPYNSGable construction; 4. Central Strength Member 2. Color Coded Fibers 3. Color Coded Filled Loose Tubes 4, Filled interstices 5. Wrapping Tape 6. Identification Tape 7. Glass Yarn Strength Members 8. Aluminium Moisture Barrier 9. Inner Polyethylene Sheath 10. Flooding Compound 14. Outer Polyethylene Sheath, Black 12. Sheath MarkingGable construction: 1. Central Strength Member 2. Color Coded Fibers 3. Color Coded Filled Loose Tubes 4. Filled Interstices 5. Wrapping Tape 6. Identification Tape 7. Glass Yarn Strength Members 8. Inner Polyethylene Sheath 9. Flooding Compound 10, Outer Polyethylene Sheath, Black 11. Sheath MarkingDirect Buried) Single-Mode Optical C: ith c. eiclannall Gable construction; 1. Central Strength Member eon ow? ' 2. Color Coded Fibers 3. Color Coded Filled Loose Tubes 4. Filled Interstices 5. Wrapping Tape 6. Identification Tape Bir 7. Glass Yarn Strength Members = 8. Aluminium Moisture Barrier 9. Inner Polyethylene Sheath 10. Corrugated Steel Tape 44. Outer Polyethylene Sheath, Black 42. Sheath MarkingG P i ec KE — Di ics ing. Single M Cable construction: 1. Fibers in Bundle(s) with Color err ees Coded Marker Thread 2. Filled PBT Core Tube 3, Water Blocking Tape 4. Corrugated Stainless Stee! Tape ™ 5. Steel Wire Strength Members 6, Sheath Rip Cords — 7. Polyethylene Sheath, Black 8. Sheath MarkingCable construction; 1. Fibers in Bundle(s) with Color Coded Marker Thread 2. Filled PBT Core Tube 3. Water Blocking Tape 4. Corrugated Stainless Steel Tape 5. Steel Wire Strength Members 6. Sheath Rip Cords 7. Polyethylene Sheath, Black 8. Sheath MarkingFiber-To-The-Home (FTTH) It involves the use of optical fiber to deliver a signal from operator's equipment to an individual home or unit, greatly increasing connection speeds for broadband networks. Mut formation services, and businesses can all benefit from FTTH, as internet, voice, and video services, where all are able to operate with much higher speeds and efficiency. Cable construction: 1. Color Coded Fibers 2. Color Coded Filled Loose Tubes 3. Wrapping Tape 4, Outer Polyethylene Sheath, BlackMaterials SourcingNo Brief Description of Material Manufacturer's Name ‘Supplier Agent Dispersion Unshified Single Mode Fiber - Matched Clad (ITU-T G 652-8 or IEC equivalent) (OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OF Fitel Denmark Dispersion Unshifted Single Mode Fiber - Depressed Ck ((TU-7 6.652 or IEC equivalent) OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark Dispersion Shifted Single Mode Fiber -(TU-T G53 or EC equivalent) (OFS Fitel Denmark (OFS Fite! Denmark Non -Zero Dispersion-Shited Single Mode Fiber (TU-T G.685 or TEC equivalent) (OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark Disperson-Unshified Single Mode Fiber Matched Clad (TUT 'G.652-D of IEC equivalent) OFS Fite! Denmark (OFS Fite! Denmark. Won-Zero Dispersion Shifted Single Node Fiber {(TU-T 6.656 or IEC equivalent) (OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark Multimode Fiber §25/126 micron 2 ‘uitimode Fiber 607725 mieron Alcatel Aleatel ‘Wultimode Fiber 100/140 micron 3 Fiber Coloring Material (Ultraviolet Curing) LTS. ‘DSM Desotech BV. ‘DSM Desotech BV. 4 Impregnated Composite Fiber Glass Rod IPT Austria PTAustria ‘OFS Ftel Denmark ‘OFS Fel Denmark ‘Alcatel ‘Alcatel Dispersion Unshitied Single Mode Fiber - Matched Clad ‘Samsung Electronics Co. Lid, Korea jamsung Eleeironies Co.Ltd, Korea, ((TU-T 6.6628 or IEC equivalent) lc aessantinin Gereclueicass TUG INTERNATIONAL LG INTERNATIONAL (DEUTSCHLANDIGMBH | @EyTSCHLANDIGMEH ‘STERLITE INDUSTRIES (NDIAJLTD | STERLITE INDUSTRIES (NDIA}LTD. ‘| Dispersion-Unshifted Single Mode Fiber - Depressed Clad (OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark ((TU-T 6.662 or IEC equivalent), ‘STERLITE INDUSTRIES (NDIA) LTD | STERLITE INDUSTRIES (NDIA) LTD 7 | Disbersion-Shitted Single Mode Fiber = (TU-T 6.859 or IEC ‘OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark equivalent) ‘STERLITE INDUSTRIES (NDIA}LTD | STERLITE INDUS TRIES (NDVA}LTD. [Non Zero Dispersion Shite Single Mods Fiber (TU-T 6.886 or (OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark IEC equivalent) ‘STERLITE INDUSTRIES (NDIAJLTO | STERLITE INDUS TRIES (NDIA) LTDBrief Description of Materi Manufacturer's Name Supplier Agent Disperson-Unshifed Single Mode Fiber-Matched Clad ‘OFS Fitel Denmark ‘OFS Fitel Denmark ° need locke Mote aaa | sTeRLITE mousTRies (WOUA) LTD | STERLITEINDUSTRIES {NDIA} LTD coming Opti Fiber UK Coming Opti Fiber UK to [Nov2so Depron shied Single Made Per (TUTG.OE8OTEC | Coming pia Fer-UK. | Going Opal Fier -UK — Ta a eieeenc utes | samsung Electronics Co. Lid, Korea | Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Korea icon | ‘OFS Fitel Denmark | ‘OFS Fitel Denmark ‘BER GmbH ‘SHBER Gn at ‘At BS a eer euae | samsung Electronics Co. Lia, Korea | Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Korea 001126 ekcrom | ‘OFS Fitel Denmark (OFS Fitel Denmark {FIBER Gn {FIBER Gn act acai 1B ‘Muttimode Fiver 100/140 micron, | samsung Electronics Co. Lid, Korea | Samsung Electronics Co. Lid, Korea| (OFS Fite Denna OFS Fite Denmark Fiber Colring Matera (Ural Grn LT Dal Desotch aM Desotch BV. TOE NDUE TRIES AO VOR HOUSTRIESAS 6 Thermoplastic Polyester, Polybutteraphthaate (PBTP) aaa eee ‘VONIKINOUSTRIES AGDegueea) | EVONIK NOUSTRIES AGIDepue) “ Tube Colering Compounds (PP Clr Gant) SUPPAL/POLYONE WASTER” | UPPALtPOLYONE MASTER GANGES COLIDKSA Genes coUDESA 7" eae aa ara JE Com Go L, Koes JE CoCo, Kee ico Industries Limited - India ico Industries Limited - indiaQUALITY CONTROLInspection & Test Plan tem RCT rn A. OPTICAL PERFORMANCE TEST Atenston 3t0mn eum [seas | meeoree | toniattbes Aten Seon awn [e022 | reeaoree | t0rsottbers 1 [ameter gt250n cen [sea | mceoree | 0m ottbes Prenat ni recer7ss | 0% tows Sees @ ; wecer7os | 0% oftows 2 [ease cee ree om [tam | tsoeoree | arcores SI [core DpeTSE wecorrss | ahattoen sill ease ae wm | weoeseze | tecearoe | aomet tows 5 ore ea pattmekny| stom | ecaoree | _z0%ornbes 6 Dispersion @ 1550nm psi(nm.km) 318 1EC-60794 20% of fibers: 7 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD ) psi(sq.rt.km) int 1EC-60794 20% of fibers:B. CABLE TYPE TEST ] Acceptance | tem | TestParameters vom 2 Reference Test Frequency Wo increase 1 | cable Tenste Loading sz7o0Newon | Attenuation | ecaoreetzer | 20% or fbers 0.2<81Km Wo. ofimpaats No increase in 2 ‘Impact Test | 3 Different places | Attenuation | — 1&¢-60794-1-2E4 20% of fibers Height meter ‘oceKm 00007 00mm Notnereasein 3 ‘Crush Test |for 10 minutes | Attenuation | — 1EC-60794-1-2E3 20% of fibers soak TSXCAHEOD, No nerease 4 | RepeatedBending Test |50Gycles Aenuaton” | tecso7ee12e6 | 20% offers |__$0.2dB/Km (0x OD, JNo increase in 5 Bending Test | povees | Amenuation | ecorous2ena | 20% of bers During Instalation 80°C Clockwise Nommereasein 6 Torsion Test |Srinterciochwse | ‘vmenen | leca07e41267 20% of bers [55 Newton I IB. CABLE TYPE TEST, cont. Acceptance Item Test Parameters om Reference ‘Test Frequency rere 4-10 |Wowareein 7 Temperature Cycling Test 2eycles for 24 hrs. | Attenuation 1EC-60794-1-2 F1 20% of fibers: 01481 : KingTet ‘(ulna stony arbomeabie] gyi | ec-erro4t2es | zo%ottbers ‘1 Meter Height 9 Water Penetration Test | 3 Meters sample ‘No Leaks: 1E¢-60794-1-2F5B | 2Sampleseach For 24 Hours: skee