Course Code: PCM 101 EFL> expanding circle (use English

for business, govt, etc.)

Language
 a system of rules (grammar)
 a system of sounds Potential problems/challenges to
 lexicon- usually covers an ESL and EFL learners include the
ancient language or the special following:
vocabulary of a particular
PHONOLOGY (SPEECH SOUND)
author or field of study.
 The man’s most effective Sounds that are present in the speech
medium of communication inventory of one language which are
not available in the speech
World English
inventory of another language.
Universal language
For examples
Lingua franca (use in workplace,
Japanese do not have /l/sound, so they
govt., etc.)
substitute the sound
People all over the world are using of/l/to/r/as in ‘gurufurendu’ for
more and more varieties of English girlfriend.
now popularly called World
Filipinos do not have long sounds in
Englishes.
English language such as /i/ for
eagle; /o/ for pole; and/u/ for chew,
Kirkpatrick(2007)
-English as a Native Language(ENL), Korean do not have the English
consonant sounds/f/and/v/,and/Ө
-English as a Second Language(ESL)
ORTHOGRAPHY (SPELLING)
-English as a Foreign Language(EFL)
It is frequently noted that ESL and
Kachru(2003) represented the growth
EFL students suffer in their English
and spread of English into concentric
writing more than the native speakers
circles:
due to absence of some English vowel
ENL> inner circle (speakers of and consonant sounds in their native
English) or local language and the influence of
ESL> outer circler (colonized their mother tongue
countries) Examples:
1. omission gramar (grammar) is considered as the most desirable
form of language.
2. substitution saksopon (saxophone)
Language specialists maintain that
3. transportation beleive (believe)
Standard English has the following
4. insertion or addition fourty (forty) identifying characteristics:

SYNTAX (arrangement of words) 1. The working language in the

academe, in the government, in
English, Taiwan, French, and other
business, and in media
languages use subject-verb-object
(SVO)pattern; 2.A variety of English held by many
to be “correct” in grammar and
Japanese, Korean, Indian, use subject
capitalization
to object-verb (SOV), and Filipinos
use verb-subject-object (VSO). 3. The language most widely used,
understood, accepted, and valued in
English: That snake killed the dog (SVO)
any English speaking countries.
Japanese: Sono habiga inu o korosita.
4.The language that is especially
(SOV) important in written English. It
Filipino: Pinatay ng ahas ang aso. (VSO) contains uniform spelling, standard
usage, conventional sentence and
SEMANTICS (WORD paragraph structure, and consistent
MEANINGS) punctuations.
Meanings of certain words or 5. The language easiest to recognize
expressions in one language may in print because written conventions
differ in another language. are common world-wide
For examples, the English meaning 6.It issued by educated people whose
for the word ‘salvage’ is ‘to save’; to language conventions are respected
Filipinos ‘salvage’ means ‘to kill”. and who carry on the important affairs
in the world

STANDARD ENGLISH Standard English can be described in

terms of styles --- Formal and
Most highly polished form of spoken Informal English.
and written English used by educated
Formal language also called
people. It has prestige and status and
“literese” (as it is remarkably
influenced by reading) is more
academic in style and more objective grammatical constructions not
in expression of ideas. It is often used normally used by educated people.
in writing than in speaking
4. A variety of English that differs
Non standard (or substandard ) greatly from the standard.
English is a variety of English that is
5.A language that contains
mark ‘incorrect’ because it does not
expressions usually taken as a sign of
follow rules and guidelines of
inferior social and academic
Standard English.
background.
Uses of non standard English informal
HONORIFICS is courtesy titles that
or scholarly settings can damage your
are used in spoken and written
credibility, discredit the value of your
language to communicate honor or
message, and alienate your audience.
respect for position or rank when
On the other hand, informal language addressing or referring to a person.
also called “colloquial’ which means The usage of honorifics differs from
‘conversations” is more person to person, offices, institutions
relaxed and more friendly intone. Its (such as college or university), and
comfortable level of English makes it cultures.
popular for educated people
to ordinary use it in everyday
conversations but avoid it in formal 1. Courtesy Titles
written English.
Madam is commonly used with the
Language specialists identify name of an office to address a woman
nonstandard English in the who is the office
following characteristics:
Ma’am (abbreviation for madam)is
1. The language of the uneducated. It often used to address a teacher, or is
is loaded with grammatical errors, used as a polite respond to something
misspellings, misused punctuations, an older woman has said, and it can
slang and clichés. be used without a name.

2.A variety of English characterized In addition to elder people and those

by grammatical features and with positions or authority, you will
vocabulary which are typical of a also need to use titles, for children
particular geographical area. 3.A whose parent has a position/authority
language that uses expressions and or is someone you respect. Use young
man or young lady in place of a name
when you are speaking honorific used with instructors
directly to him/her. in and around campus.
C. Retired Professor or
Mx. Is a gender-neutral honorific used
Professor Emerita/Emeritus
as a title for those who simply do not
Is someone retired with an
want to be identified by gender.
honorary title from an office or
2. Academic And Professional position in a university. If the
Titles Professor holds a doctorate and
has the personal rank of
These types of honorifics are typically
used as a style in the grammatical Example:
third person and as a form of address
Dr. Ma. Lourdes Bautista
in the second person.
Dr. Norberto Zafra
the following respect and honorifics Professor Emerita
in using academic and professional Professor Emeritus
titles:
D. Graded ranks of professor
A. Dr. is for someone who holds a
such as Associate Professor,
doctoral degree(such as PhD
Assistant Professor, and the
and EdD)and for medical
like, all can be addressed (as a
practitioners, dentists, and
courtesy) as “Professor” or
veterinary surgeons (who do
“Professor Nanquil” in
not normally hold doctoral
conversation.
degrees)
Dr.+name is conversational
form.It is also used both
officially and socially in a
letter’s salutation. E. PhD and EdD are post
nominal abbreviations used in
writing to him/her with regard
to his/her professional
pursuits. They are also used on
official name plate .However,
B. Professor is for a person who they are not used on social
holds the academic rank of correspondence such as
professor in a university or wedding
other institution. It is also an invitation, etc.
 F. Other professional levels titles, and many other words simply to
Many use educational or save space and time.
occupational titles such as
6. Determine the type of Doctor
Engineer, Architect, Doctor,
(Doctor of Philosophy, Medical
Attorney (Engr., Arch.,
Doctor, Psychologist, Dentist,
Dr., Atty.). may be addressed
Or Veterinarian).
orally as Engineer or Engineer
(surname). 7.Call the office of the dignitary and
ask her/his preference. Ask the
1. Professor Velasco or Dr. Velasco (in
dignitary.
the classroom);
Susana Velasco, PhD or Dr. Susana
Velasco (on a correspondence). Communication – dual process of
transferring ideas/info from the sender
2. Choose one that is relevant or is the
to the receiver
preference of the bearer.
HUMAN use language to
3.Many style books recommend not
communicate, ANIMALS does not,
using periods with courtesy titles.
they use sounds to understand each
4. Do not use Mr. Mrs. Ms. Dr. with other.
any other abbreviated title or with an
8 PRINCIPLES OF COMM.
abbreviation denoting an
academic title or honor. o Clarity
o Timeliness
Example that are correct:
o Coherence
Dr. Noelito Bueno or Noelito Bueno, o Urgency
MD o Conciseness
5. Abbreviate professional titles only o Correctness
when they are used with both first and o Courteousness
last names, or initials and last o Completeness
names.
7 CHARACTERISTICS
Ex. Prof. D.S. Reyes Professor Reyes
o Clear
Informal academic prose is o Complete
considered bad form to abbreviate o Concrete/definite
names of people, academic o Concise
o Considered/believe
 o Courteous

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
-writing, speaking, presenting to
different audiences for various
purposes
DIFF. PURPOSE FOR EVERY
AUDIENCE
1. To inform
2. To educate
3. To persuade
4. To entertain