1

THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS,

PERIODIC TABLE AND CHEMICAL BONDS

I. Arrangement of Fundamental Particles of Matter

Fundamental Particles
- All matter is made up of atoms.
- Atoms consist of three main fundamental particles.
- They are protons, neutrons and electrons.
Particles Mass Charge Position in an atom
proton(p+) 1 amu Positive (+) in the nucleus
1
electron (e-) amu Negative (-) in the orbit
1840
neutron (n0) 1 amu Neutral (0) in the nucleus

Arrangement of the Fundamental Particles in the Atom

Atom - Atom is the basic unit of an element that can enter into chemical combination. It consists of a small
dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by moving electrons.

Nucleus -A small, dense, positively charged centre of the atom is called nucleus. This nucleus contains protons and
neutrons.

Protons - Protons are positively charged particles reside in the nucleus of the atom.

Electrons - Electrons are negatively charged particles. They move outside and around the nucleus in circular or near
circular orbits.

Neutrons - Neutrons are uncharged particles of the nucleus of the atom.

- The negative charge of the electrons balances the positive charge of the nucleus.
- Thus, the atom as a whole is neutral.
- Most of an atom is empty space that separates the tiny nucleus from the distant electrons.
- Most of the mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus since the mass of the electrons is so small that it can
be considered negligible.
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- An atom without neutron is hydrogen.

- Hydrogen atom has no neutron.
- The atom with the duplet structure is helium.
- Hydrogen is the lightest element.
- Electron is the lightest particle.
- Mass of electron is almost equal to zero.
- Mass of electron is negligible.
- Charged particle is an electron or a proton or an ion.
- The particles in the nucleus are called nucleons.

Atomic Number (Z)

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is known as the atomic number of an element.
- Atoms are electrically neutral.
- Therefore, in an atom, the number of protons must be equal to the number of electrons.
- Since an atom contains an equivalent number of protons and electrons, the atomic number of an element
represents the number of protons as well as electrons present in the atom of the element.

Atomic structure of selected elements

Number of electrons, protons and neutrons
Element Symbol Atomic number in each atom
Electrons Protons Neutrons
Hydrogen H 1 1 1 -
Helium He 2 2 2 2
Lithium Li 3 3 3 4
Beryllium Be 4 4 4 5
Chlorine Cl 17 17 17 18
Zinc Zn 30 30 30 34
Lead Pb 82 82 82 124
Uranium U 92 92 92 146

Mass Number (A)

The mass number of the element is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom of that element.
- The atomic number of an element never changes.
- This means that all atoms of the same element contain the same number of protons.
- However, this is not the case with the number of neutrons.
- Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons.

Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are
called isotopes. (In other words)
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element with different masses.
35 37
- The atomic number of Cl is 17. The two isotopes chlorine are represented as 17Cl and 17Cl.
35 37
- In 17Cl , one atom of chlorine contains 17 protons and 35 – 17 = 18 neutrons whereas one atom of 17Cl contains 17
electrons, 17 protons and 20 neutrons.
- Note that both isotopes of chlorine contain the same number of protons (17) and electrons (also 17).
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Notation for isotopes

- The isotopes of any element X is usually represented as A
ZX where A is the mass number of the isotope and Z is
the atomic number of the element X.
- Isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number Z, but the mass number A may be different.

𝐀𝐀
𝐗𝐗
𝐙𝐙

A = mass number A = Relative atomic mass of X

X = symbol of element (i) Mass of 1 atom of X = A amu
Z = atomic number (ii) Mass of 1 mole of X = A g

Possible isotopes of Chlorine are 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂 and 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐂𝐂𝐂𝐂.
Possible isotopes of Oxygen are 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖𝐎𝐎 , 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖𝐎𝐎 and 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟖𝐎𝐎
Possible isotopes of Hydrogen are 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐇𝐇 , 𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟏𝐇𝐇 and 𝟑𝟑𝟏𝟏𝐇𝐇 .
- Possible isotopes ဟု ေမးလွ်င္ mass number ကို (±1) or (±2) ေျပာင္းေရးပါ။
- Reason ေမးလွ်င္ isotope definition ေရးေပးပါ။

mass number = number of protons + number of neutrons

number of neutrons = mass number – number of protons

atomic number = number of protons = number of electrons

II. The Electronic Structures of Atoms

Electronic Structure of Atom
Three types of electronic structures
(1) Integer Electronic Structure (IES)
(2) Diagram Electronic Structure (DES)
(3) Complete Electronic Structure (CES)
Main Shells
- Electrons move round the nucleus in definite orbits or shells.
- The first shell is known as K shell, the second as L shell, the third as M shell, the fourth as N shell, the fifth as O
shell and so on.
- There are 7 main shells. Each shell or energy levels are also given numbers 1,2,3,4,5, …….., respectively.
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Diagrammatic representation of the nucleus and the electrons shells in an atom

- Each shell or energy level can contain a limited number of electrons.

- The maximum number of electrons which each shell could contain can be calculated by the formula 2n2, where n is
the shell number.
- For number 1 shell, the maximum number of electrons it could contain is (2 x 12) = 2 electrons.
- For number 2 shell, 2 x 22 = 8 electrons
- For number 3 shell, 2 x 32 = 18 electrons
- For number 4 shell, 2 x 42 = 32 electrons and so on.
- The energy of shell increase from K shell to Q shell.
Order of energy level
K ˂ L ˂ M ˂ N ˂ O ˂ P ˂ Q
increasing in energy
n=1 First shell K - shell 2n2 = 2 x 12 = 2ē

n=2 Second shell L - shell 2n2 = 2 x 22 = 8ē

n=3 Third shell M - shell 2n2 = 2 x 32 = 18ē

n=4 Fourth shell N - shell 2n2 = 2 x 42 = 32ē

n=5 Fifth shell O - shell 2n2 = 2 x 52 = 125ē

Here we shall concern ourselves only with the elements having atomic number up to 10.

The electronic structure of the atoms of the elements

Electrons in
Symbol Atomic number Electronic structures
1st shell 2nd shell
H 1 1 - 1
He 2 2 - 2
Li 3 2 1 2.1
Be 4 2 2 2.2
B 5 2 3 2.3
C 6 2 4 2.4
N 7 2 5 2.5
O 8 2 6 2.6
F 9 2 7 2.7
Ne 10 2 8 2.8
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The electronic structures

K . L . M . N
𝟒𝟒𝐁𝐁𝐁𝐁 = 2 . 2
𝟕𝟕𝐍𝐍 = 2 . 5
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 = 2 . 8
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍 = 2 . 8 . 1
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌 = 2 . 8 . 2
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝐊𝐊 = 2 . 8 . 8 . 1

Electronic Structure
The distribution of electrons in an atom of an element is known as the electronic structure of that element.

- The electronic structures of an element, for example , fluorine is written as F = 2.7

- Then the first integer 2 indicates that there are 2 electrons in the first shell.
- The second integer 7 indicates that there are 7 electrons in the second shell.
- Electronic structure of 17Cl = 2.8.7
- The electronic structure of an element can also be represented diagrammatically.
- The small circle at the centre with the symbol of the element represents the nucleus of the atom of that element.
- The electrons surrounding the nucleus are shown as dots.

Electronic Structures of Be , Ne and O

Sub-shells
- Each shell is again divided into a number of sub-shells, which are known as s, p, d and f.
- The letters used for sub-shells notations are the initial letters of the names given to certain spectral lines,
s stands for sharp
p for principal
d for diffuse
f for fundamental
- maximum number of electrons in s sub-shell - 2 electrons
p sub-shell - 6 electrons
d sub-shell - 10 electrons
f sub-shell - 14 electrons
- Thus, in a shell which have 8 electrons, 2 would be in sub-shell s and 6 in the sub-shell p.
- The shell which has 32 electrons will have 2 in s sub-shell (written as s2), 6 in the p sub-shell (written as p6), 10 in
the d sub-shell (written as d10) and 14 in the f sub-shell (written as f14)
- The energy increase from s to f.
- 4s has lower energy than 3d.
-
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Main-Shell Shell no:(n) Max:ē (2n2) Sub-shell

K 1 2 1s
L 2 8 2s 2p
M 3 18 3s 3p 3d
N 4 32 4s 4p 4d 4f

Order of filling up sub-shells with electrons

- The shell nearest to the nucleus has the lowest energy.
- In general, the closer the shell is to the nucleus, the lower is its energy.

Order of occupancy of Sub-shells

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p
K L M N
increasing in energy level

The complete electronic structures of some elements

Symbol of element Atomic number Complete Electronic Structure

H 1
He 2
Li 3
Be 4
B 5
C 6
N 7
O 8
F 9
Ne 10
Na 11
Mg 12
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Al 13
Si 14
P 15
S 16
Cl 17
Ar 18
K 19
Ca 20

Complete Electronic Structure

The arrangement of all the electrons of an atom of the element in appropriate sub-shells is sometimes known
as the complete electronic structure of that element.
Example, complete electronic structure of potassium is 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s1.

Essential Electronic Structure

The representation of the arrangement of valence electrons of an atom of the element in appropriate sub-
shells is called the essential electronic structure of that element.
Example, the essential electronic structure of potassium is 4s1.
- Essential electronic structure of noble gas or inert gas is ns2 np6.
- Essential electronic structure of halogen is ns2 np5.

Valence of the Elements

When the number of electrons in the outmost shell of the atom of the element is 4 or less than 4, then the
valence of that element is equal to the number of electrons in that outermost shell.
When the number of electrons in the outmost shell of the atom of the element is greater than 4, then the
valence of that element becomes 8 minus the number of electrons in that outermost shell.

Valence electrons
The number of valence electrons of an atom of a given element is equal to the group number of that element
in the periodic table (number of outermost electrons).
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III. The Periodic Table

The elements may be arranged in a table in order of their atomic numbers, so that elements with similar
electronic structures or similar properties fall under one another in a column. In this arrangement, elements with
similar electronic structures or similar properties occur at certain periodic intervals, i.e., the electronic structures of
the atom of the elements vary periodically with their atomic numbers. Hence the table is named the periodic table.
- Elements that are found within the same group of the periodic table have similar properties.
- In the modern periodic table, there are 18 vertical columns and 7 horizontal rows.
Group
The vertical columns are called groups. Elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in
the outermost shell of their atoms, i.e., they have the same number of valence electrons.
Period
The horizontal rows are called periods. All elements in the same period have the same number of electron
shells, i.e., elements of period 2 have 2 electrons shells, while those of period 3 have 3 electron shells and so on.
Alkali metals (Lithium, Sodium, Potassium) Li, Na, K
The elements in the Group IA of the periodic table with the exception of hydrogen, are called the alkali
metals.
Alkaline earth metals (Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium) Be, Mg, Ca
The elements in the Group IIA of the periodic table are known as the alkaline earth metals.

Halogens (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine) F, Cl, Br, I

The elements in the Group VIIB of the periodic table with the exception of hydrogen, are called the halogens.

Noble gases or inert gases (Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon) He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe
The elements in the Group 0 of the periodic table are known as the noble gases or inert gases.

Transition elements (According to the position in the periodic table)

The elements in the central section of the periodic table are known as the transition elements.

IV. Periodic Properties

Metals and Non-Metals in the Periodic Table
- As we go from left to right across the periodic table, the elements change in properties from metals to non-metals.
- The division of metals and non-metals in the periodic table is indicated by the dark line.
Metals
The elements to the left of the dark line are metals. All elements in s, d and f blocks are metals. The
elements below the dark line (broken line) in p block are metals.

Non-Metals
The elements to the right of the dark line are non-metals. The elements above the dark line (broken line) in p
block are non-metals.

Metalloids
For along each side of the dark line are elements that have properties of both metals and non-metals. These
elements except Aluminium (Al) are called metalloids.
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1 1
0 valence
IA VII B
0 Group

1 1 2
H H He
1 1 2
1
2 3 4 5 1
1st period
1s 1s 1s2
6
II A III B IV B VB
VI B 2nd period

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 2 5
1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s2 2s2
3rd period
2p1 2p2 2p6

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.8.5 2.8.6 2.8.7 2.8.8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 2 2 6 2 2 6
1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s 2s 2p 1s2 2s2
2p6 3s1 2p6 3s2 2p6 3s2 2p6 3s2 3s2 3p3 3s2 3p4 3s2 3p5 2p6 3s2 4th period

3p1 3p2 3p6

19 20
K Ca
2.8.8.1 2.8.8.2 Metalloid (B, Si ) halogens
2 2 2 2
1s 2s 1s 2s Highest
6 2 6 2
2p 3s 2p 3s EA
6 1 6 2
3p 4s 3p 4s
Noble gas ေရေအးနဲ႔
( Exept ဓာတ္ျပဳ
မူရင္◌း atom > ဖု◌ိ ion alkali
H) Inert gas
အမ ion > မူရင္◌း atom metals
(except H
Highest IE
)
Alkaline
lowest IE earth metals
lowest EA

electronic structure ၏
ေနာက္ဆံုးဂဏန္း (1) = alkali metal IA , IIA = metals
ေနာက္ဆံုးဂဏန္း (2) = alkaline earth metal IIIB (B, Si) = metalloids
ေနာက္ဆံုးဂဏန္း (7) = halogens IV,V,VI,VII,0 = non-metals
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ေနာက္ဆံုးဂဏန္း (8) = noble gas (or) inert gas

IA = alkali metals ( Li, Na, K)

IIA = alkaline earth metals ( Be, Mg, Ca)
Group VIIB = halogens ( F, Cl, Br, I)
0 = noble gas (or) inert gas ( He, Ne, Ar)

valence of 1 = I A, VII B ( H, Li, Na, K, F, Cl, Br, I )

valence of 2 = II A, VI B ( Be, Mg, Ca, O, S )
valence of 3 = III B, V B ( B, Al, N, P )
valence of 4 = IV B ( C, Si )
valence of 0 = 0 ( He, Ne, Ar )

The element in same group have - same number of valence electrons and similar properties.
The element in same period have - same number of electron shells.

P.N
Metalloid
(shell
E.S C.E.S E.E.S အေရ G.N C.V Metal Kind of element
အတြက္
Non-metal
)

IA and
1H =1 1s1 1s1 1 1 Non-metal
VIIB
Inert gas or noble gas
2He =2 1s2 1s2 1 0 0 Non-metal
( ∵ it is in group 0)
3Li = 2.1 Alkali metal
1s2 2s1 2s1 2 IA 1 Metal
( ∵ it is in group IA )
4Be=

5B=

6C=

7N=

8O=

9F=

10Ne=

11Na=

12Mg=

13Al=
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14Si=

15P=

16S=

17Cl=

18Ar=

19K=

20Ca=

Electropositive and Electronegative Elements

Electropositive Elements
In general, metals are electropositive elements which tend to lose electrons and form positive ions.

Electronegative Elements
In general, non-metals are electronegative elements which tend to gain electrons and form negative ions.

Noble gases or inert gases

The noble gases or inert gases are neither electropositive nor electronegative, because they have very stable
electronic structure and have little tendency to gain or lose electrons.

Electropositivity
The electropositivity of the elements decreases on going from left to right across a period,
(because the greater the number of electrons that has to be lost, the more difficult it becomes for the element to
lose electrons)

Electronegativity
The electronegativity of the elements increases on going from left to right across period.
(because the elements have an increasing tendency to gain electrons.)

- When the electropositive elements combine with the electronegative elements, i.e., when metals combine with non-
metals, ionic compounds are usually formed.
- When electronegative elements, or non-metals, combine with one another, covalent compounds are formed.

Atomic Sizes
- The size of an individual atom is difficult to determine.
- However, one can estimate the approximate radii of atoms by knowing the distances between atoms in molecules.
- Atomic size is generally described by the radius of an atom.
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Atomic radii of elements in second period

Atomic number 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Element Li Be B C N O F
Atomic radius (nm) 0.123 0.089 0.080 0.077 0.074 0.074 0.072

Atomic radii of alkali metals

Atomic number Element Atomic radius (nm)
3 Li 0.123
11 Na 0.157
19 K 0.203
37 Rb 0.216
55 Cs 0.235

Periodic Trends for atomic radii

1. Atomic radii decrease from left to right across a period in the periodic table.
- The higher the atomic number, the greater the number of protons in the nucleus.
- The charge on the nucleus increases with increasing atomic number.
- The attraction between the nucleus and any electron around the nucleus also increases.
- The nuclear charge (atomic number) increases while the added electrons enter the same shell, the
outermost shell.
- The increased nuclear charge attracts the electrons in the outermost shell closer to the nucleus.
- Hence the shell contracts, resulting in smaller atoms.

2. Atomic radii increase from top to bottom in a group in the periodic table.
- Down a group in the periodic table, atomic radii increase because of two reasons.
- First, the number of electrons increases.
- These additional electrons are in the larger electron shells farther and farther from the nucleus.
- Second, there is the repulsion between individual electrons.
- Hence the shell expands, resulting in large atoms.
Although the nuclear charge increases down a group, its effect will be little compared to the effect of the
change in distance between the electrons and the nucleus.

Ion
Ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that is electrically charged as the result of the loss or gain of electrons.

Ionic Sizes
Positive Ion (Cation)
- A positive ion is formed by removing one or more electrons from a metal atom.
- A positive ion is always smaller than its parent atom. Because they both have same nuclear charge but there is a
lesser number of electrons in the positive ion. The repulsion between electrons is reduced in the positive ion.
- The larger the positive charges on the cation, the smaller the size is.
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Example - Na and Na+

- Na+ is formed by the removal of one electron from neutral atom Na. (parent atom Na)
- They have same nuclear charges.
- But the number of electrons in Na > Na+.
- The repulsion between the electrons in Na > Na+.
- Therefore, size of Na > Na+.

Negative Ion (Anion)

- When one or more electrons are added to a neutral atom, a negative ion is formed.
- A negative ion is always larger than its parent atom.
- Because increasing the number of electrons cause an increase in the repulsion between electrons.
- The larger the negative charges on the anion, the larger the size is.
Example - Cl and Cl-
- Cl- is formed by the addition of one electron to neutral atom Cl. (parent atom)
- They have the same nuclear charges.
- But the number of electrons in Cl < Cl-.
- The repulsion between the electrons in Cl < Cl-.
- Therefore, Size of Cl < Cl-.
Ionization energy
Energy is required to remove electrons from atoms because they are held strongly within the atom by the
attraction of the nucleus. The amount of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom to from a
gaseous ion is called the ionization energy.
The ionization process can be expressed in an equation.
element(g) + ionization energy ⟶ ion+(g) + electron

Ionization Energy Process for sodium:

Na(g) + energy ⟶ Na+(g) + electron

- Successive removal of other electrons give the second, third and subsequent ionization energies.
- The ionization energies become progressively higher.
- Ionization energies measure how tightly electrons are bound to atoms.
- Low ionization energies indicate ease of removal of electrons, and hence ease of positive ion (cation) formation.

A plot of first ionization energy versus atomic number for several elements
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Variation in first ionization energies with atomic number

- In each period of Figure,

- The noble gases have the highest first ionization energies because they have the closed electronic structures (the
octet/ ns2 np6) which resist the removal of electrons
- The alkali metals have the lowest first ionization energies because they have only one electron outside of a noble
gas structure, which is very easy to remove.
- The ionization energies of the elements depend on the electronic structures.
- The periodic trends in the ionization energy are examined to learn about the stability of the various electronic
structures.
- Helium has the highest ionization energy and Caesium has the lowest ionization energy.

Ionization energies of the elements in the second period

Atomic number 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Elements Li Be B C N O F Ne
-1
IE (kJ mol ) 520 900 800 1086 1403 1314 1681 2081
1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5
Essential electronic structure 2s 2s 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s 2p 2s22p6

Periodic Trends for Ionization energy

Period
- Ionization energy increases from left to right across the period in the periodic table.
- Ionization energies increase from Li to Ne.
- This is because, the nuclear charge increases across a period and the electrons are more strongly held by the force
of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons.

- Another approach to this trend is to look at the relative sizes of the atoms.
- The size of the atoms decreases from left to right cross a period.
- The nuclear attractive force is greater in the smaller atoms.
- More energy is required to remove an electron from the element across the period.
Group
- Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom in the periodic table.
- The atomic size increases and the outermost electron is farther from the nucleus making it easier to remove it.

- The required energy to remove a second electron from the atom is known as Second ionization energy.
- Second ionization energy is greater than first ionization energy.
- This means that it is more difficult to remove a second electron.
- E.g., First ionization energy of sodium (Na) is 495 kJmol- but second ionization energy of sodium (Na) is
4600 kJmol-.
- Since the elements which have half-filled (ns2 np3) or fully-filled (ns2 np6) sub-shells are more stable, the ionization
energies of these elements are higher than others.
- E.g., Since Be atom has fully-filled sub-shell, Be atom is more stable than B.
Since N atom has half-filled sub-shell, N atom is more stable than O.
- Electron in higher shells are easier to remove.

Ionization energies of alkali metals

Atomic number Element IE (kJ mol-)
 15

3 Li 520
11 Na 495
19 K 418
37 Rb 403
55 Cs 374

Electron affinity
The electron affinity of an element is the energy released when an electron is added to a gaseous atom to
form a gaseous ion.
e.g., element(g) + electron ⟶ ion-(g) + energy
-
Cl(g) + e ⟶ Cl (g) + energy
- The halogens have the highest electron affinities because, they form stable anions with noble gas electronic
structures, ns2 np6, by gaining one electron.
- The alkali metals have very low electron affinities since they do not bind their outermost electron very strongly.

Electron affinities of halogens

Atomic Number Element Electron affinity
(kJ mol-)
9 F 333
17 Cl 348
35 Br 340
53 I 297
Period
- Electron affinity increases from left to right across the periodic table.
Group
- Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom of the periodic table.
- The decreasing trend in electron affinity on moving down a group arises because the size of the atom increases and
the electron being added goes to higher shells.

The anomalous behavior of Fluorine

The anomalous behavior of fluorine may be due to the fact that the fluorine atom is so small that the
incoming electron is affected by comparatively strong repulsion from the nine electrons already around the nucleus,
so diminishing the overall amount of energy released by the process.

- For many reasons, the variations in electron affinities are not regular across a period.
- The electron affinities generally increase from left to right across a period.
- Non-metals generally have higher electron affinities than metals.
- Metals have lower ionization energies.
- Since non-metals gain electrons to become negative ions, the word electronegative is used to describe them.
- Similarly, since metals lose electrons to become positive ions, the word electropositive is used to describe them.

Trends in Periodic Table ( Top to Bottom ) Trends in Periodic Table( Left to Right)
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Atomic size (Radius) increase From top to Atomic size (Radius) decrease From left to
Electropositivity increase bottom Electropositivity decrease right
Electronegativity decrease of the periodic Electronegativity increase of the periodic
Ionization energy decrease table. Ionization energy increase table
Electron affinity decrease Electron affinity increase

R တိုး ထက္ေအာက္ , R ေလ်ာ့ ေဘးတိက

ု ္

Largest size = Cs Smallest size =H

Highest I.E = (noble gas) He Lowest I.E = (alkali metal) Cs
Highest E.A = (halogen) Cl Lowest E.A = (alkali metal) Cs

CHEMICAL BONDS
Types of Bonds
- There are three main types of chemical bonds, (1) ionic bond (2) covalent bond and (3) metallic bond.
- The coordinate bond which is a special type of covalent bond is another common chemical bond.

1. Ionic Bond or Electrovalent Bond

An ionic bond is formed when there is complete transfer of an electron or electrons from one atom to another
resulting in the formation of cations and anions. These oppositely charged ions are held together by an electrostatic
attraction known as ionic bond.
- The most typical ionic compounds are formed when a metal element from Group IA or Group IIA reacts with a non-
metal from Group VIB or Group VIIB.
- When the reaction occurs, electrons are transferred from the metal to the non-metal until the outer electron shells
are identical to those of the nearest noble gases.
- This electron transfer process charged particles called ions.

Positive ion (cations)

Atoms or groups of atoms lose valence electrons (from other atoms) to form positive ions (cations).

Negative ion (anions)

Atoms or groups of atoms gain valence electrons (from other atoms) to form negative ions (anions).
- The charge on an ion is directly correlated with the number of electrons lost or gained.
- The ions are stable because they obtain the electronic structure of a noble gas.
- An ionic bond results from the electrostatic attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged
anions.
- For example, when sodium and chlorine combine to form sodium chloride, one electron from the sodium atom is
transferred to the chlorine atom, resulting in the cation Na+ and the anion Cl-.
-
Example -
 17

- Both Na+ and Cl- ions now possess stable electronic structures of the noble gases.
- The sodium and chloride ions are held together by the strong electrostatic force of attraction which is known as the
ionic bond.

Characteristic Properties of Ionic Compounds

- Ionic compounds do not contain molecules.
- They consist of aggregates of oppositely charged ions.
- If they are melted or dissolved in water, the ions become more mobile.
- Ionic compounds will not dissolve in organic solvents such as toluene, ether, benzene, etc.
- They conduct electricity and they are electrolytes.
- Ionic compounds are solids and do not vaporize easily.

Covalent Bond
Covalent compounds are formed when non-metals react with one another. In covalent bonding actual
molecules are produced, not ions. Each electron of the "shared pair" passes from an orbit controlled by the nucleus of
one atom into an orbit controlled by the nuclei of both atoms.
- In a covalent bond between two atoms, the electrons are not actually gained or lost by the atoms concerned.
- The two electrons forming a covalent bond are shared between the two atoms.

Covalent molecules of methane, ammonia and water

(only valence electrons are shown in this figure)
- Each shared electron pair is made up of one electron from each of the atoms concerned.
- All the atoms share the resulting octet or duplet of electrons.
- The formation of four covalent bonds in methane can be represented by the electron dot-cross structure as:

Characteristic Properties of Covalent Compounds

- Covalent compounds consist of molecules.
- They contain no ions, are unable to conduct electricity and so are non-electrolytes.
 18

- Simple covalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids (e.g., ammonia, carbon dioxide, ethanol) because their
molecules are electrically neutral and the forces of attraction between them are very small.
- As the molecules come closer together, the atomic nuclei of one molecule and the electrons of another molecule
attract each other while at the same time there is repulsion between their electrons.
- The forces of attraction and repulsion are balanced in the formation of crystal.
- These van der Waals forces are rather weak and the crystals have low melting points. (e.g., naphthalene has
melting point of 81 ℃ compared to that of the ionic crystal such as sodium chloride of melting point, 804℃ )j.
- Covalent compounds are usually soluble in covalent organic solvents, such as benzene or carbon disulphide.

Coordinate Bond or Dative Bond

Coordinate bond or dative bond is a special type of covalent bond. A coordinate bond is formed when one of
the participant atoms possesses a lone pair of electrons. This lone pair is donated to an atom needing them to build
up or complete an electron octet or duplet of great stability.
- Coordinate bond is characterized by the fact that the two shared electrons are both supplied by one of the
participating atoms.
- This is quite different from an ordinary covalent bond, where the two bonded atoms contribute an electron each
towards the formation of the bond.
- The formation of NH4+ is an example of a dative covalent combination.
- The ammonia molecule possesses a lone pair of electrons; it can be donated to a hydrogen ion from an acid to produce the
ammonium ion NH4+, forming a coordinate bond.
- This bonding supplies an electron duplet to the hydrogen nucleus while still maintaining the stable electron octet structure of the
nitrogen atom in ammonia.
- As a result of the combination, the positive charge on the hydrogen ion is carried over to give the positively charged ammonium
ion, NH4+.

Formation of ammonium ion

Octet Rule
In forming a chemical bond, atoms gain, lose or share electrons in such a way to attain the stable electronic
structures of the noble gases, i.e., to have eight electrons in the outermost shell. This is known as the octet rule.
- The noble gas stable electronic structures have in common that the outermost s and p sub-shells are completely
filled.
- There are eight outer shell electrons.
- Atoms of many electrons that lack the very stable outer-shell electronic structure of the noble gas tend to attain it in
chemical reactions that result in compound formation.

Exception to the Octet Rule BeCl2 , BCl3 , BF3 , PCl5 , PF5 , SCl6 , SF6 , ClF3
Deviation from the Octet Rule
- There are some exceptions to the octet rule.
- Such exceptions are found with elements of the second period of the periodic table, e.g., BeCl2 and BCl3.
 19

- BeCl2 and BCl3 are electron deficient molecules.

- In BeCl2 , the beryllium atom is surrounded by 4 valence electrons.
- In BCl3 , the boron atom is surrounded by 6 valence electrons.

- Also there are exceptions in the third period of the periodic table, e.g., PF5 , ClF3 and SF6.

- PF5 and ClF3 are electron excess molecules.

- In PF5 , the phosphorous atom is surrounded by 10 valence electrons.
- In ClF3 , the chlorine atom is surrounded by 10 valence electrons.
- In SF6 , the sulphur atom is surrounded by 12 valence electrons.

Metallic Bond
Most of the metals are solids at room temperature and , therefore, there must be some sort of bonding
between these metal atoms. These metal atoms are held together in solid crystalline form by what is known as
metallic bonding.
- A metallic bond is observed in metals.
- In metallic solids, atoms of metals are present.
- They form metallic bonds.
- In a metallic bond, valence electrons of the atoms are very loosely held, forming a common electron cloud.
- Electrons move freely within this electron cloudn.
- These electrons are often described as sea of electrons.
- The positively charged metallic ions resulting by loss of valence electrons, repel each other, but they are
surrounded by free-moving electrons.
- Hence, they are held together by the attractive force of the electron cloud.
- Each metal atom is bonded to all the atoms around it by a surrounding sea of electrons.
- The sea of mobile electrons in a metallic crystal accounts for many of the properties of metals.
- Metals are malleable and ductile.
- The flexibility of metals results from the fact that the metal ion can slide by each other and the electrons are free to
flow.
- The ability of the electrons to flow freely also accounts for the high electric conductiivity of metals.
- Electricity flows easily through metals.
 20

Differences between ionic compounds and covalent compounds

(1) Constituent particles
- Ionic compounds contain ions. (do not contain molecules, but contain aggregates of oppositely charged ions.)
- Covalent compounds contain molecules.

(2) Elecrolyte or Non-electrolyte

- Ionic compounds are electrolytes.
- Covalent compounds are non-electrolytes.

(3) Volatility
- Ionic compounds are solid and do not vapourize easily.
- Covalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids.

(4) Melting point and Boiling point

- Ionic compounds have melting point and boiling point.
- Covalent compounds have low melting point and boiling point.

(5) Solubility
- Ionic compounds are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents. (such as benzene, toluene, ether, etc)
- Covalent compounds are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. (such as benzene, carbon
disulphide)

(6) Electrical conductivity

- Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when they melt or dissolve in water.
- Covalent compounds cannot conduct electricity.

(7) Structures
- Ionic compounds have giant structures.
 21

- Covalent compounds have molecular structures.

(8) Forces
- In ionic compounds, the forces between cations and anions are strong electrostatic attraction.
- In covalent compounds, the forces between molecules are weak van der Waals forces.

Question No. (6)

Short Questions (2 Marks)
 22

…အေျခခံအမႈနတ
္ ႕ို ရဲ႕ ဂုဏသ
္ တၱိဆင
ို ္ (2) မွတတ
္ န္ ေမးခြနး္ တိမ
ု ်ား…
1. What is the charge and mass of a neutron?
2. In a neutral atom of an element, the number of a certain particle or particles is equal to the atomic number.
Name the particle or particles.
3. What are the charges and masses of neutron and electron?
4. Give the maximum number of electrons in number 2 shell and number 4 shells.
5. Give the maximum number of electrons in L shell and M shell.

…Atomic Number ႏွင့္ Mass number အေျခခံေမးခြန္းငယ္မ်ား…

6. Determine the number of electrons, protons and neutrons for 35 23 19
17Cl , 11Na and 9F .
7. How many protons, electrons and neutrons are there in 28 35 28 40
13Al , 17Cl , 14Si and 18Ar .

…Isotopes ဆိင
ု ရ
္ ာ ဥာဏ္စမ္းေမးခြနး္ တိမ
ု ်ား…
8. Select the isotopes from the following and give reasons for yoru answer.
35 40 40 37
 17Cl , 18Ar , 20Ca , 17Cl
35
 17Cl , 235
92U ,
27
12Mg ,
238
92U
40
 18Ar , 21
10Ne , 40
20Ca , 20
10Ne
 41
19K , 40
18Ar ,
35
17Cl ,
40 37
20Ca , 17Cl
9. An element X has the following particles 9 protons, 10 neutrons, 9 electrons. Write down the atomic number and
mass number of element X. Suggest a possible isotope of element.
10. Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the atom of the element "E" which has the atomic
number 14 and mass number 28. Give the possible isotopes.
11. Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the atom of the element "E" which ahs atomic
number 18 and mass number 40. Give the posssible isotopes.
12. Find the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 36
17Cl and give a possible isotope of it.
13. What are the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom of 37
17Cl ? Write down the possible isotopes.
14. Write down the notation of isotope for an element "X". Express the cooresponding terms.

…Electronic Structure, Periodic Table ဆိင

ု ရ
္ ာ ဥာဏ္စမ္းေမးခြန္းတိမ
ု ်ား…
15. Write down the complete electronic structures, the essential electronic structures and valence of the following
element 17Cl.
16. Write down the complete electronic structures, the essential electronic structures, group number and valence of
15P.

17. Write down the essential electronic structure, group number, period number and the chidf valence of 16S.

18. Classify the following elements as alkalimetal, alkaline earth metal, halogen and noble gas.
11Na , 17Cl , 18Ne, 12Mg.

19. Classify the following elements in their appropriate group number.

3Li , 17Cl , 20Ca , 8O , 11Na , 16S , 9F , 12

20. Write down the essential electronic structure, position in the periodic table and chidf valence of 15P.

21. Which arrangement of elements have similar properties in the periodic table? Why?
22. Explain why the noble gases are neither electropositive nor electronegative.
23. (a) Write down
(i) the compete electronic structure
 23

(ii) the essential electronic structure

(iii) the period number
(iv) group number
(v) the chief valence of the following elements.
11Na , 9F , 20Ca , 13Al , 17Cl , 18Ar.
(b) Classify the above elements as alkalimetal, alkaline earth metal, halogen, noble gas and give reasons for your
classificatoin.

…Atomic Size , Ionic Size ဆိင

ု ရ
္ ာ ဥာဏ္စမ္းေမးခြနး္ တိမ
ု ်ား …
24. Select and give reasons which one has the larger radius from the following pari. Na and Na+.
25. Select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason for your answer. (i) Br and Br- , (ii) Cl and Cl- and
(iii) F and F-.
26. From the following, select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason for your answer.
Fe , Fe2+ , Fe3+
27. From the following, select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason for your answer.
(i) Na+ and F- (ii) K+ and Cl- (iii) Mg2+ and O2-
28. From the following elements, select the one which has the largest radius. Give reason.
(i) Li, Na, K
(ii) C, N, O
(iii) Be, Ca, Mg
(iv) B, C, F
(v) N, B, F

…Electropositivity and Electronegativity ဆိင

ု ရ
္ ာ ဥာဏ္စမ္းေမးခြနး္ တိမ
ု ်ား …

29. Define "Electronegative element". Arrange the following in order of their increasing electronegativity.
Oxygen, carbon, fluorine, nitrogen
30. Arrange the following elements in order of their increaisng electronegativity. Explain your arrangement.
8O , 6C , 9F , 7N

…Ionization energy and Electron affinity ဆိင

ု ရ
္ ာ (၂) မွတ္တန္ ေမးခြနး္ တိမ
ု ်ား …
Ionization energy
31. What are the trends of ionization energy in the periodic table? Name one element which has the lowest ionization
energy.
32. Explain which of the following groups has the largest ionization energy.
A (2.8.1) B(2.8.5) C(2.8.7)
33. Select the one which has the highest ionization energy and give reasons for your answer.
Li, Na, K
34. From the following elements, select the one which has the lowest ionization energy. Give reasons.
Li, F, Ne
35. Explain why "B" has lower ionization energy than "Be".
36. Explain why "Be" has higher ionization energy than "B".
37. Explain why N has higher ionization energy than O.
38. What groups are the highest and lowest ionization energies in the periodic table? Give reasons.

Electron affinity
 24

39. Explain why Cl has higher electorn affinity than F.

40. From the following elements, select the one which has the highest electron affinity. Give reason.
Na, Cl , Ar
41. What are the trends of electron affinity in the periodic table? Name one element which has the highest electron
affinity.
42. Explain that the halogens have the highest electron affinities whereas the alkalimetals have the low electron
affinities.

…Chemical Bond ဆိင

ု ရ
္ ာ (၂) မွတတ
္ န္ ေမးခြန္းတိမ
ု ်ား …
43. What type of bonding exists between 9A and 12B? Write down the most likely formula of this compound using the
symbols A and B.
44. What elements are most likely to form covalent bonds? Give an example with the electron dot-cross formula.
45. Write down the complete and essential electronic structrues of 14Si. Find the value of (n) in the compound of
Si(2.8.4), SiHn and draw the electron dot-cross structure of the compound.
46. What type of bonding exists between 12A and 17B? Write donw the most likely formula of the compound using the
symbols A and B.
47. What type of chemical bond is formed between :NH3 and H+ ion? Explain.
48. What type of bond is formed between :NH3 and BF3? Write down the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
49. Draw the electron dot-cross structures of BeCl2 and BF3.
50. Draw the electron dot-cross structures of BeCl2 and PF5.
51. Draw the electron dot-cross structures of ClF3 and NaCl.
52. Draw the electron dot-cross structures of SF6 and MgF2.
53. Give the difference between ionic and covalent compounds based on solubility and melting points.
54. What are the differences between ionic compounds and covalent compounds based on volatility and electrical conductivity?
55. How many electron(s) is(are) lost from K and Ca atoms in forming K+ and Ca2+ ions?
56. What type of bond is formed between NH3 molecule and H+ ion? Give the electron dot-cross formula of the product formed.

Question No. (7)

(4 Marks)
1. An atom has an atomic number 12.
(i) Write down the complete and essential electronic structures of the atom.
(ii) Give its position in the periodic table.
(iii) What is its chief valence?
(iv) Is it metal or non-metal?

2. An atom has an atomic number 13.

(i) Write down the essential electronic structure.
(ii) Is it a metal or non-metal? Why?
(iii) Give its position in the periodic table.
(iv) What is the chief valence?

3. An atom has an atomic number 18.

(i) Write down the complete electronic structure and essential electronic structure.
(ii) Give the group number and the period number.
 25

(iii) What is its valence?

(iv) Suggest the type of the element.

4. Atom "A" has an atomic number 20 and atom "B" has atomic number of 10.
(i) Write down the essential electronic structure.
(ii) Give their positions in the periodic table.
(iii) What is the chief valence of each atom?
(iv) What is the type of each of the atom?

5. (i) Describe the arrangement of the following elements in order of their increasing electronegativity. N, F, O, C.
(ii) Element Y contains 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and 8 electrons in M shell. Give the name of
that element Y.
(iii) From the following elements.
A(2.1) , B(2.5) , C(2.7) , D(2.8) . Which elements have a valence of 1?
(iv) Write down the electron dot-cross structure of NH4+.

6. (i) In a neutral atom of an element, the number of a certain particle or particles is equal to the atomic number.
Name the particle or particles.
(ii) How do you understand by the term electronegative element?
(iii) Name the type of bond that exists in solid metals.
(iv) How are the elements arranged in the modern periodic table?

7. Answer the following questions.

(i) How many electrons does a potassium atom lose in forming K+ ion?
(ii) What do we call the bonding which involves electron transfer?
(iii) Why has Be higher ionization energy than B?
(iv) Write down the electron dot-cross structure of the compound, BCl3.

8. (i) Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom of 64
30Zn .
(ii) Which has the larger radius, B or N?
(iii) What do we call bonding which involves electron sharing?
(iv) Which particle contains 16 neutrons, 15 protons and 15 electrons.

9. (i) Explain the meaning of the atomic number of the element.

(ii) What is the charge and mass of a proton?
(iii) What do we call the bonding which involves electron transfer?
(iv) What type of bonding do we find in molecules?
10. Answer the following.
(i) What type of bond exists in the solid metal?
(ii) What elements are most likely to form covalent bond?
(iii) Determine the number of neutrons and electrons in the atoms of 28
13Al.
(iv) Arrange the following elements in order of their increasing electronegativity.
oxygen , carbon, fluorine, nitrogen
11. Some of the elements are listed below.
H , He, C, Ne, Na K, Ca
(i) Which of these elements are noble gases?
 26

(ii) Which of these elements are alkali metals?

(iii) Which of elements has a valence of 2?
(iv) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compounds? Suggest the formula of the compound
formed.

12. Some of the elements are listed below.

H, He, B, Ne, Na, Al, K, Ca
(i) Which of these elements are noble gases?
(ii) Which of these elements are alkali metals?
(iii) Which of these elements are alkaline earth metals?
(iv) Which elements have valence of 0, 1, 2, ,3?

13. Some of the elements are listed below.

H, He, Ne, B, Na, Al, K, Ca
(i) Which of these elements are noble gases?
(ii) Which of these elements are alkalimetals?
(iii) Which of these elements have valence of 2?
(iv) Give the position in the periodic table for Al.

14. An element "A" contains 2 electrons in K shell, 8 electrons in L shell and one electron in M shell.
(i) Write down the complete electronic structure of element A.
(ii) What is the chief valence of element A?
(iii) Is it metal or non-metal?
(iv) What is the name of element A?

15. You are provided with three element. A = 2.8.8, C = 2.8.8.1 , D = 2.7
(i) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(ii) Give the group numbers and period numbers of the given elements.
(iii) Which element has the lowest ionization energy?
(iv) Which element is a noble gas?

16. There are four elements, A(2.8.1) , B(2.8.5) , C(2.8.7) , D(2.8.8)

(i) Which element has a valence of 1?
(ii) Which element is a halogen?
(iii) Which element has the highest ionization energy?
(iv) Name the type of bonding that exists between A and B?

17. From the following elements.

12A(2.8.2) , 14B(2.8.4) , 16C(2.8.6)

(i) Which elements have a valence of 2?

(ii) Which element has a smallest radius?
(iii) Which element is alkalimetal?
(iv) Which element is metalloid?
18. You are given four elements A, B, C and D with the following electronic structures.
A(1s22s2) , B(1s22s22p63s23p6) , C(1s22s22p63s23p5) , D((1s22s22p63s1)
(i) Which of the above elements are in the same group of periodic table?
 27

(ii) Which element is halogen?

(iii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iv) Which two elements would form an electrovalent compound?

19. (i) Write down the essential electronic structures of 12Mg and 9F.
(ii) Name the type of bonding exists between above the two elements.
(iii) Write down the electron dot-cross structure of the compound.
(iv) Give the chemical formula of the compound formed.

20. The element A, B and C has the following electronic structure.

A(2.8.1) , B(2.8.7) , C(2.4)
(i) Which elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
(ii) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
(iii) Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound.
(iv) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.

21. The element A, B and C has the following electronic structure.

A(2.8.1) , B(2.8.7) , C(2.4)
(i) Which two elements will combine to form electrovalent compound?
(ii) Which two elements will combine to form covalent compound?
(iii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iv) Which element has the lowest ionization energy?

22. There are three elements, X(2.8.8.1) , Y(2.8.7) , Z(2.8.8.2)

(i) Which element is alkaline earth metal?
(ii) Which element has the lowest ionization energy?
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Draw the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed?

23. The elements X, Y and Z have the following structures.

X(2.3) , Y(2.8.2) , Z(2.8.7)
(i) What type of bond can be formed between X and Z?
(ii) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the above compound formed.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between Y and Z?
(iv) Suggest the formula of the above compound formed.

24. There are three elements.

6A(2.4) , 11B(2.8.1) , 16C(2.8.6)

(i) Write down the essential electronic structures.

(ii) Which of them is metal?
(iii) What type of the bonding exist between B and C?
(iv) Write down the most likely formula of this compound using the symbols B and C?

25. The elements A, B and C are given with the following electron structures.
A(2.3) , B(2.8.2) , C(2.8.7)
(i) What type of bond can be formed between A and C?
 28

(ii) Suggest electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.

(iii) What type of bond can be formed between B and C?
(iv) Suggest the formula of the compound formed.

26. There are three elements.

6A(2.4) , 11B(2.8.1) , 16C(2.8.6)

(i) Write down their essential electronic structure.

(ii) Select two of them which will form an electrovalent compound.
(iii) What is the valence of each of this two elements?
(iv) Write down the most likely formula of this compound using the symbols of the two elements given above.

27. You are provided with four elements.

6W , 10X , 12Y , 17Z

(i) Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound.

(ii) Suggest the formula of the above compound formed.
(iii) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent bond?
(iv) Suggest the formula of the above compound formed.

28. (i) Write down the essential electronic structure of 13Al and 17Cl.

(ii) Name the type of bond exists between Al and Cl.

(iii) Draw the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
(iv) Draw the electron dot-cross formula of the compound which can be formed between the above compound
and :NH3.

29. (i) A compound is formed between 13X and 17Y . Name the type of bonding which exists between X and Y. Write
down the electron dot-cross formula of the compound.
(ii) What type of bond is formed between the above compound and :NH3? Draw the electron dot-cross structure
of the compound formed.

30. (i) A compound is formed between 5A and 17B. Name the type of bonding that exists between A and B. Write
down the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
(ii) What type of bond is formed between the above compound and :NH3? Draw the electron dot-cross structure.

31. An element X has an atomic number of 5 whereas an element Y has the atomic number of 9.
(i) Write the complete electronic structures of X and Y.
(ii) Give the valences of the elements.
(iii) Classify the type of bond formed between X and Y.
Write the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
(iv) What type of bond is formed between above compound and :NH3?
Write the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.

32. The elements A, B and C have the following electronic structures.

A(2.8.3), B(2.8.4), C(2.7)
(i) What type of bond can be formed between A and C?
 29

(ii) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.

(iii) What type of bond can be formed between B and C?
(iv) Suggest the electron dot-cross structure(equation) of the compound formed.

33. A compound is formed between 11X and 16Y.

(i) Write down the electronic structure of X and Y.

(ii) Write down the valence of the elements X and Y.
(iii) Classify the elements X and Y as metal or non-meal.
(iv) What type of the bonding exists between X and Y? Write down the most likely formula of this compounds
using the symbol X and Y.

34. An atom X has an atomic number 6 , whereas an atom Y has an atomic number 9.
(i) Write down their complete electronic structures.
(ii) Give their position in the periodic table.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Write down the formula of the compound formed between X and Y.

35. An atom X has an atomic number 6 , whereas an atom Y has an atomic number 9.
(i) Write down their complete electronic structures.
(ii) Give their position in the periodic table.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Write down the electron dot-cross structure of the compound formed between X and Y.

36. An atom X has an atomic number 9 , whereas an atom Y has an atomic number 14.
(i) Write down their complete electronic structures.
(ii) Give their position in the periodic table.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Write down the formula of the compound formed between X and Y.

37. An atom A has an atomic number of 6 whereas atom B has an atomic number of 17.
(i) Write down the electronic structures of A and B.
(ii) Give the group numbers and period number of A and B.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between A and B?
(iv) Draw the electron dot-cross structure of that compound formed.

38. An element X has an atomic number of 4 whereas an element Y has an atomic number of 17.
(i) Write down the electronic structure of X and Y.
(ii) Give the group number and period number of X and Y.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between X and Y?
(iv) Suggest the formula of the compound formed.

39. You are given the following element 5A , 11X , 17Y

(i) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?

(ii) Write down the most likely formula of this compound formed.
 30

(iii) Which two elements will combine to form an ionic compound?

(iv) Write down the most likely formula of this compound formed?

40. The element A, B and C have the following electronic structures.

A(2.8.2) , B(2.7) , C(2.4)
(i) Write down the position in the periodic table.
(ii) Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound?
Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed?
(iii) What two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
Suggest the formula of the compound formed.
(iv) Give elements in same period.