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The risk can be slow or fast

The result are always high risk injury
• Gravel roads present driving challenges
• High speed and quick manoeuvers on gravel
roads are ingredients for disaster. Here are a few
tips for safe travel off the pavement.
• Less traction means less control
• Your tires have less traction on loose gravel, so
speed and cornering increase the risk. Accelerate
gradually and brake slowly to avoid skidding.
Swerving to avoid an object or animal on the road
can lead to a skid or even a roll-over.
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Some thing are way to close – like the
bumper on the vehicle in front of you!

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 Everything has a price
• costs (personal & financial) associated with
vehicle damage:
– Personal Injury & Loss of Life (unlimited personal costs)
– Lost time for planters, lost production
– Time spent on investigations / poor image with client
– Project downtime
– Lost vehicle bonus
– Frustrated Staff
– Missed Dead lines
– Increase in WCB rates
– Increased Insurance Premiums

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 Stay in the tracks

Stay in the tracks

• Drive in any existing tire tracks, even if there’s only one set of tracks in the centre
of the road. When driving in these centre tracks, be prepared to slow and pull over
to the right if you meet a vehicle travelling from the other direction.
Roll-over danger increases
• If a vehicle drifts too far to the right and the right tires go off the packed surface a
roll-over can result. If this happens to you, slow down gradually, without slamming
on the brakes, before steering back onto the road.
Allow for more following distance
• It takes longer to stop safely on a gravel road and dust can decrease visibility. Even
under ideal conditions, allow at least six seconds of following distance on a gravel
road. Increase your following distance if conditions are worse.
Match speed to road conditions
• Under ideal conditions, the speed limit on any gravel road in Manitoba is 90 km/h
unless posted otherwise. Even the best-maintained gravel roads may have rough
sections and loose gravel that will require lower speeds. Reduce your speed for
safety.

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 Load balance
• An employee lost control of his vehicle at a slow speed
(approximately 10 – 15km/h). The vehicle slid sideways in the soft
mud and tipped onto the left hand passenger side. The employee
did not sustain any injuries.
Critical factors
• 1. Road Conditions
• The condition of the road was very wet, muddy and slippery from
rain and featured ruts from previous vehicles
• 2. Vehicle Issues
• The vehicle was not engaged in four wheel drive which contributed
to the lack of steering control
• The high centre of gravity and unbalanced weight of the toolbox
and spare wheel on the passenger side contributed to the vehicle
tipping

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Just going to the lease site

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 Rural Transportation Issues
• Large machinery
• Slow moving vehicles
• Livestock and animals
• Pickup trucks
• Trains

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Sharing the Road with Large Vehicles
• Farm machinery takes
up much road area
• Be alert to farm
machinery, especially
during spring planting
and fall harvest

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Sharing the Road with
Slow-moving Vehicles
• Be alert to slower
farm machinery
sharing the roads
• When operating farm
machinery use your
seat belt

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 Safety Tips

• Apply SIPDE when driving – Scan, Identify, Predict, Decide and

Execute.
• Constantly Scan the Road -- Your eyes should be constantly scanning,
taking in the entire road. Look ahead as far as you can see. If you're
looking 12 seconds ahead of your vehicle and you see any situation or
hazard, you should be thinking 12 seconds ahead and slowing down
to handle the hazard safely. Remember SIPDE driving. Reduced sight
distances require you to make a special effort to look as far ahead as
you can possibly see. Look 12 - 15 seconds ahead at all times. As the
speed limit increase, increase your scanning distance.
• Wildlife or stray farm animals could be grazing in the ditch along a
road. As you drive, scan the ditch now and then so you can safely
avoid animals. Areas with a lot of bush near the road could hide deer
or farm animals. Slow down in these areas and you will be at a safe
speed to steer around an animal should it climb to the road.

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 See 360
• See 360 -- Know what is 360 degrees
around you. When you look ahead on the
road, look up and reference down. Keep
your eyes moving. Check your mirrors --
Know what, if anything is behind you.
Watch the ditches, bushes and any
approach roads or intersections.
• Vehicle Maintenance – Constant driving
on gravel roads can cause headlights to
become unaligned so have your vehicle
checked regularly.

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 Animals
• Give livestock used for
transportation room
on the roadway
• Be alert for wild game
animals that can dart Ohio State University

in front of a vehicle

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Pickup Trucks
• The cargo area of a
pick up is never a safe
place to ride
• Always use your seat
belt while in the
pickup cab

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 Railroad Crossings
• Trains weigh many
tons and can not stop
quickly
• Always stop at train
intersections

Limited sight

Narrow crossing

No RR signage
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Rural Roadway Conditions
• Slippery surfaces
• Soft shoulders
• No center markings
• Lack of stop signs
• Obstructed vision
• Narrow road surfaces

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Loose Gravel
• Loose gravel can pull
vehicles to the edge of
the road causing loss
of control

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Soft Shoulders/Culverts
• Shoulders on country
roads may be soft and
cause your vehicle to
be pulled off the road
• Shoulders may wash
away around culverts

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 Curves and Hills
• Hills can prevent you
from seeing clearly
over the rise
• Time required to stop
to avoid a crash may
be shortened due to
lack of visibility

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 Blind Intersections
• Crops, trees, and dust
can hinder your ability
to see oncoming
traffic
• Before entering any
road make sure no
other traffic is coming

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 Steep Ditches

• Avoid getting too

close to the edge of
the road near steep
ditches

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Weather Related Conditions
• Weather can cause
concerns, especially
on poorly maintained
roads
Water over road
• Be alert to changing
road surfaces

Snow and iceP bar Y Safety Consultants Alberta Canada

 Poor Road Surfaces

Deteriorating Surfaces Mud Roads

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Narrow Roads and Bridges

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 Be Alert to Changing Conditions
• Slow down for speed
bumps

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 Braking
• Allow longer braking distances. Plan on starting your braking
sooner than you normally would in dry conditions to give
yourself extra room, and use more gentle pressure on the
brake pedal.

• Don't lock your wheels when braking. Locked wheels can

make the vehicle slide or skid. If you have a vehicle without an
antilock braking system (ABS), you may need to gently apply
the brakes repeatedly to avoid having them lock up the
wheels. If your vehicle has ABS, simply depress the brake
pedal firmly and hold it down. ABS typically sends a vibration
or pulsing sensation through the brake pedal. If you feel this,
don't let up; it's normal.

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 Accelerating
• Accelerate slowly to reduce wheel spin. If starting from a
standstill on slick snow or ice or in mud, start in second gear if
you have a manual transmission so the vehicle is less likely to
spin the tires. The automatic transmissions on some vehicles
have a winter mode that automatically starts in a higher gear.

• Reduce your speed and drive smoothly. In slippery

conditions, tires lose their grip more easily, affecting all
aspects of your driving: braking, turning, and accelerating. The
key is to drive as smoothly as possible, avoiding sudden
actions or rapid movements of any kind. Drive as if you have a
full cup of coffee on the dash board or a bowl of water in your
lap and don't want to spill any.

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 Changing Visibility at Night

 Distance you can see ahead is limited

 Headlights provide limited illumination of off-road areas
 Loss of contrast and impaired distance judgment
 Glare from lights of oncoming and following vehicles
 Glare recovery time

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Headlight Alignment and Speed
Properly aligned low beams
 Beam hits roadway 35 metres ahead
 Illuminates area 100- 120 metres ahead
 Load, load distribution, and vehicle height affect
light beam distance


Visual Line

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Headlight Alignment and Speed
Properly aligned high beams
 Beams hit roadway 350 to 500 feet ahead
 Illuminate area road 500 to 1800 feet ahead
 Load, load distribution, and vehicle height affect
light beam distance
 Maximum safe speed 65 to 70 mph, based on ability
to stop within lighted area
Visual Line

T – 8.4
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Nighttime Precautionary Measures
 Clean windshield inside and out

 Special problem of windblown sand/dirt particles

 Diffused light gives appearance of halo around headlights
of oncoming vehicle. Clean all lights.
 50 to 90 percent loss of headlight
efficiency due to road grime
 Reduce daytime speed
 Increase following interval
 Look to right of oncoming vehicles

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 Visibility Limitations in Fog
Driving in Heavy Fog
 Reduce speed, but do not stop in a travel lane
 Turn on emergency flashers
 Look for an exit from the highway
 If impossible to leave highway:

 stop beyond end of guard rail

 back up to outboard of the
guard rail
 turn off all lights
 wait for fog to lift

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 Controlling Consequences
 Avoid Head-On Collisions
 Drive off road rather than skid off road
 Hit something soft rather than something hard
 Hit something going your way rather than something stationary
 Hit stationary object with glancing blow
 Hit stationary object rather than an approaching object
 Steer to avoid oncoming traffic

X
?
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 General Requirements Secure that load
• Before operating a commercial motor vehicle, you must make sure that your vehicle’s cargo and equipment is
secured properly. This includes:

• Tailgates
• Doors
• Tarps
• Spare tires
• Boards

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Pick-ups and Small Vehicle
Securement

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 General Cargo Securement Requirements
All cargo must be contained,
immobilized, or secured so
that it does not:
• Leak
• Spill
• Blow off the vehicle
• Fall from the vehicle
• Fall through the vehicle

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 Securing Devices
What is a securing device?

Friction Mats Binders

Chains Shackles
Wire Rope Winches
Manila Rope Stake Pockets
Synthetic Rope D-Rings
Steel Strapping Pockets
Clamps and latches Webbing Ratchets
Blocking Bracing
Front-end structure Synthetic Webbing
Grab Hooks Binders

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 Pick-ups and Small Vehicle Securement
Inside the Cab
 It is the driver’s responsibility to
assure loads, equipment and
other items transported inside a
vehicle are secure and/or
positioned to eliminate/minimize
safety risks to the occupants.
Regarding these items,
consideration shall be given to:
 transporting in the trunk of a car, i.e.
suitcase, computer bag
 stowing under or behind a seat, glove box
or armrest console
 covering by netting
 holding in the seat by a seatbelt or similar
device

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 The Golden Rule for Driving Safety

• All categories of vehicle, including self-propelled mobile plant,

must not be operated unless:

 vehicle is fit for purpose, inspected and confirmed to be in safe working order
 passenger number does not exceed manufacturer’s design specification for the vehicle
 loads are secure and do not exceed manufacturer’s design specifications or legal limits for the
vehicle
 seat belts are installed and worn by all occupants
 safety helmets are worn by riders and passengers of motorcycles, bicycles, quads, snow-mobiles
and similar types of vehicle

Drivers must not be authorised to operate the vehicle unless:

 they are trained, certified and medically fit to operate the class of vehicle
 they are not under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and are not suffering from fatigue
 they do not use hand-held cell phones and radios while driving (best practice is to switch off all
phones and two-way radios when driving)

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 Basics of the Road it just our way
Defensive Driving:
I. The Law (Legal Element)
Rules and regulations that apply to a (i) commercial motor vehicle; (ii) school bus; (iii) personal vehicle operation
All drivers are governed by, and must comply with the Highway Traffic Act (HTA). Drivers are not expected to be familiar with all aspects
of the HTA; but drivers are required to be aware of, understand, and abide by the portions of the act that apply to the driver, the
driver’s vehicle and cargo which the driver carries.
This would include:
 The mechanical condition of the driver’s vehicle (is the vehicle safe to drive)
 Driver’s physical and emotional condition (is the driver fully alert and physically able to drive)
 The security of the load which the driver is carrying or pulling
(roof rack cargo, truck bed cargo and/or trailer cargo)
 The visibility of the driver’s vehicle and visibility from the vehicle
(lights, mirrors, windows)
 Licenses, validation stickers and insurance
II. The Driver (Human Element)
As experienced drivers, we are confident in our knowledge and abilities. As a result, many of us feel we can deal with anything. No matter
what the problem, mechanical failures, bad weather, poor roads or bad drivers, we believe we can deal with the situation and
survive.
 Overconfidence such as this is common among people who are thoroughly familiar with their work. If you think about it though,
it’s a pretty arrogant and potentially dangerous attitude to take.
 The basic human factors that affect our ability to drive safely are Attitude, Mental and Emotional State, Physical State and
Knowledge.
TRAINER DISCUSSION:
 Attitude
 Mental/Emotional State: Fatigue (Tiredness), Stress (Emotional Strain), Complacency, Emotions
 Physical State: Physical Exercise, Nutrition, Sleep, The Sleep/Wake Cycle, Minor Illnesses/Injuries, Major Illnesses, Hearing,
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 Rules of the Road for Safe Operation of Vehicles:
Client Policies
 Before the contract begins the Supervisor must ask the client if there are any specific driving rules or procedures that they should
be aware of. It is the Supervisor’s responsibility to communicate these rules and regulations to his/her staff.
Seat Belts
 You and all of your passengers MUST WEAR a seat belt at all times while driving in a company vehicle—NO
EXCEPTIONS!!. It is the law.
Maximum Speed
 The maximum speed of travel in a company vehicle on a bush road is 70 km/hr or the posted limit. The maximum speed of travel
in a company vehicle on the highway is the posted limit. Actual driving conditions may reduce the acceptable maximum speed of
travel on bush roads & highways. SPEEDING IS THE #1 CAUSE OF VEHICLE ACCIDENTS IN THE COMPANY
Smoking
 All vehicles should be non smoking! Set the policy early and lead by example (i.e. Supervisors can’t smoke in their trucks either!)
Safe Driving is Everyone’s Responsibility
 During the Camp Safety & Orientation Day the Supervisor will make a personal commitment to safe driving. The Supervisor will
tell the camp that each person has the responsibility to report unsafe driving to the Supervisor, the Safety Officer. If anyone is
driving unsafely, the Supervisor & Garth must be aware of the problem and action will be taken.
 It is very important that at the beginning of the season that all persons in camp are versed on the dangers of bush road driving.
Personal vehicles are a significant hazard to safety and the drivers must understand the basics of our safety standards. Personal
vehicles must follow in a radio-controlled convoy while traveling on active bush roads.

Personal Vehicle Drivers.

 Anyone wishing to use a Personal vehicle during the season MUST review and sign the “SOP—Bush Driving for Personal
Vehicles” and submit a signed copy to their Supervisor. This SOP is on the “Pre-Season” page and your Supervisor will have
copies available at start-up.

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 Rules of the Road for Safe Operation of Vehicles:
Backing-up a Vehicle
 As a policy for 2011 drivers must sound their horn twice quickly before reversing any vehicle. A high percentage of our vehicle
damage is a result of hitting objects when in reverse. You will forfeit your entire vehicle bonus and it will effect your end of season
performance review & bonus if any damage or injury is caused by improperly backing-up a vehicle. This is an avoidable
incident.
Drinking, Driving and Illegal Drugs
 Driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or illegal drugs will not be tolerated and is grounds for immediate
dismissal. The management will appoint designated drivers if drivers are required on the night off.
Keys
 Keys must be removed from the vehicle when in town or during in-camp nights off. Keys should never be left attached to the
vehicle (in the gas flap, under the bumper). The last driver is responsible for the care of the keys and respective vehicle. Keys must
be kept in a safe place and all management should designate a common location, (i.e. Key box in the office at camp)
Key Points & Review:
The use of the word accident is inherently misleading. Accident by definition means that an incident is unavoidable. What we are trying to
get across is that problems that occur with Coast Range’s drivers are in fact avoidable. A better word may be “a preventable” or
“avoidable incident”. It is necessary to communicate to drivers that they can avoid being put in dangerous situations by driving
more safely, responsibly and carefully.
 Make sure people know where you are.
 Do checks on your vehicle daily.
 Make sure you have the equipment that you need. (Spare tire, jack-all, chains, shovel, etc.)
 Wear your seat belt and ensure all passengers are belted.
 Keep your sights high and wide in order to anticipate danger.
 Drive according to existing conditions. Adapt speed accordingly.
 Slow down for: fog, dust, loose gravel, boulders, potholes, washboard, sand, wet clay, soft shoulders, grader working.
 Investigate flooded roads before proceeding.
 Be careful when turning around. The most common method of getting stuck is trying to turn around in a bad spot. Get out and
check the area where you plan to turn around.
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 Rules of the Road for Safe Operation of Vehicles:
Key Points and Review (cont’d):
 Approaching a grader: Slow down. Make sure the grader driver knows you are there (use your radio to communicate with him, if
possible). Wait until driver signals you before you pass. Be sure that it is safe to enter the oncoming lane before you pass the
grader. Be careful crossing the line of gravel that the grader leaves.
 Haul Trucks: Be sure to keep the noise down in your vehicle so you can hear the radio and anticipate when haul trucks are
coming. It is just as important that they know you are coming. You must use your radio and call every 2 kilometers. Look for a
safe “pull-out” and wait for the truck to pass. Continue on only when the dust has settled and you are sure that it is clear. Radio
your position again before you pull onto the road.
 Animals: When you see an animal, brake, slow down and/or stop if you can without risk to vehicles behind you. If there is no
traffic and no danger of colliding with any other object, steer around the animal, staying in control of your vehicle.
 Distractions: The Driver must be free of distractions. Co-pilot will operate 2-way radio calling km’s and truck stereo. Music must
not be loud enough to distract the driver. Passengers will not distract the driver verbally or physically at anytime during travel.
 Always stay right on hills. There is a legal center-line on bush roads.
 Drive within your capabilities and that of your vehicle.
 See and be seen. Use headlights at all times.
 Reduce speed to increase warning time.
Radio Usage: Co-pilot will operate truck radio for traffic communication & handheld radio for company communication.
Be clear on your client’s expectations on radio use. As a company rule, call out your position every 2 kilometers. Use the
radio to call out a description of who you are, where you are and what you are doing. (I.e. “Pick-up, Up Bear at 6.”) Be sure to
listen for other on the road and pull-over for larger vehicles. Anyone found not using their radio properly will be subject to
discipline and loss of management or driver bonus.
Radio Checks:
Each time a convoy of vehicles leaves camp or the block, a radio check must be completed to ensure that all vehicles are on the
proper channel and that clear communication is established. Co-pilot will operate truck radio and company handheld.
Passing Equipment at Roadside:
When approaching any heavy equipment that is working at roadside, come to a complete stop at least 35 meters back from the
machine. Make sure you get the attention of the operator (use your radio to communicate if possible) and the machine comes to a
complete stop. Always make sure that you establish eye contact with the operator and that he/she signals it is safe to pass.
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Driving on the worksite:

Driving a vehicle is a major part of executing your job as a member of Coast Range’s
management team. Driving on the block can be a hazardous part of your day and
requires that you pay special attention. There are a number of elements that you must
look out for on the block.
 Drive at a much slower speed than normal. Roads on blocks are not maintained and usually
much narrower.
 Keeping close watch of any workers that may be on the road or at a tree cache.
 It is very easy to get stuck in soft landings.
 There is usually no shoulder on these roads.
 Keeping as eye out for animals as the block is often their home or former home.
 Block roads can change from good to bad very quickly. Wash outs can be very deep and often
not marked.
 Heavy sticks can be kicked up and hit a bystander or the side of your vehicle. DO NOT RUN
OVER LOGS OR ROCKS ON THE ROAD—TAKE THE TIME TO MOVE THEM!
 Do not take vehicles down roads if you know there is no turn around spot.
 Be careful when approaching tree caches as there could be someone under the tarp or near it.
 Park your vehicle so that it is pointing in the direction to leave the block—you
never know when you will need to leave in an emergency situation.
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 IN A HURRY?
To speed or not to speed… that is the question.

IS IT WORTH THE RISK TO SPEED?

50 KM ROAD TRIP (100 km/hr speed limit) OBEY SPEED LIMIT DRIVER 15 km/h OVER

Total Driving Time 30 minutes 26 Minutes

Increased crash risk? NO YES

Amount of fine $0.00 $115.00

Driver Penalty Points 0 3

Risk of increased insurance premium NO YES

due to a crash?
Additional stress? NO Watching for police
Fear of radar traps
Increased risk of killing yourself or
others

How much time do you save by speeding?

Only 4 minutes!
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 REACTION TIME AND STOPPING DISTANCE CHART * Please note that this chart is based on
pavement driving and “normal” conditions. We operate primarily on gravel roads where stopping distances are
greatly increased. The maximum speed for Coast Range vehicles on gravel roads in “perfect conditions” is:
80/km. Most of the time we experience less than “perfect” conditions—Therefore Coast Range Drivers must drive
at a speed that is safe for the road conditions, which in most cases will be less than 80 km/hr.

DECIDE
To STOP
10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 50 m 60 m 70 m 80 m 90 m

80 km/h REACTION: 22 m STOPPING DISTANCE: 34 m

85 km/h REACTION: 24 m STOPPING DISTANCE: 38 m

90 km/h REACTION: 25 m STOPPING DISTANCE: 43 m

100 km/h REACTION: 28 m STOPPING DISTANCE: 47 m SPEED OF IMPACT

44 km/h

110 km/h REACTION: 31 m STOPPING DISTANCE: 63 m SPEED OF IMPACT

77 km/h

120 km/h REACTION: 33 m STOPPING DISTANCE: 76 m SPEED OF IMPACT

96 km/h - FATAL

* vehicle shown in proportion to actual stopping distances

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 RISKS OF SPEEDING
THE FASTER WE DRIVE

 The less time and distance we have to react

 The more our field of vision is effectively
reduced (need more information to keep up
with the rate of travel)
 Vehicle responsiveness and stability are
reduced; brakes, tires, steering and
suspension become less effective
 In the event of a crash, the violence of the
impact is dramatically increased

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 Defensive Driving
• So, how does one avoid it? The DDC Formula!
– Recognize Hazards
– Understand the Defense
– Act correctly and timely

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 Defensive Driving
• 5 characteristics of a defensive driver
– Knowledge
– Alertness
– Foresight
– Good judgment
– Skill

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 Winter Driving
Slow down for wet, snowy, icy conditions.
Avoid quick braking or acceleration.
Find out about driving conditions before
you go.
Everytime – buckle up.
Turn signals, brake lights and windows
need to be clear of snow.
You should never use cruise control in
winter weather conditions.

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 Safety in Rural Areas

• Always wear your seat belt

• Stay within the speed limit
• Be alert to other traffic
• Take extra caution when driving on rural
roads

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 Give Driving Your Full Attention
• Avoid cell phone use when driving

• Limit the number of passengers

Never drive while impairedThe Cowboy Days Are Gone…

You have a serious responsibility to ensure the safety of your
passengers. No one thinks that you are the coolest because you
drive the fastest. You won’t feel like much of hero if you find
yourself upside down in the ditch with the blood of 7 planters
on your hands. Driving too fast and out of control truly
upsets people and is an extremely serious offense that will lead
to termination of employment.

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