IRREGULAR VERBS Gms Guna (Past participle \ (> 1 [be foi, bi was woz, waz/,were_ /wa:(t), Watt)! been _/bizn/ become _/bi'kam! became _/br'kerm! Becone_/o'kam! begin _/br'gin! began _/br'gcen! besen_ vgn break _sbreik! broke _fbrouk/ broken’ [brook build _/bild! boult_ bul? built_/bult/ buy Toa! bought _*ho:t! Gougithi@at! can_/ken/ ‘could /kud! could /kud! catch keel) caught_/k caught [Ket come _/kam/ came _/ketm! cones eae ‘0 [do idus) did (dnd one iaan drink /drink/ drank /drenk/ drunk _/dragk/ eat fst) ate_fewt! an find /farndl found _/faund! found and fly /Mla flew _/flu:/ flown _/floun/ get _/get! got /got! got_/got! getup get apy gotup got ap! gotup_/'got ap! give _/giv! gave _/getv/ given _/givn/ go _/gaul ‘went _/went/ gone _/gon/ have _/haev/ had _/haed/ had _/heed/ 20 | hide hard! hid hid hidden _/hudn/ know _/nau/ knew _/nju:/ known _/naun/ Team lain! leamt/leamned _/Iaint/ Teamnt/leared _/la:nt/ leave _flisv/ left_Meft/ left_fleft/ lose lu: lost Most lost_/lost/ make _/meik/ made _/merd! made _/meid! meet _/mist/ met_imet! met_/met/ read_/rizdl read_/red! read ined! run _iran! ran_/raen! ua _/ran/ say ise! said [sed said_/sed! see_/si saw _/soil seen_/siin/ send_ Send sent_/sent! sent _/sent/ sit_/sit! sat_ [sat] sat set! slept_/slept/ slept slept! spoke _/spauk! spoken _/'spavkon! spend _/spend/ spent _/spent! spent SHapeat? swim swim swam _/swaem/ Saunt eeiaT take _/terk! took _/tuk! GRRE EASA teach Ait taught aaghREASE tell_/el i, [anaae 7 os eld wear_/wea(r)/ thought_/0ei worn _/woun/ write iran! wrote [rout waitten_/ritn/ 112. Irregular verbs ef lfita aay ly (Senerane OO Talking about hobbies and interests Vminterestedin .. mnotinterestedin . mito. Vmnot into .. ike. don’t like Vmgoodat.... mot good at My favourite ...is/are Introducing people How are things? / How are you? Thisis (Yasmin), (Yasmin) is into. See youlater. Adverbs of degree itisn very (expensive) It’s very (expensive). It’s quite expensive), It’s really (expensive). king of answers Ithink he /she it’s... ‘And you? Vmnotsure Yes, that's right. don't know. Writing about yourself mastudentat.. Vm into... especially Email or message mein (English). Ispeak/ study... Bye for now! Talking about places There’sa/an Thereisn'ta/ an Therearesome... Therearen’tmany... My favourite placeis Comparing opinions Ithink Yes, you're right Really? think ‘Asking and saying where places are Excuse me. Are wenear the... here? Yes, look, we're here. How farisit/the ...from here? It'sabout ... minutes on foot /by bus. Thanks for yourhelp. You're welcome, Describing a town or city Iesin the north /south / west /east /centre Of It'sa/an (interesting) town/city. It's gota population of about (500,000), My favourite placesare...and... It’s only (afew kilometres) from (the sea). 110 Key phrases Comparing answers What have you got for number 1? Ithinkit's true/false. What about you? What do you think? Time expressions Inthe holidays/ the summer/ the evening, At6am./230 pm, ... (On weekdays / Monday /Tuesday, ... Atthe weekend / New Year... ‘Making plans and suggestions What's on? What do you want todo /see? Fm not really interested in (the). Hike the sound of (the)... What about (the)... Let's goto (the) Talking about a celebration There's a celebration called .. People celebrate... ‘There are ... inthe street, I’salot of (un), Identifying things What do you think it is? Itlooks ike a /an Itsounds like a/an ve got noidea. Maybeit’sa/an...? Estimating (Anew baby) is usually between (2.5) and (45 kilos), (Gorillas) can grow to around (250 kilos) (Camels) can survive about (6 months) without water. Requesting permission IsitOKifl/we...? Can /we/you...? Giving permission Yes, of course you can, Refusing permission No,1'm afraid you can't. msomy, but Describing animals in danger They can weigh / grow to/be . Ione ofthe (biggest birds); The... ismowin danger. ‘You can find information (on the website), Ce Talking about school subjects ve got no /a bit of / loads of (maths) homework, ur (att) teacheris isnt very /quite (strc), Tm great /not great at. Frm really good at... lenjoy... PmOKat Iprefer Asking for help with languages How do you spell that? How do you say ‘tomorrow’ in French)? Can you say that again, please? Can you help me with something, please? Giving information about your school 'm really (happy) that It'sa small / medium-sized /big school. Some subjects like (maths) and (English) are compulsory. Other subjects are optional. Here's a photo of . Maybe you can email me Likes and dislikes Hove ... I (quite / really) ike... Idon'tmind... (really) don’t like ... thate ... Ordering food Can thelp you? Can ihave (a cheese sandwich), please? Would you like (salad or chips with that)? Anything else? Mithave (a cola), please. That's (£5.50), please. Writing a food blog It's easy /fun / cheap / dificult to make, They taste terrible / OK / great. Mmm! Delicious! Enjoy your meal! Join me next month,@ LANGUAGE FOCUS REFERENCE ¢ Unit 4 - Present continuous: affirmative and negative Pm studying. [You're studying, ?'m not studying, You aren't studying, He's studying. She's studying, It’s studying, He isnt studying. She isn’t studying. Itisn’t studying, We're studying, You're studying, IThey’re studying, We aren't studying. You aren't studying, They aren't studying. We make the affirmative form of the present continuous with the verb be and the -ing form of the verb. {'m looking at my English dictionary. Fatma is speaking to the teacher. We're learning about life in China. You're doing a difficult science question. To make the negative form, use the verb be plus not and the-ing form of the verb. In spoken or informal written English, we use short forms in both the affirmative and the negative. Um reading the notes. He isn't listening to his friend. They aren't doing their homework. Spelling rules With the majority of verbs: add -ing. watch > watching check > checking play > playing eat > eating With verbs that end in -e: remove -e and add -ing. revise > revising have + having move > moving make > making With verbs that end in vowel + single consonant: double the consonant and add -ing. sit > sitting swim > swimming run running get up > getting up 90 LANGUAGE FOCUS * Unit 4 SPF) Present continuous: questions Affirmative Negative ‘Am | listening? Yes, 1am. No, 'm not. ‘Are you listening? Yes, you are. | No, you aren, Ishe listening? Yes, he i No, he isn't, Yes, she, Yes, itis. Is she listening? Is tlistening? No, she isn No, itisn’t, Yes, we are Yes, you are Yes, they are. ‘Are we listening? ‘ee you listening? Ave they listening? No, we aren't, No, you aren't No, they arent. Tomake the question form, invert the verb be and the ing form. Am [sitting here? lc Alex playing football? Are you checking the answer to that question? What are we studying? Where are those students going? We make short answers with the verb be only, without then form. Are you learning Mandarin? No, I'm not. {s Selin doing an exam? Yes, she is. Are they finishing their homework? No, they aren't. Present continuous and present simple Usage ‘We use the present continuous to talk about actions in progress. We often use it with words and phrases lke at the ‘moment, now or today. Our teacher is speaking English now. They're watching a video in class today. Pavel and Tomas aren't concentrating at the moment. ‘Are we making notes from this book now? ‘We use the present simple to talk about routine or repeated action, We often use it with words and phrases like always, tsually, normally often, sometimes, never, every day or ety Friday. He gets the bus to school every day. | always get up at 7.00. They don’t usually help with the housework. Do you play football every Saturday? Note that there are some verbs (stative verbs) which we don’t usually use in the continuous form. These include: understand know, think, like, love, hate and want. "like history and art. NOT Femiking-history andar I know the answer. NOT -Filenowing-the-anewer: LLL ———3) LANGUAGE FOCUS REFERENCE ¢ Unit 3 Superlative adjectives add-est cold» the coldest add-st strange > the strangest, Regular Ends with -e remove-y and add -est noisy > the noisiest Ends consonant +y Ends ‘consonant + vowel ‘+ consonant double consonant and add -est hot > the hottest common > the most common good > the best bad» the worst far > the furthest Usage ‘We use supertative adjectives to compare three or more things, places or people. To make superlatives put the before the adjective, and add -est to the adjective, or most before longer adjectives. ‘The South Pole is one of the coldest places in the world. What is the hottest part of your country? The mountain gorilla is one of the rarest animals in Africa. The blobfish is one of the most interesting creatures in the sea. London Zoo is the best zoo in the UK. January is the worst month to visit this country, This is the furthest town from the capital city. Remember: the always goes before the superlative. These giraffes are the most beautiful animals in the National Park. NOT Fhese giraffes-are-most beautitut animale inthe-National Park, Where is the highest mountain in this area? NOT Where-is- highest-mountainin-this area? can for ability and permission To make the affirmative form of can, use the subject plus can plus the base form. Can has the same form for, you, she, he, it, we, you and they. | can play basketball. She can speak English. Bears can swim. 88 LANGUAGE FOCUS « Unit 3 We make the negative form with the subject plus can't (cannot) plus the base form. In spoken and informal written English, we often use the hon form can't. ‘Adam can't run very fast. Ostriches can't fly. We make questions with can plus the subject plus the base form Can you play a musical instrument? Can camels survive in cold places? Remember: Alvays use the base form ofthe verb with can nop the full infinitive. Rabbits can run fast. NOT Rabbits-con-torun-fact, Remember: Never use the auxiliary verb do / does in questions with ca. Can you dance? NOT-De-you-can-dance? Usage Can is used to express ability and permission. Ability Ican speak French and German. Can your sister swim? Yes, she can. Can you play tennis? No, I can’t, an your older brothers speak French? Yes, they can, Permission Can | watch that new programme on TV? Yes, you can. Can we goto the theatre tomorrow? No, you can't. Questions with How... ? Tomake questions with How, use How plus an adjective or adverb plusa verb. How heavy is a crocodile? How fast can an ostrich run? How far is the station from here? How long is this wildlie programme? Use How many... ?t0 ask about the number of things. How many pandas are there in China? How many elephants are there in this z00? Do2) LANGUAGE FOCUS REFERENCE ¢ Unit 2 Present simple: affirmative and negative help at home. I don’t help at home. You help at home. You don’t help at home. He helps at home. She helps at home. Ithelps at home. He doesn't help at home. She doesn't help at home, Itdoesn’t help at home. We help at home. You help at home. They help at home, We don't help at home. You don’t help at home. They don't help at home. The affirmative form is the base form of the verb (infinitive without to).To make the third person singular (he / she / it), ‘add--s or -es, or for verbs ending in -y, remove -y and add ies, Ising she sings you go he goes we study he studies To make the negative form, use do not or does not plus the base form of the verb. In spoken or informal written English, we use the short forms don't or doesn’t. {don't get home late. He doesn't get home late. Present simple: ques| Do! wash the car? Do you wash the car? Affirmative Yes,1do. Yes, you do. Negative No, I don’t. No, you don’t, Yes,he does. | No, he doesn’t, Yes, she does. | No, she doesn’t. Does he wash the car? Does she wash the car? Does it wash the car? | Yes,itdoes. | No, it doesn’t. Dowewash thecar? | Yes, wedo. | No, we don't. Doyouwash the car? | Yes,youdo. | No, you don’t. Do they wash the car?_| Yes, they do. _| No, they don’t. Do they play video games? Yes, they do. Do you watch TV a lot? No, I don't. To make the question form, use do or does plus the subject plus the verb. We make short answers with do or does in the affirmative and don't or doesn'tin the negative. 86 LANGUAGE FOCUS » Unit 2 What time How often Put question words at the begi Where does he work? Remember to include the auxiliary verb do / does in questions Where do you live? NOT Where-youtive? Usage We use the present simple: 1 to talk and ask questions about habits, routines and things that happen regularly What time do you get up? Fatma eats breakfast at p.m. 2. to describe things that are always true, or almost always true. I live in Kiev. My teacher doesn't speak French. 3 totalk about what we think, feel or like. Do you like Turkish music? We love Italian food. Adverbs of frequency always normally, usually often sometimes never In sentences with be, adverbs of frequency go after the verb be. Robert is always friendly. However, with all other verbs, adverbs of frequency go before the verb. They often help with the housework. In questions, adverbs of frequency always go after the subject. Do you usually wash your face in the morning? Are your brothers always noisy? Usage We use adverbs of frequency to describe how often we 6° something, 9 eel@) LANGUAGE FOCUS REFERENCE ¢ Unit 1 there’s, there are + a, an, some and any Thereisa/ an... There's a/ an . Singular Plural Therearesome... | - We use there is with a / an and singular nouns and there are with plural nouns. There is @ market in my town. There's an interesting monument near the station. There are some parks in this area. In spoken or informal written English, we use the short form there's. There are does not have a short form. Singular Thereisnota/an.... | There isn’ta/an.. Plural There are not any... _| There aren't any To make the negative form, use there is not with singular nouns and there are not with plural nouns. In spoken or informal written English, we use the short forms there isn't and there aren't. We use any with plural nouns. There isn’t a cinema near here. There aren't any good cafes in this street. Usage We use there is / there are to express the existence or absence of someone or something. There's a new hotel in our city. There are some nice flats near the school. There aren't any Chinese restaurants in my town, Is there a shopping centre? No, there isn't. Js there... aa Yes, there is. Yes, there are. Four. 2, Are there ... 2, How many . Negative No, there isn’t. No, there aren't Istherea/an...? Are there any ...? are there? How many .. We use the question form is there with a / an anda singular noun. Is there a theatre in your area? lc there an Indian restaurant near here? We use Are there with any and a plural noun. Are there any interesting places for young people? 84 LANGUAGE FOCUS » Unit 1 Innnegative short answers, we often use the short forms int and aren't. No, there isn’t. No, there aren’ ‘When asking about a specific number of people or things use How many... arethere? How many cinemas are there? (There are) two. Comparative adjec add-er old > older addr safe > safer remove-y and add “er pretty > prettier Regular Ends with-e Ends consonant +y Ends consonant + vowel + consonant double consonant and add er big > bigger modern > more modern good > better bad > worse far > further Usage We use comparative adjectives to compare things, places or people. The comparative adjective goes before than. This park is quieter than that big market. My school is more modern than your school. Are those office buildings bigger than the station?” This small cafe is nicer than Luigi's restaurant. {s the book better than the new film? He's noisier than his brother. {s Your town more interesting than my town?