TE Busobepuan 9.IEKTPHYECTBO Ht MATHETH3M. Tipeqiaraemaa Kumra oTaMMaeTca OT TpaxMNHONHEIX KYpCOR oueKTpHyecTRa H MATHeTHSMa JCRYKTHBHBIM MeTONOM HBTOKEHHA: ABTOP MperKjle BCeTO ACT OCHOBEI MpeXCTaBsIeHHs O Tose, 0 TO HCTONHHKAX H BUXPAX, HC TOSHIMii TeopHH BeKTOpHOTO Hosa HaNaraeT Rech JaIbHelimmii MatepHas. TaKoe NocrpoeHHe Kypca NosBoAseT NpH CpaBHHTeTBHO HeGOBINOM OGHEMe KHHTH paceMoTpeTb mMpoKHH Kpyr HOMpOCoR, OXBaTHIBAeMBIX COBPeMCHHO!! Teopueli S7eKTpHeCTBA M MarHeTH3Ma H d:eKTPOHHO!i ‘Teopueii. TonpoSo paceMorpena aaeKrpouHas TeopHs MeTasIOR, MoxyNpoROAHHKOR, ‘Avo u1exTpHKOB H TUTa3MBI Kura paccuwrana wa cTYReHTOR nepaKX Kypcon w yunTenei, a TaKKe Ha INKONEHHKOB, HSGpABUIMX USHKY cBoelt GyayMell creuMAaTbHOCTEIO. Conepxanne Tipequcnonne 7 Taana I. Sxcnepamenraibunte OcHOBaHHs TeOpHH uIeKTPHNECTBA H 9 MarneTHsMa § 1. Bsaumozeiicrane tex 9 § 2. Merabt m ayoueKTpHKH 10 § 3. Oaextprmeckoe rome 14 § 4. Hanpsxxennocts sexrpuyeckoro noms 17 § 5. Maraurioe rose 20 § 6. Casab Mexkly S1eKTpHYECKIM 4 MarHHTHBIM TOsLEMH 25 Taasa II. Ochonst reopua nexropnoro noms. 32 § 7. JImnuu BeKropHoro noma 32 § 8. Uctounmxn u Buxpu rons 85 § 9. Tose onnux HetouHHKOB 37 § 10, Tloxe suxpeit 40 § 11. Tonepxtocribie HeTOuHHKH H OBepxHOCTHBIe BHXPH 4a § 12. Mommpocrs ucrosmuKa 4 BUXps 46 § 13. Cxanapxoe 1 sexroprioe mpouszesenue BexTopos 49 Tana TIL. Herounmen 1 BHXxpH atexTpuseckoro H MarnHTHoro Hostel 53 § 14. Bexropsi Eu B 53 § 15. Bexrop snexrpuseckoii magyxnum D 54 § 16. Bexrop wanpsxxennocra marnutuoro nosis ET 37 § 17. Buxpu a HcrounHKH oneKTpHHecKOrO H MArHATHOTO Monel 62 § 18. Fpanuunsie yeaonus jus nexropos E, D, B, 64 Tana IV. 9aexrpocraraxa 65 § 19. Dnexrpwsecknié saps, 65 § 20, Onemextapasie wacrHnst 69 § 21. Touesnpie, nonepxHocTHbic H OObeMHBIC 3aps IE 2 § 22. Toze rateunix H nonepxHOcTiEm 3aps10R B § 23. Toe oGnemusix sapa08 82 § 24. Tose anexrpuvecku nelirpambnnix cHcTeM 84 § 25, Horennman onexrpocrarmueckoro noms 86§ 26. PaGora norenmuansHoro meKrpHecKoro Noa Ha SapsOM § 27. Caasb Mexay MoTeHmMasOM 1 HanpmKeHHOCTBIO § 28. Morermmansisie auarpaMMet § 29, TIponoqHHkn p osleKtpocrarHueckoM nose § 30, Tlnotnocrs sapszia 1a nonepxnocrH mpoBomnHKa §31. Meron ws06paxenii § 32. Oexrpocraruueckas oxpanmponka. 3axemtenne § 33. 3apaq m none 3emam § 34, Onexrpocrarueckmii reneparop. Junetinie yexopuresn § 35. Emxocrs § 36, JJuonexrpuxu, Caszarsie 3apa{bt Ha MOREPXHOCTAX HOMEKTPHKOB § 37. Tuoaexrpuxu. Bexrop nonspusanu P § 38. Henocpertctnenmoe usmepenne Eu D w auonexrpuke § 39. Maxpockonmeckoe, muxpockommieckoe, jielicrayromee nose § 40, Certeroonextpuku mhex0osIeKTpHKHL §41, Oneprus onexrpuieckoro noma § 42. Oneprus ssaumoneiicraus sapsyion H oHepris sapsz{0B BO BHEMIHeM Tome § 43. Tonmepomoropusie cust B aeKtpHteckOM Tose §44. Heycroiisocts onextpocrarHueckix cHcTeM: § 45, Kaacewueckwsi panuye anextpowa § 46, OGpasopanme aroma § 47. Boamonne caoficraa muxpowacran, §.48. Atom Bosopona H MHoroaeKTpOHHBIe aTOMBL Taapa V. Hocrosmsti saexrpaecxnit Tox § 49. Tox u mornocts ToKa § 50 Cxopocrs ynopaxovennoro jBmKeras sapsit0n. CKOpOCTS pacnpoctpanrestus ToKa § 51. Onexrpyeckoe conporansienne § 52. onions § 53. Caepxrponoqumocrs § 54, 3axon Oma. Suextposaimxymas cna § 55. Casab MIOTHOCTH ToKa H HarpsxeHHOCTH NOAA B MpoROHAKe § 56, Tlonepxnocruste # OObeMHEIe 3apsy{HI B TIEN NOCTORHHOTO TOKA § 57. Saxon HenpepsiBHocTa Toxa. Hepasiii saxon Kupxroda § 58. Tox cmemenna § 59, Bropoii saxon Kupxroipa, Pacer neneli nocrosuioro Toxa § 60, PaGora noreHuManbHBIX H CTOPOHHIX cH B HEM TOKA § 61. Horox sHepram anytpp 1 B07 MpoROgAMKA Taana VI. Ocuons a1extponnoii Teopan nemectn: § 62. Snexrponst npononHMocr . § 63. Depmmenckas oepraa § 64. Oynxnua pacnpenenenns § 65. axon aMetepeMm H (hepMH-rionepxocTs § 66. Tepmoonexrponnas dborosnexrponHias oMHccHa 13 MeTanTa 89 a1 94 99 103 105 107 108 110 M1 7 119 120 124 128 133 138 141 143 146 148 150 154 159 159 162 163 167 170 174 179 184 186 187 189 191 193 195 195 198 202 205 208§ 67. Asrononusanuis 4 asTooneKTponias MHCCHA § 68. Konraxtias pastiocts norenmHaston § 69. Tepmoonextpmeckue sanenna § 70: Onepreriecknii crtextp § 71. 3oumbti cnexrp oaexrponta 8 Kpucrase § 72. TloxynponoqHnkn m auonexTpaKst § 73. Mera § 74. [Ipamecusie noaynporoqauKn § 75. IIpumenenme noxynponoqHnKon § 76. QnextpHecknii Tox sepes omeKTpOmHTEI § 77. Hoxw3anma, pexomOunanusa 1 Bo36yx/[cHHe aTOMoB raza § 78. Taxonsit paspat § 79, Tinasma Tana VII. Marnurnoe nose § 80, MarnurHoe none ToKa § 81. Marnurnoe none zBmxymerocs 3aps7a § 82. Jlelicraue marnutuoro noas na s1exrpuseckmti saps § 83. TlukroTpon § 84, Odpcpexr Xonma § 85. Quexrpuecknil saps » HeoAHOpOsHOM MarHUTHOM rome § 86. Jeficraue warnutHoro mons Ha omexrpHsecknii TOK § 87. Bsaumozelicrane Toon. Bsaumozelicrae 7BmKyMUEXcs 2aps710B § 88, Marnurusi novox Taapa VIII. Marnrmue cnoiicrsa nemecrsa § 89. Bexrop namarmuuennocra § 90, TlapamarnernicH § 91. Jluamarneriist § 92. Tipupoga deppomarieruama § 93. Bu» deppomarneruxe § 94, Tone nocrosauoro Marnura § 95, Aurubeppomarnerinen n dbeppHrst Tana IX, Quexrpomarmirnas: HHAyKUDS § 96. DneKrpiteckoe mone, co3aRAeMOe [AWKYMMMCA MaTHUTHBIM TOTEM § 97. QuexrpHeckoe nove, cosqanaeMoe MepeMeHHISIM MarHHTHEIM 110s1eM § 98, Beratpon § 99, Huayximounsili reneparop. Yaunonspuas Manmna § 100, Marnuroraapoamnamusecknii reneparop § 101. Bsaummas napyxnus 1 camomnayxnas § 102, Tepemennstii Tox » nenn ¢ uHAyKTHBHOCTHIO § 103. Tlormepomoroprste cmt B MarHHTHOM Tome § 104, Tpancrbopmatop § 105, Tlepemenntii TOK m Hen ¢ HHAYKTHBHOCTEIO H eMKOCTIIO § 106, KoneSarensui xomryp § 107. Cxm-oipcbexr 214 219 225 229 232 236 241 243 248 252 257 260 267 2 21 277 279 282 284 286 287 290 293 294 294 298 304 306 312 319 321 323 323 329 334 335 338 340 344 351 353 355 358 361Tawa X. Suextpomariirritere Boum § 108, Hanyserme namxymerocs sapaira § 109. Ipcpexr Yepenxosa — Basuzoza § 110. Hianysenne KoneGmomerocs xurona § 111, Msnysenne su6patopa n anrennt § 112. DuexrpomarHuTable BOTH B MycTOTe H B AHONIEXTpHKe § 113. SuekrpoMarHHTHBle BOHEI BLOT NPOBOTOB H B BOsIHOBONAX § 114. Ypanenua Maxcreana 354 364 366 368 372 377 380 383NPEAUCHOBHE Conpenentioe yuene 06 saeKnpavectae i Marneriane ocuosaHo Ha ypannemnax Maxcsenaa, onpereraiomux noan Nepes ux HCTOuHKHE H BHXpH. B BySOBCKNX KYpcax OGUel cbuank, TeM Govier B MKOABHEX yuEOHUKAX, OF 9THX HO HATHAX BeKTOpHOTO axaaH3a He ronopuTeA coscest. H3-3a STOTO OcTaeTCH HeACHEIM CMBICT TaKe TaKHX cbyHAaMeNt- ‘TasbHEX BEAN, Kak HaNpmKeNHOCTH saeKTpHeCKOTO H Mardutioro nozeit, BeKTopH! MarHHTHOR m amexrpnueckoit wuiayumm, Onkako coppemeunar Teopan sneKrpit¥ectaa MariieTH3Ma aBaneTeA OAHOMI 13 HaNGocee AeTamTbHO paspa- Goranusx vacreit usuK 1 nome MoKeT OHITS Haq0Ke- wa naraaawo m eMecTe C Tex aocTaTouHo crporo. B npen- jlaraewoh Kure enaeTcA nonwTKa TaxOrO HaTOXKeIN, Tlepsuie 1px rapes coneprKar oG20p ocwoBHBIX ronsTHit SaeKrpuuectsa Hw MarieTHaMa. B ocranbusie raanax ne ‘TambHo paccMorpeH mHpoKMt Kpyr BONpOCoR saeKTpANE- cTBa W MarHeTiiMa, B YacTHOCTH coppementoit sneKTpOMHOM Teopyn MeTanaoB, NOAyNPoBOAKNKOS HM naaswu. Taapnoe BHHMANHe YACTEHO He MaTeMaTHYeckHM BsIBORAN, a PASDAC- HeHINO KaNectBeHHo!l, ipusH¥ecKOH cTopoHss Bonpoca. 3a- Aaa TaKOTO HBAORKeMNA Oey TPYAKE, H KUTA HOsTOMy Ne MOKeT ObITb amet MHOKeCTBA HexOCTaTKOR. Zastewa- Hus suTaTeseH Gyayt BeTpeYEHA ¢ GaaroLaprocTEIe. B xaxknom naparpacbe metoren ccuiaKH ma saTepHad, nsaoxensuiit parce, Popmyast sansicwsaorer napactaeabtio scuctenax CH CPC (rayccosoii),Kaura paccsnrata na crygentos meppux kypcos yau- BepeHteros, TeXHHWECKHX BY30B, Ha yunTenel GusHKH, a Takike Ha yaalHXca CTApWLHX Kaaccon cnenHaaHaHpoBaH- UX GUSHKO-MaTeNaTHYECKUX InKGA, Aptop secoMa mpuswatenen @. H. Huxosnuy, M. Al. Munuy, 10. A. Coxonosnuy # caonm penenserra npop. M. H. Karaiosy, pop. B. M. Sleopcxomy M, H. Bayaony sa a0poxenatensnyio Kpuriky H sonKe~ eso newmbix samevani 1. 3uaeGepmanraAABAT 9KCTEPHMEHTAJIBHBIE OCHOBAHHA TEOPHH SJEKTPHYECTBA H MACHETH3MA § 1. Baanmozeticrsne rea B octiose acex ibuanseckinx sptennit aewwr nsanmonen- cree MexkAy Tea mI uacTHuaM, yuacTeyOMUM B STIX BAeIRX, Geman AIKeTeA BOKPYT CoaHta H-3a Toro, 470 nsanNonelicrayer ¢ HuM. Stu BauNoTelicrasest awanerca npiraenne Seman Coamita no 3aKoHy ceMip- xoro tarotenns. [Ipirmkeine naw orraaKioaine aByX SHEKTPHYECKHX SapAtoB — 970 UX SAeKTPHYeCKOe BAaIMO- neficrone, Orraakisanne sa nparvxenne waraitubix m0- suOCOB HAH TOKOB—3TO -MarHHTHOe —BIaNMOefiCTBNE. Cronkuosenm Gkaanapanux mapos, c&aTHe exoBeKOK MPYPKItHLA, AABMCHHE MOAOIAM Ha seMAW — Bee STO NH eps psaiinonelictana Te: Coraaco npeacrasacunan compesentiol pusiKi Ben: koe psamozeiicraue mepenaeten ‘epes neKoTopoe nose. Sena saannorclicrayer ¢ Consnes vepes rpaniraniot- Hoe mone, Connue coraaer rpastraunoxuoe nore, KoTOpoe xelicrayer ia Sewanio, Bestaa, B C601 oveperd, cosnaeT ose, Koropoe aeiicrsyer na Conte. 910 propoe’ noxe ro- Pasao caa6ee MepROrO, HO 3aTO MoMeWeHtIOe B Hero Teo (Coanue) ropasno Gonbure. B pesyabtare oKasbisaerca, ro cuaw, aelicrayioune Ha oa Tena, pani 8 cooTeeT- TBM € TpeTbuN saKonOM HeteToHA, Saextpaveckie sapaast ssanworeficrayior wepes aaeK- TPHYeCKOe NOMe, KOTOPOe OME COSAaIOT, MarHKTEE H SaeK- ‘Tpuveckne TOKH — Hepes MarditTHoe nlo.te. Tacrauss 8 atou- Hom mupe —nporonss H HeitpoHD — BsamMoneltcreyIoT Yepes 9‘Tak Masbinaenoe m-MesonHoe none. Karan uactume co- aaaeT Hone, H 9TO Moae yxke RelicTsyeT Ha apyryto actully. Ecan neaxoe nsaumozeiicrane mepeaacten vepes noe, ‘To cpauusaetes, Hepes KaKoe ae none BaaiMoseiicTayIOT PYKa H Kaen, npyxnita H CoASHIBatOIlLaM ee BepenKa, Gua AkapaMMe wWapsl, ToLOUIBA H aeNAA, T. c, VeM OGEsICHTETCH cylliectsonanne O6uMHEIX CHA, BOsKHKaLOuHX pH conpH- Kocttonettnit npeameros? Okastisaeten, 310 s1eKrpomaritht- Hoe ssauNogelicraue. AroMsl conpukacatomuxea Test c6.N- waioTes Ha PACCTORHHA MOPRAKA PaoMepon CAMHX aTOMOB. Beterpo spanatoutecn soKpyr _mgep otpiuatenlo 30 PHKCHUME IAeKTPOM H MOTOIKHTeABHO sapmMKemMBe AAPA Cosaaior 9eKTpOMarHHTHOe Noe, KoTOPoe H ocyuLecTaLtaeT naauistoneRcraite npit conpikocnonenu. Ho te Toasko naanmonelicrane wexkay pasauunsnin Te- aii, a M camo cyulecTBOBAHHe THepAwX i AMAKHX Text obycroeaeHo Bsanuoseicranes Mexay arowann. Hyewio Gaaronapa stomy nseitwoneficremto THepawe Ht aKKAKHE Tea ie pacnagaiores Ha oTmembuBie ATOM. § 2 Meraaau w ansaexrpuxa Meranau, Basentune saeKrpouet werasaa caa6o cunsa- MoI co cBouMH aToMaMM. Korda atom MeTac.ta, KoNAeNCH- pYack us MeTaasuueckoro napa, OOpaayior AUAKINT WAH ‘Taepawil MeTada, aNeUIAHe SmeKTpOH OKASLIBAIOTeR yrKe He CBAZAHULING ¢ OTACABURINN aTOMAM MoryT CBOGOAHO nepeMematbca nO Beesty Teay. STH aneKrpoH OGycaoBAL- alot Xopoulo wanectHyio auaunTenbAyto MpoRoanMocts Me ‘Ta/H08, OHM TAK H HasMBAIOTCA I-leKTPOWAMNE MpoBOAMNOCTH AroMs meTai.ta, -IMWeNHRIe CRONX BANeUTHEIX S1eKTPO- HoB, T. € NOLOAUTeADHBe HOHL, COCTABAMOT KpHCTAA.tI- ueckyio pewerky. B Kpuictaatieckoii pewerKe Hou coBep- wiaioT XaoTHYecKHe KONeOaHIA OKOND cROHX NoAOReHUIi Panviowecua, HastiBaentix YaianH pemer&H. ITH KONeGAHIA Hpeactap.asior coGoi TenioBoe apInKeHHe peuleTKH Hyer simpaioTca ¢ floBbunenueMm TeMnepaty pes Suexrpont nponoanMocTit p OTCyTeTBHE saeKTpHHIeCKOrO NOAA B MeTasAe CoBepulaioT GecnopaAOKoe ABIDKeHHE CO cKopocraMH nopaaKa TEcAY KHAOMeTpOB B ceKyHay. TIps NpHAOKeHNH HANpAKeRHA K MeTARAHYeCKOMY APOBOANAKY SJeKTPOHS! MPOBOAHMOCTH, He OcAaGaKA cHoero xaoTHYe- eKOrO ABWKeHNA, CPaBHUTeRbHO —MeqTeHHO opMHIpyioTes, npespattiance 8 anno). 2Mower nosHHkHyTS Bonpoc, No¥eMy noaspHsanHoNANe sapaasi OOpasyiotes ToabKO Ha MoRepxHOCTAX AMaAeKTpH- Ka, a He BHYTDH ero? OOuacHAeTcn 370 Tess, TO BYTPH ANQACKTPHKa MOAOKHTEADUBE. H OTPAUATEADHELE KOHL MO- aeKya-muntonel Kak pas KoMmexcapyior apyr apyra. Kom- encauim Gyser OTCYTCTPORATH TonbKO Ha TlonepxHOCTAX AugteKtpHKa Ha Ha TPaWNUe PasAeAa ayX AHAEKTPHKOB, 2 Takike B HeOROPOANOM AnseKTp HIKE. Ec quaaexrpik noaxpHsonah, TO 970 ne suauitT, HO off 3apaxeH, T. €. STO OH HMCET B ileTOM SmeKTpINCCKHA 3a- paa. Fpw noaspisanun oui sap ausaeKTpHKa He Me- waeren. Ontiako ausaeKrpuky MoxHO cooSwifts sapAn, nepe- HoeH Ha Hero HeKOTOPOe KOAITIeCTBO 3AeKTPOHOR. HIBHE TAK saGnpan weKoTopoe Heo ero cOGCTHEHHLIX 3:1eKTPOHOE B epson caywae ansaextpHK sapaantes orpiuareaDito, Bo BTOpoM — nozoxKHTERBHO, Takyio sneKTpHSanitIO MOKA —MPOHSRECTH, maMpHMeP, nytew tpeans. Ecan notepers crek.isHiyio natouKy 0 weaX, TO MasouKa H IeMk sapAgdTcA npOTRBONOTOwHLAK TO sHaky sapaaann (ctexto — nonomuTeTbHO, teak — OTPH- uatensHo) ").‘Y crexaaHwom nazoukn np stom Gyaer OTOGpaHo KeKOTOpOe INICTO sAeKTPOMOR (seCHMa_ Ma Ban JOIR oGuleTo wWeAa sAeKTpOHOS, npHHanaeKaMHK BceM aToMan cTeKnaMoll naaouKst, —sTo-MIGyab OKOAO 10-10") Hrak, » weraaaax & apyrix nponoanikax (wanpustep, saekrpoautax) Sapiau MOryT cBoGoaHO nepeNemaTéca 10 Bcemy tery. JInsteKtpixn axe ne O6nagai0T mpoBoaK Mocrbio HB MIX SapAALE He MoTyT nepeMemaToca Ha Ma- Kpockonmicekite (T. &. Combine fo cpanHenmo ¢ pasMepa~ Nit aToMoa m MozeKy.n) paccronmis. B aneKrpusieckows none ANDAERTPHK TOTBKO OARpHayeres. Kaacenuxauna sapagos, Sapaasi, nepesemaoumecn B NPOBOAKHKAX, a TAKAKe HAHOCHME HOBHE Ha HSTEKTPRK, Mbi OYAeM HAIKBATh COOGOOHDLMU, a NOANPUsAlKOHNNE 34+ Paau, BuictynaloUtMe Ha MoRepxHocTax. ausaekTpHKA, — cossannevs, *) Saexrpuaaui mpi rpew npoucxoRAT 3-38 Toro, ‘WTO npW xowraxre aayx_pastopoauix peutecrs weKOropoe ica0 sxeKTpOUOB Tepexonur us ojoro seulecraa Apysoe, Tpenue ace YBeMMUNSAeT RaO- axe Rowralera Mey conpikacaiouUnien Tenax 1b§ 3. Saexrpmyeckoe noxe B mpocrpanicrse aoxpyr sapsxenuoro tena (pic. 2) cy- mectayet saekrpuveckoe none, Uro6e yOeutae o 9TOM, RocTaTowHo noaHectn K tery npoSHul sapan. Ha sapaa Gyaer neficraosats cuaa, CyuecTaonanne sTof cast Mbt oncninaew c:topaxtn: «a npocrpauctse BOKPYF apmKeHHOTO Tena cyLLecTBYeT ) F — sxexrpnseckoe noze». Jlaxe 0 paxyyme sapaxxettioe Teno OKpyxKelto He yCTOTO!, a aeK xpuseckhn nomen. Mone (saexcpuve- Roe wating STE T OD0aC a5: Je? co6OHi OAH 13 ByAOB_aTepmi. Z— Tlono61 TOMY i uo ae Semectay, cocroxute aTON08, — oie -o6taaaeT acco 1, n0sT0w Becou. Snekipiveckne sapaan BsaiNogelicTayion wekay ‘coGoH wepes sTOT ocoSuit BHA maTepun Ecamt OYeHL 6UICTPO paspectn HaxoaNBUINes nepnoxataabHo B oxKOn TOKE PapHELe pasHoMenMe sapAzE, a npoGult sapien pacto- AowHTS Ha JocTaToMO GonbIION paccTomHt OT Hitx, TO cura, xeRerTayioman Ha npoHBIR sapsa, NosntiTes He cpasy. Oxastinaercn, noae (8 stow caysae ono 6yzeT aaeKTpoNar- HUTHEIM, KaK MBL YBHAHM B AdAbHeMeN) PacnpoctpaHAeTen © KoNesHOH cKopocTsio m NosTomy aocTIITaeT MpooHOTO 3a- Pama wepe2 KoHeNM npowexyTOK BpeweuH. TIpaBas, cKo- oct» sta orposnta, ola pasta 300000 k/cex, onttaKo Bce Xe paanvorelicraNe pacnpoctpawAeTca He ArHOReHHO. B xavectae npodworo sapsita Hy:KHO BsAT Mastoe no pasmepam teto, o6aaatouee Maabin aapazom. Maaute pas- Meps HAHEI Aan Toro, WTOOM MpoGuEN Sapna omyuLeA Tore TOABKO B ONHOM TOYKE, He JaxBaTMBAR UENO OGna- eth, Ero 3apan aomkex 6uiT& aaauiM Aaa Toro, sTOGH He eMeMLaTs Sapaiasi, HaxoARuUecH Na WapaKe, H Tem caNEIM He lickarkatb owe, e KoTopoe npoSund 2apaa noMenex. BoauNonelictane Toveanux 3aparos. 3apan, nowente usiit_ya_reae, paawepsi Koropora_¥ BHEHIO < pateromuiex AG ADEDLE Tel, ¢ KoTOpUN ov ssaNORe- nie TOUoutoa GapROOR Haspane GTouetmal sapnio we conasacne 170 saps paBMeluen © Mas TeMtaTimeckoA Touke. Boe Tea’ oGalanawot KoHeKHEIMK pa: MepaMu, H omit M Te 2Ke Tena 8 pasaMINBx caydanx MOryT “4caHTaTbeR Tove HAH Ne cuMTatbeA TaKopUIMH. Ha- MpHMep, ecm wet BosbMeM ABA Tea c pasMepaNH nopAAKa CaHTHNerpa H OyneM paccMaTpHBate HX aSauMoselcTBHE Ha PaCCTORHRH TOKE NOPANKA KECKOABKHX CARTHMETPOB, TO 1B STOM Cayuae TONCUNDIME HX HiIKAK HeNbI GyaeT CHHTATS. A ecam paanectit Hx Ha PaccToRnMe, anpHMep, B HECKOTEKO MeTPoR, TO Te He Tera C OCTaTOINO! creneHBI® TOANOCTH MOKHO Gynet cHuTaTh ToYeMMMH. Hem Gombe (no epapiieniio ¢ Hx pasMepamit) paccromnme OyAeT MexKay 3a- PARAM, TEM ¢ Gonbitlelt CTeMteHbIO TONHOCTH HX. MOXKHO Gyaer cunrarh Tovewnsinu. FTpH stow opMta Test H pacno- aORenite Ha HX sapsa Ke OYayT urpath poan. C oousio nsmepHresbHioro mpiGopa (HanpHNep Kpy+ ‘TMabHERX BeCOB) MOFKHO YeTaHOBHT, ‘TO china BsaNMoxel cTpus Toxewx sapagon gi M gz Bceraa Hanpasneda no ue, HX coeamHOMeR. Beaitutia sToh cia MponopuMtos HabHa npowssenenMO aapsiloB H O6paTHo nponopyHoHacts- Na Kaampaty pacctonua r Mexkay mim (saKox Kynona)) Fok Sh. 3.1) Kosiipuuuent nponopuwowaabnocts & sapiicur or abt- Gopa cuctemit eamitun. B cicrewte, tiastinaewioli raycconof (nan CPC), Koshhuutext & nomaraetes pasaim exmamne W cronutan’p siaenatexe neansnia © (eMHer ec o6cy- >kaaerea ibxe) Gespasmepwa. Torta, nockonbKy exunnta chat (Auta) H eautnua Paccronnia (caRTHMeTp) YKE Bat Gpanw, emuennta sapaiaa onpexeaserest u3 tpopuy.nst (3.1). B cucrewe CH xosdibuiettr & He panen eaniine x 060- snauaeren 1/Anep (ex. § 19). Heroveritie sapaait (ianpaMep, Be O2H3Ko pacnoao- WewHble sapwKEHHAE MAACTHNKH) TOKE BIaUNOReiICTBYIOT Apyr € Apyrow, oawako ciwta Hx e3anmonelicranA ye He- TocpeacrseHHo He stipaxaerex dopmyroh (3.1). Kpome Toro, nan -enpapensipoctu popuynt (3.1) tpeGyeres, sToGu cpena,’ B KOTOPO!t HaxoaNTeR ssannonelicTByIONINe TowewHBIe Sapaasl, Obi1a oaKOpoaHOll, HsoTpoMHOR*) 1 %) Oawopomuoens peas oauauaer, 70 caoliersa co omuvaKou Bo acex ce TORKaX |p wacTHOCTH, BeIOAy OmINIAKOD cocTaB Her HKae uly’ BKpanseMul). Hsorponsoers ostiavaer, to enolcrsa STOR. cpeat B oxpecruoers Kaxctoi ‘ee TOVKW OAIlNEKODL bo BCX nanpaaaedus, Hoorpomocrs woxcer wapyianien » wpicraanax. KpucranaiwOtye acer, 8 pasauunace wanpabaewinx passiviyio mpostoers, pasausn Koogypuuenr Tensoworo paclispentsk naw sctextponponoaiocrs. 5Sesrpannunoi. Tocaeritee ostavaer Ha npaxrixe, 470 pas- eps oAHOPOAKOTO OGpaaita, B KOTOPOM HaxoaaTen Sapa, ROWKUE BO MHOTO paz MpesblUlaT» PacctomMHe MEKAY uuu, B npotusiom caysae Gopmyza (3.1) Gyzer nerowa, B aaasuciiniem caono I m saeKrpit- ueckoe none ocaaGaneTeH lo cpasHeHttio © Baxyywow. Tipiuuy stor ocxa6neua oGuac uner pie, 3. Ha nent n206paxKert sapa- ACHE WAPHK, OKpYKeNABI mHITeK- xpuxon. [Lia Toro sto6u ayuule Pasoopatocn B TOM, TO mponcxoairt Ha rpauiiue wapmka 4 cpeasi, aii w06paan.sH mazenbaitll npomenyToK wersay stnMH. Tose uiapma opiten- ‘AMPyeT MOACKY.AB ANSACKTPHKA, M Wa nOnepXHOCTS abla.teK ‘ApHKa, NPAMBIKAOMy!O K WapHky, nBicTynaIOT oTpuMaTerb- nile sapaau. AcHo, 10 noxe B TOGO! ToUKe AHITeKTpHKA GyayT cosnasar Ave npoTHsononoKHO sapmaxeHnEe cépe- Pi — nopepxtiocts. wapika, sapsrkeHtas nomoxKUTeNBKO, ApuMEKaIOUa K Hell OTPHUATeNbHO sapmKemMan noBepX- oct susaeKrprka. CyMwapHioe nose Gyaet Goaee caa6uiM, ‘sem rosie onHoro wapHka. TaKHM O6paz0m, mone B ANDKeK- TpHKe ocslaGaReTCA Be Pas MOTOMY, TO Hs nosIA cHO- Goanux sapst0B BuHTaeTeR Mone MonApHaaMNOHHAX, eom3annerx 3apazon Herpyaxo waittn seanunay cassannoro sapaaa q’, oKpy- xxaiouiero caoGonituit sapia q (puc. 3). Kak anaxo ns 3a- xoua Kyaoia, snextpueckoe noae B ausaeKrpliKe ocaa6- aaeTCR Be Das, 7. ©. ONO OYRET TAKUM, KaKOe CostaBaT Out sapag gle. B xelicrpureasniocrh Ke 970 Tove cosmaer 3a-pain 9 +4’. Caenosarenbuo, 9 + 9’ = ale, 7. ©. a q=-49> (3.2) Orcieza sano, wo cansamuntt sain npornaonoaoxeH no siaKy coaanilieny ero cBoGoaNoMy H mponopuionaaen eMy no neanuine. Crexosatessto, Oyayr mponopunowaas- Hut Ht cosjasaeNtie Hit moax*), Tponopiutonatbuoct® no- Heh asireKaer, TakUM oGpasoM, 9 saKona Kyaona a sa- aseten Takuan Ke ONBITHBIM daktoM, Kak Hl ator 3aKoH. H onsiTa puTeKaeT 1 TO, TO 06a MOAR B HSOTpOTHOA cpene xonanHeapHst (Hanpangeus! no ono H Toil 2Ke AHA) Hrax, noae cossanneux sapa00 Koatuneapno skewne- ay noaro (no410 ce06odxe.x sapadoa) W nponopyuonarono eau. Hahpasaenna atx nonelt npotiponoxoxnts. § 4. Hanpaxennocty saexrpaveckoro noas Cita psanmozeliersna sapaxettoro wapiika © npoo- nbIM SapsinoN saBHcHT oT BEAM STOO 2apaaa. Ecait Spare paaanimie npoSuse sapatti, To u cia, aelicTByIo- las Ha WHX 8 LaHHO! TOUKe nots, Gyzer pasaNyNoA. Oa- ako ornomenne cits K sapaay ocraeTeR nocrommtiaM 1 xapakepuayer yoke camo noate. Ornoticnue ciitis, reficreyiowel Ka sapaa, K neanHKKe storo sapsna HaskipaeTen KanpameaNocrow noaa. Hanpa- XeHHOCTE Mona ABTRETEA OCHOBHO!L eTO XapaKTepHCTAKO!. Ona nomoctbio xapakrepusyet none B KaxkZ0H er TOUKE To neausive H no HanpaaacKMI. M3 Gopyas Anz HanpA- 2kenHOCTH MOS , . g-f a.) BIAKO, "TO NaNpaweNKOCTe noAR ecro curd, dedcTayoKaR na edunuinort noaoxuresoned sapad. SaeKtpHeckoe nose YAOSHO rpapuieckn Wso6paxKaTs € noMOMbio KapTHHIM TAK HasbiBAeNBIX CHAOBEX ANH, HAN Aun wanpsokenvoetst. Janel nanparxeocth Hasbinaer- CH AHH, KacaTeAbHAS K KOTOPOH KAxKNOl TOKE CoBNa- aaeT no Manpagaenme c nanpmxennocriio. Ecat node co- Skactes SapmKeHHuM WapHKOM HH TOMeWHEM sapazo%, *) Thon repwuios enone» nonusactes ance mocre nia E (es. § 4), 2 FE, Sunsbepuan 7 ike ampsAus HanpmKenHOCTA npercrasmmoT coGoh npaMbie, pa- AnanbHo Pacxonsutnecn OT SapAna Hak OT HeNTpa wrapHka, Ha pute, 4,4 u 0, #906paxKews moa nonoxHTeAbHLX sapaaos, npiiem sapax Ha pic. 4,6 Baboe Goabure, weM Ha Pa, 4, puc. 4,4. Bonee cuabioe none sis06paxkaeren Goaee naoTiio Pacnoatoxcennsbinen ana HanpsrxeHHOCTH. TaKof crocos wso6parkernn cTeneHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH OTA coBepteHio ecrecrseH, ockosbKy B orcyreTane Mona cHaossIx anaMl He ZomKHto GisTb concen. Tone orpitaterstioro sapaaa ovanagtes anu nanpanzemest anni (puc. 4,6) Borge choxnaa Kaprata cHitoBsix auHMi noaywacten B caywae, Korda Mowe cOBAAeTEA He CANIN TONeNHEIY 3apHe TOM, a MeCKONBKIMMH, 11H HeToueWHAMH Sapaaanm. Peay.tb- Tupyioutee mone Haxoawtes no npuHuuMy cynepnosruKH Pu. 6. Pac. 6. noseit orgensuuix sapaaon (cm. erp. $4). Hanpumep, wa pic, 5 ns0paxexo nose, cosnabaenoe ABYMA pasHBINH NO Beanuute x TMpoTHROMONOKNBIMN NO SHAKY sapaaastH, Ha pic. 6 — one, cosasaemoe paBHsiNN nO BemMUAHE HORM Rakosbian no siaky Toveuminn sapaaame, Ha pyc: 7— 8oAHOpoaHoe Noe B NAOCKOM KoILAeHCATOPe, RosHHKAIOULCE pH Yeaonm, 70 paccrosume Mexay OOKAaKANH KOHAeN- caTopa siauitreabHo Meusuie, Yew paaNepM naacrinw. OaHo- POAHBIN HasKIBaeTeH Toe, B KOTOPOM HanpaxeHHOCTD 20 BCEX TOUKaX HMecT OAMY W TY We BeaNNY H OAMHaKOBOE xanpapsenue. B Tako nose cHoabie sHMAN napaazecbHis H MloTHOCTS Hx HCIOAY osNHaKOBa (cw. pHc. 7). Ecau Kowzencarop sanoaHen ausneKTpHKOM, TO nome 8 em ocaaGanercn. 970 Nloaywaerer, KaK MB BiLIeTH, Hs-3a ZA Puc. 7. Pu, & Toro, To Ha MOBEPXHOCTAX aKIsaeKTpHKa BwCTYNAIOT CBA Saute sapaasz, Node KOTOpLIX npoTivonord%Ho nos cnoGonHEIX 24pAZOB, HaxOAMMNXeR Ma macTuMax. LMI HanparkeuHocTh To.t8, cosaapaeMoro (NenoaBinKnIbiMi!) 3a- PRAMMH, BoeTAA NauUHaIOTCA W KOKYaIOTeA na sapaaax*). Hanpunep, wa pyc. 5 ace mmm noan navmaaiores wa n0- AoxiTenbHoN SapAne Mt 3aKANUNBaleTCH Ha OTpULLATETBHOM. Cootserctaenno >10My B KoMAeHCaTOPe Ges ANDAeKTpHKA BCe AMMAN NoAL HauiHaioTeR Ha nOAOAWTeAsHOM mAACTHHE 4M sakansnpaloren a OTpHaTerDHOl (pic. 7). B Kowgexcatope, conepramem ausaextpink, Yacrb aM uid, amMaIoULAXeA Ha noAOKHTeAbHON naactHie, saKaite uupaeres na GawKaiureli K 9TOH naacTuHe-noBEpxHOCTH 2 siiektpika, Kak 3TO TOKa2aHO Ha puc. 8. Tlostowy BuyrpH ANDAEKTPHKA KoAMMECTBO sn HanpmKeNHOCTH MeHDUTe, *) Hian Gecxonetnocrs, Kak wa pu. 4 a 19eM B Roaayuitom mpomexkyrKe. Sto — rpacmueckoe BBipa- wenne TOF Hakra, TO HANpAAeHHOCTS Moa Tam MeHBItE (Be pas) Hctowmnxa nanpaxentocr#, Bo ncex nsopaxenunx cay¥anx sAeKTpHecKoe Howe CosaeTcs TAK HasbIBACMANN ucrounuxasw, Toa ncTowmnKan sot Oyzem a ttawell Kap- THe ANNI ManPAKCHHOCTH NOMUMAT® Te TOXKH, B KOTO- PHX 9TH ANHMH HauMaloTCA Han 3aKaHuBaioTeA (TOUKH, Te ANHHH 3akanuHBaIOTes, HasIBaIOTeR eM HHOrAa OTPH: MaTembMBINH HeTONNMKaMH, na cTOKaMH). TAKUM TOIKA- Mi, KaK MBI BHACIN, ABASIOTCR STeKTPHNECKHE sapAM. Ifrax, saexrpnyeckwe sapaast cosaaior aaexrpiyeckoe ome, 264R0TCR eco ucTOUHUKAMLL Herowsmeannt tanpaxentoctH, 1. €. Tet Touxastn, rae Kaumnaroren iam KoXYaloTeR AMEE HaNpmaeHHOCTH, 5 dmorer nce 3apatti— Kak cBoGoanble, Tak M cBASaHNDEe, Sto acto yxKe m3 Toro, To E—9r0 cua, eficrayiowan Ha enimHunit nonoxuTenbHal saps. Ha suecennett B nome 3apAx aefictayer cua KaK CO cropowst BOGOR, Tak H Co CTOpouM CBsIZaRHEX sapatos. HaenHo nosTOMy NeTouMMKaMIC BeKTOpa NanpsokenMocTH ABaMOTCA nee Ges HekmoseHiin sapsay —Kax cBoGoaHWe, Tak M MonApH3a~ LNoHRBIe, T. €. CBAGAKEIB. Junie noAs, Cosmasaenoro HeTOMHNKaNH, nasHHaIOTeR H KowtafoTem Ha STHX uCTONIKAX (HAH B GecKoHteHtiocT) HW nosTOMy MiKOTAa He OMBAIOT 2aNKHYTHNH. § 5. Marnntuoe noae Henonsinkaiie saextpiieckwe sapaas coanaier BoKpyr ceOn saeKTpHIecKOe Tote, NArHHTH M TOK — MaraiTHoe, Cytectnonanie MarniTHOrO ora MOxKKO OOHAPYRHTH, Ha- Npwmep, no ciae, aeiicrayromelt B 2Tom nome Ha npoH maraurrinait romioe. Bsanmnoe unayxtaponanite 9aeKrpH¥ecKoro HM MarHiT- Horo noael, SaiekTpaseckoe H ariTHOe Moa TecHO coA- SaHbt MexAy CoO. B npupore cyulectayeT eainoe s.1eK- TponarnnTHoe ose, a uHcTO SaieKTpHuecKoe HM uUICTO MACHHTHOe Moay ABAMOTCR AMUN ero vACTHBNN caysasINH Tpocreiuini onsit, oGHapyrkusaiouh sty cass, Tat kos, Boabem na noctonmnuix marunta_ Gyaem cGaH- 2xaTb HAM YaaNATS HX nlOnIOcH (puC. 9). Tp aTost B NpO- cTpancrse Mexay momtocanmt MaruntTHOe one, pasyMeeter, »Gyner meunrbes. OkasbiBaeres, 910 mepentitioe MarninTHoe none oGnanaet csolicrsom cosnanats (uHaykTHposaTs) anekrpitieckoe none. Cyutectnonanie nocneaHero MOmKHO OGHAPYAHTS c MOMOMDIO sy—CTAMTesBHOTO NpHGopa. TuHMN ManpwKeHMOCTH sTOrO SMeKTPHYECKOFO OAS KOpeMHN O6- pasom oranuaiores OT aNHNM Mons, CoslaBaeNorO aneKTpH- NeckHMn sapaaawm, STH am Hine Ne KauiHaioreR Mm Hire Me Kowtasores — ont 3 sanxnyrat (cM. pitc. 9) Vrax, nepewenioe nurioe nore cosaaet tpieckoe. Ho steKtpitueckoe nt lowe okaseinaer warniTnomy Sit + secon, ‘avin N i Puc. 9 Puc, 104 Taxylo Ke yeayry. Tepemenioe sacxrpwieckoe none AByX CGaiwKAeMUX Wil YaaaneMEIX sneKTpMUECKHX sapanoR (pie. 10) cosnaer warnutHoe none. Tloka 06a noma no- CTORNHE, ON He HMEIOT MEKAY COBO! Hero o6uLero. On- HaKO TepeMeHiwe 2TeKTPHCCKOe Hl MarkETHOe Noa wit AYKTHpyOT Apyt Apyra H TeM CANIM BHIRAOT CBOE Poa Bexrop warnutiof muayxuan, Ockosioll xapaxtepacrit- Kofi snektpaueckoro oan spasetcs HanpmKennocts B, onperersiouanca wepes city, Aejicreyioutyio wa sapam OckosHoh xapaKrepiictuKoR warHuTHorO Noa sBAseTeR pextop MarwitTHoh wxayKuuim B, Take onpeaersioutuiicn Yepes ciay, AeficTeyIOUly!o Ha Sapa B MarHHTHON nose. Ho warnuthoe noae aeiicrayer Ha apna coscem He TaK, akak snexrpieckoe. Maraur He npitarupaet 1 ue orraakn- act oaexrpuveckstit sapaa, a gelicrayer na wero B wanpas- aenHH, neprewanKyaRpHoM K TOO HK cKopocTH sapana. Kak nokaasipaer ont, MarsuTHoe noae ia HenoapHDx- sue sapaan poobute He aelicreyer. Jan Toro sToGHI Ha 3a- pax co cTopons MarhuTHOTo MOAR AeHeTBoRANa cHAa, Tpe- Gyeres, uTo6u of aBuraaen (M npHTOM He mapanaeabHo noaWo, Whave Cita cHOBa-TakH O6paulaerca B HyMs). Peayabrarit MHOTOsHCAeHIKX OMiTOR, @ KOTOPHIX He- caenonanocs aelicrane MarHuTHoro noas Ha ABWKYEUeCA SuieKTpHYeCKHE Sapans, 3aKMONeHH B opyse (5.1). Ota dopmyaa onpeseaser seannny TaK HadbiBaeNoh clade JO- penya— cass, aelievayioueh a Sapa, —abwxyuuilen 8 MarHirTHose Hole: F=kqvBsina, (5.1) Cura Jlopeaua Hanpanzewa mepnenzuKy.zapHo K MarnT ony moa Bw x ckopoctm sapaaa’v. B ipopuyae (5.1) &—ospbuunext nponopuwowaasiocrH, sasucmmait oT suGopa cHcTeME enuRN; g—BeInuMHa sapana; B— sae MuTHaa uAOYKYuA, KOMEMECTREHNAX XapakTepucTHKa war- RUTHOTO Noa, alaTOTHNHAR HanpwKeHMOCTH SneKTpHHE- cKoro float B Tom cMiene, TO Kak HanpwxennocTs E, Tax W NarHiTHas siayKMUA onpereamior cHay, aeficTByIoMytO Ha sapaa. Yroa a— 970 yroa mexay kampaitenness ckopoctH sapaia M sexTopom MarmirHoh umyKunn B. Ean sapan AoWwKeTeA NapaasenbsO Noa; To CHa OOpautaeTen B HYAb, MaxeuasbHoro sHavenist cata Jlopenna aocriraet Tor2a, Korda BeKTOp ckopoctit sapnaa nepnenankyaapen K Mar- RuTHOMY No, T. e. K BekTopy 'WarwHTHOM uAAyKLMN B, B stom eaysae opuyaa (5.1) ynpomaeter w mpaniraet wna F = kqoB. 6.2) B cutcrene emt CH, me &=1, F = qoB, m torna MoKHO cKasaTb, TO neKTOp B no veMHMHe Pasen cute, aelicrayiomel wa sapan, panwiai eammue, newxyuunticn co cKopocriwo v= | epnedauKyanpHo K nekropy B. Marnurioe nome moxer ONT costaHo TlocTomHHEMIt Marnitramn, nepestenmbin ameKTpHeCKIM nOAeM M ABIDKY- uniMieR saeRTpHYECKHNH SapAAANH, B MACTHOCTH TeMIH, KO- TopHe ABIXKYTER B MPOBOAHMKE, cOsranan s1eKTPHMECKHI TOK 2Buxpy sextopa MarHuTHOA HNayKUNK. Puc. 1] HastocT- Pupyer MarHHTHoe Home sneKtpHUecKOro ToKa. Ha aucTe KapTona noxpyr mposoauwka AB paawement maneupxue MarHutrHte crpenku. B orcyrersMe ToKa STH CTpeNKH, ecaM on JocTaTouO YaaeHtA apyt OT Apyra, opMeHTHpyioTea PXOab MarnuTHOrO Noa Seman, TIpH BKsMIONeHUN CHAABHOTO ToKa cTpenKHt pacnoroxaTen RO KacaTeAbITEEN KX OKPY2AHO- etm ¢ eRTpom 9 TouKe O.3t0 6 sitaunt, 410 cna, xelicTayIO- lat ia nomocti cTpestoK, Hanpaptena no xacavesbnoit zee K OKPYAHOCTH, a OKPY%KHOCTS, 4? Ie a cneaozateasio, mpaneren cue [| 4 onoh aieh, B28 Cina, aefctayioman Ha nonioc Marita, o6yeropacHa, B KoHeuHoM cueTe, aeficTBneM la MarniTHoro noma’ Ha ABIKy- tteen suekTpHYeckHe sapa- Abi, BXOASUNE B cocTaB aTO- Mop marinra. MoxHO noKasaTb, TO cha, AeiicTHyioMaR B nyerore (Ham 8 Bogayxe) Ha marHuTHDif noaOC, nponOpUNO- waabia Bextopy B, H, caezonateptio, aunuw Bextopa B RpAnioro MpoBoAKUKa ‘¢ TOKOM TOKE ABAROTCR OKPYKHO- CTaMH n sauKuyTs. Okasbinaeres, aunuu sexropa saeHuT: Hoa undysyuu sasKnyTe eceeda*). SanKHyTIIe AMAHH Hite Fae He HasmaroTeR H Hine He KoMHAWTeR, H 9THM OH Pa~ AuKaMbHO oTAWIaIOTeA OT KH noms, cosnaBaemoro uerosamkaatt Kak Mit 3kaem, HcTouRUKaNH BeKTOpa HanpwKeHHOCTH aaekTpitieckoro NOAA sBARIOTCA Bee 3apALA — KaK CHOGOA- ile, TaK M CBSSAHHBIe, NOCKOABKY BCe OHM AelicTBYIOT Wa Buecenntsi B nove aapaa. AnaaorHsnio sTOMY, node BeKTO- pa B cosnaerca neeun cymectayiouuinn ToKai, 70, mpe- Xkne wcero, OGLIUHEIE TOKH MpoBORHMOCTH, TexyuKKe TO Gonbunm (wakpockonnveckim) nposoauunkan. Ho Kpome nx Ha sapRA, ABIAYUUNTICA B NaTepHaabHO! cpene, eli- CTayIoT TaKKe M Te MHKPOcKOMMMecKHE KPyTOBHe TOKH, *) B aoG0 epexe, B TOM eae HB eoAHOpoRNO!. Sawerins, ‘npoves, ro OuBaIT Wi Gosee cAOKHLE caYeUH, HORA auliM B Ge% owesio GaraKu k sauxuyTant Tipasep ev. B ysuire HE. Tawwa «Teo. pun saekrpuveersas, Han. llaykas, 1965, erp. 245, BKoTOpHe TeKyT B ATOMAX BellleCTBa H3-3a TOTO, TO SAeK- ‘poumt Bpaulaiorer BoKpyr aaep. Kak MaKporoKn, Tak 1 MIKPOTOKH cosaai0T MariMTHIO€ Nore, Ht Be ORM AelicTByIOT CHOWN MarHHTHKN Noa Ha ABIOKYUUNlCR apa. To: sToMy moze BexTopa B, onpereasiouero noanyio cay, eh crayioulyio Ha aapaa, Cosdaeren KaK MaKpOTOKAMH, TAK H MukporToKant Oragtia naxsioe oGcronrenserso, orwocauleecn K sar HUTHIM MOaAM MaKpO- H NuKPOTOKOB. Ecan at2kpoTOKOB 1 cosRabaenoro UMM MarHHTHOTO MOAR (OHO OOLINHO HasKl paeTeA BHEMHHM TloseM) HeT, TO NIKPOTORH pacnoaorKeMt B® mpocrpancree xaoTiiecKit, GechopaiowNo, 1 HX Toa b cpeqten saaiiMito yHmuTOXaIoTeR (970 He npowcxoaNT tonbKo 8 deppowarnernkax). Kakasit xpyroaoit arommeilt TOK CO3AaeT cHoe NarHiTHOe MOTE, HM STEM OM MOXOK Ha Maneubkili NaruiTik. Bueuiee MarnurHoe nose (none sa- KporoKon) m Kaxoli-ro crenenm opnesttupyer 9TH ewarsi TwKH> *), TAK NTO CpeaHee MOLE MAKPOTOKOB ye OKASH- saeres OTaHaNuM of nyas. Hem ciabitee pxelmee none, Tem aysUe OHO opnenTupyer NuKpoToKH (opieHTauuK npe- naterayet Tenaonoe jastxentte). 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B 1831 r. apazeit caetaa Kpynnielitiee oTkpurite, 3a: kavovalouleeca p TOM, TO saeKTpHYECKOe Mose MOXKeT OHITS cosnawo He TOABKO SaeKTpHMeCKHMM 3apRAaNtt, a Ht nepe- Ment MarnuTHbi ToeM (aBxeHHe sAeKTposaeHUTHOM +) TIpuoenemiue paccyxacina papi, cca ortocuremuas ‘exopocrs abuacewis cucreu oreyera 0-€. 6, B npoTHaHow cAyiae B Daa Nutx cuerenax pasmiien xo, Bpenent wf aaunut orpeskos, 2 nosTOMy jyenopenie. Pasnnits Takwe wacca n cilaa, OauaKo skmiTeaseNTuocts ‘Guctew orevera, pasyweeres, ocraeres. Eyundyxyuu Papazes). Busuran warunr » Koasuenoit mpo- BoRHHK (ewe AYsIe—B KaTYUIKY), NPHCOEAHHEHUEIA K 2O- cTaTOWHO yBcTanTemHOMy radbpaHOMerpY, mui o6wapy XuM nosBAeHHe steKTpHYecKOrO ToKa. TOK B wend HET ortoro, 70 B nposoaHke nonBHaact cHaa, aeficTayIoUaA ha sapsast, sacranasiowas ux nepemelatica mo npoBoa- muxy. Taxol ciitofi apanetcs Bosiukiee Buxpenoe 9”1eK- spieckoe mone, Cuunoewe “antinn sTOrO Hoan saMKHYTE, Wacth HX pacnoxoxieHa BHe ~—MponosHuKa, ach — BuyTpH. 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AHAAOrHNHO sToMy Mt WupKy.aRuIHO NOHO Gpats o ai0GoMy saMRHyTOMy niytH (cM., HanpH- Mep, Mpasyro acts pic. 19) Hirak, 8 zatbxefiuew tepaint Atl cana, Fpiticin cynepnosnmun snasetes onwrHeim baktoM, Capawen.AMBEIM BriAOTh AO OveMD ciiTbHBIX noel, To sTOMy 2KE SAKOHY CKAAALIBAIOTEA He TOABKO CTaTHUECKHE, HO i Guicrpo MemOMMecn saeKTpomarauTHe noma. Hlanpi- sep, Tepexpeuttsaioutecn nyaki cnera we” paccennaloten Ayr Ha Apyre, a Ail HaKTaAuBAIOTCA B TOM MecTe, Ce oni nepecexatorea *) Taotwocts amuni’ noas, Hao6paxkan anni Hanpaxex- HocTH, MEI TeM caMbiM YKasHIBaeM, Kak HanpaBaeHo no7e B pasiHuHEx TouKax mpoctpaxcTsa. TpeGyeren eie yKa- 3a7b, Me More caaGee, a THe cHnbitee. STO TOKE MOKHO cuelaTb, Tak Kak B HauleM pacnopsaxeHn ocranact eule Mpowssoa5HOh mAOTHOCTs ANAM. YAo6HO NpoBOnHTE ci- NOBLE SUIKI ¢ TaKOM TaOTHOCTEIO, wTOGK weAd aunt, npoxodauux 4epes eduanuniro naoiyadky, nepnenduxyasp- NYO & 9TUM AUAUAIM, HuCAeHO pasHAdoce caNoil KaNps- swennocru noaz 6 dannod TouKe. Torna Kaptina tutti Toma Oymer XapaktepHsonaT» Me Tom’KO ero Hanpabacentte, Ho H SemMUMAY B KAXKAOH TAKE (paccMorpiTe c 3TOH TONKH apenun pic. 4—8). § 8 Herounnxn w Biixpy noas Jini nora aK6o rxe-To HawuNaloTca HM THe-TO KOH waiores, an6o spanioTca samxnyreimi. Tax, Hanpunep, 32- panes cosnaiOT 9MeKTPHYECKOE Mo-Te, AMBIT KOTOPOTO HaNtt- HawTea HAH KomWaIOTC Ha THX Sapaaax (Ha B GecKo- newwoct). Tlepeseriioe MarHitTHoe Mloxe Toxe co3naeT SueKrpHecKoe Moe, HO AMA 9TOTO MOAR MMeIOT coBCeNL ApyToit xapakrep — ont SamsHyTis Takum o6pasom, note nozyr cosdasare dusuveckue O6seRtw Goyx covepuenno pasHvix oudos, HaswiadesteLe UC TounuKasu u euxpaMu. *) Hivave o6crour xea0 c nyskamit Konoccanbiof iirenicuaKocrs, Noroptie Moryr Game cossautt siasepasu,— rant “puluuin -c¥nepnosK: ‘uni uapymaetes, a 8Vctounnkann -saexrpnueckoro moan (E) cayxat 3a- pagui, a BHXpen —nepenenHoe marsntitoe none. ¥ warnttt- oro ‘now (B), vuxpawn spasiorca ToKH H mepemedHoe anextpmecxoe nore *). Heroutnxos wektopa B (Marnut- HUX 3apsinon) & MpHpone He cyutectayer. Bekoe none ogtosHayto onpesenseTca CBOHMH HcTOu- HuKAMH H DEXpAMH (i YoNOBKAMH Ha GeckoHeuHocTH), Ecau none He uMecT Hit HeTOMMIIKOB, HH BHxpel, TO OHO te Moxer cyulecTaoBars, B TOM caysiae OHO TORNECTBEHHO panxo yan. Herowmitxn xapaitepnayioten ToxbKo cBoelt Beauuniol, Hanpasaewua oxi, pasyneetea, He uwetoT. BaxpH we Xa- paxtepmsyloren Kak BeTHTUHHO!l, Tax MW ManpabzeHnem (Ha~ pump, MpoBOAHUK C TOKOM MOKET GtiITb Mo-pasHonty pac- noaoxseH 8 npoctpanicrae). Mabini ctoBanit, HCTOSHHKH AB AmoTCA CKAAAPHEIMN DeqHsNHAMM, x BAX — neKTOpHEIMI, Hetoumuxn (Hanpumep sapasst) woryT Out» ToxeuIMM, noaepxnioctupini 1 oGwewmninn. TlosepxtocTAMe HCTONHTIKH Pacroaaraiores Ha HexoTopoli noBepxocTH, HanpHMep Ha Hopepxtioct sapaxenKoTO MpoBOANAKA HAW NOAAPHBONAH- Horo sHiaTeKTpHKa, OGueMHile HeTOUNNKH samomHAIOT He KoTopult oGnex. OGraIKO suleKTPOHOR BOA HaKATeH~ Horo KaTona SekTPOHHOH aan Mpeacranrnet coGoH MpH- Mep OGueMHoTo 3apaaa —uCTOWRNKa s4eKTpiecKOrO NOAA. Buxpn Noryr GbITs anHehitbiMi, MoBepxHOCTHBINH HAH oGentsimn, Tpuacpom uxelworo Buxpsa waraurHoro ROAR MOmET cAY2KHT TONKA MPOBOAUHK c ToKOM. Maxpo- 1M MUKPOTOKK, TexyuMHe nO toBepxHOCTH, sBasIOTCR nOBepx- nocTitamn Biixpanin nextopa B. TIponoaik ¢ TOKOM, uateI0- uit Gombitioe ceveHHe, mpeactassser cook oGvemmnh Buxpe pextopa B (oGaacts, sanoawenian annefiiinn BHX- pam). Toxe B, uw cosaasaenoe, w306parkeio ua pac. 13. Taxol we BHXPeOA OGAACTHIO, TOADKO AAA aTeKTPHYECKOTO NOAA, snaseTcH KeresHMH CepmeYHUK KaTYUIKH, mITaeMOl nepemesitiin ToKOM (pute. 17,6) Tpaduieckoe usoOparkerite loa, uNesouero NHOro He- ‘TOWHHKOD H BHXpell, mBaAeTeR ONeHS cAOrHEIM. K cuaCTBIO, B cHay npmmuuina’ cynepnosnunn pesyabTHpyiouee none cAOwHO cHeTeMA sBAeTeA BeKTOPHOR cyMMCo;t noxeii, cosRaBaeMBix s1eNeHTapHDINHL HCTOUNIIKANHL H BAXPSD. *) Tlepewenuoe saexrpuveckoe soxe waosaeten ewe TOKOM exa> wenua, ca. § 58. 36ScrementapHUMm HCTONUHKOM ecTecTBeHHO CHHTaTH TONE sult nctodnitx, a aneNeHTapaum BAXpeM — anKeRABIT B rpadiveckoR Kaprine MOAR MEI MOXKeM NATH HM cERyIO- med onpenestenne: Touka, @ KoTOpOH aUNuu noaa KauKalorcA ( Uaw KoH- uaroren), naswoaerca UcTOUKUKOM (Wal CTOKOM) noas. Jit Hus, eoKpye KOTOpOU saMbiKaIOTCA AuKuU oad (He UMCIO- tweco WCTOuKuKos nau dpyeux suxpelt), HasmeaeTce BUX pem noaa, B Tex cayuaax, xorga nose uMeer cxorkubili xapaxtep, pw Boraaze Ha KapTHHy AKWUH NOAA Tp¥aHO, Ha OCHOBAHH cbopmyatmpoBaxHoro onpegestenua, yeranonuTb, ecth 3H y mero BuXpHt H ecaM ecTH, TO THE oH pacrto.torReMt. Kax Mal yonaune torxe (§ 12),'8 9THx cay¥asx Wan0 pyKOBOR- ctnosaTben Goaee OOUUIKH norOxCHHANMN, cnpaBesmHDLH 2A NOGOTO OAs. § 9. Mone onnax ucro¥nnKos Horenynansuoe nose. Baxueiumy ceoiicrson roan, He mMeIONerO BAXpef HM cosAAHHOTO OAHHMH TOABKO HeTO- AOWKMDIN MCTOMKUKAMH, siaKeTCA ero MoTeMMaNbHOCTE, DaeKrputeckoe nose HasbiadeTCA nOTeNYLAADADlA, eCAL pa Gora, xoropyto cosepuiaer noae Nad sa- padom, npu nepeaewenuu €20 20 210- Gony saunnyrony nyru paonsercs Hyd. Benommian ckasanioe na cp. 34, Rono.1HHM 97 onpenenenie si apyrnX BeKTOpHUIX Notell TAK: eeKTOpHOe Noe Hasbieaerca NOTeRMUAADHDLM, eCAN €20 qupkyanyua Ha at06OM sustEAyroM nyre pana Hy 310. Xopollio nanecrHBM MpuMepoxt no- FenWaasHoro Hoan ABAReTCA Oe CHa ~ Pe 2 TwokectH (rpasnramionnoe). Ecan nox- HATS rpya Ha weKoTOpy!o EMCOTY, a 3ateM onycTHTb ero ia npeXnni yposens, TO noanan mexaninueckan paGota Gyxet panua ysio, Beau rpys ia town A nepemectuth 5 touxy B no nyt I (pnc. 21), a savem onyctHt» cro #3 Touki Bs rouKy A no nyt 17, To nonian MexaHiieckas paGora 6yaeT ctiona pasustoca ny:tio. Pasyneeres, pa6ora, DUMOAHeHHaA Ha STOM MYTH WenOBeKOM, mepementapinnN rpys 3 48 B, a satem no Bos A, ne pasta nyato, Tak KaK aMeroneK BHMOMHIAET, KPOME MexAHHYECKO! paGors!, ete 1 omomuitrenbHyio padoTy, MPespantaiouryiocs ® ero muuiax B rerino, Mexamiueckas ike paGoTa B TOWOCTH pasa HY. Céolicraom morexuarstocti, KpoMe rpasittauwonnoro noaa, oGaagacT 1 more, OGpasosalHoe HenoABIDKtN SWeKTPHYECKHAN —3apsiaMM— aaeKTpocraTuLeckoe —noxe. PaGota anextpocratiwecKoro Moan ita aaMkHyTOM nytH pasa uyaio, Ha pic. 22 1 23 npusenenss npmepst sanik- hyTHx nyteh p osfopoasiom lore 1 B nome ToNexttoro 32 Pana, 19 KOTOPEIX ACHO, KAKHML O6pA30ON paGora Ha SaNtKIy. To nYTH MOKeT oGpaTuTseR B ity», Ha yuacrse 1-2 sy Puc, 22, Pus. 28 (pue. 23) nore nepememaer nonoxtrersmuit sapax exon cBoRX ANH H NosTOMY BEINOAHReT MoAOKUTETDHYIO pa~ Gory. Ha yuactke 2—3 chia nepnedaukyanpla K tepene~ ein u paGota ne ebimoansetes. Ha yuactke 3—4 eis. nonuserca oTpiuareapsian paGota. Sto sitavut, WTO ANS Toro, TOOL! Mepemecrut sapaa ns TouKH JB TouKY 4, HYKHO MpHMAOKHTE K HeMY BHOWMOI CHTy, KoTOPAR ABI: rasa Ost ero mporiia cia noas. Hp stow padora oxemwel cus Oyaet pasta no aGeoxroTHo! BenusiMe padote nor wa ywactke /—2. Ha yuactxe 4—/ paGora citosa He Bb Nosiseren, Taxis o6pasoxl, noaHan pa6oTa Ha SaMknytoN yr gclicreurenbHo oxastibaerca pasiolh ays. TaKun cBofcTsow OGaanaet m060K saNKHYTHI nyt B Mose, cO- sAanHoM oan ucToMuKaN, Tloae, coanamHoe oAWNH HCTOMRHKAMM, saneTcR NOTeHUMATDHEM (1OKAZaTeATECTBO store cut. 8 § 25). aKpowe onpexenenia «nore aeaseten notennnaabiunt, ‘gest €TO pa6ora na 060M SaMsKyTOM nyTH paptia AYAO> (cunpryaauns pabna xy.t0>), MOxHO npHBecTit caenyiomee SKBHBAJeHTHOe ONpeAeTeHHe: nose AeAHETCA NOTeHKuAAD- Hom, ecu paGora nepemewenua sapada nexdy .1oGe1su rousasu fu 2 (puc. 24) ne saaucut or ~ “2 Gopmox nyru, a sasucur TOADKO OF NOA0- HCeHUR HaNaADHOR N KOHeUHOM TOLER nyru. Oe gopyauposkn sKBHBaacHTHE. 7 HeiicrourensHo, nepercectan sapaa cHa- A ata iis Town’ 7m TouKy 2 no nytH J, a 3atew 49 Tox 2B TouRy I no nytt 1, Eean pa6ora ita sanxiyto nytt asia Hy.i0, To 3To Kak pas i oawavaer, — 7 ‘To paGota wa nytH papa paGore Ha Puc. 24 nytu Il ¢ oGpatiiin sHaxow. Orciora sicio, WT ecait Mb GyAeM NepemeuiaTs sapaa no nyra IP B Tom 2Ke HanpapaeHHn, To H no MyTH J, TO wei BEITOAHI Ty xe pasory. Hotenunaa, Toko » HoTenuttansHom Hlote workno pBecTH nowsTHe noTeHuHAna. ToTeKYtudADA G ABHOR TONKN nossa wasuiaaeres paGoTa*), Koropyio HyaHo saTpatHT, wro6ui nepemectith +1 sapRaa H3 GeekonesnoctH 8 aan Hylo TOUKY Mona (aM, 470 TO %Ke, padora, KoTOpYiO saTpa- unbacr noze, nepemeuian +1 sapsiaa m3 zatiniofi TOUKH roam B Geckoeunocrs).. Tlox «Geckowestocrbio» nonisaetca oGaacts npoctpar: c1pa, CTO asleKas oT BCEX aeKTpHNecKHX SapAA0S, 410 B STOR OGnacTH Hone MOxHO cHuITATD panHIM HY.AD. B xavectse Touks, 8 KoTOpol noTeHuwan notaraerca Pabiein Hya10, He OOASaTeMbHO BAGMpATE GecKoHesMTocTD. Moxo Banrb ‘100y10 prurcuposannyro TouKy npoctpaxcrna W noxOKNTS Hea noTeHuHaT pasiibin Hy. B dbwanKe Kauectue TaKOil ToUKHH OGHHO BUIGUpaeTcA GecKouesnocth, B SAeKTpOTeXHHKe HyZeDMM HoTeluMAOM OGD Taeten noreHuiad Sex. Tlovemy nouarie noreniuasa Noxer Git paeseno ToabKO BAK MOTeHUMasHOTO MOA? Sto HeTpyAHO yewo- mpet 3 puc, 25, Mpeacrasnm cese, w70 Ha pasaiianx *) Pagora sta nosomurenua, ecm sapsa nus nepeeutaest np Tus cna HOA, W OTphiatenbia B' NPOTHBOMOAOAION cayae. 39nytax, peayUHX 9 GecKoHetHoctH K ToaKe noma P, paGora Mepemenenia eanHHyHoro MomOAHTeALKOTO sapsna..pad~ ansna. Cnpauunaetes, Kaxyio ike paGory Toraa AyxxHO canttats moresmuaion TouKi P? fleHo, TO B TOM cayaae, Korda paGota 3aBicHt oT dopMnl myrH, MoHsTHe oTeH- nasa Teper chsica, 8 stom caywae OyaeT XaPakTepiizonaTb Y2Ke He TOABKO TORY P, HO H Bech NYT. Hi roapko toraa, Korga paGora nepeMeulenua sapana He sapnicitr OF opMbt nyTH, NoTeHuNas xapaktepnayeT TOAKY, Kyaa Mat nepeocum sapaa Ha GeckonesHocTs. A padora we Oyzer sapucets oT dopwul nyTH TOM KO p morenuitaabHom noe. Hrax, nonarie novenunana otitoctr- CH TONbKO K MOTERUMATLHOMY MOI, Torenuuaabnan oneprus, Vanectioe 3 MexaHNKH oMATHE moTeHKHaTHHOL o SHepriit TOKE OTHOCHTCA TOAKKO K 10° Tenuaasuony nos, Ecam noae He 10- Puc. 26 TeHiMaaDHO, HMKAKOH —MOTeHUHaAbIOl sweprim He cyuectayer, Tlotenunaay- Ho sueprneli tena U wit Kak pas Mm MasHpaem TY paGoty, Koropyio Hy:HO SarpatuTb, ¥TOGM_ nepemectHT» 370 Teno HB GecKonteuttocrh *) B AaHAy!o TOXKY. TOAHKO B Tom cay¥ae, ecat 3ta paGoTa He Sasuest or opie nyTH, noreuuiansHan sHeprHA HMeceT OnpereMeHHOe suaueie, Tloreamuansian sueprus 3apaaa npoctsi o6pasom can- sana ¢ noTeHunasoN TOM TouKH MOAR, Tae STOT Sapa Ha~ xogntes. Hvento, norevuiiarsHan sHepran pasa npon3- BeaeHHIO Sapnaa q Ha noTeHUHaA @ (TAK KAK NoTeHWHaA ecth paGora mepexecesiin exWHHaHoro sapsna). Caeaova~ TembHO, MoTeMMMaabHaR sHepriIA sapAna B saekrpitieckoM (noreutstaasHon) Mome pana U=ag. @.1) § 10, Mose suxpel Buxpeaoe nose yxke ovHioas we spaxeTeR noTeRUMaMs- Hum. Paceotpim HaHGoxce mpocroa cayiai suxpeporo ons. Fycts coneptientio orcyretayior #cTOuHiTKN, @ BIXPH PacnoxoxeHs nepnevanKyanpHo K MocKoCTH H HX nepe- cevenne ¢ naocKocTHIO npexcranser’ coGoR Town. Ha ) Haw 13 apyrod, sapauee sadpuncrpopanuod Towa 0