Features & Plant Cells: Call Wall Provides structural support and protection, Chloroplasts: Capture sunlight for photosynthesis. Large Central Vacuole: Stores waler and nutrients. Animal (ells: No Cell Wall: Flexible plasma membrane for shape. No Chloroplasts: Relies on external food sources. Small Vacuol {. Microscopes: Revealing the Unseen Tools of Cellular Exploration: Light Microscope: Uses: Observing live and stained specimens. Magnification: Up to 1000x. Calelating Specimen Size: Measure using an eyepiece ruleg orage of smaller amounts of material. Il transpor 2. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic (els Features & Functions: Eukaryotic Cells Plant & Animal) Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA). Membrane-bound Organelles: Carry out specialized functions. Larger Size: More complex and structured. Prokaryotic (ells (Bacteria): No Nucleus: DNA in the nucleoid region, No Membrane-bound Organelles: Simpler structure. Smaller Size: Basic but efficient. 3, Specialized Plant and Animal Cells Adaptations for Specific Functions: Plant Cells: Root Hair Cells: Increased surface area for nutrient absorption. Guard Cells: Regulate stomata for gas exchange, : Transport water and nutrients. Animal Cells: Neurons: Long extensions for rapid signal transmission. Red Blood (ell: Biconcave shape for efficient oxygen transport. Musele Cells: Contractile fibers for movement.e Transported by Active Transport \ctive transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gra ltilizes proteins (pumps) embedded in the cell membrane mportant for moving ions and other substances against diffusion's natural flow low Organisms are Adapted for Efficient Material Exchange Jrganisms have adaptations tso optimize material exchange: specialized cell membranes ifficient transport proteins structural features like villi and microvilli in cells for increased surface area