International Journal of Mathematical Analysis

Vol. 8, 2014, no. 49, 2433 - 2437

HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com
http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/ijma.2014.48274

An Approximation to the Boussinesq Equations

Cristian-Fabian Baron-Pertuz

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Cartagena

Campus San Pablo, Avenue of Consulado
Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia

Ana-Magnolia Marin-Ramirez

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Cartagena

Campus San Pablo, Avenue of Consulado
Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia

Ruben-Dario Ortiz-Ortiz

Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Cartagena,

Campus San Pablo, Avenue of Consulado
Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia

Copyright c 2014 Cristian-Fabian Baron-Pertuz, Ana-Magnolia Marin-Ramirez and

Ruben-Dario Ortiz-Ortiz. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduc-
tion in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

We study the system of type Boussinesq which models the movement

of a wave in the surface of a fluid in a channel. We found solutions by
using Fourier transform and Neumann series.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 35Q35

Keywords: Boussinesq equations, Neumann series

2434 C.F. Baron, A.M. Marin and R.D. Ortiz

1 Introduction
In [2], traveling-wave solutions of Boussinesq systems was studied. It was
constructed approximate and exact solutions for Boussinesq equations using
homotopy perturbation Pade technique in [5]. Methods and applications to wa-
ter waves were studied in [6] and [3]. In [1] was treated Boussinesq Equations.
In paper [4] was obtained the solitary wave solutions of two different forms of
Boussinesq equations. In this paper we study new approximated solutions of
the Boussinesq equations for a small parameter α > 0

ηt + ((1 + αη)u)ξ = 0, (1)

α β
ut + ηξ + (u2 )ξ − uξξt = 0, (2)
2 3
subject to the condition

u(ξ, 0) = f (ξ), η(ξ, 0) = η0 (ξ). (3)

2 Exact solution in the nonlinear case

Denoting the Fourier transform of a function g(ξ, t) with respect to ξ by
Z ∞
ĝ(k, t) = g(ξ, t)e−ikξ dξ
−∞

Taking the Fourier transform in (1)-(3) we obtain

η̂t + ikû + αik η̂ ∗ û = 0, ξ ∈ R, t ≥ 0, (4)

β
(1 + k 2 )ût + ik η̂ + αû ∗ iqû = 0, (5)
3
subject to the condition

û(k, 0) = f˜(k), η̂(k, 0) = η̂0 (k). (6)

Taking the derivative with respect to t in (5) we obtain

β 2
(1 + k )ûtt + ik η̂t + α(û ∗ iqû)t = 0, (7)
3
Multiplying by −ik to equation (4) and adding to equation (7) we obtain

β 2
(1 + k )ûtt + k 2 û + αk 2 η̂ ∗ û + α(û ∗ iqû)t = 0 (8)
3
An approximation to the Boussinesq equations 2435

Dividing by k 2 we have

(1 + β3 k 2 ) α
2
ûtt + û + αη̂ ∗ û + 2 (û ∗ iqû)t = 0 (9)
k k
the solution is
−√ ik
t √ ik
t
β β
1+ 3 k2 1+ 3 k2
û(k, t) = c1 e + c2 e
q − √ ikτ
β 2 β 2
√ ikt
β
Z t i 1 + 3 k f (τ )e 1+ 3 k
1+ 3 k2
+ αe − dτ
0 2k(1 + β3 k 2 )
q √ ikτβ
β 2 2
−√ ikt t i 1 + 3 k f (τ )e 1+ 3 k
Z
β
1+ 3 k2
+ αe dτ. (10)
0 2k(1 + β3 k 2 )
where
1
f (t) = η̂ ∗ û + (û ∗ iqû)t (11)
k2
Dividing by ik in (5) we obtain

1 β
η̂ = − ((1 + k 2 )ût + αû ∗ iqû) (12)
ik 3
Convoluting with û
1 β
η̂ ∗ û = − ((1 + k 2 )ût + αû ∗ iqû) ∗ û
ik 3
Then f (t) depends on û and from (10)

−√ ik
t √ ik
t
β β
1+ 3 k2 1+ 3 k2
û(k, t) = c1 e + c2 e + αT û (13)

where

q − √ ikτ
β 2 β 2
√ ikt
β
Z t i 1 + 3 k f (τ )e 1+ 3 k
1+ 3 k2
T û = e − dτ
0 2k(1 + β3 k 2 )
q √ ikτβ
β 2 2
−√ ikt t i 1 + 3 k f (τ )e 1+ 3 k
Z
β
1+ 3 k2
+e dτ
0 2k(1 + β3 k 2 )
2436 C.F. Baron, A.M. Marin and R.D. Ortiz

For shallow water waves of small amplitude we have that α and β are
very small where α is related with nonlinear term and β with respect to the
dispersive term and they are dimensionless parameters. Taking α → 0 and
using the fact that (1 − αT )−1 there exists, then applying Neumann series we
have ∞
X
−1
(1 − αT ) = αn T n .
n=0
Then from (13)

∞ −√ ik
t √ik
t
β β
X
n n 1+ 3 k2 1+ 3 k2
û(k, t) = α T û(c1 e + c2 e ) (14)
n=0

Using the inverse Fourier theorem we obtain

∞ − √ ik √ ikβ t
Z ∞X t
1 n n β
1+ 3 k2 2
u(ξ, t) = α T û(c1 e + c2 e 1+ 3 k )eikξ dk (15)
2π −∞ n=0
This is an approximation of u as α → 0.
If we take the derivative with respect to t in this equation we obtain
   
−√ ik
t √ ik
t
ik β
1+ 3 k2
ik β
1+ 3 k2
ût (k, t) = c1 − q e + c2  q e
β 2 β 2
1 + 3k 1 + 3k
∞ −√ ik
t √ β t
ik
β 2
X 2
+( αn T n û(c1 e 1+ 3 k + c2 e 1+ 3 k ))t
n=1

And then replacing this into (12) we get

β 2 − √1+ β k2 t √ ikβ t
ik
r r
β 2
η̂ = c1 1 + k e 3 − c2 1 + k 2 e 1+ 3 k + O(α) (16)
3 3
Now using the initial conditions (6) we obtain
f˜(k) η̂0 (k)
c1 = + q + O(α)
2 2 1 + β3 k 2
f˜(k) η̂0 (k)
c2 = − q + O(α) (17)
2 2 1 + β3 k 2
We have proved the following theorem
Theorem 2.1. The solution of the problem (1) - (3) is given by (14), (16)
and (17).
Acknowledgements. The authors express their deep gratitude to Uni-
versidad de Cartagena for partial financial support.
An approximation to the Boussinesq equations 2437

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Received: September 12, 2014, Published: October: 27, 2014