Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Measurement and
Instrumentation
Dr. Riaz Muhammad
rmuhammad@uob.edu.bh
Chapter 3 Measurements Systems Behaviours

MENG 381

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 Dynamic characteristic E. 1v;0/
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

are hare
step
system
Dynamic Systems and Examples:
in time (static)
Zero Order system: independent
->
✓ The zero order system is one whose output is proportional to the input
-

no matter how the input varies. The equation that describes this behavior
is: the output and input don'tchange with time
(o) = k * (i)
where o is the output
dayput
i is the input put
-

- input dinput
k is a proportionality constant (= sensitivity)

-, s,5
--I 2

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Dynamics Characteristics
Zero order Continue:
Another way to define a zero order system is that a new steady state
output is immediately provided when the input is changed.

For example: Wire strain gauge k

=
strain inputAL(DE)
↳

outputDR

The gauge Factor(K)= (R/R)/(l/l)

A system behave as Zero order when the it gives 3

statics output in response to static input
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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

How to develop zero on or

equation for sensor

Zero order Continue: spring)

, is dea -

zero onlays is...

s ↑

xy, i
22 4 ↓Es =>
Pe
-Y

is
base on
N one

displacement
Will give
-

3
skale

Cpatm'
will give you the salve
as
pressure

in piston. you
the pressure value

-* [.y 0
=
Or solve in
it terms of P
- Patr
a
=

4 It -
Is - Fatm 0
=
Pt-Patn-Ps =

- Patm =

=0 - -
Patr y
= -

D
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 -5,18==.65, 1's
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems
↓ We have ramp system
All the a’s and b’s other than a1, a0 and b0 are zero.

dy(t )
a1 + a0 = b0 x(t )
dt
dy(t ) y K
 + y (t ) = Kx(t ) ( D) =
dt x D + 1

Where K = b0/a0 is the static sensitivity

 = a1/a0 is the system’s time constant (dimension of time)

Regardless of the physical dimensions of a0 and a1, their ratio will always have
the dimensions of time. The time constant provides a measure of the speed of
system response and thus is an important specification in measuring dynamic
input signals.
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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
First-Order Systems: Step Response
dy(t )
 + y (t ) = Kx(t )
dt
Assume for t < 0, y = y0 , at time = 0 the input quantity, x increases instantly
by an amount A. Therefore t > 0
0 t  0
x(t ) = AU (t ) = 
A t  0
𝑑𝑦(𝑡)
𝜏 + 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐾𝐴𝑈(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

The complete solution: y (t ) = Ce − t / + KA

2

yocf yopi
Transient Steady state
response response
U(t)

Applying the initial condition, we get C = y0-KA, thus

gives y (t ) = KA + ( y − KA)e −t /
0

0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Time, t

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
First-Order Systems: Step Response
We see that the error fraction decreases
from a value of 1 and approaches a value
of 0 with increasing t∕τ. At the instant the
step change in input is introduced, Γ = 1.0,
so that the indicated output from the
measurement system is 100% in error. This
means that the system has responded 0%
to the input change—that is, it has
not changed.
From Figure, it is apparent that as time
moves forward, the system does respond,
and with decreasing error in its indicated
value.
The percent response of the system to a
step change is (1 − Γ) × 100. Then when t =
τ, where Γ = 0.368, the system will have
responded to 63.2% of the step change.

University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

A measurement system can be modeled by the equation 0.5ẏ + y = F(t). Initially, the output
signal is steady at 75 volts. The input signal is then suddenly increased to
100 volts.
a. Determine the response equation.
b. On the same graph, plot both the input signal and the system time response from t = 0 s
through steady response.

University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Step Response

Here, we define the term error fraction as

y (t ) − KA y (t ) − y ()
em (t ) = = = e −t / 
y0 − KA y (0) − y ()

1.0 1.0
Output Signal, (y(t)-y0)/(KA-y0)

y (t ) − KA
.8 .8 = e −t / 
y (0) − KA

Error fraction, em
.6 0.632 .6

y (t ) − y0
.4 = 1 − e −t /  .4
KA − y0 0.368

.2 .2

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
t/ t/
Non-dimensional step response of first-order instrument

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Determination of Time constant

y (t ) − KA t
em = = e −t /  ln em = 2.3 log em = −
y (0) − KA 

1
y (t ) − KA
0.368 = e −t / 
y (0) − KA
Error fraction, em

.1
Slope = -1/

.01

.001
0 1 2 3 4 5
t

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Ramp Response

Assume that at initial condition, both y and x = 0, at time = 0, the input quantity
start to change at a constant rate qis Thus, we have

0 t0
x(t ) = 
qist t  0
Therefore dy(t )
 + y (t ) = Kqis tU (t )
dt

The complete solution: y (t ) = Ce − t / + Kqis (t −  )

Transient Steady state

response response

Applying the initial condition, gives y (t ) = Kqis (e −t / + t −  )

y (t )
Measurement error em = x(t ) − = −qise −t / + qis
K

Transient Steady
error state error

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Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Instrument: Ramp Response

10

8
Output signal, y/K

6
Steady state
time lag = 
4

Steady state
2 error = qis

0
0 2 4 6 8 10
t/

Non-dimensional ramp response of first-order instrument

University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

First-Order Systems: Ramp Response

Example: (Prob 3.7-3.9)
Suppose a bulb thermometer originally indicating 20∘C is suddenly exposed to
a fluid temperature
qis
of 37∘C. Develop a model that simulates the thermometer output response.
KNOWN

Kare
T(0) = 20∘C
T∞ = 37∘C
ja
F(t)=[T∞ − T(0)]U(t)
-

Because the temprature will increase .

than stop... than Tap If this part

for
=

28
equation for convection
-

↳m
assumption
hA (TA- But
T([Y)= &only heat transfor
equation for Restore
by convection
ti
every Gin Gs
&
I
=

T
s
convection
③)
constant
convertionsa duction
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 Tx) i(t)
mcI T
-
-

indt
=
=

Ta -
T(t)
dx
=

-d T()
+
=
+4 (0DE) 5...; s
<integrating by factor)

+ IT
-
-

l)
general for ODE
of

P(t) =

I
and GCI=to
>
dit X(t) a(t)
+

E g
I
=

50 Tb
-55
 Integrating Factor Method:
q(x) e(p(t)dt
=

S' dt
q(t) e
=

q(t) e4
=

maxtibing q(t)
with
(1)

q()d+q(t) ( = +aq(t)
+

et
+elt-
et +
E

(x)
law: =
x de -> dirvinive
with
X

ch
4t
 University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
 University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)

Simple Periodic Function Input

if this
&> equation
given
The Fourier Transform of the function is
Solution is esier

This time delay, β1

magnitude ratio, M(ω)

University of Bahrain
-

-
this problem
from Bede

IsI
-iss:
is : I's
= Y'

-
-
 THANK YOU

University of Bahrain
Measurement and Instrumentation (MENG 381)