‘ŽͶǡ‘ͳ

ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸ Ǧͳ”‘ͳͻͺ‡—ͳͷ

Research Article

Glutathione Peroxidase1 Gene Polymorphism (GPx1 Pro198Leu)

in Association with Blighted Ovum
HubunganPolimorfismeGenGlutationPeroksidase1
(GPx1Pro198Leu)denganKehamilanKosong
AsiyehMoshtaghi1,ReyhanehSariri1,HamidrezaVaziri1,HoriyehShayegan2
ͳ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ‹‘Ž‘‰›
ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡
ʹ‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆ ›‡ ‘Ž‘‰›
‡†‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡•
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ —‹Žƒǡƒ•Š–Ȁ
”ƒ

Abstract
Objectiveǣ‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”› šǦͳ‰‡‡’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•‹’”‡‰Ǧ
ƒ–™‘‡•—ˆˆ‡”‹‰ˆ”‘„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ǥ
Methodǣ –Š‹• ƒ•‡Ǧ ‘–”‘Ž•–—†›ǡ͵Ͷ„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—’ƒ–‹‡–•ƒ†
͵ͶŠ‡ƒŽ–Š› ‘–”‘Ž•™‡”‡•–—†‹‡†Ǥ ‡‘‹ ™ƒ•‡š–”ƒ –‡†ˆ”‘
–Š‡•ƒŽ‹˜ƒǤŠ‡‰‡‘–›’‡•™‡”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†„›”‡•–”‹ –‹‘ˆ”ƒ‰‡–
Ž‡‰–Š ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ȋ ǦȌ –‡ Š‹“—‡Ǥ ƒ† ƒŽ  ȋ˜‡”•‹‘
ͳʹǤͳȌ™ƒ•—•‡†ˆ‘”•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
Resultǣ Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ ǡ ǡ ƒ†  ‰‡‘–›’‡• ‘ˆ šǦͳ ‰‡‡
™‡”‡ ͶͳΨǡ ͶͶΨ ƒ† ͳͶΨǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ „Ž‹‰Š–‡† ‘˜— ’ƒ–‹‡–•
ƒ† ‹ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ˜‘Ž—–‡‡”• ™‡”‡ ͶͶΨǡ Ͷ͹Ψǡ ƒ† ͺǤͺʹǦͻΨǡ ”‡•’‡ Ǧ
–‹˜‡Ž›Ǥˆ–‡”•–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ–Š‡•–—†›•Š‘™‡†‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ••‘Ǧ
‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‹• ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ƒ† „Ž‹‰Š–‡† ‘˜— ȋ™‹–Š ’ α
ͲǤ͸͵ȌǤ
Conclusionǣ Š‡•‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡Ǧ
–™‡‡ šǦͳȋ”‘ͳͻͺ‡—Ȍ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•ƒ†„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ǥ ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡†–‘ Žƒ”‹ˆ›–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‰‡‡’‘Ž›‘”Ǧ
’Š‹•‹„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ǥ
ȏ †‘‡• „•–‡– ›‡ ‘ŽʹͲͳ͸ǢͳǣͳͷǦͳͺȐ
Keywordsǣƒ„‘”–‹‘ǡ„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—ǡ‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳǡ šǦ
ͳǡ Ǧ
Abstrak
Tujuanǣ–—‡‰‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ•‹’‘Ž‹‘”ˆ‹•‡‰‡ šǦͳ†ƒ”‹Ž—†ƒŠ’‡Ǧ
”‡’—ƒŠƒ‹Ž›ƒ‰‡†‡”‹–ƒ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ‘•‘‰ȋ„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—ȌǤ
MetodeǣƒŽƒ•–—†‹ƒ•—•Ǧ‘–”‘Ž‹‹ǡ͵Ͷ’ƒ•‹‡†‡‰ƒ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ
‘•‘‰†ƒ͵Ͷ‘–”‘Ž›ƒ‰•‡Šƒ–†‹’‡ŽƒŒƒ”‹Ǥ ‡‘‹†‹‡•–”ƒ•‹
†ƒ”‹ƒ‹”Ž‹—”’ƒ•‹‡–‡”•‡„—–Ǥ ‡‘–‹’‡†‹–‡–—ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‡‹ Ǧ
Ǥƒ†ƒŽ ȋ˜‡”•‹ͳʹǤͳȌ†‹‰—ƒƒ—–—ƒƒŽ‹•‹••–ƒ–‹•–‹Ǥ
Hasilǣ ”‡—‡•‹‰‡‘–›’‡ǡ†ƒ†ƒ”‹‰‡ šǦͳ„‡”–—”—–Ǧ–—”—–
ƒ†ƒŽƒŠ ͶͳΨǡ ͶͶΨ †ƒ ͳͶΨ ’ƒ†ƒ ’ƒ•‹‡ ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ ‘•‘‰ †ƒ ’ƒ†ƒ
’ƒ•‹‡›ƒ‰•‡Šƒ–ǣͶͶΨǡͶ͹Ψ†ƒͺǡͺʹǦͻΨǤ‡–‡ŽƒŠ†‹ƒƒŽ‹•‹••‡ ƒ”ƒ•–ƒǦ
–‹•–‹ǡ–‹†ƒ–‡”†ƒ’ƒ–Š—„—‰ƒ›ƒ‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ƒƒ–ƒ”ƒ’‘Ž‹‘”ˆ‹•‡‰‡
–‡”•‡„—–†‡‰ƒ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ‘•‘‰ȋ’αͲǡ͸͵ȌǤ
Kesimpulanǣ‹†ƒ–‡”†ƒ’ƒ–Š—„—‰ƒ›ƒ‰•‹‰‹ˆ‹ƒƒ–ƒ”ƒ’‘Ž‹Ǧ
‘”ˆ‹•‡ ‰‡ šǦͳ ȋ”‘ͳͻͺ‡—Ȍ †‡‰ƒ ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ ‘•‘‰Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǧ
ƒƒ’—ǡ ’‡‡Ž‹–‹ƒ Ž‡„‹Š ŽƒŒ—– †‹’‡”Ž—ƒ —–— ‡‰Žƒ”‹ˆ‹ƒ•‹
’‡‰ƒ”—Š†ƒ”‹’‘Ž‹‘”ˆ‹•‡‹‹’ƒ†ƒ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ‘•‘‰Ǥ
ȏƒŒ„•–‡– ‹‡‘Ž †‘‡•ʹͲͳ͸ǢͳǣͳͷǦͳͺȐ
Kata kunciǣ ƒ„‘”•‹ǡ šǦͳǡ ‰Ž—–ƒ–‹‘ ’‡”‘•‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳǡ ‡Šƒ‹Žƒ ‘Ǧ
•‘‰ǡ Ǧ

CorrespondenceǣͳǤ•‹›‡Š‘•Š–ƒ‰Š‹ȋ‘̴ƒ•‹›‡̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥ ‘ȌǡʹǤ‡›Šƒ‡Šƒ”‹”‹ȋ•ƒ”‹”‹ʹ̷›ƒŠ‘‘Ǥ ‘Ǥ—Ȍǡ

ƒ‹†”‡œƒƒœ‹”‹ȋ˜ƒœ‹”‹̷‰—‹ŽƒǤƒ Ǥ‹”Ȍ

  –Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‹•Ǧ

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ˆ‹”•––”‹‡•–‡”‘ˆ’”‡‰ƒ ›‹•„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ǥ ‡
–Š‡ ‡‰‰ ‹• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡† „› •’‡”ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹œ‡† ‡‰‰ ‹•
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’Žƒ ‡–ƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‡‰ƒ › •ƒ  ‘–‹—‡ǡ „—– –Š‡
‡„”›‘‹ †‹˜‹•‹‘‹•Ž‹‡Ž›–‘„‡•–‘’’‡†ƒ†–Š‡
’”‡‰ƒ › •ƒ  ‹• ˆ‘”‡†ǡ –Š‡ ‡„”›‘ ‹• ‘– ‘„Ǧ
•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
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ƒ„†‘‹ƒŽ ’ƒ‹ǡ •™‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ „”‡ƒ•–•ǡ „”‘™
˜ƒ‰‹ƒŽ †‹• Šƒ”‰‡ǡ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ’”‡‰ƒ › –‡•– ƒ† ƒ
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‰”‘™ ƒ† ’”‡‰ƒ › Š‘”‘‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡–ƒ
•‡ ”‡–‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǯ• „Ž‘‘†Ǥ Š‹• †‹•‡ƒ•‡ ƒ
„‡ †‹ƒ‰‘•‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ •‡ ‘† ‘–Š ‘ˆ ’”‡‰Ǧ
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‡š‹•–ǤŠ‡‘•– ‘‘ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘†‹–‹‘‹•
Š”‘‘•‘ƒŽ ƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ – ƒ—•‡† Ž‡•• ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹Ǧ
œƒ–‹‘ƒ††‡ ”‡ƒ•‡•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ Š”‘‘•‘‡•
–Šƒ– ƒ•–‘’ ‡ŽŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡œ›‰‘–‡Ǥ–Š‡”ˆƒ Ǧ
–‘”• ƒ „‡ ’‘‘” “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ‡‰‰ ƒ† •’‡”Ǥ – Šƒ•
„‡‡”‡’‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‘‡Ǧ–Š‹”†‘ˆ•’‘Ǧ
–ƒ‡‘—•ƒ„‘”–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡‡‹‰Š–™‡‡•‘ˆ’”‡‰ƒ ›
‹• „Ž‹‰Š–‡† ‘˜—Ǥͷǡ͸  ‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ ‹– ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ–
Š”‘‘•‘ƒŽƒ„‘”ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ—•‡ͷͲΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–
–”‹‡•–‡”ƒ„‘”–‹‘Ǥͳ
Š‡‘•– ‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ Š”‘‘•‘ƒŽƒ„‘”Ǧ
ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ „‡ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒŽ †‹•’Žƒ ‡‡– ȋ͸ʹΨȌǡ
‘„‡”–•‘‹ƒ–”ƒ•Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ȋͳ͸ΨȌǡ‹˜‡”•‹‘ȋͳ͸ΨȌǡ
†‡Ž‡–‹‘ ȋ͵ΨȌ ƒ† †—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋͺΨȌǤͷǡͳ Š‡ ’—”Ǧ
’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›™ƒ•–‘‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡ šǦͳȋ‰Ž—Ǧ
–ƒ–Š‹‘‡’‡”‘š‹†‡•ǦͳȌ‰‡‡’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•ǡ‹’”‡‰Ǧ
ƒ–™‘‡™‹–Š„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ǥ šǦͳ‰‡‡’”‘Ǧ
†— ‡• ‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†‡•Ǧͳǡ ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ›–‘Ǧ
•‘Ž‹  ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ–‹Ǧ
‘š‹†ƒ–‡œ›‡†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡„‘†›
‹ ›–‘•‘ŽǤ͸ Š‡ ‡œ›‡ ‹• ƒ •‡Ž‡‘’”‘–‡‹ ™Š‹ Š
”‡†— ‡•ˆ”‡‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•‹ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ
TheOriginalReaction GPx1
Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡ǦͳŠƒ•ƒ–‡–”ƒ‡”•–”— –—”‡
™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ Š ‘‘‡” ™‡‹‰Š‹‰ ʹʹ ƒ ƒ† ‹• ƒ
’ƒ”– ‘ˆ •‡Ž‡‘ ›•–‡‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‡ •‹–‡Ǥ ‡Ž‡‘Ǧ
›•–‡‹‡™‘”•†‹”‡ –Ž›–‘•—„•–”ƒ–‡’‡”‘š‹†‡‡Ž‡ Ǧ
–”‘•ƒ†‹–‹•‘š‹†‹œ‡††—”‹‰–Š‹•’”‘ ‡••Ǥ͹ǡͺ ‹˜‡
‹•‘ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳ ƒ”‡ ‡ ‘†‡†
„› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‰‡‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– ˆ”‡“—‡– –›’‡ ‹ –Š‡
›–‘’Žƒ• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒƒŽ‹ƒ ‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹Ǧ
†ƒ•‡Ǧͳ ‹• šǦͳ ƒ† ‹–• ’”‡ˆ‡””‡† •—„•–”ƒ–‡ ‹• Š›Ǧ
†”‘‰‡ ’‡”‘š‹†‡ ȋ ʹʹȌǤ Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳ
™‹–Š–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ”‡ƒ –‹‘”‡†— ‡•ˆ”‡‡”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•ƒ†
‘š›‰‡•’‡ ‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”
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–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’”‘–‡‹ ›–‘•‘Ž‹  –ƒ‹Ž ‘ˆ ƒ ’‘Ž‹ƒŽƒ‹‡
ȋȌ ‹ –Š‡ Ǧ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ
–Š”‡‡ǡˆ‹˜‡ǡ•‹šǡ‘”•‡˜‡ƒŽƒ‹‡”‡’‡ƒ–•‹–Š‹•”‡Ǧ
‰‹‘Ǥ‹ ‡†—”‹‰’”‡‰ƒ ›™‘‡ƒ”‡—†‡”•‡Ǧ
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„•–‡– ›‡ ‘Ž
˜‡”‡•–”‡••ǡ‡‡’‹‰–Š‡„‘†›•–ƒ„Ž‡‹•˜‡”›‹’‘”Ǧ
–ƒ–ǡ •‘ –Š‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ „‘†› ˆŽ—‹†• ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–• ƒ†
ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ– ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‰‡‡ ‹• ‘•– ‹’‘”Ǧ
–ƒ–Ǥ šǦͳ•‘ƒ–‹  ‡ŽŽ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒǦ
–‹‘š‹†ƒ–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡š’”‡•• ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹ ƒŽŽ ‘—” ‡ŽŽ• ‹
–Š‡ ›–‘•‘ŽǤ  –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–Ǧ
™‡‡ ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‰‡‡ ‹ ™‘‡ ™‹–Š
„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—‹•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥ –”ƒ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘š‹Ǧ
†ƒ– ‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•–
–‘š‹  •—„•–ƒ ‡• –Šƒ– ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‹–”ƒ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ƒ–ƒŽƒ•‡‘‘‡”•ǡ‹•‡˜‡‘”‡‡ˆˆ‹Ǧ
‹‡–Ǥ šǦͳ ‰‡‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ’ƒ––‡” ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ‹‡ƒ†™‘‡ǡ‹‘”ƒŽ ‹” —Ǧ
•–ƒ ‡•ƒ†•–”‡••ˆ—Žǡ‹”‡•–‹‰ ‡ŽŽ•‘”‰”‘™‹‰–‘Ǧ
‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ šǦͳ ‰‡‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ Š”‘‘•‘‡
͵ʹͳǤ͵Ǥ͹ Š‹• ‰‡‡ ‹ Ž—†‡• –™‘ ‡š‘• ƒ† ‰‡‡
”‘ͳͻͺ‡—ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡ǡ ‹• –Š‡ ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ‰‡‡• šǦͳ ’Žƒ›• ƒ
‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹ ƒ ‡”ǡ”Š‡—ƒ–‘‹†ƒ”–Š”‹–‹•ǡ†‹ƒǦ
„‡–‡•ƒ†ƒ”–Š”‘• Ž‡”‘•‹•ǤͳͲǡͳͳ
 
–Š‹• ƒ•‡Ǧ ‘–”‘Ž•–—†›ǡ͵Ͷ’ƒ–‹‡–•ƒ†͵Ͷ ‘Ǧ
–”‘Ž• ™‡”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ  ‹ˆ‘”‡† ‘•‡– Ž‡––‡”
™ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ’’”‘˜‡† „›
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ —‹Žƒǯ•‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘” ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ•ƒ’Ž‹‰ǡ–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –•”‹•Ǧ
‡† –Š‡‹” ‘—–Š ™‹–Š †‹•–‹ŽŽ‡† ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†
ƒ„‘—–ͷŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”—•–‹—Žƒ–‡†•ƒŽ‹˜ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡•‹
ƒ •–‡”‹Ž‡ ˆƒŽ ‘ –—„‡Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡• ™‡”‡ ‹‡†‹ƒǦ
–‡Ž› ‡–”‹ˆ—‰‡†–‘”‡‘˜‡ ‡ŽŽ†‡”„‹‡•ƒ†‡’–ƒ–
ǦʹͲι —–‹Ž ‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡  ™ƒ• ‡š–”ƒ –‡†
ˆ”‘ •ƒŽ‹˜ƒ „‡‹‰ Š‡  ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘””‡ – ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘
„› Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š‘”‡•‹• ‡–Š‘† —•‹‰ ͳΨ
ƒ‰ƒ”‘•‡‰‡Ž™‹–Š‡–Š‹†‹—„”‘‹†‡ǤŠ‡‘Ž‡Ǧ
—Ž‡•ˆ”‘‡š–”ƒ –‹‘™‡”‡ƒ†‡–”ƒ•’ƒ”‡–‹‘”Ǧ
†‡”–‘‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š‡„ƒ†Ǥ ‡‘–›’‡”‘ͳͻͺ‡—„›
 Ǧ ‡–Š‘† ™ƒ• –Š‡ †‡–‡”‹‡†ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ –Š‡
”‡ƒ –‹‘’”‘†— –ˆ‘”–Š‹•’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•‹–Š‡
‰‡‡ ˆ‘” šǦͳǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ šǦͳ ‰‡‡ ’‘Ž›‘”Ǧ
’Š‹• ‹ ‘†‘ ͳͻͺ ‹• ”‡’”‘†— ‡† –Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ ’‘Ǧ
•‹–‹‘ˆ‘”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡œ›‡ ƒ„‡ ”‡ƒ–Ǧ
‡† ™Š‡ –Šƒ– ’‹‡ ‡ ’ƒͳ ‹• †—’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ‘–ƒ‹‹‰
–Š‡  ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡ ȋ”‘ȌǤ  –Š‹• ƒ•‡ –Š‡ —––‹‰ ‡œ›‡
”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘” —––‹‰–Š‡’‹‡ ‡•‹•͹͹ƒ†ʹ͵͹„’Ǥ
 –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡– ƒ’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š
ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡ȋ‡—Ȍ‹•–Š‡‡œ›‡ǡ‹–†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”•ƒ†͵ͳͶ
„’ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–• ”‡ƒ‹ ‹–ƒ –Ǥ ‘ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ͵
‰‡‘–›’‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ͵ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘—– ‘‡•Ǥ Š‡ Š‘Ǧ
‘œ›‰‘—• ‰‡‘–›’‡ ‡—Ȁ‡— ”‡˜‡ƒŽ• ‘Ž› ‘‡
„ƒ† ‘ˆ ͵ͳͶ „’Ǥ ‡–‡”‘œ›‰‘—• ‰‡‘–›’‡ ”‘Ȁ‡—
‘ŽͶǡ‘ͳ
ƒ—ƒ”›ʹͲͳ͸
”‡ƒ–‡• –Š”‡‡ „ƒ†• ‘ˆ ͵ͳͶǡ ͹͹ǡ ʹ͵͹ „’ ƒ† –Š—•
Š‘‘œ›‰‘—•‰‡‘–›’‡”‘Ȁ”‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•–™‘„ƒ†•ǡ
͹͹ƒ†ʹ͵͹„’Ǥ
Extractionof DNA and PCR
ƒŽ‹˜ƒ”›™ƒ•‡š–”ƒ –‡†„›—•‡‘ˆƒ‡š–”ƒ –‹‘
‹–ȋ ”‘•‹ƒ Ž‘ ‘’ƒ›Ȍ–‘‡•—”‡’”‘’‡”
‡š–”ƒ –‹‘„›•’‡ –”‘• ‘’›ƒ†‰‡Ž‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š‘”‡•‹•Ǥ
Š‡”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ™ƒ•–Š‡‡š–‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ
•–‡’Ǥ ”‹‡”• ™‡”‡ †‡•‹‰‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ
‘Ž‹‰‘ ͹ ’”‹‡” ƒƒŽ›•‹• •‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ǣ ȋͷȀ   Ǧ
  ͵ȀȌ ƒ† ƒ ’”‹‡” ȋͷȀ Ǧ
  ͵ȀȌǤ Š‡  ͵ͳͶ „’ „› —•‹‰
ƒ‰ƒ”‘•‡ ‰‡Ž ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š‘”‡•‹•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ •–‡’ ™ƒ• –‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ”‘ͳͻͺ‡— šǦͳ ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹  ”‡‰‹‘
—•‹‰ ’ƒͳ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘ ‡œ›‡Ǥ Š‡  ’”‘†— –
™ƒ•†‹‰‡•–‡†„›’ƒͳƒ†–™‘ʹ͵͹ǡ͹͹„’—–ƒ–
‹–‘–™‘’‹‡ ‡•‹ƒŠ‘‘œ›‰‘—•͵ͳͶ„’ˆ”ƒ‰‡–Ǥ
Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ””‹‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Š‡–‡”‘œ›‰‘–‡
’‹‡ ‡•ʹ͵͹ǡ͵ͳͶƒ†͹͹„’™‡”‡‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ†–Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ’ƒ–‹‡–ǯ•Š‘‘œ›‰‘–‡–Š‡–™‘’‹‡ ‡•‘
–Š‡ ‡Ž‡ –”‘’Š‘”‡•‹• ‰‡Ž ƒ† ͹͹ǡ ʹ͵͹ „’ Œ‘‹– ™ƒ•
‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ ƒ‹‰ ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—– ƒŽŽ ’ƒ–‹‡– •ƒ’Ž‡•
ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰”‡•—Ž–•
™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
‡‘–›’‹  ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹  ˆ”‡“—‡ ‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž—–ƒǦ
–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳ ‰‡‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ–‹‡–
ƒ†–Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž‰”‘—’™‡”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡†ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•
‹ „‘–Š –‡•–• ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž• ™‡”‡ ‘’ƒ”‡† —•‹‰
Š‹Ǧ“—ƒ”‡ –‡•–Ǥ ƒ–ƒ ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „› ‡† ƒŽ
ȋ˜‡”•‹‘ͳʹǤͳȌǤ

 –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ ͵Ͷˆ‡ƒŽ‡’ƒ–‹‡–•‘ˆ„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—
ƒ† ͵Ͷ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ™‘‡ ™‡”‡ ‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’ –Š‡
ƒ‰‡† ‹–‡”˜ƒŽ ™ƒ• ʹͲ –‘ ͵ͷ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ ‘‰ –Š‡ ͵Ͷ
™‘‡ ™‹–Š „Ž‹‰Š–‡† ‘˜—ǡ ͳͶΨ Šƒ˜‡ ”‘Ȁ”‘ǡ
Table1. ‡‘–›’‡ƒ†ŽŽ‡Ž‡‹•–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ šǦͳȋ”‘ͳͻͺ‡—Ȍ‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•Ǥ
Controlsn(Frequency%)
‡‘–›’‡
 ͳͷȋͶͶΨȌ
 ͳ͸ȋͶ͹ΨȌ
 ͵ȋͺǤͺʹΨȌ
ŽŽ‡Ž‡
 Ͷ͸ȋ͸ͺΨȌ
 ʹʹȋ͵ʹΨȌ
Ǧͳ”‘ͳͻͺ‡—ͳ͹
ͶͶΨ‘ˆŠ‡–‡”‘œ›‰‘—•‰‡‘–›’‡•”‘Ȁ‡—ƒ†ͶͳΨ
Š‘‘œ›‰‘—• ‰‡‘–›’‡ ‡—Ȁ‡—ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡
‰‡‘–›’‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”• „‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ–‹‡– ƒ†
‘–”‘Ž –‡•– ™‹–Š ƒ ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– Š‹Ǧ•“—ƒ”‡ –‡•–
ȋ’Ǧ˜ƒŽ—‡αͲǤ͸͵ȌǤ
 –Š‹• „ƒ•‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘– •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ȋ’ƒ–‹‡–• ƒ†
‘–”‘Ž ’‡”•‘•Ȍ ˆ”‘ ‰‡‘–›’‡ ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•
šǦͳǤŠ‡•–—†›™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡
’ƒ–‹‡– ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ
ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹ ”‘ƒ†‡—ƒ‘‰’ƒ–‹‡–•͸͵Ψǡ͵͸Ψƒ†
‹ –Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž ‰”‘—’ ͸ͺΨǡ ͵ʹΨ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹  ‘ˆ „‘–Š †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ†
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž’αͲǤ͹ʹȋƒ„Ž‡ͳȌǤŠ‡”‘ͳͻͺ‡—
‰‡‡ǡ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•‹–Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ šǦͳ‹•‘–
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š†‹•‡ƒ•‡„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ǥ
  
Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™‡”‡ •–—†‹‡†Ǣ •‹‰‹ˆ‹Ǧ
ƒ– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒǦ
–‹‡–’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ„—†ƒ ‡
‘ˆƒŽŽ‡Ž‹ ‰‡‡•†‹†‘–•Š‘™ šǦͳ ƒ–Š‡–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘•
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ ‡–‡”‘œ›‰‘–‡ Ȁ ‰‡‘–›’‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’‘Ǧ
’—Žƒ–‹‘™ƒ•‹’”‡••‹˜‡Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ƒ””‹‡”•
‘ˆ –Š‡ —–ƒ– ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡ Ǥ  –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ †‹•‘”†‡” ‹ ’”‡‰ƒ– ™‘‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡
–Š”‡‡‘–Š•™‹–Š„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—‹•ƒ„‘”–‹‘Ǥ‡
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ „‘†› ‹•
‡œ›‡ šǦͳǤŠ‹•‰‡‡‹–Š‡„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ–‹‡–
ƒ† ƒŽŽ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ˜ƒ”‹‡• ‹ ‡š’”‡••‹‘
™‹–Š ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ –‹˜‹–› Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‹ ‡ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ• ƒ”‡
ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ ‡ ‘ˆ  ‘Ž‡ —Ž‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‘Ǧ
Ž‡ —Ž‡• ȋ•— Š ƒ• Š›†”‘‰‡ ’‡”‘š‹†‡ǡ •—’‡”‘š‹†‡Ȍ
ƒ”‡ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ”‡ƒ –‹˜‡Ǥ —”‹‰ ƒ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ’”‘ ‡•• ‹
–Š‡ ›–‘•‘Ž ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‡ŽŽ•ǡ ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ– •—„•–ƒ ‡• ȋ‹Ǧ
Ž—†‹‰ ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ– ‡œ›‡•Ȍ ”‡ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡
–‘š‹•ǤͳͲǡͳʹǡͳ͵
Patientn(Frequency%) pValue
’αͲǤ͸͵
ͳͶȋͶͳΨȌ
ͳͷȋͶͶΨȌ
ͷȋͳͶΨȌ
’αͲǤ͹ʹ
Ͷ͵ȋ͸͵ΨȌ
ʹͷȋ͵͸ΨȌ

ͳͺƒ”‹”‹‡–ƒŽ
Š‡ •–—†› ƒ† — Š ”‡•‡ƒ” Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‘‡
‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‡• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘Ǧ
†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› ‘
–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ ‰‡‡ ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ‘ˆ
‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†‡• ͷͻ͵Ȁ Ϊ ͳ ƒ† „Ž‹‰Š–‡†
‘˜—Ǥ–—†‹‡•Šƒ˜‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–Š‹‰Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆŠ›Ǧ
†”‘‰‡’‡”‘š‹†‡‘–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‡—ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–‘ˆ
”‘ ƒŽŽ‡Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹‘ƒ ‹† ’”‘Ž‹‡ ‹ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘
™‹–Š‡—ǡ‹•‘”‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‹‡œ›‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥͳͳ
 ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ’‡”•‘ǡ ˆ”‡‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† †‡ˆ‡•‡
•›•–‡ƒ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ„ƒŽƒ ‡ǤͳͶŠ‹•
’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ‹• ‡˜‹†‡– ‘–Š‡” †‹•‡ƒ•‡• •— Š ƒ•
„Žƒ††‡” ƒ ‡”ǡͳ͵ ƒ–Š‡”‘• Ž‡”‘•‹•ǡ ”Š‡—ƒ–‘‹† ƒ”Ǧ
–Š”‹–‹•ǡ ƒ† ŽœŠ‡‹‡”ǯ• †‹•‡ƒ•‡ǤͻǡͳͲǡͳͷ Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ˆ‘”
ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‹–Š‡‰‡‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡
’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡ ͳ ȋ šǦͳȌ ‹ –Š‡ ”‹• ‘” ‡–‹‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ
„”‡ƒ•– ƒ ‡”™ƒ•‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†Ǥͻ
Š‡ ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‡‘–›’‡  šǦͳ ‰‡‡
Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† –‘ „‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› Š‹‰Š‡” ‹
™‘‡ ™‹–Š „”‡ƒ•– ƒ ‡”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒǦ
–‹‘ ‡š‹•–• „‡–™‡‡ šǦͳ ”‘ͳͻͺ‡— ƒ† „”‡ƒ•–
ƒ ‡””‹•Ǥͳ͵
Š‡•‡”‡•—Ž–•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‰‡‘–›’‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ šǦͳ ‰‡‡ Šƒ† ‘ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ „‡Ǧ
–™‡‡ –Š‹• ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ƒ† „Ž‹‰Š–‡† ‘˜—Ǥ –
‘—Ž†„‡•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–‹ƒŽƒ”‰‡”’ƒ–‹‡–•ǯ’‘’—Ǧ
Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ šǦͳ ‰‡‡
’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•ƒ†„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—„‡–”ƒ ‡†Ǥ ‘™Ǧ
‡˜‡”ǡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ”Ž› ‘Ǧ
‡–‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‰‡‡’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•‹„Ž‹‰Š–‡†
‘˜—Ǥ
 
Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•’ƒ”–Ž›•—’’‘”–‡†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›„›–Š‡
‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ —‹ŽƒǤ Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• –Šƒ ƒŽŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡
‹ –Š‡ ‡‡–‹ • ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ƒ† ‡’ƒ”–‡– ‘ˆ ‹Ǧ
‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ —Ž–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ —‹Žƒǡˆ‘”
–Š‡‹”–‡ Š‹ ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡Ǥ
 
ͳǤ —  ǡ ‹ƒ‘† Ǥ ‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‰Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡ ͳ ‹
„”‡ƒ•– ƒ ‡”‘••‘ˆŠ‡–‡”‘œ›‰‘•‹–›ƒ†ƒŽŽ‡Ž‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•
‹–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘•‡Ž‡‹—Ǥƒ ‡””‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤʹͲͲ͵Ǣ͸͵ȋͳʹȌǣ
͵͵Ͷ͹ǦͷͳǤ
†‘‡•
„•–‡– ›‡ ‘Ž
ʹǤ ƒ•Š‹”ǡ ƒ””‹• ǡ‡ƒ‡–ƒŽǤš‹†ƒ–‹˜‡†ƒƒ‰‡
ƒ† ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” •‡•‹–‹˜‹–› –‘ ‘š‹†ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”‡•• ‹ Š—ƒ ƒ—–‘
‹—‡†‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǤƒŽ•Š‡—ƒ–‹ ‹•‡ƒ•‡•Ǥͳͻͻ͵ǢͷʹȋͻȌǣ
͸ͷͻǦ͸͸Ǥ
͵Ǥ ”•‘˜ƒǦƒ”ƒˆ‹‘˜•ƒ ǡ ƒ–‡˜•ƒ ǡ ‡  ‡– ƒŽǤ Ž—Ǧ
–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡ ͳ ȋ šǦͳȌ ‰‡‡–‹  ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹•ǡ ‡”›Ǧ
–Š”‘ ›–‡  ƒ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ƒ† ’”‘•–ƒ–‡ ƒ ‡” ”‹•Ǥ –‡”ƒǦ
–‹‘ƒŽ —”‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‡’Š”‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ – ”‘Ž ‡’Š”‘Ž ǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ
ͶͳȋͳȌǣ͸͵Ǧ͹ͲǤ
ͶǤ —„‘•ǡ‘• ƒŽœ‘ ǡ ƒ†›Ǥ Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡Ǧͳ‹
Š‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ† †‹•‡ƒ•‡ǣ ”‘ ‘Ž‡ —Žƒ” ‡ Šƒ‹•• –‘ –Š‡”ƒǦ
’‡—–‹ ‘’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•Ǥ–‹‘š‹†ƒ–•‡†‘š‹‰ƒŽ‹‰ ǡʹͲͳͳǢ
ͳͷȋ͹Ȍǣͳͻͷ͹Ǧͻ͹
ͷǤ ‘š ǡ ƒ‹•‘ǡ”ƒˆ–ǡƒ† —–‡” Ǥ‘ƒ••‘ ‹ƒǦ
–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ šǦͳ”‘ͳͻͺ‡—ƒ†„”‡ƒ•– ƒ ‡””‹•ǤƒǦ
‡”’‹†‡‹‘Ž‹‘ƒ”‡”•”‡˜ǡʹͲͲͶǢͳ͵ȋͳͳ–ͳȌǣͳͺʹͳǦʹǤ
͸Ǥ ‡‹˜‘ ǡ ƒ‹•‘ǡ‘Ž†‹–œ ǡƒ† —–‡” Ǥˆ— Ǧ
–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‘‰‡•–‡”‘‡ ”‡ ‡’–‘” ‰‡‡ ‹•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ‹ „”‡ƒ•– ƒ ‡” ”‹•Ǥ ƒ ‡”
‡•ǡʹͲͲ͵Ǣ͸͵ȋͳ͹Ȍǣͷʹ͵͸ǦͺǤ
͹Ǥ ƒ‰Š„ƒ‹ ǡ ‹”œƒ‡‡ ǡ ƒ••ƒœƒ†‡ŠǦƒœƒ”ƒ„ƒ†‹ Ǥ ••‘Ǧ
‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‡–‡”‘‘”’Š‹•‘ˆ Š”‘‘•‘‡ͻƒ†”‡ —””‡–
ƒ„‘”–‹‘ȋ—Ž–”ƒ•‘—††‹ƒ‰‘•‡†„Ž‹‰Š–‡†‘˜—Ȍǣ ƒ•‡”‡Ǧ
’‘”–Ǥ ”ƒ ‡’”‘†‡†ǡʹͲͳͶǢͳʹȋͷȌǣ͵ͷ͹Ǧ͸ͲǤ
ͺǤ ƒŠƒ”Š‡‘‘Š‹ǡƒŒ‹†‘Œƒ””ƒ†ǡ‡œƒƒ‘‘ˆ‹ƒ‡–ƒŽǤŠ”‘Ǧ
‘•‘ƒŽ –—†› ‘ˆ ‘—’Ž‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ —””‡–
’‘–ƒ‡‘—• „‘”–‹‘• ™‹–Š ‹ƒ‰‘•‡† Ž‹‰Š–‡† ˜—ǡ
ƒ•ŠŠƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡†‹ ƒŽ ‹‡ ‡•ǡƒ•ŠŠƒ†ǡ ”ƒǤ –
‘Ž‡ŽŽ‡†ǡʹͲͳ͵ǢʹȋͶȌǣͳ͸ͶǦͺǤ
ͻǤ —•Š–‘  Ǥ ‹’Ž‹ˆ‹‡† Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •’‘–ƒ‡‘—• ƒ„‘”Ǧ
–‹‘•Ǥ ‡† ‡‡–Ǥͳͻ͹ͺǢͳͷȋͳȌǣͳǦͻǤ
ͳͲǤ ‡”ƒ”† ǡ‘‘’‡”„‡”‰Ǥ‘‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘„‡Ǧ
–™‡‡ „Ž‹‰Š–‡† ‘˜— ƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž› ˜‹ƒ„Ž‡ ’”‡‰ƒ ›Ǥ   
‘‡–‰‡‘ŽǤͳͻͺͷǢͳͶͶȋ͵Ȍǣͷͻ͹Ǧ͸ͲʹǤ
ͳͳǤ ›„‘†‡”•‡ǡ‘ŠŽˆƒŠ”– ǡŠ”‹•–‡•‡–ƒŽǤƒ–‡”ƒŽ
ƒ‰‡ƒ†ˆ‡–ƒŽŽ‘••ǣ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†”‡‰‹•–‡”Ž‹ƒ‰‡•–—†›Ǥ
 ǡʹͲͲͲǢ͵ʹͲǣͳ͹ͲͺǦͳʹǤ
ͳʹǤ ‡”‡ Ǥ‡”‡ƒ†‘˜ƒ•‰›‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ǤͳͶ‡†ǤŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ
‹’’‹ ‘––‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ƒ†‹Ž‹•ǢʹͲͲ͹ǣ͹ͶͻǦ͹Ǥ
ͳ͵Ǥ ƒ‰Š‹Šœƒ†‡Š ǡ ƒ„ƒ‡‡ ‘ Š‡‡ ǡ ›‹ƒ  ‡– ƒŽǤ ƒ –‘”•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š —™ƒ–‡† ’”‡‰ƒ ›Ǥ  ‡š ƒ”‹–ƒŽ Š‡”Ǥ
ʹͲͲ͵ǢʹͻȋʹȌǣͳͷ͹Ǧ͸ͶǤ
ͳͶǤ ƒ”†‘•‘ ǡ ‰ ǡ ƒ ‘„Ǧ ‹Š‘  ‡– ƒŽǤ Ž—–ƒ–Š‹‘‡ ’‡”Ǧ
‘š‹†ƒ•‡ͳ ”‘ͳͻͺ‡— ’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹• ‹ ”ƒœ‹Ž‹ƒ ŽœŠ‡Ǧ
‹‡”ǯ•†‹•‡ƒ•‡’ƒ–‹‡–•ǣ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡‡œ›‡ƒ –‹˜‹–›ƒ†
–‘•‡Ž‡‹—•–ƒ–—•Ǥ —–”‹‰‡‡–—–”‹‰‡‘‹ •ǤʹͲͳʹǢͷȋʹȌǣ
͹ʹǦͺͲǤ’—„ʹͲͳʹ —͹Ǥ
ͳͷǤ †‡ ‡ƒ  ǡ Žƒ†‹‡” ǡ ”‹ˆˆ‹–Š• ǡ ‡– ƒŽǤ ‹ ‡ ™‹–Š ƒ Š‘Ǧ
‘œ›‰‘—•—ŽŽ—–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•–ƒ„—†ƒ–‰Ž—–ƒǦ–Š‹‘‡
’‡”‘š‹†ƒ•‡ǡ šǦͳǡ•Š‘™‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†•—• ‡’–‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡‘š‹Ǧ
†ƒ–‹˜‡ •–”‡••Ǧ‹†— ‹‰ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ”ƒ“—ƒ– ƒ† Š›†”‘‰‡ ’‡”Ǧ
‘š‹†‡Ǥ ‹‘ŽŠ‡ǤͳͻͻͺǢʹ͹͵ȋ͵ͷȌǣʹʹͷʹͺǦ͵͸Ǥ