Cl STRUCTURAL JOURNAL BTC aIN CN kicalaasiat Title no. 85-855 Analysis/Design of Reinforced Concrete Circular Cross Sections Ak by Gupta S. R. Davalath and Murty K. S. Madugula Using the strength theory of ACI 318-83, a numerical procedure along ‘nth a computer program was developed Jor the anlyss/design of reinforced conerete creuar cross sections subjected 10 axal loads (compression or tension) and bending moments. In the analysis mode, the computer program calewates the design flexural strength of @ given reinforced concrete circular cross section subjected 10a given tial fad orecentricity. Jn the design mode, the program solves for fl possible combinations of reinforcing bars 10 satisfy the given Toating cates, thus leading to an optimal cost solution. nique fea tre ofthe program isthe determination of design strength without exceeding the tense strain n the reinforcement specified y the de signer. The program i& most useful (0 determine optimal reinforce: ‘men! Jor any given size of eleularerass section or an optimal com: Dinotion of reinforcement and diometer of circular erass section, ‘based on cost. Using the computer program, optimization can easily ‘be extended 0 consider different grades of steel and concrete. Com parisons with other existing analysis merhods are also included 10 ‘demonsirate the effectiveness and generality of the program. Bresler' carried out pioneering studies and developed an equation to provide a simple, direct, and reasonably accurate approximation of strength of a reinforced concrete column subjected to axial compression and biaxial bending. Wiggins' developed an approximate procedure for the design of cast-in-place reinforced concrete piers (for transmission tower foundations) subjected to bending and axial compression/tension. He substituted circular cross sections with equivalent rectangular sections. The results obtained by his proce: dure are highly conservative and approximate. Based on certain simplifying assumptions, Fekete’ developed procedures for design graphs of circular columns under axial compression/tension and moment, which are use- ful for hand computations. This method requires nu- merous graphs as design aids. Ansari‘ carried out an ‘experimental investigation of nine rectangular rein- forced concrete specimens subjected to tensile axial loads with small eccentricities, while Carnell? con- ducted tests on members subjected to tensile loads with ACI Structural Journal | November-December 1988 large eccentricities. Based on the fundamentals of strain compatibility and equilibrium of forces, Moreadith* presented recommendations for the design of re- inforced concrete members subjected to combined bending and tension. Gouwens and Cichy’ developed a computer program (for Apple II Computers) for deter- mining the strength and stiffness of round columns. ‘They, like Fekete, replaced the discrete reinforcing bars by a thin continuous ring of reinforcement. Hsu" devel- ‘oped a computer program to study the three-dimen- sional strength interaction diagrams and failure sur- faces for reinforced concrete members subjected to biaxial bending and tension, and proposed design for- mulas for square and rectangular cross sections. Dav- ister,’ Ehsani,"® and Ross and Yen" developed com- puter programs for the analysis and design of columns subjected to axial compression and uniaxial/biaxial bending. The Portland Cement Association,” the Con- crete Reinforcing Steel Institute," and the American Concrete Institute published tables and charts for the analysis and/or design of reinforced concrete circular columns under combined bending and axial compres- sion. However, these design aids are limited to partic- ular values of concrete cover. Application of basic principles of equilibrium and compatibility offers the most direct approach for ana- lyzing and designing reinforced concrete members sub- jected to an axial force and a bending moment, using strength theory. However, since the cross section is cit- cular and the reinforcement is located at discrete points along the periphery of a circle, the equations of equi- librium are complex and no explicit solutions can be determined. It is therefore necessary to use trial-and- error techniques which become too lengthy for hand computation, but which can be efficiently solved using computer. TRESv Aug. 31, 1967 an reviewed unde ne putin pics capi © Hi Aer Cnce ie Ah Yee, ag ec erten don wile puted he Stent ‘Geabe 198 er 617{Gap S. . Deal i a princal engineer with Gulf State Utes Com ‘poy, Besumont, Teas, He es mare than 30 years of teaching, search end ‘rata experience winforced concrete and ste sncars He ered as (Ch Eniner forthe Canadian Bride Divison of Hawker Sidley Canad “Lid, Winder, Ontri,whare he was response or the engineering of tras ‘mason lie ond mironne sractre. He hes developed numerous compuer, ‘rows for design, anal and option of ranamsvon line scares ‘nd foundations, an has euthored 10 publications on srucura engine Marty Maul io prefer of cl engineering othe Univers af Windsor, Windsor, Oto, Canada, He ha mare than 25 ets of teaching, sarc, ard pace experience einfored concrete and te sutures Profesor Madugus ho authored tw textbooks ond re tan 30 papers sirctarl engineering. He is a member of eeal profesional rgatzions i MAIN FEATURES OF THE COMPUTER PROGRAM Based on the fundamentals of equilibrium of forces and compatibility of strains, and the strength reduction factors given in ACI 318-83," a computer program was developed that can analyze/design a circular cross sec~ tion with symmetric arrangement of reinforcement subjected to a moment combined with axial compres: sion/tension. The analysis is based on the following as- sumptions: 1, Strain in reinforcement and concrete is assumed directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis. PAD ney, eh MRL Re Whee fos TS] Jacoo0s we ge Fig. 1—Elevation, plan view, strain, and stress dia- ‘grams of reinforced concrete circular cross section sub- Jected 10 axial load and moment 618 2. Maximum strain in extreme conerete compression fiber is 0.003. 3. The stress-strain curve for reinforcement is elastic perfectly plastic. 4. Tensile strength of concrete is negligible. 5. The relationship between concrete compressive stress distribution and conerete strain is assumed to be rectangular, with the equivalent rectangular stress block satisfying the requirements of Section 10.2.7 of ACL 318-83." 6. Design strength is developed, either a) when the maximum compressive strain in con- crete is 0.003 and the maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement does not exceed the limiting value specified by the designer (This value is less than the minimum percentage elongation specified in ASTM ‘A615-78.") or b) when the maximum compressive strain in con- crete is less than 0.003 and the maximum tensile strain in the reinforcement is equal to the limiting value specified by the designer. In the analysis mode, the computer program calcu- lates the design flexural strength of a given reinforced concrete circular cross section either corresponding to the given axial load (axial load method), of to the given ‘eccentricity (eccentricity method). In the design mode, the program solves for all possible combinations of reinforcing bars to satisfy the given loading cases, thus leading to an optimal cost solution. The procedure can be used with any grade of concrete or reinforcement. The solution obtained is exact, for the assumptions made. ‘A unique feature of the program is the determina. tion of design strength without exceeding the tensile strain in the reinforcement specified by the designer. None of the specifications/codes of practice limit the maximum strain in steel; however, it is possible for reinforced concrete circular cross sections subjected to axial force and bending moment to fail due to excessive strain in the reinforcement, SOLUTION TECHNIQUE ‘The following equations are based on the equilib rium of forces and compatibility of strains. The nomi- nal axial load strength of cross section P, is equal to the sum of the nominal compression strength of concrete P. and the nominal axial load strength of steel P,. Thus PsP, o Referring to Fig. 1, area of concrete in compression stress block A,, h ace (fe - 4 drsiny ( cosa) 2 — area of reinforcing bars located in the compression stress block = Fea ~ sin 2a) - 3 Asm, a) ACI Structural Journal / November-December 1988where f= diameter of circular cross section @ = one-half of the angle subtended at the center of the cross section by concrete compression stress block A, = cross-sectional area of each reinforcing bar rn, = number of reinforcing bars in each row parallel to moment axis n, = number of rows of reinforcing bars in the zone of concrete compression stress block P.= O85 f(A) where f! = specified compressive strength of concrete. Nominal axial load strength of steel P, is Dh Aan ® where 1n,= total number of rows of reinforcing bars Jf. = stress in reinforcing bars ‘modulus of elasticity times the strain, but not ex- ceeding the yield strength Jf, Similarly, the nominal flexural strength M, is equal to the sum of the nominal flexural strength due to con- crete M, and the nominal flexural strength due to steel M, M,= M+ M, “ ‘Taking moments of the forces acting on concrete compression stress block about moment axis yy [Fig. 10b)] sin 2a) 2 sin 2a) 3h oss [oe . = SAvm eos ‘| © rt : 0.85 f [are Santas] ACI Structural Journal | November-December 1988 where = angle between the radial line through the rein- forcing bar and the line perpendicular to the moment axis [see Fig. 1(b)] ‘yh = diameter of reinforcing bar citcle ‘Nominal flexural strength due to steel M, = SG.Ainy cos © Eccentricity of loading e is given by MM “P,P, e a where P, = applied factored axial load applied factored moment Design strengths are obtained by multiplying the nominal capacities by the strength reduction factors @ given in Section 9.3.2.2 of ACI 318-85." When the maximum strain in reinforcing bars is less than the specified value, the strain distribution will be as shown in Fig. 1(@), in which the maximum strain in concrete is equal to 0.003. The strain ¢, and the stress f, in any reinforcing bar is given by [see Fig. 1()} 6, = 0,003 (d + 0.5h ~c)/e Ha) Sf. = 81d + 05h ~ ove, ‘but not greater than f, 700) where = distance of the reinforcing bar from the moment When the maximum strain in reinforcing bars is equal to the limiting value specified by the designer, and the maximum strain in concrete is less than 0.003, the strain distribution will be as shown in Fig. 1(9. The strain and stress in any reinforcing bar is given by [see Fig. 109) 6, = Gnu (d + 05h ~ Md, + 05h ~ €) Tle) 29,000 aus (d + 0.5h ~ OVA, + 05h 0), 14d) but not exceeding f, Referring to Fig. 1(€) or I(f), the maximum tensile strain e,, in reinforcing bars is given by 0.003 (d, + 0.5h = ove ®) where a distance from the farthest reinforcing bar on the tension side to the moment axis = 0.5 yh, for orientation in which only one rein- 619forcing bar on the tension side is farthest from the neutral axis (Orientation 1 — Fig. 1(b)], or 0.5 yh cos (/n) for the orientation in which two reinforcing bars on the tension side are equally farthest from the neutral axis [Orienta- tion 2 — Fig. 1(0)] ‘The depth of concrete compression stress block a is given by [Fig. 1(6)] a= Be o where i, is a factor defined in Section 10.2.7.3 of ACI 318-83." Referring to Fig. 1(b) and (c), the angle a is given by cos! (0.5h ~ a)/0.5h) (10) When the maximum strain in the reinforcing bar ¢, is equal t0 équ, and the maximum strain in concrete is, equal 10 0.003, « reaches the limiting value a,. It is ob- tained from Eq. (8) (9), and (10), after substituting ¢,., for eq in Eq. (8) [1 The angle 2a subtended by the stress block at the center of the cross section is unknown and depends on the factored axial load P, or the eccentricity e. Hence, it cannot be directly computed and the solution is ob- tained by an iterative procedure. In this procedure, an initial estimate of “a” is made based on the factored axial load P, or the eccentricity e. Using this value of, a, P. is computed using Eq. (1) through (3), or e is computed using Ea. (1) through (7). The value of a is revised for any discrepancy by a convergent process until a satisfactory agreement is obtained between computed and desired values of P, or e. If is less than the limiting value a, the capacity of the section is governed by the specified maximum strain in stecl é,q. The nominal flexural strength is computed from Eq. (4) through (6), to correspond with the value of P,. If the computed value of P, corresponding to the specified value of eccentricity e exceeds the maximum nominal compressive strength P, (Section 10.3.5.1 and 10.3.5.2 of ACI 318-83"), then the program computes the flexural strength to correspond to P, and not to the specified eccentricity e. This procedure is repeated for both orientations of reinforcing bars shown in Fig. 1(b) and (c). The lower of the nominal strengths computed for both orienta- tions is considered to be the nominal strength for that load case. The program, then, continues this procedure for the remaining load cases. The input to the computer program includes h, +h, fy, Ad Eee: Ene is the ratio (expressed as a percent- age) of the permissible maximum tensile strain in the 620 0.003 8, (d, + 0.5h) “ 0.5h (Ema, + 0.003), ] reinforcing bar én to the specified minimum percent- age of elongation of reinforcing bar ¢,. Values of ¢, given in ASTM A 615-78" are stored in the program. In the analysis mode, number and size of reinforcing bars, factored axial loads, or eccentricities are also in- put in addition to the values just mentioned, Following the procedure explained earlier, the program computes the design flexural strengths, corresponding to applied factored axial loads or eccentricities. In the design mode, maximum and minimum num- ber and size of reinforcing bars, as well asthe different load cases to be considered, are input, in addition to h, ‘Yh, Lf, 80d Ena If yh 8 not specified in the input, the program calculates the reinforcing bar circle diameter ‘yh by an internally specified formula based on practi- cal considerations for the construction of a drilled pier. The program starts the operation with the minimum number of the smallest size bar (estimated to satisfy the given load combinations) and computes the capacity for the first load combination. If the computed moment capacity is less than the required capacity, the program eases the number of reinforcing bars (in increments, of one, up to the maximum number specified) and re- peats the procedure until a solution satisfying the load combination is obtained. The procedure is continued for the remaining load combinations, increasing the size of reinforcing bar, if necessary. Then the program re computes the moment capacity for all the load combi- nations with the number of bars used for the last load combination. The program then repeats this procedure for the next higher size reinforcing bar, until optimal solutions are obtained for all sizes of reinforcing bars. The flow chart for the computer program is shown in Fig. 2a and 2b. COMPARISON WITH OTHER WORKS The results obtained from the present method of analysis and computer program were compared with other existing analysis methods and experimental work. ‘A few examples are included herein for purposes of il- lustration. (Note: 1 ft = 304.8 mm, 1 ksi = 6.895 MPa, and I kip = 4.448 kN.) Example 1: f= Dit yh = L5H Sl = 3ksi,f, = ksi, P. 60.7 fe »s compression, € This is the design example taken from Reference 2, pages 97 to 98. The design cannot be carried out using design aids given in References 12, 13, and 14, since the values are outside the range of tables/graphs contained in them, Reference 2 gives eight No. 9 bars as the re- quired reinforcement. The program gives eight No. 6 bars (Ene is 9.99 percent). Obviously, Wiggins’ method is very conservative. If eight No. 9 bars are used, the load-carrying capacity increases to 3.3 kips at 60.7 ft eccentricity, or the eccentricity can be increased to 118.9 ft for a load of 1.7 kips ACI Structural Journal | November-December 1988a Z r = Fig. 2(a)—Flow chart for the computer program Example 2: cae f= 2it, yh = LS HS! = 3 ksi, f, = 40 ksi, oun P, = 29.99 x 1.1 = 32,99 (load factor of 1.1) kips tension, ¢ = 1.1 ft aris “ This is again the design example taken from Refer- cence 2, pages 90 to 92. Again, References 12, 13, and 14 are not of much help, since the axial force is tensile. Reference 2 gives eight No. 6 bars as the required reinforcement. The program gives seven No. $ bars reducing the steel re- ‘quirement by about 40 percent. If eight No. 6 bars are used, the load-carrying capacity increases to $5.3 kips tension at 1.1 ft eccentricity, or the eccentricity can be increased to 2.32 ft for a load of 29.99 x 1.1 = 32.99 kips tension. Example 3: = 1S fh yh = LOB Mf! = 4 ksi, f = 60 ksi, P, = 552 kips, ¢ = 0.266 ft This is the design example 1 on pages 4 through 10 of Reference 13. The result using the tables in Refer- ence 13 is seven No. 10 bars with P, = $59 kips. CRSI Handbook (Reference 13) makes approximations in considering the center of gravity of concrete compres- sion stress block. The exact value of P, using the com- puter program with seven No. 10 bars is 556.7 kips. ‘The problem cannot be solved using the design aids in References 12 and 14 as the values are outside the range Of those design aids, ACI Structural Journal / November-December 1988 Fig. 2(b)—Flow chart for the computer program Example 4: he = 1.67 ft, yh = 1.28 ft, fi = 3ksi, f, = 40 ksi, 10 No. 7 bars, e = 1.0 ft, calculate P, 621This is the analysis example taken from pages $27 through 529 of Reference 17. The answer of 162 kips tiven in Reference 17 is based on the following: a) Only one orientation of bars is considered. b) Area and centroid of compression stress block are ‘obtained graphically. ©) Area of concrete displaced by reinforcing bars in compression stress block is ignored. 4) Stress in reinforcing bars near the neutral axis is ignored. ‘An exact solution, using the computer program, gives 2 value of 157.3 kips for P,. (The program considers both orientations of reinforcing bars and the smaller value is taken as P,.) Example 5: f= 167M, yh = 124K Sl = 4ksi, f, = 50 ksi, 10.No. 9 bars, ¢ = 1.67 ft, calculate P, This is the analysis example taken from page 430 of Reference 18. The answer given in Reference 18 is 0.75 x 196.3 = 147.2 kips. An exact solution using the computer program gives a value of 145.2 kips for P,, The comments for Example 4 are also applicable for this example. Example 6: f= 30 ft, yh = 2.78, f = 4ksi, f, = 60 ksi, P, = 400 kips, ¢ = 4.0 ft. Caleulate the reinforcement required. This is the design example taken from Reference 3. ‘The answer given in Reference 3 is 18.3 in.? (assuming ‘a uniform concrete stress of 0.8 f and steel stressed to yield, both in tension and compression, at failure) but ‘the computer program shows that 18.3 in.* would not bbe able to support the load of 400 kips at an eccentric ity of 4.0 1. Example 7: f= 1.42 ft, yh = LOM S) = Sksi,f, = 60 ksi, P, = 940 kips compression, ¢ = 0.0426 ff. This is the design example taken from Reference 14. ‘The design cannot be carried out using design aids in References 12 and 13, since the values are outside the range of tables and graphs contained in them. Refer- ence 14 recommends six No. 11 bars as the required re- inforcement. The exact value of P, using this computer program with six No. 11 bars is 947.6 kips at 0.0426 ft eccentricity, or the eccentricity can be increased to 0.0763 ft for a load of 940 kips. Although the values presented in the tables of Ref- erences 12 and 13 are accurate enough, solutions ob- tained from interpolation/extrapolation will be ap- 622 proximate. OF necessity, the tables are limited to a con- crete cover of 1.5 in., a certain range of compressive strengths of concrete, yield strengths, and quantities of reinforcement. Considerable approximations are introduced in read- ing the graphs of Reference 14, since they are drawn to small scale and quite often the results have to be inter: polated between two or more graphs. CONCLUSIONS ‘The computer program developed will give accurate results for the analysis/design of reinforced concrete circular cross sections subjected to axial compression/ tension and moment. The program can: 1. Calculate the axial load capacity of a given cross section for a specified eccentricity. 2. Calculate the maximum allowable eccentricity of a given cross section for a specified axial load. 3. Determine the optimal reinforcement for a given diameter of cross-section, axial load, and moment. 4. Determine the optimal reinforcement and diame- ter of cross section for a given axial load and moment. NOTATION depth of concrete compression sues lock rose-sectional area ofeach reinforcing bar rea of concrete in compression stress block otal area of set stance from extreme compression fer to neural axis = distance from farthest reinforcing bar on the tension side to the moment axis = escentricity of loading = specified compressive strength of concrete tess in teinforcing bar (tensile or compresive) specified yield strength of reinforcement ameter of circular cross section nominal lexual strength due to concrete ‘nominal flexural strength of eros section nominal flexural strength due to see) = applied factored moment ‘n= number of reinforcing bars in each row parallel 0 the 1h, = number of rows of reinforcing bars in the zone ofconerete compression stress block (otal umber of rows of reinforcing bars © total umber of eintorcing bars ‘nominal compression sirength of concrete nominal axial load strength of cross section = nominal compresive load strength at zero escetriciy = nominal axial load strength of see! applied factored axial load = one-half the angle subtended at the center ofthe cross section by concrete compression stress block imiting value of a, when ¢, = 0.003 and ¢. = Ga factor as defined in Section 10.2.7. of ACI 31883, diameter of reinforcing bar circle 2 = specified minimum percentage elongation of reinforcing rt ‘maximum strain in extreme conrete compression fiber = 0.003 ‘maximum tensile strain in the reinforcing bar petmissble maximum tensile stain in the reinforcing bar (specified by the designer) 6. = lei strain in stel ACI Structural Journal November-December 19884 ang nee he lie ou the ering ar Indien poner te moment - S00 4 seg con tars specie i Seon 9.3.20 aerate REFERENCES 1, Breser, Bors, “Design Criteria for Reinforced Concrete Col- urmns Under Axial Load and Biaxial Bending,” ACI Journ, Pro- ‘ceedings V. 87, No.8, NOv. 1960, 9p. 481-490, 2. Wiggins, Richard L., “Analysis and Design of Tower Founda- tions," Proceedings, ASCE, V. 98, POL, Mas 3, Fekete, Gy, “Ultimate Strength Design of Citeular Reinforced ‘Concrete Cross Setions," Civil Enginering-—ASCE, V. 43, No.1 Nov. 1973, pp. a0. ‘4. Ans, F., “Design of Reinforced Concrete Members Subjet to ‘Tension with Small Eccentrctes,” MS thesis, University of Colo- rado, Boulder, 1978, $1 pp. 5. Camel, D. Av, "Design of Reinforced Concrete Members for ‘Combined Bending and Tension,” MS thesis, University of Colo- rado, Boulder, 1978, $8 pp. 6, Moreadith, F. L., "Design of Reinforced Concrete for Com: bined Bending and Tension,” ACI JouRNAt, Proceedings V. 78, NO. 6, June 1998, pp. 251.285 7. Gouvers, A.J. and Cichy, N. T., “Strength and stiffness of Round Columns (A' Computer Program for Apple Il Computer)” Packer Engineering Associates, Chicago, 1984 ACI Structural Journal | November-December 1988 8. Hsu, Cheng-Tau Thomas, “Reinforced Concrete Members Sub- ject to Combined Biaxial Bending and Tension," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 83, No. 1, Jan.-Feb, 1986, pp. 137-14. 9. Daviser, M. D., “A Computer Program for Exact Analysis Concrete International: Design & Construction, V. 8, No.7, uly 1986, pp. S661 10, Ehsani, Mohammad R., “CAD for Columns,” Concrete In- ‘ternational: Design and Construction, V. 8, No.9, Sept. 1986, pp. 43 "7. 11, Ross, David A., and Yen, J. Richard, “Interactive Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Biaxial Bending,” ACI JouR- at, Proceedings V. 83, No. 6, Nov.-Dee. 1986, pp, 988.983 12, “Ukimate Load Tables for Circular Columns," Portland Ce- rent Association, Skokie, 1960, 30 pp. 13. CRSI Handbook Based Upon the 1988 ACI Bulding Code, Concrete Reinforcing Stst Insitute, Schaumbure, 1984, pp. 4-1 0 “101. 14. ACI Commitee 40, Design Handbook in Accordance withthe Strength Design Method of ACI 31883: V. 2~Columns, SP-ITAGS), ‘American Concrete Institut, Detroit, 1985, 222 pp. 15, ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Rein forced Conerete (ACI 318-83)," American Concrete Institute, De trot, 1983, 111 pp. 16. “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Blle-Stel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement (ASTM A 615-78), ASTM, Phi delphia, 1978, 6 pp. 17, Ferguson, Phil M., Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals, th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978 pp. 527-528 18. Wang, Chu-Kis, and Salmon, Chaves G., Reinforced Con- ‘rete Design, 2nd Edition, Intext Educational Publishers, New York, 1973, pp. 430-433, 623