Physics 1&2 July 2023 - VF

Overview
Overview Unit 3 AOS 2 Intro to Unit 4 AOS 1 Summary 1

Overview

Overview

Physics Unit 1&2- Unit 4 Head start
Lecture
Overview: What is light?
Topics to be covered Announcements
• T.1 Forces and motion • Bring a calculator

• T.2 Energy and motion
• T.3 Equilibrium
• T.4 Impulse and Momentum
• T.5 Exam tips
Overview Forces and motion Energy Equilibrium Momentum Exam tips 5 Summary 5
Topic 1 THINGS TO KNOW FROM YEAR 11
• Some basic motion ideas (which we will revisit)

– Newton’s laws
– Uniform acceleration
– Momentum and impulse
– Energy and work
• Skills (we will also revisit the first two)
– Vector addition
– Finding the area under a graph (counting squares method)
– How to use your calculator
Overview Forces and motion Energy Equilibrium Momentum Exam tips Summary 6
Topic 1 HOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS IN
PHYSICS
Calculation answers:
• ALWAYS WRITE THE FORMULA YOU ARE USING
• Then substitute the numbers in
• Solve for your answer
Topic 1 HOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS IN
PHYSICS
Worded answers:
• Always put it in dot points – be concise
• General structure – this may vary depending on the question
1. Explain the theory related to the question
2. Put the theory in context to the question
3. Final statement if necessary
Topic 1 MOTION DEFINTIONS
Topic 1 ACCELERATION
• Important note: a positive acceleration does not mean
that the object is increasing its speed
– Eg. In the following example, take right as positive
• General rule: if the acceleration is in the opposite

direction to the velocity, the object is decreasing speed
Topic 1 UNIT CONVERSIONS
• When converting units, we can use equivalence

and cancel out the units as shown below:
• Eg. km/h to m/s
Topic 1 CONSTANT ACCELERATION
• These formulae are on the end of year
formula sheet
• Remember the variables:
• s (or x) – displacement (m)
• u – initial velocity (ms-1)
• v – final velocity (ms-1)
• a – acceleration (ms-2)
• t – time (s)
• General strategies:
• Write down the variables you have/need
to find
• Find the relevant equation and solve
Topic 1 FORCES
Topic 1 NEWTON’S 3 LAWS
Topic 1 NEWTON’S THIRD LAW IN ACTION
Topic 1 FORCES – INCLINED PLANES
• Two forces act on an object on an inclined FN
plane (excluding friction)
• The weight force
• The normal force (always perpendicular ΣF
to the surface)
• These forces add to give a net force that
acts down the plane Fg
θ
• These forces can rearranged to make a
triangle to find out other information about FN
the object using trigonometry θ
• *understand that the vertical component of Fg
the normal force is balanced out by the
weight force 🡪 what is left is the horizontal
ΣF
component of the normal force?
• How does friction affect our net force?
Topic 1 FORCES - TENSION
• Tension is the force in
a rope/object that is
created when
something pulls on it
• Many people struggle
with tension questions
• Questions asked in
physics are often
interested in the
magnitude of the
tension
• The best way to
illustrate this is
through an example
Topic 1 TENSION TIPS
• ALWAYS ALWAYS ALWAYS DRAW A FORCE DIAGRAM
• Find the acceleration of the entire system – look at the
system as a whole
• Once you have the acceleration, use Newton’s second
law to find the tension – look at an individual component
• This works most of the time so if you’re stuck, give it a go!

• Also be very careful with signs and directions
Topic 1 PROJECTILE MOTION
• Projectile motion is looking at

motion in 2D
• Remember that velocity is a vector
and can be split into its components
due to vector addition
• There are two components that can
v
be treated individually:
vy
• A horizontal component
θ
• A vertical component
vx
• They can be found from v using trig
• IMPORTANT: the only force acting
on this object in projectile motion is
gravity
The horizontal velocity remains constant because

there is no horizontal force acting on the ball
The vertical velocity is affected by gravity,

causing it to accelerate in the vertical axis
Topic 1 THREE MAIN SCENARIOS
There are three main scenarios for projectile motion:
• Symmetrical – projectile ends at the same height and
path is symmetrical
We will explore each

scenario with a question
each – today there will be
• Initially horizontal heaps of practice questions
• Different height and not horizontal
Topic 1 SYMMETRICAL PRACTICE
PROBLEM
A cannonball is fired at a speed of 18.00 m s-1 and at an incline of 30.00° relative to the ground. Ignoring the
effects of air resistance, determine the time taken for the cannonball to reach the ground and the range of the
cannonball’s trajectory.
-1
s
m
18
Topic 1 INITIALLY HORIZONTAL PRACTICE
PROBLEM
An arrow is fired horizontally at a speed of 35.0 m s-1 and takes 0.900 s before it hits the ground.
Calculate the final velocity of the arrow the instant before it reaches the floor.
35 m s-1
Topic 1 EFFECTS OF AIR RESISTANCE
A ball is thrown in the and the image below depicts the trajectory of the ball without taking into
account the effects of air resistance.
Sketch the shape of the ball’s trajectory with the effects of air resistance taken into account.
Topic 1 EFFECT OF AIR RESISTANCE
• Air resistance is a force that

acts in the opposite
direction of the projectile’s
motion
• The effect this has on a
projectile:
• The projectile is slower
• Maximum height is
reduced (unless fired
horizontally)
• The range of the
projectile reduces
Topic 2 ENERGY
• Energy - a measure of an
object’s ability to do work
(ie. Move an object)
• It is a scalar quantity with
the unit Joules (J)
• The three types of energy
are:
• Kinetic Energy
• Gravitational Potential
Energy
• Spring Potential
Energy
Topic 2 KINETIC ENERGY
Topic 2 GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY
Topic 2 SPRING POTENTIAL ENERGY
Topic 2 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Law of conservation of energy

– for an isolated system (no
external forces act on the
system), the total amount of
energy is conserved but it can
be transferred or transformed
Topic 2 PRACTICE QUESTION
Diagram not to scale.
A toy car begins at rest, pressed up against a spring with a spring constant of 120
N m-1. The spring is compressed by 60.0 cm before the car is let go. It travels
down the track before reaching the bottom, which is 50 cm below the top. It then
goes around a loop de loop which has a radius of 20.0 cm. The car has a mass of
1.2 kg.
a) Calculate the speed of the car at position B.

b) Calculate the car’s speed at point C.
Topic 2 PRACTICE PROBLEM
Aria is golfing near the edge of an 85 m high cliff. In one particular case, Aria
struck a golf ball with his bat and launched it into the air with a speed of 10 m s-1.
Calculate the final speed of the golf ball the instant before it strikes the ground.
The mass of the ball is 2 kg.
10 m s-1
85 m
Topic 2 WORK
Topic 3 WORK
Topic 3 WORK AS THE AREA UNDER A
FORCE-DISTANCE GRAPH
Calculate the work done for 4

m of displacement:
Topic 3 ALWAYS READ AXES LABELS
You jumping to answering the question
before checking the units on the graph
Note that when looking at the area under the graph, the
units must be in SI units – if not, convert the values
Topic 3 IDEAL SPRINGS AND HOOKE’S LAW
Topic 3 FORCE VS EXTENSION GRAPHS
• The force vs extension graph below is for an ideal spring – the graph is
linear
• Each point on the graph shows the spring force for a given spring
extension
• Important feature: the gradient is equal to the k value of the spring
• The area under the graph is the spring energy stored in the spring –
think of work (area under a force-distance graph)
Topic 3 SPRINGS
• One of the worst done topics on the exam
• It comes up pretty much every year
• Today, we will focus on an oscillating spring where the
spring is hung from the ceiling and there is a mass
attached to it
• Two perspectives when looking at springs:
• Force
• Force from the spring
• Weight force
• Energy
• All three types: Ug, Us and Ek
Topic 3 OSCILLATING SPRINGS
• Let’s discuss what happens in a spring at 3 different points of its
oscillation in terms of energy and forces
Middle:
Top: • Energy Bottom:
• Energy • Ug = half total • Energy
• Ug = • Ek = maximum • Ug = 0 J
maximum • Us = somewhere in • Ek = 0 J
(equals total) the middle (makes up • Us =
the rest of the total)
• Ek = 0 J maximum
• Forces
• Us = 0 J (equals total)
• Fg = constant
• Forces • Forces
• Fs = Fg
• Fg = constant • Fg = constant
• Fs = 0 N • Fs = maximum
Topic 3 OSCILLATING SPRING EXERCISE
Spend the next five minutes graphing the following graphs
for an oscillating spring:
• Energy vs. displacement graph
Top Middl Botto
• Graph the following: e m
• Total energy
• Gravitational energy
• Kinetic energy
• Spring energy
• Force vs. displacement graph
• Graph the following:
• Weight force
• Spring force
• Net force
Topic 3 OSCILLATING SPRINGS
Top Middl Bottom
e
Connected between net force and

kinetic energy
Net force = 0 N 🡪 no acceleration 🡪
maximum velocity 🡪 maximum
kinetic energy
Topic 3 OVERVIEW
• Momentum
• The Law of Conservation of Momentum
• Impulse
• Crumple Zones in Cars
• Elastic and Inelastic Collisions
Topic 4 MOMENTUM
Calculate the speed of a 600 g bullet that has a momentum of 195 kg m s-1.
Calculate the change in momentum of a 1700 kg car which slows down
from
100 km h-1 to 75 km h-1?
Topic 4 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
Topic 4 COLLISIONS
Topic 4 IMPULSE
Topic 4 IMPULSE
Topic 4 IMPULSE AND COLLISIONS
Impulse = 5 N s to the Impulse = 5 N s to the

left right
Topic 4 CRUMPLE ZONES IN CARS
Image sourced from:

Overview Forces and motion Energy Equilibriumhttps://sites.google.com/site/carsafetyfeaturesandsystems/crumple-zon
Momentum Exam tips Summary 55
Explain how airbags reduce the likelihood of injury in a car
crash
Topic 4 ELASTIC + INELASTIC COLLISIONS
• Whilst momentum is conserved in all collisions, the kinetic energy is
not always conserved
• Two types of collisions:

• Elastic collisions – collisions where both momentum and kinetic
energy are conserved
• These don’t typically happen in everyday life – mostly occur at
the atomic level
• Inelastic collisions – collisions where momentum is conserved but

kinetic energy is not
• The kinetic energy can be converted into sound, heat or
deformation of the material
Summary
Key skills Reminders
• T.1 Forces and motion • Revise

• T.2 Projectile motion
• T.3 Energy
• T.4 Impulse and momentum
• T.5 Exam tips
Questions?

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Overview

Overview Unit 3 AOS 2 Intro to Unit 4 AOS 1 Summary 1

Overview Unit 3 AOS 2 Intro to Unit 4 AOS 1 Summary 2

Overview Unit 3 AOS 2 Intro to Unit 4 AOS 1 Summary 3

• T.1 Forces and motion • Bring a calculator

• Some basic motion ideas (which we will revisit)

• General rule: if the acceleration is in the opposite

• When converting units, we can use equivalence

• This works most of the time so if you’re stuck, give it a go!

• Projectile motion is looking at

The horizontal velocity remains constant because

The vertical velocity is affected by gravity,

We will explore each

• Different height and not horizontal

• Air resistance is a force that

• Law of conservation of energy

Diagram not to scale.

a) Calculate the speed of the car at position B.

Calculate the work done for 4

Connected between net force and

Impulse = 5 N s to the Impulse = 5 N s to the

Image sourced from:

• Two types of collisions:

• Inelastic collisions – collisions where momentum is conserved but

• T.1 Forces and motion • Revise

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