FA. Is bronch of science ahich deals with praper y f oof Ptuids C liquids and gases) jbebaviouy of euids , ak Rest, undey mekien cith Pal taithaut Peres casing <1} Motion App of FN 1 Ug dvoutic Analysis of tarbine, pumps, Wytvoulic equipment Flaw Analysis in pipes and Hydyaulic loses in’ pipes for optimisation of tha pipe Size etc - anit t a a m & i Propevties of Fluids 2. Fluid statics 3- Fluid kinematics 4 FIuid dyn amics Flow of 5: Laminey Anconpressible Fluids Urvaugh pipes and. in between “ plotes << x om SE a Tunbulent Ploa Uva pipes 4 Boundary Layes theory concepts & tutho mochineyy C Hydraulic tusbines ) Properties of FLUIDS > Property of Auids Necstors.tacs of viscosity wv Comnvace Whi and psnevany SP MWwId and Vopeue proswen >" clascifvotion ef fluid Based on Pluid pewes lod [ehe Logical eqn of Fluids J Propeenes “there are. 4 properties 1 thass of the wate” 2 weight of the Fluid] Aven. 4 Volume - 5. Specific mass ¥ mass dowsity | «6 weight densily [unit weight or ep ulcight | 2s Specific Grovily ev gelative dewiby Specific value 4 Pynomic vis cosity to Kinematic viscasi ty Ws tompressibitity of fiquids \ eat nodulus | ra. stsface tensiou [surface Energy J 3 Pressuve Intensity \4 Vapauy pressure Weight: A force due to gravitotional pul}: w= myee Newtons anc tad . Fe Ma INS kg x bow ce Ne kg ma [soc aes Le oe Kg f= mx 431 v oe wy kg es | of 3h Wr Sec? \Pr KSF= Gary 2 °° [ee we a » lon ne UO @ Aveo. Avea is the space occupied by the Matley in 2D —Nowmol Area — els Aveo — Plone beet ~ Resisting ren = surface hea ~ Sheat fre — cvushing yer — teowing Ryem — pregected Aves” — Flow Aven / ee Ronaaliitivess wilh out fouching the body Q dimensions visible.Joy k-— De ———} ane [p91] \ Nejs = Bxd? x 2 Gs Nels = Be _ Flood Ave Depending om He Fluid hchivg He sideg Volume. sume tkis the Space occupied by He matter mM 3D Units m3 mm?, cw Ve Ax 2) Vs Qxbeh For wa ey —> titres CRF) tre to00 ib COCUCOOVVUeerrrrrre ss wor we ws heleNooo cm = 1 DE ee 1006 + 073 Rib emi HE (se: m2 SPecific Mass ox Mass dunsiby . Specific mats = SA — Property of males” — mater occupied L volume |S { Baie 2 12 Fe g/m3 Paid + 19200 kg) rn * Pacer > toed kg laa - Pag - 2 Poe: 22500 «9g | me 13600 «glnB | nigra PS Qn emdsasan

Cost of ttonme skel is ks Bo,000 - &hmaxe cost. ab plate Volume > t&@ O-O1lx 1x & : o-orwe ———oo ° Re Seeaate Pe A vw 4850 @,) om oS) m3) 9 0-02D w= 4850 x 2HO-02 ° 'stkg t ton = tooo kg Vege 1000 Kg = 30,000 lkg = 308s Cost = © 1S4*30 * AOR — 8) A tooles east Sump Ff Inner dimesion? Ke SCE, tore, STE, estimate hed many Lit aly re COLO EPI TT EEE E. yee ak = keLLL TEL TE TT DT TTA Volomar- Jer Camily consists 4 people avcl Consurnption per Read iso ut} doy - Hos mony aay the sump com serve % Volume Po = Mo Vetume Volume = tooo = YW A = t2Iw BSex EGt x oft i Inch: 25-4 mM 1000 x CSxbx10) FEF 2 12% 25-4 mM Ms o : = 1000 x Z00e@*) > 12x O64 2 = 100o a See. - 0.2048 9540 | » 8950 96 M0. days Tey wy SO, See : 600 Weight hous by ge weight - Ab is The welght ob the matter occupied per unit yolume- vce Wee ome nee OE ae © Volume. v we VVjo Pe vg core) | ¥, water = Poater x 9 2 000% 9-94 4ei0 N “w3 + Ce O8reN m3 Relolive daisity or Sp qroviby Es] kis the Rotio of macs donsity ofany matte SC a Vy waky Soyeq 2 Psteot «#850 8 Pasaies reqo > 78S on Smarewy + Prnereury . (3660 Puroer ood 13-6 vw SPs: Saiv + to. 0.001% } é § £ : i i & Specific volumes Volume (vs) 5 Specific volime « wa Volume of wotley for unit mass . P ven useful By, gases Us = Volume m3 Mass kg = vo. ™ Vs water > ts 0-00) m3 tooo 9 . Vs. $ dive —_ = 6.8433 m3 bo kg &) 1 Qik of an oil wei ghing an pe weg Saw 1 pracs of oil im kg Zu 2 todd 2. vol of oil oil A wm - Joool: tw <5 1L= fo7w ot 240? B- Mose density sk oi | Hua kg] /3|ec Sh an+ A & 5p weig Wt of ail ™m vo oe 5 SP growity of oi\ 6. sp vol of oil + Mafeg ik me “oe ‘ Fil 4 eg qo~ Volume, vol { Yoke 0 ol in m3 3. mp tat re tw3= (000 Ot 9 Evy? PHYS REPRESENTATION acca Mass densi ly fs mM Ww O13 10-3 * OZ % 163 Kg m3 WIN i o-413 x 1089 Mm 8fee. ae m3 s O-43~ lob 104 eet se mang = BAIS x 102% 103 Broh w@ SS —4) weight density, @) ‘ - eg: ws. Pg Volume. Wax dsl tooon| m3 Se Specific Gvovity Cs) a: Pil = 4 Glwd) ON Paar 1000 (ka }wi3) 2 OFFl4 8) SP volume. Cvs’) Ve = Veil ae 1 wei | Loi) = 1 = b400x0 8m 3 any eZ. a 14 9b «gy ——s Niseosity AL 1S a property of Cluids | Liquids and gases ovly ] which offers yesistance to the Flo of Fluids.forces and © adhesive forces | Cohesive — attracben bleo same molecules adhesive ~ attracting with other molecules @ ie waler with al ete wavcuny — cohesive Fovee § Done Th hevey wets Substance. — Calibevahoun Lluid - too Tr ntn 1000 pt saA,Oom X ve m a « Pe a] » 6 mh r [enesy Ay unit weight ™ eS ~ fine br romp eg [1 grow ty Nevortorls Lave of viscosity ROTI Lye OF VISCOSITY | . Sheav Sn? pA ae e of, () 4, Ole yt defrreation tat —— > 4Ms dynanaic viscosity ie es vel Gyadient ox Rate of sheay stain g sineneSoreess © SHeaR FORCE 1S \ ) MeasuRED BY | Feystum TBE ‘ e Za ° 2 —> Shearshess on Clui d faye & vel gradient [rate af AsPormation ox Rote of shear sain | nik nt t: wae mer 2 Ns * o) 2 yn isec m2 ect ul wy ge? a / dpe H+ Fore time, a 1 Ave, ie cain Oynauiic viseosi ty ~ Shady wodley fves . kinematic Viscosity é a Ratio of dynamic viscosity to 6 Kone tx = \nvalved & clon sitymM Ns : a ioe eq KB om bp] 7 3Z A — we Unik: m2 RB: sec of K& a wale! water = N gece. eee 1008 > 9 a ee)’ txcto? ns \ 1k a Xo = pow Gh A 9 « aT, tooo .M?2}Sec \o w 1000 * ix to bers oa —— AR ° Une = 8 xtoS nN see w2 18x toe N see mz req 9 [tomes] Paw = Me 1851076 P eo > 15x 1975 ME gee. es (Sx 107 8 me sec a a et *ay : Qo Nwoter Me av a “ Ver << Vag Nevotots Lavo of Viscosity made. into Ss models T=n du ¢ Fe “uy ai. [wo aaface trem dy \ Le Model i ——er An incompressible Quid of sp anni 0-8 and kinematic Viscosity $A io7Fm? y¢ subyected to cca tensional. Fovee Boon unit Area. Ae Plaid ip Moving blia a Fued plates Ah gap tm eitle Weleiby om ° Eslimate the 7 coused ov the win Su=0.8 Plate S if 2 fr = Boo Fe ms tM du oe 08 a ree C Bi wes ae ~O-8: Loi . jot 44x 14°F x600 a Poctev oO d Ae tw - We xP Ps oSxtaod ye \ms 13 eee Ye 80-05 mfg a 6da mS - 44x torte (og) v 800 Toa) Ze setae 0-296N | me ——— A Newtmien Biled bla a shag and. “Sleeve Beaving A Ferce Goon is applied - on shaft: “the shaft gains 1-Stm]s velocity . Tf force iS Meveased to Q4 kn ten vw) Spad will be >) rs cml S Fs Boor, 2 see b) 13-s cms Vv % ©) 0-5 cm/s 200N Ay4-sem| 3 weds Ts dy fagel a 9 F= soonl & Ve VScom + ree LS Cm Fa au Ss s Boo 15x, ; Qv0co YT Baw 45 OM og S&S Ee we i ay few Fe vo a 1S Yo 2 2400515 ams Oo. B00 lt lh lt enh at el ~ a il a ll al a orl sl oPES i . ae Aoclined plone Model SiO Component oL weight wel! ack on te bloc aud rake if alide Wheeay te» Vintoni will Opporc AWA i moverunt + Fe MaAev 3 wsind = AA d e) A cubic Block of each side L and wass mM’ As puted vey an oil Alm across a table Shown in Bg A smal) mass YW’ is connected to a string eashich passes ovey a smoot pulley « Ghat is the steady Velocity of tne Block CM) aginst He Nestorian Muid resisting fore =v? re % Tem a b Es mM fe mo ed ALD dm > nox Bv- Mow * oe eH ay v- mahFMA wv. 3 T= xL?xv h tensicr ——s > clembests:_prbnci pl& 2F- Ma mg-t= oO Mede| - iT Power Resk in viscosiby < veceece NM Subjected Yo “qs ero Now TA . dy bge L a (73 DH BS Te torque Ne Speed 4 7pm hl sal Sa al sl lal a lt lt i at a a aa ot te ain Ste. m dA NR PM: ad ele be Rediol gap is idaded Beaving has Shaft dia Somme ot wreak ush fength 2omm & Bush Bore 50-0Smm im with a Nevtoria? fuid js the power a) 34 wate Sy Ve D233 Subyected to 1200 vp Pf viscosity 0-08 Pa sec: what Ptost due to viscosity in watts % P= QANT 60 b Ax Ax 200° H= 0-03 N Sec- wt ian Saar Ve nan 60 Tt Ea w@vsd > _BxSax 129cacti Tek - rad wars. cad = Watts Fouts :— —= Fluids of Rest: Fluid statics Fluids in motion: Fluid kinematics Heve pressure foyes nat Considered Fluid dynamics * study ah raids: in motion whew pressure foes ave also cansideved - Detisity : - For Liquids ps om Ponrer = I000k9fom3 Ssanst v * Sarofem3 to3 xe? Specific weight or weight density oe Us. Weight ab Fluid Volume ab Fluid, = Mass abehidx 9 + 09 Yot ab Fluid Specific_volume : ~ Cve) Vsz Vel + _t Mass OP nie 08 ApplicaHle to Gases | 9 Specific: Grovity 8: Pig Feed Liquid > ge’ (8 Saye 1000 : . - . waar 2 a Thea Se NaS Nl Sl lll al lal all ln al all at a Sl a tats Nes .S= weight density of Liqid, ° weigh density of wakY ° Sor many cunt $= 13-6 Viscosity dy + dist bla [ayes Te du ag = ‘®) . Rote of sheay Strain ov vel Gradienk uoik — Me he N/m NS 2 sz unit ou Pax me ay Spare —— MkS_ unit Mg GE: see ae Cas unit H- dune. sec = Poise om? | Poise = % ~ ICP: _L pase 100 KINEMATIC Viscosity B= viscosity + KH. NS «m3 v uv m2 = ko A a xh wi oe $2 1G ° ae s“Cas ubit- .stoKe “~ cw7}g tstoke = 107%? s Ves 1 stake 100 ; Fluips NEWLONIAY, Now NEWTON ANY OBEY Newtons LAL DOESM'T OBEY NEWTONS of Viscos (ty Eau OF ViScostTy VARIA ‘ON OF Viscosity yom. TCMPERATURE Viscosity L wrt Min temp He. Mo (and Beak Bt? Ao= viscosity of Mqvat O'c in prise Me ou yn ok EC In psise %, B= Constants Hair 'ex1o-O N gee me Nuaev= Ns 000 M2 . tf Eluid types, : : eal Cui = » tuompressible ito viseasity aly fuagravy Real 5 « Pasess viSeosi by p AU Plaids in Practice. are veal 3. Newhanian v — obeys newton Law of veesity 4. Non Neatonian ~ doesnt doey Weukals Low of visastby tc fn HS” Sk kk ii sli _ t t aet deal ; SHEAR Grghern , STRESS Piest'c © velgvadien dy/du 4s) TLdeol Ford Peostens (He vioconity ) uz 2Zy-yg? say 3 AL Y= 0 +) yo orsm- Hz B63 Poise = Bes Ns ~ O963NS due 2 2 ay 37 t MYO gee ay 3 “Le 063% 2 = 0 5456N[m2 3 AL Yy=05 gus 2- 2voOt5 dy 3 O-36E T= O863xO364- O-3164N| me ——— Ze. an oie Wz4 Vz bocme> o-om[s de nee eae ats " a) ACY £2 nae), on a * (35 y (oe Sse ~ its 833x105 NS He S280 (3) Ae psx poSmm 2 + 5x em? dus oA mis ays owsmm= pisxig Ss mw a- Enev oY BR Bae ee he el dd! a a at th ah a ah aercninn an 2 = << oweFluids made al, Sphave » molecu @ Cenbve dresut cheny -8) the velocity alistvibution in a Laminar flow at giver Section 1S given by Ussimg ssio(67%y) where Kis in mls and y isin m the Viscosity of t: 4) the fluid is 05 Pas - hen the diay stress at Sh y Y= Sem win nf is £- S CoAS%g a5 ; ak Az 00s © Marin ©) aa.tswlm © as ann) nev (% 2 umm Con(sasa) , IG) os ws Zt: we fu - OSNS © 9s «251 (00(0151) i a | Me OSeaa, re . os 4 uss din (Say ) oe ou ~ 5x 10s 579) x 5K 5 cos (Say) KH ey ee a = OS x 5x COS (sxaxo oS) © A ANN Qe 46S N [m2 a —2) ine velsabjy profile fer ‘neestonian Ploic he lominas Pod bla “a: el plates chown m fig is given by Us ool [r 1000 y? | whore uis in mls and y isivm. sheay shrecs. ‘distri bubion fe NN clas cot (e a o al 20,0004 t “fs, ae™ the viscosity of fiuid ts assumed by |so% ove! [25 be waley Whane Vole is Lao Rus. 2 %letm ont Thon Shear stress on He plates wi be .T, -~ 0-007 — to * Bal es) ARx10°2 (© 13 x 0-01 [2eeee “| Jel Le 0-0@N]m> Note IM Lowiusy flow velocity istribubouw t's parabolic. Shay chess dishibullon ts Linear >Fz] ae Vv Cay an > 6 ; 8) A tauid ob chews ty BP dyuamic viseasily A maces Steadily down the inclined plane iw a thin svat OL congt thickness “Eo nlaylect er a Shaarewess ak He both m of Bguid sutface dus tw How pavalel try We Aneltued plaxe Sit be et LO o), wees uv sive vi Weng re Be RS je rea Diz Potsing byt Vgtewo 9 T+ Paton dt “la te a] Jesprezteck fees eo eee Area Surfate avea, TT. Wwsind + mg sino Br ‘A Pom ™~ A Px Kx) gsind Px fect) ging . x Oxt) xg sina PE gsiNO, a io)= P3tsing- eee . X @ y ane 4 Muiti Pluid Floto y © 1 q ae ends y ac 4 Ay y ; ae . 4 » A “thio plate is placed blo 2 Flat surfoces yay which ave. “H’ metres apart such that Gor 1 v the viscosity of Liquids on the top and te Pg 4 Beth of plates ave MM) and Ma. vespecti 1 pe i MCR qY wohok is Me posikisn of the Abin, Plate y Gah Mak We viscas vesistnce to taauee tk vaqeanted uniform motion Velocity Vot the. plate is f= a Y minim - Wee . da > fa. ) ay (ee % ao i) a Ce Ms pit Se + way dy: TH 4) a jee 1 a Ae por La a er x As a Py hs pee I Fe Fla Fe (E>) | ” a ~ MALY + Aofe 1 3 oH) aw ‘ , to minimise € (&) ~ 4 fm, de =0 i oy : 4 fav yney Fan] + sna ES | ‘Ak 20°C BO: uw: b6x 105 & AiR — GAS At 0" > HP = aoe veco sity A $0 D> héxioS 4 =e «= @ — > Com mm pre ssibili and Bulk Nedulus ah _ Slasticity Jn Case of Hydraulic: systems tae working Fluid is incompressible (Sent) fluid [ water oils Meveury ete] subgecter| to the external pressures. causing the change ing Volumetric strain [decreased ‘or increased donsity stain, due to the fluid behaviour” Compyessibility as. chown in fig vl “ke Bulk Nodulas of elasticity of fiquidh = APMinevix ch + Hetavx_t_ = 0 ye (Hy)? ma VARIATION OF ViscosiTy WITH RESPECT to tEMP ERATURE . 2 ts. | Note} Ha He meeterray 1 Foe Aquid S$ viseos ity decveases with He Wneveas e. a a4 temp Sa Vor Ve For goses viscosity ineveases With he nerease?s of temp 7 . 6A 7 49 OME y= the viscosity oh oly ot 20° Is given fo be eee Vb x105 w]g - Tks AP at Ao” Lill vary Approximately 2x 10°S m2] sec 9) ax 1 w?]s ve oe rill by) Pe « tos m2] sec g 1 20, béxo> ¢) Hex Cx 1607S m2] see n.. ve Fo sigeAk 29°C. Lab bx 10> AIR — @AS* AL F0'C = at a ‘amp vecosity 4 S80 D> béxi0S: 4 ———— * @ Compressibi lity and Bulk Modulus af elastici ty e tn Case of Hydvauli c systems 4ne working Fluid is incompressible. (Furt) Cluid [ water oils ,Neveury ete] subgected to the extemal pressures causing the change iy volumetric strain [ decreased or Enceased dansity strain due to the fluid behaviour” Compre ssibitity ag thows in Aig t Os dv= Vj-V2. ”. ea »~ [vom] “ ke Gulie Nodulus of elasticity of diguid. 2 APweere Uv Et Vg-V) AP: Poe Py ys unit = AL Pete Be m2 : Voi¥! « ¥ < oe ° . [bene | “the increase im pressure ware to decrease unit ay Wolume oh meveury Rich by o Ov \- @ 2e5ara (© res uPA © 225 nee Oars Bulk moculus of mercury 1S 28" ‘SBMPA . . 23.5 “Pa on oa: + 2% - % MPa = Cve) Loo ae ta ee 295K Os AR aSA - 23°5 lore aes= AP C && AP = aasx orx Ol 100 = 2¢-Sx 102% hh = 285x103 N/m>canen tne prwsuse’ Ge on a given mass ab Liquid is ineveased from 30 bax to 35 box, the density of the Liquid’ increases Frome 500 kg/m £0 0} kg]M3. wahat is the we Volue of Bulle wadulus of tre giver. tated Brquid Fer the gwen Yange of preecure % ¢~ @® tos Mpa © 600 NPA © soo Mpa ®© asonpa- cue ke P& 2 —> 35 Baw AP: Stay Me Conse A= Lkg(m3 P= 500-5 50} od Ke P-P) 5 bay Pai 5a) -$ 00 Fh Sop © SxigS 1 Soo * Q50MPa —— Which one of the Fotlowing 13 Yeprerenled 23- Ps_ by Bulk Modulus ab a Piuid (symbels have Yoo. bsuo| wasaning ) a) wv ® rap “Pap dp « Gnd Ja h)\ /h-d a, ¢x to Haak of Mercury, 7 J BOMPA \c Madulus of Meveury peulle Peeler are own Ix mcecony= BOMPA cana Qara . xxtotpa ~ 200 go NPA oxyo® Pa 66: ot ku = Go-40.) km Soerace ENERGY OF FLUIDS OR Soeence ae Exeray oF Eee AY the. Fluids In Notuve made Bom biny nadecules dnd the Surface of the Fluids exibiks a tensile Fevce ans in energy: form. baw Liuid to hold okhey matter tasily, AWis is due to yr Portes ah wwlecules Yeoherive fovces and adhesin Rute S { Cohesive Fivces ave Hose Povees caused bly GoW ich Makes We tnolecules attraction » Ox" rere Liquid Adhesive forces ave thece feces tessa ahich ave atkvackion bla adit matter molecules {, watey and athe simi lav Liquids]Surfoce Tensiod of ‘Liquids > that oF nages i i \ ‘dt is vepresented at o- : | L. _ oe Force Cr) dik Length surface ab Liqui unit aes NU Hygromete~ ™ is the device Used fo measure r= Energy posses -Toules Surface tension vi surface Area OME) gy cig Criawity Nv sph ON we ™ —== Units of surfate Tension ska kg sx mM sec? a ™ mye p72 ——- — Wapy me: 0°643_.N_ mM Tuer oun 2 44 [ © Himes Higher] Tenor > Sater 4: bed i | !t Dvoplet farmation Bubble ftrmolion det travel ing Capittati by phenemena Qo\ t- De dia ah Kawid dsoplet Cubes) Tz Surface tension ob haquid (alw) . P= DIFF in pressure ab Liquid ercated Cult, Droplet oh & Squid Pressure erested by = Fluid dua to surface Tension 4 Vey \ \ @ ovoplet ab Liquid ot wo tt weap “vo -e@ ae: Ao (tet) 2M wit ue a > mm we. we ge er svo Oo (weer © . a° : i ea (0): Force. a Fe rok : e ao aa eae AYER Ct yrenal Bx D* wet oe f 7 6} v wr at Nets F apx xxo*| —_@ we . . SEE : a Aoe suvface tensor ab iquid formed. inn doa, | oft iss a _ x 4 We re « “Eye” (vwiae w orsiaa } 2 surfaces ©. ne gues Liquid Babble. Bee be g avxifxoF : : ane 44 oo ae _ z1gup BuBeLS Fe APA? AIR oF Bupele —> 2D “eee For Ap. 8 (AFeiie = 2x OP | Liquid a Arepleb Ruble Tee A Ciquid < i +h Lana a insted samttnntsaaieme? tet NLPrescure difference CAP) = _F_ ® Surfae tension = o> # anit eng Hh Fe AP-Ag = o- UNITLENOTH APx [pee J = o: [persone] APx Corl) = © Canta) MES le) (eee) 4P Coal) = 7G)yer 28 >» . . 8) “he surface tension af waky with air inieface VS po4Snjm- The Gouge’ prevsixe inside a O s, . % tain droplet of diameter imm uilll be. ea @ viacvim> @ waNlm> GQusadme 6 ® 2 v)me Avy T: 0043 O=.tmm “Ps 46 Dp + 4x 0-043 to-3 292-0fme =e ®) af Ps the Gouge pressure within a Sp hevica| Aroplet theo the Gouge pressure within a Bubble of same Fluid ancl of Soma size Vill be ah v @Q® % os 1h a? OQ % Cog & oy! we ge © Pe @® 2 wt @whok is the St of Ssop kilm b De So mm = Soxto > Me aa n . 2 eo Pe asn|ro ae “~ 2 gt asn [me . + 9 “ oi 3 a Bubble Pe 2K 46 oO a: PxD + 25% Goxio? c a = 0-156N/m> —— A water get issued from a tozzle of diamele™ mm and Length asmm “the surface tension ab water With air interface © Oo75N -aahat 18 the Pressure inside the get abave Me obmaspreve In Nima? LE we 00S Nw - pt” wn Le asm: ascto Me - Mee bs aunts axis De Ae: Ze - 2x 0-015 o 2< 103Bubble Break of F aay 2 Large size’ Bubble. cenveok inte no of Bubbles RING —~ Bole Break off y Sees wy - eS an hevip gvBeLe Do-O(:P 86 thin film WoVk Reqd to Break o Liquid Bubble , ov: > Chevy Possesed . unit length anit Meo. “oe _Enovay BYRD oe > x Avea : Tymh es oT 7 ~—S. =— \ me Be ang? ARRA Ee o [p+ =| A eet | Toy les [= = bre] a> leo Lear]> ARE mass Rfley vollepse ’ 49. nN Pv x A peas © Nx Nase Big Bubble yen swat bs * Anes: n Laat Ea 3 wert ae ket 6 LF oe : wak yeqd to Break “t Bubbles . ——— Ave af smal \ Bubbles oe _Suogy R= ya A * Big Babb, @® chang ino byte. ¥ . no: dh Bubbles = Ae© that is tne energy Reid to Bregk ie Soop Liquid Bubble ‘of dia, toomm - SA of feap soho is ooh 's » © 00154 Soule Cow) b> 6 -00314 goule » 000628 Soule a) Nene os egy. Aveo Enevgy © x [anes ane? |. > BARK oT 2 ors flooe] DOS 2 3.14 x 1073 Joules —— whak.is the force necessary ta fk Ow Plabnum wire frown wakr cufae . Show in fig - Neglect Seif wieigak ob Ring and Bowyony Rrte - ) 0-0868sN 5) 0 -O13FN ) O-0a44 = a 39 4) o-01ts Ts 0-043 A wate gust) cL nett e se a> Nf me e 7 ee caeunit laagth 0-043 = — fwe \ecl ee = cee i} oots = Ft - 2 Kx O04 Q- inside and outside safc . F QR O04 x 0043 0: 0145 CN ) Prane sneet (ure NEAL basuer | -aD , Unik Loghhye 2 AP maybe d's very Boek bo ep LAT Sune 2 2 aye + 29h : _ TD lomee A sphereal Laquid Bubble of Radius “P iS BLOOM cnt 64 email bubbles of agual size and volume ~ whot ls the work veqd t convert large 62 mito QMalt abs iM erme of 9-7. at) 12-17 oh . oo uf ics o[ne- “| b) ig ARP 2 et u ©) 4Ae2% o- ae Ot ay - ; Yara Ae ents, ane dy Nn Oud eee Le Ke Se aos’ “bee rR| can ane? anc gt : 8 te & (2 PRR — peas reeeth CAPILARI TY” PHENONENA Sh welt frre re aaa eee Bereoth CAPILARIY is tie Phenomena of drauid, due to which te Uquid arises shor “tel in small naxroo conduit [wbe, chancel) S&peck ecu ohere the Capitlority effet is the depression or Bit ak meru Celoumn . this’ phenomenon. is abserved Wr in Monvovo tubes Expreesion fev Gopitlary Rise of Liquid othe” —_.. Hhow Woven’ = "oO gc. £ tL ace AD mgs F load OTD (08+ “Sh Gu vege oD Con Gamuree) as Ee Sx Baru 7g: ©7Peor8 Ys mg on erat = VD (w= 47 (8 fog 1)Fecage = mage , NE Tx AACS O = ove" 2 axh “J Ox KR? .4-Y 4 ox Kuso: &xKdbg q hz 40ce@ + |4 70080 rr a a ; i" Nigh dia tube. isused Rie will be vey suet] |) Cagiany action of Merom— O° angle. F contacts + a : . ¢ ae 790} [ | \ o/DA copitiani ty Rise in 3m dia of Tube immersed, a (Na Lequicd is 1Sem If another tube oft 3 Ha amm is immersed «n some Bequicl shoo ce Oe &s COP Mory Rise weld be in mm » : _9) tmy<0 A yee Ae F Col 9X* y) a a ex - (ol * EE mg Fcoe pide nn gs one ie £ : Goo ww i £ abrrgs 4% ace 4 ocos® co ap [hoe + & ead i oe a e ASO Nha = nde e ee cys de w2 ol} uD ee - ha. a ' a = AL = Pa AS} . “ 7 Wo: 6x3 2 48. Vasmm ” o — fe — BD > VaPouR PRESSURE ee 3k is a Pr oposty of Fluid due te which Qi % ye Fhe Fluicl surface ererts additional 4 qe Pressure intensties ( Postial Pressures) dat to which bubbles in Hauid ave Rrmed - the Bubbles rises ow tre Bquid and cattlapse on the metal susfaces due to nivel the motal Sueface. eradod-. thicshozp Beds of the Pipes Every Biquid and gas has its ow Vopcus + e&: Wate = askpa \asm of pater totam | oe oecsocd to en fu? = C — (wo owe of wey {=F Sal ae * +6) of kh a F $ Heat eneqy gy: $3" aK PH ys temp vemons coustanl: cv ad omelet Ar lus pressure, Hau cent owist 80 thay Jury TO higvey stele ,i@ vepery” Petay og & xs SS ty Huid mechanics Hee Vepray pressure is emceme a & s PS We Wik Wa Mauid ; os bat Ana quids where the Yeq (ow pve Sure 1S Below akwar pressure a7 veaches tne fluid sel pre Lrenriol preseure ahrch Loads to Bubble format one thermodynamic, properties Gasea— Compressile Fluids Py: met [Papa] eS = Specific Volume (ete a hve ny T- absolure temp in OR RK: Gas canst P= densi A “ony and Po. RT. Pressure chang 2S 7 0" varies 80. BP , Rg. =RT msi \Re aarslege | sO KR: Ps v1 Processes gy? abt —> asotherma) wot P+ consk Ff er — Aotioba ti C P- consk ee Ke cp 14 For aie cvM> wMoleculax Mags - > 8314 aT eq -mole in stunt N= mass of Gas molecules Mass of 9 Hydrogen etam Corapresst bility Be ae a S K= dncrvease in Presuve ~ _dP | 7 -~dv ar dv cue ye rea Relationship bl kK and Pressure a 6a8 pe ene ee ere . de a Asaherna|: proces S v: et POS const Vv e fue her Ps = Const: Pvek DIFF Pdvs + VsdP = 0 fde+ vipa ? apd ve vif ) Peds: -vs dP Ae, xf . adv a Pe -vsdP dp (e we ke —> bat AdiaBati C P~ const wt Pr Pk = conskPv 2K a Pedy! dy, =< ~ Os" dp yids pave ave - pv) ldve-v'ep dP PR: - Bk AP Aw dt 7 DSK Feoptems TexT AS As 165108 rom FE: AM Restle £ ; Vz o-4nls I> OrSmm FO Lets o4 | Fe 2 re Sx? Pe : 7 ower P= 2 Men = rl: He pose = 1 NS Foret Aeon] 1 mR Qi) Power required to maintain tis speed > Pevelocily = 160 saode 0-4 : = 1b OW mera Tew “lke s s a K » LNs = TPowe> INS 10 me dz toom= oxo - > Oym day = PS ram = HSxton3m + N= [s0¢pro Ve KOM = Ax Oixisd > OFS MSga bitxmm Ns wr BR ge basxie Pr aL x 0-186 0-125 ol Y= 1apose > 1A is owe t:3 V> asmls Zz Koda = 280 4/m™ See 12 hyens boxto* Sbooem™ ail + ys & wsmm dus aswis- Med Fe WIN. Ax daa. “y ‘0 5 <103 Sa3sniroe He Az 08x08 @: 30°" lo = 300N ve 0-3™[S Gt bsxtod me Te Hx du : tu _mqsind O-b4 Ma ix _dy ou = 200SinZO + 150 ———_—- 0-64 0-64 a He — + Eemse 1-4 Poise I Poise~ dds (a 4 as + LON s[as 2 We dw ay. He Exdy WA dw AE AI x 125%2 g500xiod = 2S meat BIN See!‘S10 fig > 2S Pus \o00 oil = $000% 045 > 950 kyle os Cid) 981 ko fm Ws B Ts 0.2482 Bu. 02 dy ~ we NM. oy m9 2 12.sstole 12: SC " 1: Gu oy i, $2 % Ae A> 0-08 Poise 2 0-008 AA Ns ma WW. O-03sstoke +0034 % LO MI s —————— Sruid 3 4 teh oh, S= Pewi Pusaey eee 2 49 = 6 stokes: © 6 vio te ‘s SG A / vy10 gin ™~ Te 2. s 1 bie pits BRS N Tx dy = 1 au 3- 2y ww x xs oy 4 2. ans) tT: Hx du m2. og . TL: 86x 3- 2Y Lo 4 Ts 086% 3 ~Qx ONS . 4 0-3895_N ro —— ue wpsise epoeas 10 m2 d= oam Ne orp my Px > Be domes ade 10M He a a FE 2 ° x z ZANT 60 Te FRM 7 ex dt 2 Nz apn 6O "RX O4%1490 6d 3-18 m5> Kou 8 om - As al Ps 2xm™ NX Mx xd lx RON xd “66 eo fa ee faa] 4: oons > mt As oan Pe DANI Ne 120 7M) 60 3 Ps Te Feo Le qo <103m 2 E= DSxe3 Wm We RON * F. He ax aaa Bea 2 FE eS v ¢ 3-99 eat tari: 3-96 mys * OoK EX Gay est x wait Pen? Aveas ARAL IS, = Vetaoem ~ 10x10 $ a sec 5 NOTE . ——= EBUTIN OF VELOCITY PROFILE CPaeaBoure) is Given) By ~~ ayes by +c a,b,c ave constants 20 ; “thas values olelermined Bouncay canditi éns te atsy=oy us 0 4 EL es|Note =a AE_plate is very thin then thickness con be neglected = @reniet pletes pe x b. <>] |<—> Force vequired ts pull the e ve plate. upesord 5 Here the upthrust: is -alsdo & be censidered Since weight of plate is acting in opposite dixec tion weignt of Fluid displaced + weight density of fluid « velume fo ~~ pale upasard thrust = SP avers E his upset thausk 16 due © the® weighE he nek fore ackg in dounwerd dixection cee Fo weighe and upward Anrasl < weight- upserd Abrust > Shoay Fore 2 + niet firce “etal Fevee Reqd te WHE plate = ,sheo . GFinfe) + Wo -epsend tors coiled Me 0 nee Zp td OM ke “as Toei foce > Firm) + [reg upwond thrust | J& yh bate |e Need to work Mpsingh if -\ _ classification of Flald Based on » Fluid Poco: Low Fluids which Falows us Wewtons lau of viscosily ay Ts erarey ie te ow a4 B= By +0 oA ob A= M MM: | ? SL YL ZY stepe~ 2 da = canst ‘Air :shar Neestonien Fluids - . eel Fluids cubich does wot dbeys Newtes Louw _DILATENT FLUID , “>I Bz Typ 70 Az Me Az 4 nl Ge" sugar water soln Sait watery soln . . Polymer solution [Rubber shit S| @Beutrer: . Rice starch: Two “diff Fluids mired to Forma mee fuid _Kecvoo feos: B20 an As ex Blood Mile Suspension FluidsTara a) [& B= Typ = yeild shear Stress. AzAL A net Mz 1 Bing-Wom Fluid, —> Toot pasle. Gacases Gams in whe Sewage sludge. Dritiog mud JTbizio tropic Fuids?— Ts Baa/day™ dy B: Typ As M NaI Bs Thirco Topic Plaids —|[Fluids whichare in “Lyp evepevative Natuye. Lipstics solution $ WE Prin. Scenk Cry te mebown akethe Rheclogical Hagzam , the Relation blo Shar swess and shear strain Rote. for diff Types of Fluids shoven » beloed t C ne) Necotonion FUid Bzo . Aa ne | a Te maal ~“rseudd pase pare @ 8-0 ALM Met Cx: Blood milk, Gok, For P ; a [3 Fud S| 8 Loy Bing ham Fluids Frc oy Tooth pas te - be cpptied Boe Sewage stud ge nN Dritling mud ; T: Be AQKy™ . ; dy the Hast suitsble Relation {ey the flow of tooth paste being Aqueezed out of the Tube is given by he curve Aus je“ Bing Hom Fluids ee cawe Py 8) Mateh List 1 colt LishT anal select Covvect tude giver Below - List 1 Chuid Prseregn) Lick B Cétad a 4 Hat ( ) ears +) wel “4 © Birghare Fluds /* @ Dilekeot Fluids texte, MAN oy Necotonian Fluids Preudo -FluidsList T Fa j —tish DS . 7 a . “s\ ‘ oe : Ve = hess ) aie (ariahion of shear shes ©) shear sress varies $) Newtonion Fluid, Lineaty colt “vate ob E Stain ©) Now- wentontau 2) Shear shess doesst “ Vory Linear wi ») Bing Ham Fluid mais i estaeas 3) Fuid behaves tive Said until a rein yeitd Shreas beyond thie ik Ans Cribits Aner reahonshp Bey bus onsovstreae and e vale af sbain c-2 0-3 ®) sheav ewess is zero x “te «2 8) Tn on expk conducted to deforming Ha Rhelogi behaviowr of a walevial, itis obsewed tak Ho Relation blw “Shear stress T and vate ah Shea strain dus given as Ts To4 C a] 0S day The materiel is - ) Newtonian. Flui dL b) Biaghow plastic Fluid 5) hn ideal plese Fluid ») thine tropic Plaid Aw op Omer a nea Cseet) i meee ed tist t ListD a) & &p Grovity ‘) meuta4 8 welt of viscosity CC einemaic viscosity. » ies 2 Ses * 4) met tr «=: ® Nv pe yh romConpider'ng Capillang vip And hawel = Mim + hh cap Inarily Capiars, fal) SRPULARRITY_ EFFECT HY mereioy _is_wanomeley Biuid (Acowrting Capiitorvg, * fall) heehee” hact = hn + heapinority IL other than mereury is manameley Fluid 7 (Atounting Nack= hm- copia viby Capillary vine ) y) ON drop Foring on seid Surface ard Dquid Surface SGq = neglected...Pre guaee e 118. BUaLE Liquid bos coer DIVWTITT SoLiD. Pair BuBee, = k D Pauppie = $c . Psok= Qe D nly one sep face Be Tay Ssom 9 4 \ ‘\ giowas cUni IL ass, ELVID SIATIOS »5 Bouyoury force 2) Hydrostatic fewe- 2 Prossure meascvement Fluid statics deals with fluid Behaviour and its effects hen: it is at Rest - A fluid 12 Said bo be Rest if 0 shear shesses acting on fluid particle. Je no viscosk coed 2 forces eet i » Wav hoce Force, Las wot of Clutd matter | 8 Normal Force On the Surface due bo Pressure “intensity: of the Fluid Pe Lh) Pressure > scalar vty Cammossive StressBouyoney principle Bouy ancy Is a phenomena tohich 15 observed when a Slt body interact With any Liquid + “theve ave 3 Possibilities ) the bedy can float C partially submerged ) a) the Bedy can sink ov (Submerged fatty ) 3) Bedy “op surface coincide vith Liquid surface ¢ 6 ae ee Gia eantre of Grovily e Cx Centre of Benyaury, loom B “4 1 not gC — + | Beers — Fran, at “~o Woe Meadys 3 Prody V9 = Peay: BH 9 ( mesaten ) fer Maga 9 = Poraid vy 4 displaced displaed Suid Ah g (newton )Linded> Equ nibrian as Te = W CHA = Pray HHH Fluid Vewid =A = Prods Ox Puater Puaky SewidsH © Stony’ H Si-hi + S2hy= Ssouo- 4 Smattear = Punarer PaterH 4 Tensioo exe wrth ' = \ Shing - i: TFPI FP PF — Bee pedy aiegrens w Fe Fe) Leb T= “tension tn Zfy:0 Tamg= fart faa TES =— a. . a T+ Soa = Souiaa Y at Pouide 3 VoModel 4°= pala es Spring Balance Loo eg. = \ooon, we ted velume of Fluid | wetted vetume ob. Fluid 2Nee: SPring Balance reading CS) F Tension in Shing connected ta Balance C1) Model ~4 posse Free Bod dia grand \ vw SO Fey 41) =O Fey Seuid Vg 4 5\= bady 9 30= Mbady x 10] 8o0ex V x10 + ady a. : Spe 08> Fem loo Ot =o —@ 30+ FR] Prtucd + 900.ksFind @) © Vdumme of Body tn mo in 2h @ weight of Body. @). feo sp fanhy of Body. @® Beuyanty frees offered by Puids Case 2 15+ foo =o — @ : ‘ Bot fap> WwW 154 Faas W '5 + fa;-fe2- 0 5 Fe\- feo 215 Fruides Ae Vowideg~ Vrudrre Vewid * 9° BOO X Ve wid X 1O.— 1200 Vpyidan ior tS Vowwid [ 3000 — raneo'| £15 : Vaud? nig = BS OFM = aaCee ra (_t7 | Far: vey ¥, x3 = Goo x ASKIN 1O Bon —s ne Jar= Veg ( V2~9 + 1200. 8-45% 10% x10 ©. 45N ee [Lew density Fuid - bee rs | Fea. 45 * 3. Fay 2 = 20+ fair W Bo +302 W woz 6ON &® Spot . Vv: 7 Volume ae ie 7 3.450 3 oe ce . @® Specific gravitj s Wbsdy ts 1000 * FSF ay = 1000 x 10Pe eo Sc ed eld ® ' i" 5 Bodies ‘ sun spheres one’ is Solid sphere an auether Bodg Is hattows cube eich ave in eauall Surface fren; tahat 1s the Ratio of the- Bouyaney fice by he fli don. tke Sphere ray that on Fhe cube 2 fe sphere > ‘e be Fe cube Solid_sphere —= fe: Prud 4 x x4 fa “< 8n . FO Spree, = AES > Wephure Fe tube W cub] * Given N surface. = Bee C frea, Ane? = 60m Re Goh a An a: Vea asfe sphere =. Whuid sphey = Weppeve” 4 Fe cube. Wewwid ube ME ube & = Gpeax Wepre Ppak~ Yeas = Anges 3 Gra Ake} ae AK RY, Jae 6 6 Fo sphev —— a \bs : Foube , a —— 4) unknown Sp gravity of Body“of uniform cls is attowed to Submeyge im two fluid system shown in fig - Ao]. of Body volume “Submerged in mercury Plakd and vemaining bof. volume of Body im water Ther) Specific grovity of Body is 3 s fae Sw: FO bo /oH20 oo Stuy? ee ' / WA Ao/-v jHg Sto-Wy + Sug-ho> Ssond x H >\ t I k r b ¥ » , » » ‘ ‘ h ‘ ' t SH 3 a “Sut Suge Wa > Sea ¥ 'Sebeeorle I x O-8V xoby + \3-68f = Ssoido™ Ssoud = 6. D4 ) ») _ Alek Body 5 Joo cm” fas Aven is kept in @ Layered Fluid system and Comected to a Shing of the spring Balance at the Bottom of the containey- the Arvangement Shooon \» figure . > Meloy 45 $a Sow? OL OF wg. fed | #5 2 HBF i fever? WATER oop lar? K a vig 5 \ogts ye i Ww ie) Dekermine © spring Balance. Reading Ss ~ asd ga) 1 ao’) © Gaye pressure at the a 2 10 wr! yl? pa? Bottom of Booly = Oe uae te @ Rabo a wx Bouyorey fivces mn offered by watey’ te “that a oil Aus: Boi) X 0-100 + Scaaia” 01aS* Seoid 4eM tS b> ex ts 5, L—> + t—? fp: Ar 4 Fert Fer = W+T Blox Axtig Paap Poiyx Ax hag= Wye. woET wOrT FREE surface of Liquids No SHEAR STRESS 000 x, 1000x1074 Fax looax 100 x to74 x O1ase 6 OSxI ooo x”. . osx tees x OF100xF8) 205. peetilox dai + T t= 103:0N — ® ERwoey = Pore box he's 3 rep peste Fa oil Poitx het * Wei) * 3 = pani? x O-1 x 0-100% 4:5 | + a5 1:56 —— © Gouge pressure ps Popa Peaster’1000 x 1-8] .xX0-195 + Boon 9-81 ¥ 0+) 40 801 nlm % * > 20 EPA — (> A cubical steel Body [s= 48s] of each side tocm 1s inomevsed in Liquid mercury « walev is added to fp of Solid Body il Submerged Determine. the followoivig 4 vend ® vepth of meray, twhen water is ~ (wh) Aa yee a .® hot included: ree ! ‘ Depth of watty ae ok! ) yb" pth of wa a x ve . (0° Caset Any: fh - it: Ye ee wee ie Ssteet? 7'85_, a Hs . ASS SamehS «| Usher: 7850 *9lm3 Ww : ; Sig x Nig Seach 1 Box he F8Sx RIOAfter adding water {rg — 5.448 cw Sux bo + Sug x Hag > Ssaiax H Go-hw) VX ho + (96x Bepee eee He hg bo hwo eee . hg- H-hu hws 13b- 136hwo - 385 ae IBGE —labhw ~ F8-S | hu = 6 4-56 Cm . e °° — ea, o er Ne, oS. ae? 2m! S Madel No: 5 > Fin ding Specific gravity of ‘solids and Aiquids eee eee Sme= toon wgete?ao * dete: Prenat \Ssoup = (ome 1X Sone ol - \ | gl Weight. by 20 Wain WoiL yo ae (fvx) = 20 oxvxg-: ve 72? vate f & bE Lo 00 x O08 = Joo ve ye goo \oo- 80 — a 100 x og fe v xe2e 20 Boo > 5x08 “ne 7 78 A aes == s “Aid ~— Pelee So [Se his tess] [Se his tess] less. 200 “ “ wale ; wt she “ ¢ fog y ; : Relative density = Sart ve Tonier? SHE = feeo eee Frvealicn Re or = se00 a : ovo Yolt d =scube heving “same” Surfonce Aver + STABILITY “OF FLOATING Boores tohen @ Bady is aliewed t0 Float fn Liquid Freely, then two farces ave invelved —> seif at of Body > Baoyongy Ponce Ffeved by te Plaid cohen Small disturbance 1S applied to the bed Cousing angular displacerren E about a particular pink “1S called “as ee nowne) > = oni (& wo ~ Cs he dapth of imme rsi o4 8 Action Bt ob EUS B= centre of Buoy ores oY Force. cenhe of qvovily oh velume of tui dieplaced ) —F Metacentre point M is Clbeined by cea! the slevvel axis of the Body Shy the action Line of Bu ogancy LoveeCondi tiaos, of Eq bro ) stable Eqbrn Q Unstable eqwilibiuwe 3 Neebel uilintun Stable Equiltbriunt Aer the Floating Body dishnbed ancl gaining tks initial position aitheut overtaning is Bid to be in stable aquillbuitem: hss hoppens due to the Restorting Guple of the Boupong force against the disturbed ‘casple,, fred. © by soft “We i = located |, a tis possible If Myis above Gite , GY = metocentsic. Height ; 7 GN 7O - i ex the Metacenbie Height , Move tne ‘ Stability of Flooting Body unstoble Equilibrium when a Floating Body is ‘dishnbed amd the dy Ct vehwwn its avtgina| position How, Bedy is. gd te be - th, Unstable Fabra the Resuite iS Qvertumniag: “this Happens if M is located Below &’If m ant & Goincides then Netacenhic height @M =O. | then” Body is Said to be in Nuebol egbm I means thon Body coil nok turn , instead it moves fo translational motion Ce= 0°) Methods to find metacenbrie Height cam) @ — Analytical Method @® __— Experimental method Analytical Method BM: 2 —& Mot of sesect plone Area ak wW «Top view Cran) of Fle ating / Body at Biquid Level —S= ‘ rootled vnleme. = Acta v hCeleutation of F OA winder Floating vertically. reo — ie h J 1 4 x q>- - , . yy ot = mdt Aquid 64 level Qoob alinder fleotinig Honzontotly -HevtZ L Rev] sec Cre sywKe a A Ke Radius ab Gyration, | sa oY finder mode: of upknaan material ob diame? Am and height alsa 40M. allowed te Moat in o fluid of wlatve donsity h4* tk is abservecl that the dept ab immersion 1S @4-> Delerming Hur ‘ & & ee ee een ee Following. - ; b gpecify e gravity of qindey maiersal J Volume of Fuld ehicp lace d (v) 3 ekocene Beigh b » 4: checle fav stability: Tstate ov unstable | 1ah wen cyfindey in kyu ak dia to acheive. stability in Ssaiiel Spwid > 14 Pruids Vx 000 ms ~ 1400 tea Jon3 — © Spwid: hs Said x H- hax @4> Seaidx 4 Now weko Scoiqs, axed - oa @® WV = Adsxh : Wo xx hx a4 a mx(a) x94 % 30:16 m3 —==Bouyonty force Of fered by Pluie Ce va) 7 ' fe = wm Ox ¥ (ace x 9 ef) ¥ 30-16 @ Netocontic Height Can.) Gu: BM- Bq ied AUT [FS] GH =O - 334m —___—_—__ Below @M <0 [ meons M is below a | Body: is undey unstable 2 uilibtiu we x asReplece H + — Ssarid * Hos pene) Saiquid@ An ice Block is floating fre. Seausa ley Shor Ih figure. Specific Gronjly of jee = 0-925 SP gnovity of sea wokey = 035. the exposed haght is lo cm - oes ie, Ms ice block & bt ab a aed He Sgeauaka% KR O9aSX Hs | 025% ww (H- i) He 1025cm ——— A Rectangular Block S\ lag and. dm width is fleating mm watey - the wore Line iS OAM above he Botton and Cente al, Grovi ly is OSM From Roth, ther me body cas metarcenriic Helght will we 2) 983m by o&m J o4em &) 0-33GM= 0-aSmM e wae ae ») A Rectangular Black 5m long am Width and Lary depth. [s=a/5] rep baxizontal in a Liguick i: (0.95. Sioke- whe, Condition of egbrn - Sato Seetid x He Spud x bo . Con aE Oa We 06x ha boas hy = 3x33 4 oe {a yGN = 0-#SM 79 Stable equilibyium ———— Experimental method tr find metacenhic tig libs Te . ay prackice dite stabiiy of tavge sized ships and vessels it iS easy to check the seo bi lity, aleng with the eccicltcend analysis for which the given obgect 1S sealed dowtt and applied in ideal when oa becly 'S Submerg edl fang. in omy Pui dren~ no meta tenbe-is in volveol, then the. stobilily is obtained by locabing the point B caith reference to G , SS stabte equilibriue for Submerted Bady > : A fe : Bis Above 4 18 i makes body sr wlan to its origina] PosttenUnstable Equilibrium fer submerged Body Big bébwo G. 3 Cannot Fehan to its o2iging] position Band @ cdncdes @ 0 Moyes in “henslabonal wotion + 8) for a Body. Completely aubmergecl in & flaid, the centre of Grovity is @ and contre of Bouyancy is oO tohich Ove Known. the Body fs umsideved to be in Stoble equiliriuwe if GHD o doesnot caimcide cite tenbe ab mass - ab the displaced Fluid 6) G@ coincides With Conve Of mass ob Auid displaced >) 0 des Below He | . ao Bes abwe We &Bes a i > A Floding Body aith its centre of Gravity ara , cenne of Bugganey ‘ab-Bvondi | a mata cenv]e at M55 stable aghor., Stes chee 3) Gey above B B) B Bes above M ) B des bdow As Bes bdo “ Cot, Fron the veg Momentel Tora, Moment ob base beet an Onis ee rales Paning Hough 6%: Cz.) d bd and “Parallel to bUe ; Xe (Fa) rs (2 db? 3 “ rH = f ba? te oe a i ae re rt FH wis qo ode 1d" ao $4, pois, Ea (TE) - Ts Us Granny ey 36 Casby aS -— fe) ao mt x ‘<< £ | Bi SL >>>ont, —— @ ~ HyprosiaTie Forces EQDROSTATIC FORCES Hydro stotic ferces an Fluid Contact Surfaces :- » thbroduction Nydvostatic fore , wapni de and its poin & of applicshion Crentre of presane) Hy dreetshe force om hevizental plone Surfoce, Verbal plane Guface anclinedo> 2 Plane surfoce » curved surface . Nements of Hydrostatic. fores is Wher a $luid in contect with ony. Surface —p Pressure is exerted Crore) ) which depends on sp eat of Fluid ond ckpth of fluid The Hydrostaic. force is the product of Newel pressuT@- Ad the wetted Surfoce Areg. Aydoo- static force Cr) = PX A > PGhxA = (aR) A