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O48a Oliveira, Egdemos Brilhante de.
Aplicações da trigonometria / Egdemos Brilhante de
Oliveira.- João Pessoa, 2015.
64f. : il.
Orientador: Napoleón Caro Tuesta
Dissertação (Mestrado) - UFPB/CCEN
1. Matemática. 2. Teorema de Pitágoras. 3. Trigonometria -
aplicações. 4. Circunferência trigonométrica. 5. Séries de
Fouries.

UFPB/BC CDU: 51(043)


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D
x

AB A′
B′ A′ B ′ AB


−−′→′
AÔB OA
−− → −−′→′
O′ B ′ OA A′ Ô′ B ′
AÔB

T1 T2 T1 ≡ T2

T1
T2

 AB = A′ B ′ Â = Â′
∆ABC ≡ ∆A′ B ′ C ′ ⇔ AC = A′ C ′ B̂ = B̂ ′
BC = B ′ C ′ Ĉ = Ĉ ′


 AB ≡ A′ B ′
 ≡ Â′ ⇒ ∆ABC ≡ ∆A′ B ′ C ′
AC ≡ A′ C ′



 Â ≡ Â′ a b c
∆ABC ∼ ∆A′ B ′ C ′ ⇒ B̂ ≡ B̂ ′ ′
= ′ = ′
a b c
Ĉ ≡ Ĉ ′

 = 90◦

ABC A
AD



 BC = a



 AC = b
AB = c .


 BD = m ( c ).
CD = n ( b ).




AD = h


AĈB = 90◦ − AB̂C = DÂB
AB̂C = 90◦ − AĈB = DÂC
(5)2 = (3)2 + (4)2
25 = 9 + 16

25 = 25

ABC A


AĈB = 90◦ − AB̂C = DÂB
AB̂C = 90◦ − AĈB = DÂC

m+n=a

a c
• ABC ∼ DBA = ⇒ c2 = a · m(IIi )
c m
a b
• ABC ∼ DAC = ⇒ b2 = a · n(IIii )
b n
IIi + IIii
c2 + b2 = a · (m + n) (i) m + n = a
c 2 + b 2 = a · a ⇒ c 2 + b2 = a2

5%

1
5%
20
5 1
5% = ⇒ 5% = .
100 20
θ
tg θ θ
θ

θ
tg θ =
θ
ABC A AB AC

θ tg θ
6 3
tg θ = =
8 4
θ

6
= = = sen θ
10
8
= = = cos θ
10

AB

1
1◦
360
360◦

r 2πr

←→ r
θ ←→ 2πr

r·θ =2·π·r·1⇒
2·π·r
θ= ·1⇒
r
θ = 2 · π(rad).

2·π ←→ 360◦
x ←→ θ
xoy

A
A

P

(XP , YP ) P OP Px cos θ = XP
sen θ = YP θ P
θ
P

OP Px

sen2 θ + cos2 θ = 1.

t A

OP t (T )
OAT

AT
tg θ = = AT .
1

sen θ ◦
tg θ = (0 < θ < 90◦ )
cos θ
t oy

OP Q OT A

OP Q OT A

PQ OQ
= .
TA OA


 PQ = sen θ

OQ = cos θ sen θ cos θ sen θ
= ⇒ tg θ =

 OA = 1 tg θ 1 cos θ
TA = tg θ

θ (0◦ < θ < 90◦ )

OP Q OBT ′

t′ B T′ t′
←→
OP P QO OBT ′

OQ PQ
= .
BT ′ BO

 OQ = cos θ cos θ sen θ cos θ
P Q = sen θ = ⇒ BT ′ = .
BT ′ 1 sen θ
BO = 1

cos θ
θ
sen θ
cos θ
cotg θ = .
sen θ
θ (0◦ < θ < 90◦ )

s P OP Q OP S

s P S s
0x OP S OQP

OS OP
= .
OP OQ

OP = 1
OQ = cos θ

OS 1 1
= ⇒ OS = .
1 cos θ cos θ
1
θ
cos θ
1
sec θ =
cos θ

θ (0◦ < θ < 90◦ )


s′ P OP Q OP S ′

s′ P S′ s′
0y OP Q S ′ OP

OS ′ OP
= .
OP PQ

OP = 1
P Q = sen θ

OS ′ 1 1
= ⇒ OS ′ = .
1 sen θ sen θ
1
θ
sen θ
1
cossec θ =
sen θ

sen(α + β)
D E

HE GF HE = GF H D̂E
α F ÔE
sen(α + β) DG DG =
DH + HG

• DH
HDE DH = cos α sen β
DE = sen β.

• HG
OED OE = cos β

OF E OE = cos β EF =
sen α cos β EF = HG HG = sen α cos β
α EHD

β OED

OF E

sen (α + β) = DE DE = DH + HG

sen(α + β) = sen α cos β + sen β cos α.

α
sen(α − β) sen(2α) sen
2
cos(α + β)
cos(α + β) OG OG = OF − GF

• GF = HE GF EH
HDE HE = sen α sen β
HE = GF GF = sen α sen β(4)

DHE

• OF
OF E OF = cos α cos β(5)

OF E

OG = cos α cos β − sen α sen β cos(α + β) = cos α cos β − sen α sen β.

α
cos(α − β) cos 2α cos
2
!"! #$%&'(')*#$%+ (+ ,%$,-(.*$/(,%+

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DG sen(α + β)
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OG cos (α + β)
23243 5*)#$%#*6

sen α cos β + cos α sen β


tg(α + β) =
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sen α cos β cos α sen β
+
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tg(α + β) = ,
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cos α cos β cos α cos β
*, .'>$9
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+
cos α cos β
tg(α + β) = .
sen α sen β
1−
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5*)#$%#*9 #'8*.6
tg α + tg β
tg(α + β) =
1 − tg α tg β
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π
(*%#* T 3 ,8$ <'/ ;,' AT = tg x ($)$ x =
6 + kπ Ek %#' )*!9 -'G% )'8*.
2
$ @,%C0* #$%&'%#' +*8* $ @,%C0* f : D → R #$= ;,' f (x) = tg x *%-' D =
n π o
x ∈ R|x 6= + kπ, k ∈ Z .
2

2H
O

[0, 2π].

f :R→R f (x) = sen x


π 3π
2π 90◦ 180◦ π 270◦
2 2

P = 2π;

f :R→R f (x) = cos x.

P = 2π;
n π o
f : x ∈ R|x 6= + kπ, k ∈ Z → R f (x) = tg x
2

P = π;

x
x
f :R→R f (x) = sen x
h π πi x∈R sen x = 3. f :
− , → [−1, 1] f (x) = sen x
2 2

− π2 , π2 → [−1, 1]
 

f f −1
f h π πi
−1
f [−1, 1] − , x ∈ [−1, 1]
h π πi 2 2
y∈ − , y x
2 2
h π πi
y = arcsen x ⇔ sen y = x y∈ − ,
2 2

f :R→R f (x) = cos x ∄x ∈ R x=


4 f : [0, π] → [−1, 1] f (x) = cos x

[0, π] → [−1, 1]

f f −1
[−1, 1] f −1 [0, π]
x ∈ [−1, 1] y ∈ [0, −π] y
x y = arccos x ⇐⇒ cos y = x y ∈ [0, π]
π
f : {x ∈ R|x 6= + kπ, k ∈ Z} → R f (x) = tg x
2 i π πh
0◦ 6= π tg 0◦ = tg π f : − , →R
2 2
f (x) = tg x

− π2 , π2 → R
 
f f −1 i π πh
R f −1
, − , x ∈ R
i π πh 2 2
y∈ − , y x
2 2
i π πh
y = arctg x ⇐⇒ tg y = x y∈ − ,
2 2

ex (x ∈ R)

x 2 x3 xn
(x) = ex = 1 + x + + + ··· + + ...
2! 3! n!

et1 · et2 = et1 +t2 , t1 ∈ R t2 ∈ R


!"! #$%&$' # (#)*+,- .# #/)#(

!"! #$%&'() *$ +,%$- .&-& x #$&%

ei·x = cos x + i · sen x


!"#"
e−i·x = cos(−x) + i · sen(−x).
$%&% " '()*+% ,%-- )% . !"# " '()*+% - )% . /&!"#0 1 &2

e−i·x = cos(x) − i · sen(x).

!"!/ 0$1) $ 2)33$1) 2)4.%$5)

(1) ei·x = cos x + i · sen x (x ∈ R)


,%&%2
(2) e−i·x = cos(x) − i · sen(x) (x ∈ R).
3"4 )5%2
(1) + (2) (1) − (2)0 - 6( 7- 8( 2
ei·x + e−i·x
9 (1) + (2)0 1 &2 cos x =
2
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9 (1) − (2)0 1 &2 sen x = .
2·i
!"! #!$! z = x + y · i #%& x ' y ('!)*+ $',-!&%*.
ei·z + e−i·z

cos(z) =


2

' +#%& % *'-% ' #%**'-%* #%&/0'1%*.

i·z −i·z
 sen(z) = e − e



2·i

!"!# $%&'() *+,+ -.,/( 0( 1%2,/(,


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P
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n
n=0

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k=1 x2 + k2

9:
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2 n=1
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!"#$%&' ()*+ Z π g E F$"-! g : [−π, π] → R


B;!$C ($"+$2 -$ ZD!'%($% $* '*4 D'"01!
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1 1
$ g ("+$&%G#$6 !2 "H*$%!2 a0 = g(x)dx, an = g(x) cos(nx)dx 34%4 n ≥ 1
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1
Z
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sen(nx)
Z
• cos(nx) dx = +w w !"#$%&#%' ('&)* n≥1 #&%+(&),
n
cos(nx)
Z
• sen(nx) dx = − +w
n
Z Z
• f (x) · g‘(x) dx = f (x) · g(x) − f ‘(x) · g(x) dx

-./0%&/"$ &$ 1+#23'$ f ' g .'(0454'0$* !"#%6#+&$ ' 0#%'7(54'0$ '/ +/ 0#%'(4&)" 89

:;
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!" #$%& '&() * +,-./& 0$12&-&(30$1%) 1-4*$')


+ tg y
!" 8)$/$9+"3! + 56&'./+ tg(x + y) = 1 tgx
− tg x · tg y
% + %:.$#+/;"*$+ arctg y =
π
x ⇔ tg x = y <x % y &%+$( % 3$5%&%")%( 3% + kπ, k $")%$&!=7 >%&$?:.% :.%
2
π 1 9
= 3 arctg + arctg 7
4 5 46

π 1
#$%&'($) *+! !"# = arctg + arctg a.
4 5
$#%!&'()
1 1
x = arctg tg x =
5 ⇐⇒ 5 (∗)
! !
y = arctg a tg y = a
π 1
!"#$%#!& '$ ()*$+'$',- = arctg + arctg a& .,/-
4 5
π π tgx + tg y π
= x + y ⇒ tg = tg(x + y)0 1!/! tg(x + y) = , tg = 1&
4 4 1 − tg x · tg y 4
2,)*,32, 4*,-
tg x + tg y 1
1= ⇒ tg x+tg y = 1−tg x·tg y 0 5$2& 6!" (∗) tg x = , tg y =
1 − tg x · tg y 5
a0 7*82#(#*(%'!& 9,/-
1 1 2
+ a = 1 − a ⇒ 1 + 5a = 5 − a ⇒ a = 0
5 5 3

!
!"! #$%& '&(# ) *+,-.& /$01&,&(2/$0%# 0,3)$'#

π 1 π 1 2
!"!# $!%!& = arctg + arctg a ⇒ = arctg + arctg '()*%+,-! ./
4 5 4 5 3
012+&
2 1
arctg = arctg + arctg b.
3 5
3+4156!&
1 1
x = arctg tg x = π
5 ⇐⇒ 5 , t∈R 1
 
1 1 t 6= + kπ, k ∈ Z (∗∗).
2
t = arctg b tg t = b
2 1
7!*8+58!# 6+ 9":+;6+61& arctg = arctg + arctg b# <1%&
3 5
2 2
arctg = x + t ⇐⇒ tg(x + t) = .
3 3
=+>&
tg x + tg t 2
= ⇒ 3 tg x + 3 tg t = 2 − 2 tg x · tg t. ?+@# A!* (∗∗) tg x =
1 − tg x · tg t 3
1
1 tg t = b. 0:B@898:956!# <1%&
5
3 2 7
+ 3 · b = 2 − · b ⇒ 3 + 15 · b = 10 − 2 · b ⇒ b = .
5 5 17
π 1 2
!"!# $!%!& = arctg + arctg '()*%+,-! ./C
4 5 3
π 1 1 7 π 1 7
⇒ = arctg + arctg + arctg ⇒ = 2 arctg + arctg '()*%+,-!
4 5 5 17 4 5 17
D/C
012+&
7 1
arctg = arctg + arctg c.
17 5
3+4156!&
1 1
x = arctg tg x = π
5 ⇐⇒ 5 , w∈R 1
 
1 1 w 6= + kπ, k ∈ Z (∗ ∗ ∗).
2
w = arctg c tg w = c
7 1
7!*8+58!# 6+ 9":+;6+61& arctg = arctg + arctg c, <1%&
17 5
7 7
arctg = x + w ⇐⇒ tg(x + w) = .
17 17
=+>&

!
!"! #$%&'(#) *+,-./.01*+,2&) /. 2&03. 2.034#5.

tg x + tg w
1 − tg x · tg w
=
7
17
⇒ 17 tg x + 17 tg w = 7 − 7 tg x · tg w. !"# $%& (∗ ∗
∗) tg x =
1
5
' tg w = c. ()*"+,+),-.%# /'01
17 7 9
+ 17c = 7 − c ⇒ 17 + 85c = 35 − 7c ⇒ c = .
5 5 46
2%3%# 4%0% π
4
1
= 2 arctg + arctg
5
7
17
567&0!89% :;
π 1 1 9 π 1 9
⇒ = 2 arctg + arctg + arctg ⇒ = 3 arctg + arctg
4 5 5 46 4 5 46

!"#$%&'() *+, <&%4'.'-.% .'"+! =%&0!# >%?- !4?,0 5@ABC D @EF@; 4!G4)D
G%) $!&! π )0! !$&%H,0!89% 4%0 @CC 4!"!" .'4,0!,"I J 0'"0% $&%4'.,0'-+%
=%, )+,G,K!.% $%& L,GG,!0 (?!-M" 5@B@: D @BB:; N!G4)G!-.% $!&! π )0! !$&%D
H,0!89% 4%0 ECE 4!"!" .'4,0!,"I

!" #$%&'()* +,-./0/12+,-3&* 0/ 3&14/ 3/15


46)7/
-./ !"#$%&! '( )*+,( )(+,-!.( ( '/+!"( 0! 1(-&23!1 ,*"* * !%&*24( sen z = 35
('0! z = x + yi (x ! y "!*#1).

0)12'()3 *+. $%& .'7-,89% "'- eiz − e−iz


# .!O1
 
sen z = 3 z=
2i
eiz − e−iz 1
= 3 ⇔ eiz − e−iz = 6i ⇔ eiz − iz − 6i = 0 50)G+,$G,4!-.% !0*%" %"
0'0*&%" $%& ;# /'01
2i e
eiz
5=!K'-.% e
(eiz )2 − 6i(eiz ) − 1 = 0 iz
=w ;# +'0%"1 w 2
− 6iw − 1 = 0 5'P)!89%
.% "'3)-.% 3&!) '0 Q;I 2%3%1
∆ = (−6i)2 − 4(1)(−1)
∆ = 36i2 + 4 54%0% 4 = −4i ; 2

∆ = 36i2 − 4i2
∆ = 32i2
√ √
∆ = 2 · 16 · i2

√ √
∆ = 4i 2I N%0%1 w=
6i ± 4i 2
2

⇔ w = (3 ± 2 2)i.
<%&R0# 4%0% e = w# /'01
iz

67
! ! "#$%&"#'#$(

√ xi+yi2

e(x+yi)i
√ = (3 ± 2 2)i(z = x + yi) ⇔ e = (3 ± 2 · exi = (3 ±
2)i ⇔ e−y √
−y
2 2)i !"#!"$%&'&% ()*+$!*$,'+$-'. ⇔ e (cos x+i sen x) = (3±2 2)i "%*'/0# &% 1)*%".

23'*$4'3&# ,'&' !#44$5$*$&'&%



6. e−y (cos x + i sen x) = (3 + 2 2)i. 7#+% 8)% # 39(%"# 3# 4%:)3&# (%(5"#
&' $:)'*&'&% ; 6(':$3<"$# !)"#= *#:#>
π π  √
cos x = 0= $4+# ;= + 2kπ ,#( k ∈ Z % e−y sen
x= + 2kπ = 3 + 2 2 ⇔
√ 2 √ 2
−y = ln(3 + 2 2) ⇔ y = − ln(3 + 2 2). ?#:#> 39(%"#4 ,#(!*%@#4 &' A#"('
π  √
z= + 2kπ − i ln(3 + 2 2) ,#( k ∈ Z 4'+$4A'B%( ' %8)'/0# sen z = 3.
2
√ π
66. e−y (cos x + i sen x) = (3 − 2 2)i. 7#+% 8)% x = + 2kπ, k ∈ Z !#"
π 2 √
(#+$-#4 '3<*#:# ' 4#*)/0# '3+%"$#". % e−y sen + 2kπ = 3 − 2 2= &'C>
2
√ √
−y =ln(3 − 2 2) ⇔ y = − ln(3 − 2 2). ?#:#> 39(%"#4 ,#(!*%@#4 &' A#"('
π √
z = + 2kπ − i ln(3 − 2 2) ,#( k ∈ Z 4'+$4A'B%( ' %8)'/0# sen z =
2
3. D#"+'3+#= 3# ,'(!# &#4 39(%"#4 ,#(!*%@#4= ' %8)'/0# sen z = 3 !#44)$
$3E3$+'4 4#*)/F%4G

! "#$%&'#(#$)
!" !"#$% "&'()*#+%! +&,'%#%)-+&,.%!/ 0&%1* ."$" ,$*#+,$"$* "2",3% 0"&" m * n
,#+*,&%!4
1
#" sen(mx) sen(nx) = [cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x]
2
1
$" cos(mx) cos(nx) = [cos(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x]
2
1
%" sen(mx) cos(nx) = [sen(m + n)x + sen(m − n)x]
2

&'()*+', !-! H% A'+#>

H% cos(m + n)x = cos(mx) cos(nx) − sen(mx) sen(nx) (∗).


I"#,'3&# n !#" −n % 4%3&# $(!'" ' A)3/0# 4%3# % !'" ' A)3/0# ,#44%3#=
%4,"%-%(#4>

cos(m − n)x = cos(mx) cos(nx) + sen(mx) sen(nx) (∗∗).


J'B%3&#> (∗∗) − (∗) % (∗∗) + (∗), -%(>

56
!"! #$%&'(&()*

cos(m−n)x−cos(m+n)x = 2 sen(mx) sen(nx) cos(m−n)x+cos(m+n)x =


2 cos(mx) cos(nx). !"#$
1
[cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x] · = sen(mx) sen(nx) [cos(m − n)x + cos(m +
2
1
n)x] · = cos(mx) cos(nx).
2
! sen(m + n)x = sen(mx) cos(nx) + sen(nx) cos(mx) (1).
! %&'& "()*&+& "& , -.#./& "(0 -/&-1 2.- 3 %&2$
sen(m − n)x = sen(mx) cos(nx) − sen(nx) cos(nx) (2).
4"5 ('&$ (1) + (2)1 3 %$
sen(m + n)x + sen(m − n)x = 2 sen(mx) cos(nx). !"#$ [sen(m + n)x + sen(m −
1
n)x] · = sen(mx) cos(nx).
2

!" #$%&'(&()*
!" !"#$% &'%(
)*$* m 6= n +,#%+$!"
Z π Z π
#" sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = 0 = cos(mx) cos(nx) dx;
−π −π

-*$* #!.! m % n /+,#%+$!"0


Z π
$" sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = 0;
−π

-*$* m = n /+,#%+$!01
Z π Z π
% sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = π = cos(mx) cos(nx) dx
−π −π

&'()*+', -.! "6 m 6= n1 '"#$


π
π  
1 sen(m − n)x sen(m + n)x
Z
sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = −
−π 2 (m − n) (m + n)
−π
Z π
sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = 0, $
−π
Z π
1 π
Z
cos(mx) cos(nx) dx = [cos(m − n)x + cos(m + n)x] dx ' %&'& "()7
−π 2 −π
*&+&1 0 %&2$
Z π
cos(mx) cos(nx) dx = 0.
−π
86 9-/% /-& ."2& m 6= n1 3 %$

23
!"! #$%&'#()* + $#,# # -.,&/ 0/ 1*2,&/,

π π
1
Z Z
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = [sen(m + n)x + sen(m − n)x] dx
−π 2 −π
π
π  
1 cos(m + n)x − cos(m − n)x
Z
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = − +
−π 2 (m + n) (m − n)
−π
Z π
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = 0
−π
!"#$%& '()& m = n* +!,-
π π
sen(2nx)
Z Z
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = dx
−π −π 2
π π
1
Z Z
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = [sen(2nx) dx
−π 2 −π
π
π  
1 cos(2nx)
Z
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = −
−π 2 2n
−π
Z π
sen(mx) cos(nx) dx = 0.
−π
'. /(0( m = n* +!,-
Z π Z π Z π Z π
sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = sen (nx) dx !
2
cos(mx) cos(nx) dx = cos2 (nx) dx.
−π −π −π −π
1(2-
Z π Z π Z π
sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = [1 − cos (nx)] dx !
2
cos(mx) cos(nx) dx =
−π
Z π  −π −π
1 1
+ cos(2nx) dx .
−π 2 2
!"#!3)! 4#!-
π   π
1
Z Z
sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = 2π − π + · 0 ! cos(mx) cos(nx) dx = 2π ·
−π 2 −π
1
2
/&05($5&-
Z π Z π
sen(mx) sen(nx) dx = π ! cos(mx) cos(nx) dx = π.
−π −π

!" #$%&'()*+ , $(-( ( ./-&0 10 2+3-&0-


!" !"# f : [−π, π] → R $%# &$'()* +',!-./0!1 ,#1 2$! f (x) = ax (a ∈ R∗ ). 345!
# 6.+! 7! 8*$.+!. 7! f (x).

9:
!"! #$%&'#()* + $#,# # -.,&/ 0/ 1*2,&/,

!"#$%!& '() ! "#$%"&$'($) *$ +#,-&$-.


π π
1 1
Z Z
a0 = ax dx $ an = ax · cos(nx) dx
π −π π −π
(n ≥ 1). "#/# ax $ ax · cos(nx) )0# 1,'23$) &/45-$)6 ($/#) a0 = 0 $ an = 0.
1 π
Z
bn = ax · sen(nx) dx (n ≥ 1). "#/# ax · sen(nx) 7 1,'20# 45-6 ($/#)8
π −π
2 π
Z
bn = ax · sen(nx) dx.
π 0
'($9-5'*# 4#- 45-($)6 )$9,$:)$ ;,$8
 π aZ π
" #
2  ax
bn = − cos(nx) + cos(nx) dx .
π n n 0
0
"   π#
2  aπ  a sen(nx)
bn = (−1) (−1)n + +w .
π n n n
0
2h aπ i 2a
bn = (−1)n+1 = (−1)n+1 .
π n n
<#9#6 5 =7-&$ *$ +#,-&$- 4-#",-5*5 78


X 2a
(−1)n+1 · sen(nx), n ≥ 1.
n=1
n

!" #$%&'()*+ , $(-( ( ./-&0 10 2+3-&0-


*+, !" #$%" &'"%("%" ) '!" *'$+,# -.(/0%/1" 2/!-3.2 %. *#(!" "$"345/1" f (x) =
−1, −π ≤ x ≤ 0
1, 0≤x≤π
6 f (x + 2π) = f (x). 725" *#(!" %. #$%" 892/1" ) .$1#$:
5("%" *(.&'.$5.!.$5. $"2 9(."2 %" .3.5(;$/1" . %# -(#1.22"!.$5# %. 2/$"/26
.3" "35.($" (.<'3"(!.$5. . /$25"$5"$."!.$5. .$5(. %#/2 $4=./2> ?" @<'(" A>B6
5.!:2. '!" .C.!-3# %. '!" #$%" &'"%("%">

D.5.(!/$. " E)(/. %. F#'(/.( %" #$%" .C-#25" $" @<'(" A>B>
!"#$%!& '(+ >) "#$%"&$'($) *$ +#,-&$-8
π
1
Z
a0 = dx
π −π

GH
Z 0 Z π 
1
a0 = −1 dx + 1 dx
π −π 0
a0 = 0
1 π
Z
an = f (x) cos(nx) dx
π −π
Z 0 Z π 
1
an = − cos(nx) dx + cos(nx) dx
π −π 0
an = 0
1 π
Z
bn = f (x) sen(nx) dx
π −π
Z 0 Z π 
1
bn = − sen(nx) dx + sen(nx) dx
π −π 0
 
  0   π
1 − cos(nx) cos(nx)
bn =  − + − 
π n n
−π 0
    
1 1 cos(nπ) cos(nπ) 1
bn = − − + + − +
π n n n n
 
1 2 2 cos(nπ)
bn = −
π n n
2
bn = (1 − cos(nπ)).

∞ 2
P
(1 − cos(nπ)) sen(nx) f (x).
n=1 nπ
a2 = b2 + c2 −
2bc · cos(Â).

ABC ABC
A A

R
a
= 2R
sen Â

ABC O R

 < 90◦

• ∆AHB c2 = h2 + m2 ⇔ h2 = c2 − m2 (1)
• ∆CHB a2 = h2 + n2 (2)
• ∆ABC m + n = b ⇔ n = b − m (3).
!"! #$%&'#()* +# %,& +* '*--,.* , %,& +* -,.*

!"#$%$!%&'( )* (2) (# +,-(.)# ') h2 ) n )#/.%$(# )* (1) ) (3)0 $)*(#1


a2 = c2 − m2 + (b − m)2 ⇔ a2 = c2 − m2 + b2 − 2bm + m2 ⇔ a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bm.
*,#0 m = c · cos(Â). 2(3(1

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc · cos(Â)

4,#( 90◦ < A < 180◦


→ 5( ∆AHB 6 +)*1 c2 = h2 + m2 ⇔ h2 = c2 − m2 (1)
→ 5( ∆BHC 6 +)*1 a2 = h2 + n2 (2).
4(*( n = b + m (3) ) #!"#$%$!%&'( (# +,-(.)# ') h2 ) n )&/(&$.,'(# )* (1) )
(3) )* (2)0 +)*1
a2 = c2 − m2 + (b + m)2 ⇔ a2 = b2 + c2 + 2bm. *,#0 m = c · cos(180◦ − A) (!
m = −c · cos Â. 2(3(1

a2 = b2 + c2 − 2bc · cos Â.

"7 5( ∆A′ CB 0 +)*1 Ĉ = 90◦ 89&3!-( %&#/.%$( $)&'( /(*( -,'( (:(#$( !* '%9;
*)$.( ', /%./!&<).=&/%, ) Â = Â′ 7 9&3!-(# %&#/.%$(# &, *)#*, /%./!&<).=&/%,
/(..)#:(&')&$)# , ,./(# ') *)#*, *)'%',>
2(3(1
a
a = 2R · sen Â′ ⇔ a = 2R · sen  ⇔ = 2R.
sen Â

!" #$%&'()*+ ,( -.& ,+ '+//.0+ . -.& ,+ /.0+


!" ! "# $%&'% P ( )!*+( #(+, -./!#%0 (1*0'( /"(0 *23(0 C ! D 41!+ 5."+( 6789

:(+( !2! ( ;"!0'<% => ?%#% $+%?!/!+*( "# '%$%.+(@% /*0$%&/% /! '+!&(0, '!A
%/%2*'% ! @(B!&/% "0% /! ?%&?!*'%0 )C0*?%0 /! '+*.%&%#!'+*(, $(+( ?(2?"2(+ (
/*0'D&?*( ;"! 0!$(+( !00(0 *23(0 0!# +!?%++!+ E #!/*F<% /*+!'(G
#$%&'($) *+! • ?.%*)%.( :,##(1
@#/(-A)*;#) &, :.,%, '(%# :(&$(# A ) B 0 ') (&') #) :(##,* +). ,# %-A,#>
!#,&'( , $.)&, /,-/!-,;#) , '%#$9&/%, AB 8'%3,*(# x7>

H8
C D

AB

ABCD


α1 , α2 , β1 , β2


∆ABC ∆ABD

ABC ABD

γ1 = 180◦ − (α1 + α2 + β2 )

AC AB sen β2
= ⇔ AC = x · (1)
sen β2 sen γ1 sen γ1
AD AB
γ2 = 180◦ −(β1 +β2 +α2 ) = ⇔
sen(β1 + β2 ) sen γ2
sen(β1 + β2 )
AD = x · (2)
sen γ2

ACD

ACD
AC, AD α1 .

q
2 2 2 2 2
CD = AC +AD −2AC·AD·cos α1 ⇔ CD = AC + AD − AC · AD · cos α1

h
t
h = 1, 70 m t = 11, 1

A′ BC θ

∆A′ BC
(R + h)2 = (A′ B)2 + R2 A′ B = R · tg θ. θ
t = 11, 1

360◦
!"! #$%&'( )#*+,-,./)#*0$( ' )',#'.$ 1' 2*)3+,#$(

!"#$ %&'()$
*+ ,$-./ 360◦
0010 /!'(&2$/ θ3'-.(/4

(11, 1) · (360◦ )
5.67 θ = 24 · 60 · 60
θ = 0, 04625◦ . 8$-9.&9$1 2!7 (R + h)2 = (A′ B)2 + R2 ! A′ B = R · tg θ, 9!"$/1
R2 + 2Rh + h2 = (R tg θ)2 + R2 ⇔ 2Rh + h2 = R2 · tg2 θ. :$"$ h ; <!" "!&$-
=(! $ -.>$ 2. !--.1 !&9?$ h2 ; <!" "!&$- !" -!).@?$ . 2Rh1 #$2!&2$ /!-
2!/#-!A.2$ . /(. "!2>2.B 5.67
2h
2Rh = R2 tg2 θ ⇔ 2 = R. C./7 h = 1, 70 m ! θ = 0, 04625◦ . D(</9>9(>&2$1
tg θ
E!"7
2(1, 70 m)
R= 2
tg (0, 4625◦ )
3(/.&2$ (". F.)F().2$-. F>!&9>GF.4
R∼
= 5.220.000 m 3$ E.)$- .F!>9$ #.-. $ -.>$ 3";2>$4 2. !--. ; 6.370.000 m1
F(H$ -!/()9.2$ .&9!->$- &?$ 2>I!-! ".>/ =(! *JK 2!/9! E.)$-4B

!
!"!#$%&'() *'+,'-.#/0&()
!" #$%%$&' () *&+,&%%-. / 0%1234& 5 674.& 2 6-'897 : ;47<-=$<7 ;2%7 ,&%+-%->

,7'>74?$-. 2 6$'&'+$&<7 $'$+$&%.2'?2 ;74 -.& 37%>& <& @&?$7'&% A+$2'+2 67-'/

<&?$7'B ?4&<-897 2 42C$>97 ?D+'$+& E&%D4$& <2 *&1&%F92> G74$7 / H$7 <2 I&'2$47

5 JK,L MN!!

M" O'?-'2>L 624'&'<7 <7 ,7%?47 / *&?2.P?$+& ;74 &>>-'?7 / K4$17'7.2?4$& / A97

Q&-%75 A+$;$7'2 !RSS

T" (U*VAL ,&4%7> O) / Q7<2 -. >2'7 >24 .&$74 <7 W-2 !X / HQ* 42C$>?& <7

;47Y2>>74 <2 .&?2.P?$+&) V<) S!L &'7 T!) MN!T) (4&Z+& 2 V<$?74& ,4-=&<7 J?<&)

[" ($<74$==$L \&.$%?7' J-$= / ]. ,-4>7 <2 ,P%+-%7 / M 2< C7% [ / H$7 <2 I&'2$475

!RR^

_" `&'?2L J-$= H7324?7 / *&?2.P?$+&5 ,7'?2a?7 2 O;%$+&8b2> / M 2< / A97 Q&-%75

MN!T

c" G2==$L (2%>7'L !RTR / 6-'<&.2'?7> <2 *&?2.P?$+& 2%2.2'?&4L T 5 K4$17'7.2?4$&

/ ^ 2< / A97 Q&-%7 5 O?-&% !RRT

^" Id'$74L 64&'+$>+7 H&.&%F7L !R[N / Id'$74L @$+7%&- ($%324?7 6244&47L Q&-%7

O'?e'$7 <2 K7%2<7 A7&42> / U> 6-'<&.2'?7> <& 6f>$+& : _ 2<$897 / A97 Q&-%7

5 *7<24'& !RSS

S" (2%>7' G2==$L U>C&%<7 `7%+2L `&C$< `212'>=&'g'L H7324?7 QD4$17L @$%=2 <2 O%/

.2$<& / *&?2.P?$+&5 ,$h'+$& 2 &;%$+&8b2>L E7%-.2 !5 2'>$'7 .D<$7 / ^ 2< / A97

Q&-%7 5 A&4&$C& MN!T

R" (2%>7' G2==$L U>C&%<7 `7%+2L `&C$< `212'>=&'g'L H7324?7 QD4$17L @$%=2 <2 O%/

.2$<& / *&?2.P?$+&5 ,$h'+$& 2 &;%$+&8b2>L E7%-.2 M5 2'>$'7 .D<$7 / ^ 2< / A97

Q&-%7 5 A&4&$C& MN!T

!
!N" @2?7L O42Y O'?&4 / (27.2?4$& O'&%f?$+&5 M 14&- / A97 Q&-%75 *7<24'& !RSN

_N
!"!#$%&'() *'+,'-.#/"'&()

!!" #$$%&'( )%%& * ) +,-./0,1 21 31.&45.,61 * 7&-2& 1 60,189$ 21- :,0;4,2&- 1.<

1 &=:>$0189$ 2$ ,%?%,.$@ AB!A * C9$ D1E>$ * 3@F$$G- 2$ F01-,> H2,.$01 IJ7)@

!A" +)IIK7)L( 7@M #HCNKOP( #@M Q)IPH#( R@ * SE%214&%.$- 2& ST-,61 * U &2

* #,$ 2 R1%&,0$V H2,.$01 IJO@ ABBA

!W" Q,>&'( R$X%M K%6( C$%-@ * I,Y0$- J<6%,6$- & O,&%.T?6$- V O$%.&=.$ & ):>,618Z&-

* A &2 * #,$ 2& R1%&,0$V H2,.$01 C@)@ ABBA

[!

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