Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

WEEK-12
Inverse Z-transform
Method-1(For Elementary Function):

Use of Tables

We can evaluate directly a number of simple inverse transforms by using standard formulae.

Example: Find the inverse Z-transform of

Z
−1
{ 4z
−
6z
+
5z
z+ 2 ( z−3 )2 z 2 + 4 }
Solution:
Z
−1
{ 4z
−
6z 5z
+ 2
z+ 2 ( z−3 ) z + 4
2 }
=Z { z4+2z }−Z {( z−3
−1 6z
) }
+Z
{z +4 }
−15z
2
−1
2

=4 Z {
z
−1
z+ 2 }−6 Z
{( z−3 ) } z +4 }
z
+5 Z
{ z
−1
2
−1
2

=4 (−2 ) −6 Z
n −1
{ z
( z−3 )2
+5 Z
}−1 z
z 2 +4 { }

{ ( ) } { [ ( ) ]}
z z
=4 (−2 )n−6 Z−1 +5 Z −1
z 2 z 2
9. −1 4 . +1
3 2

{ ( ) } {[ ( ) ]}
z z
n 1 3 1 2
=4 (−2 ) −6 . 3 . . Z−1 2
+5 .2 . . Z−1
9 z 4 z 2
. −1 . +1
3 2

n
=4 (−2 ) −2 .3 Z
n −1
{ z
. ( z−1 ) 2
+ .2 Z
2 }
5 n −1 z
[ z +1 ]
2 { }
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

5 π
=4 (−2 )n −2 .3 n . n+ .2 n sin n
2 2

Method-2(Partial Fraction):

ū( z ) ū( z )
Divide the function u( z ) by z,i.e. z and then decompose z into partial fractions, then
at the end multiplying the resulting expansion by z and then identifying each term with the
standard formulae.

2z
u( z )=
Example: Find the inverse Z-transformation of ( z +2 ) ( z−1 )2

2z
u( z )=
Given, ( z +2 ) ( z−1 )2
Solution:

u( z) 2
⇒ = . .. . ..(1 )
z ( z+2 ) ( z−1 )2

2 A B C
= + +
Let, ( z+2 )( z−1 )
2 z +2 z−1 ( z−1)2

⇒ 2= A( z−1 )2 +B( z+2)( z−1 )+C ( z +2)

⇒ 2=( A+B )z 2 +( B−2 A +C ) z+( A−2 B+2 C )

Equating co-efficient,

A+B=0 , B−2 A +C=0 , A−2 B+2C=2

Solving these we get

2 2 2
A= , B=− , C=
9 9 3
So equation (1) becomes,
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

u( z ) 2 1 2 1 2 1
⇒ = − +
z 9 z +2 9 z−1 3 ( z−1)2

2 z 2 z 2 z
∴ u( z )= − +
9 z +2 9 z−1 3 ( z−1 )2

Now taking inverse Z- transformation in both side,

Z−1 { u( z) }=Z−1
{ 2 z
−
2 z 2 z
+
9 z +2 9 z−1 3 ( z−1)2 }
2
= Z−1
9
z 2
− Z−1
z +2 9 { }
z 2
+ Z−1
z−1 3
z
{ } 2 n 2
{ n
}2
( z−1 )2 = 9 (−2) − 9 (1 )+ 3 (n )

Example: Show that each of the following by using partial fraction

(a)
Z
−1
{ 2
az
z +a 2} n
=a sin
nπ
2
(b)
Z −1
{ }
2
z2
z +a 2
=an cos
nπ
2 .

az
u( z )=
(a)Let, z + a2
2

u( z) a a a
= 2 2= 2 = . . .. .. . .(1)
z z +a z −(ia) (z −ia)(z +ia)
2

a A B
= +
( z−ia)( z +ia) z−ia z +ia

⇒ a= A ( z+ia)+ B( z−ia)=( A+ B )z +(iaA −iaB )

Equating the co efficient,

( A+ B)=0 , iaA −iaB=a

1 1
A= , B=−
Solving, 2i 2i

Equation (1) becomes

Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

u( z ) 1
z
=
1
−
1
(
2i z−ia z+ia )
⇒u ( z )=
1 z
( −
z
2i z−ia z +ia )

Taking inverse Z-transformation in both sides we get,

Z
−1
{ 2
az
z +a 2 }1 −1 z
= Z
2i
−
z
z −ia z+ ia { }
1 an
=
2i
[ (ia)n −(−ia)n ]= [ (i)n −(−i)n ]
2i

=an [ 2i ]
e in π /2−e−in π /2
=an sin nπ
2 .

(b) Try yourself

Example : Evaluate each of the following by partial fraction:

(a)
Z
−1
{ az
( z−b )2 + a2 } (b)
Z−1
{ z ( z−b )
}
( z−b )2 + a2 .

za
ū( z )=
(a) Let ( z−b )2 +a 2 .

Then
ū( z )
z
=
a
=
a
=
1 1
−
1
( z−b ) + a ( z−b−ia)( z−b +ia) 2 i z−b−ia z−b+ia .
2 2 ( )
Thus,
ū( z )=
1
( z
−
z
2 i z−(b+ia) z−(b−ia) )
1
Z−1 { ū( z ) }=u n =
2i
[ (b +ia )n −(b−ia )n ]
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

Using polar form of complex number b=r cos θ and a=r sin θ , we have

r =√ a2 +b 2 , tan θ= ab

and b+ia=reiθ . b−ia=re−iθ .

1 ( n inθ n −in θ ) r n
un = r e −r e = ×2 isin nθ
Hence 2a 2i =r n sin nθ .

z (z −b )
ū( z )=
(b) Let ( z−b )2 +a 2 . Then

ū( z )
z
=
( z−b )
=
( z−b )
=
1 1
+
1
(
( z−b ) + a ( z−b−ia)( z−b +ia) 2 z−b−ia z−b+ia (by partial
2 2 )
fraction)

Thus,
ū( z )=
1
( z
+
z
2 z−(b +ia) z−(b−ia) )
1
=u n =
2
[ ( b+ia ) n +( b−ia )n ]

Using polar form of complex number b=r cos θ and a=r sin θ , we have

r =√ a2 +b 2 , tan θ= ab

1 ( n inθ n −inθ ) r n
un = r e + r e = ×2 cos nθ n
and hence 2 2 =r cosnθ .

z2 z 3 −21 z
3
Example : Find the inverse transforms of ( z−a )( z−b ) (b) ( z−5 )( z−3) (by partial fraction)

Solution:

ū( z ) z a 1 b 1
= ≡ −
(a) z ( z−a )( z−b ) a−b z−a a−b z−b (by partial fraction)
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

a z b z
ū( z )= −
a−b z −a a−b z−b

a n b n 1
un = a− b = ( an+1−bn+1 )
Thus, a−b a−b a−b

z 3−21 z
ū( z)=
(b) Let ( z−5)( z−3 )2
ū( z) z 2−21 A B C
= ≡ + +
Then
z ( z−5 )(z −3)2 z−5 z−3 ( z−3)2

Solving, A=1 , B=0 ,C=6

Thus
Z−1 { ū( z ) }=Z−1 { z−5z }+Z {( z−3
6z
)}
−1
2

n n
Therefore un =5 +2 n×3 .

Example : Find
Z −1
{ z2
3 z2 −6 z +4 . }
{ } { }
z2 z2
Z −1 =Z−1 2 4
3 z2 −6 z +4 3( z −2 z+ 3 )

=Z −1
{ 1 z 2 −z+ z
3 (z −1)2 +(1/ √3 )2 }
1
= Z−1
3 {
z ( z−1)
2
+
z
(z −1) +(1/ √3 ) ( z−1) +(1/ √ 3)2
2 2 }
Taking a=√ 3 , b=1 , we get r =√ a2 +b 2 =√3+ 1=2 and tanθ=1/ √ 3 or θ=π / 6 .

Hence,
Z −1
{ z2
3 z2 −6 z +4
1
}
= ( 2n cos nπ6 + 2n √ 3sin nπ6 )
3
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

Method (3) Convolution:

−1 −1
If Z ( ū( z ))=un and Z ( v̄ ( z ))=v n , then
n n

{ū( z )⋅v̄ ( z )}=∑ u m ∑u

−1
Z v n−m=un∗v n = n−m v m= v n∗un
m=0 m=0

where the symbol * denotes the convolution operator.

Proof: From the definition

∞ ∞
ū( z)=∑ un z −n
v̄(z )= ∑ v n z−n
n=0 , n=0

Therefore,

ū( z )⋅v̄ ( z )=(u0 +u1 z−1 +u2 z−2 +u 3 z−3 + ⋅⋅⋅+u n z−n + ⋅⋅⋅ ) ¿
׿ ( v 0 +v 1 z−1 +v 2 z−2 +v 3 z−3 +⋅⋅⋅+v n z−n +⋅⋅⋅)

=u 0 v 0 +(u 0 v 1 +u 1 v 0 ) z−1 +(u 0 v 2 +u 1 v 1 +u 2 v 0 ) z−2 +⋅⋅⋅¿ ¿

0 1 2 n
= ∑ um v 0−m + ∑ u m v 1−m z−1 + ∑ u m v 2−m z−2 +¿⋅¿+ ∑ um v n−m z−n +¿⋅¿
m=0 m=0 m=0 m=0

−n
Considering the coefficient of z , we have
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

n
Z−1 {ū( z )¿ ¯ v ( z)}= ∑ um v n−m=un∗v n
m=0

It can also be shown that

un∗v n =v n∗u n . That is convolution is commutative.

Example: Use convolution theorem to evaluate

Z−1
{ z2
( z−2 )( z−3) . }
Solution:

z2 z z
= .
We can write, ( z−2 )(z−3) z−2 z−3

Then
Z−1 { }
z
z−2
=2n =un
and
Z−1
z
( z−3 )
=3 n =v n
,
{ }
n−m m
So, un−m=2 and v m=3

Now using convolution theorem,

{ }
n
z2
Z −1
=∑ u . v
( z−2 )( z−3) m=0 n−m m
n
= ∑ 2n−m 3 m
m=0

()
m
3
=2 n
∑ 2
m=0

[ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )]
3 3 2 3 3 n−1 n
n 3 3
=2 1+ + + +. . .+ +
2 2 2 2 2

[ ()
][
3 n
1. −1
()
2 n
n 3
=2 +
3
2
−1
2
a+ax+ax 2 +.. .+ax n−1=
a .( x n −1)
x−1 ]
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

[ ()
]
3 n
1. −1
()
2 n
n 3
=2 + =3. 3n −2 . 2n
3 2
−1
2

Example: Use convolution theorem to evaluate

Z −1
{ z2
}
( z−1 )3 .

z2 z z
= ⋅
We can write ( z−1 ) z −1 ( z−1) .
3 2

Then ,
Z−1 { }
z
z−1
=1=un
and
Z
−1
(
z
z−1 )2
=n=v n
,
{ }
So,
un−m=1 and v m=m ,

We have by the convolution theorem

{ }
n n
z2
Z −1
=un∗v n= ∑ u n−m . v m= ∑ 1. m
( z−1 )3 m=0 m=0

=1+2+3+⋅⋅⋅+n= n2 (n+1 ) .

Method-04:
Inverse Z transform by Cauchy Residue Theorem
We know the definition of z transform
∞
u( z )= ∑ un z −n
n=−∞

k −1
Multiplying both sides by z and integrates with a contour integral for which the contour of
integration encloses the origin and lies entirely within the region of convergence ofu( z) .
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

∞
1 1
2πi
∮ u( z ) z dz=2πi ∮ ∑ un z−n zk−1 dz
k−1

c c n=−∞
∞
1
= ∑ un ∮ z−n+k−1 dz
n=−∞ 2 πi c

1
∮
2 πi c
u( z ) z n−1 dz=un
is the inverse z-transform.

∑ Re s ( z n−1
u( z ) ) =un .
i.e.

4z
u( z )= 2
Example: Find inverse z transform of (3 z −2 z−1) by Residue theorem.

4z
u( z )= 2
Solution: Given, (3 z −2 z−1)

4z
u( z )=
( 2
3 z 2− z−
3
1
3 )
2 1
z 2 − z− =0
So the singular points or poles are, 3 3

z=
2
3
2
√
4 4
± +
9 3
=1 ,−
1
3

Now,
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

4z
Re s( z=1 )=lim (z −1) z n−1=1
z→1
( 13 )
3( z−1) z +
,

( ) ( )
n−1
1 1 4z n−1 1
Re s z=− = lim ( z+ ) z =−
3 z→− 1 3
3 ( )
3 ( z−1) z +
1
3
3

{ } ( ) ( )
n−1
4z 1 1
Ζ−1 2
=Re s( z=1)+Re s z=− =1+ −
(3 z −2 z−1 ) 3 3

z 3 −21 z
2
Example : Find the inverse transforms of ( z−5 )( z−3) applying residue theorem.

Ζ−1
{ z 3 −21 z
( z−5 )( z−3 )2 }
=Re s( z=5)+Re s( z=3)

3
z 3 −21 z n−1 z 3−21 z n−1 5 −21 (5 ) n−1 5n
Re s( z=5 )=lim 3
( z−5 ) z =lim 3
z = 5 =
z→5 ( z−5 )( z−3 ) z→5 ( z−3) (5−3 )3 2.

Re s( z=3 )=lim
1 d
{
z 3−21 z
z→3 1! dz (z−5)( z−3 )
2
( z−3 )2 n−1
z =lim
z→3 dz }
d z 3 −21 z n−1
( z−2 )
z { }
=lim
z→3 dz ( z−2 ) {
d z n+2 −21 z n
}
{( n+2 ) z n+1 −21 n z n−1 }( z−2 )−( z n+2 −21 z n )
=lim
z→3 ( z−2 )2

{( n+2 ) 3 n+1 −21 n 3 n−1 } ( 3−2 )−( 3 n+2−213 n )

=
( 3−2 )2

= ( n+2 ) 3 n+1−21 n 3 n−1 −3n+2 +213 n .

Ζ −1
{ z 3 −21 z
( z−5 )( z−3 )2 } 2
n
=Re s( z=5)+Re s( z=3) = 5 + {( n+2 ) 3n+1−21 n 3n−1 −3n+2 + 213n }
.
Complex Variable, Laplace & Z-Transform Fall 2015-16

Exercise set: 2.1

4 z−z 2
u( z )=
1. Find the inverse Z-transformation of ( z 2 +2 ) ( z 2 + 4 )
5 z2 +8 z
u( z )=
2. Find the inverse Z-transformation of ( z−1 ) (z 2 + 4 )

3. Determine the inverse Z-transform of the following functions by partial fraction and by
residue:
z2 3z z z2 z 3 +z
2 2
(a) z +1 (b) (5 z−1)(5 z+2) (b) z −2 z+ 2 (c) z +2 z + 4 (d) ( z−3 )( z−2)
2 2

z 2 +2 z 4 z−z 2
2 2 2
(e) ( z−3 )( z −2 z+2) (f) ( z +1 )(z +4 )

4. Using convolution theorem, evaluate

Z −1
{ z2
( z−1 )( z−2) . }
5. Prove that
Z−1
{ z2
( z−a)2}=(n+1)a n
.
1 1 2n
∗ =
6. Show that n ! n ! n ! .
7. Let be the z-transform of the sequence. If has simple poles at the
points then is given by the formula