18 ) STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness Getting Started: The Diagnostic Exam The following problems refer to different chapters in the book. The important thing is not whether you get the correct answer, but whether you have difficulty with one or more questions from a chapter. If so, then review the material in chat chapter. You may use a calculator and periodic table. For each question, circle the leer of your ch Chapter 5 1, In most of its compounds, this element exists as a monatomic cation (A) F @) s ON (D) Ca 2. Which of the following groups has the species cor- rectly listed in order of decreasing radius? (A) Cu”, Cu’, Cu @) v,v",v" (©) F, Br (D) B, Be, Li 3. Which of the following elements has the lowest clectronegativity? (A) F (B) I (© Ba (D) Al 4, Which of the following represents the correct for- mula for hexaamminecobale(III) nitrate? (A) [Co(NHs)6](NOs); (B) [Co(NHs)6l(NOo)s (©) AmCo(NO3); (D) (NH5)cCo;(NO;) 5. Which of the following represents the correct for- mula for hexaamminechromium( II) chloride? (A) [C(NH)J(CIO,), (B) (NH3)cCr3Cl (©) AmeCrCls (D) [Cr(NH,)JCls The discovery that atoms have small, dense nuclei is credited to which of the following? (A) Einstein (B) Dalton (©) Bohr (D) Rutherford e. Chapter 6 —Mn(OH),(9) + __HsAs0,(aq) > —Mn,(As0,),(6) +__ 00) After the above chemical equation is balanced, the lowest whole-number coefficient for water A) 6 @) 2 © n () 3 8, Which of the following best represents the netionic 10. equation for the reaction of calcium hydroxide with an aqueous sodium carbonate solution to form a precipitate? (A) Ca" + NaCO; —» CaCO; +2 Na’ (B)_ 2 Ca(OH) + NajCOs —> CajCO, +2 NaOH (© Ca(OH); + CO; > CaCO, +2 OF (D) Ca’ + CO,” > CaCO, ). A student mixes 50.0 mL of 0.10 M Fe(NO3)2 solution with 50.0 mL of 0.10 M KOH. A green. precipitate forms, and the concentration of the hydroxide ion becomes very small, Which of the following correctly places the concentrations of the remaining ions in order of decreasing concentration? a) ef]> INOS] I] (B) [Fe] > [K'] > [NOx] © NOL I> Ie a} (D) [k’] > [Fe] > [NOs] Solutions containing this ion give a reddish-brown precipitate upon standing. (A) Co (8) CO,” (© Fe (D) alyChapter 7 11. 14 H'(aq) + 6 Fe" (aq) + Cr10;" (aq) > 2. Cr"(aq) + 6 Fe" (aq) +7 H,0(0) The above reaction is used in the titration of an iron solution. What is the concentration of the iron solution if it took 45.20 mL of 0.1000 M Cr,0;*" solution to titrate 75.00 mL of an acidi- fied iron solution? (A) 0.1000 M (B) 0.4520 M (©) 0.3616 M (D) 0.7232 M 12. Manganese, Mn, forms a number of oxides. A particular oxide is 49.5% by mass Mn. What is the simplest formula for this oxide? (a) Mao (B) Mn;O; (© Mn;0; (D) Mad; 13. 2 KMnO (aq) +5 HCO (aq) + 3 H2S0,(aq) > K,SO,(aq) + 2 MnSO,(aq) + 10 CO.) + 8 H,0() How many moles of MnSO, are produced when 2.0 mol of KMnO,, 2.5 mol of H»C,O4, and 3.0 mol of H;SO, are mixed? (A) 1.0 mol (B) 3.5 mol © 2.0 mol (D) 2.5 mol 14,__ KCIO, > __KCl+_0; ‘Afier the above equation is balanced, how many moles of O; can be produced from 1.0 mol of KCIO,? (A) 1.5 mol (B) 3.0 mol (© 1.0 mol (D) 3.0 mol Take a Diagnostic Exam € 19 Chapter 8 15. Ba(s) + 2 HyO(1) > Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) Barium reacts with water according to the above reaction. What volume of hydrogen gas, at stan- dard temperature and pressure, is produced from 0.400 mol of barium? (A) 8.96 L. (B) 5.60 L (© 448L (D) 3.36L. 16. A sample of chlorine gas is place at constant pressure. The sample is heated until the absolute temperature is doubled. This will also double which of the following? (A) potential energy (B) moles (©) density (D) volume 17.A balloon contains 2.0 g of hydrogen gas. A second balloon contains 4.0 g of helium gas. Both balloons are at the same temperature and pressure. Which of the following statements is true? (A) The number of hydrogen molecules is less than the number of helium atoms in each balloon. (B) The density of the helium in its balloon is less than the density of the hydrogen in its balloon. (© The volume of the hydrogen balloon is less than that of the helium balloon. (D) The average kinetic energy of the molecules! atoms in each balloon is the same. 18, The volume and pressure of a real gas are NOT. the same as those calculated from the ideal gas equation, because the ideal gas equation does NOT take into account: (A) the volume of the molecules and the attraction between the molecules (B) the volume of the molecules and the mass of the molecules. (C) the attraction between the molecules and the mass of the molecules. (D) the volume of the molecules and variations in the absolute temperature.20 > STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness 19. Aluminum metal reacts with gaseous HCl 0 produce aluminum chloride and hydrogen gas. ‘What volume of hydrogen gas, at STP, is pro- duced when 13.5 g of aluminum is mixed with an excess of HCI? (A) 2241 (B) 33.6L (© 1.2L (D) 16.8L 20..A sample containing the gases carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and water vapor was analyzed and found to contain 4.5 mol of carbon dioxide, 4.0 mol of carbon monoxide, and 1.5 mol of water vapor. The mixture had a total pressure of 1.2 atm. What was the partial pressure of the carbon monoxide? (A) 0.48 atm (B) 0.18 acm (©) 54am (D) 0.54 atm 21, An ideal gas sample weighing 0.548 g at 100°C and 0.993 atm has a volume of 0.237 L. Determine the molar mass of the gas. (A) 71.3 glmol (B) 143 g/mol (©) 19.1 gimol (D) 0.0140 g/mol 22. If a sample of He effuses at a rate of 30 mol per hour at 45°C, which of the gases below will effuse at approximately one-half the rate under the same conditions? (A) CH, (B) Os On (D) Hy 23, The average kinetic energy of nitrogen molecules changes by what factor when the temperature is increased from 30°C to 60°C? (A) (333 - 303) B) 2 on (D) ¥303=333 Chapter 9 24, Which of the following is the required energy to produce a gascous cation from a gaseous atom in the ground state? (A) free energy (B) lattice energy (© kinetic energy (D) ionization energy 25. The average is the same for any ideal gas at a given temperature. (A) free energy (B) lattice energy (C) kinetic energy (D) ionization energy 26. Which of the following is the maximum energy available for useful work from a spontaneous reaction? (A) free energy (B) lattice energy (C) kinetic energy (D) ionization energy 27. The energy required to completely separate the ions from a solid is which of the following? (A) free energy (B) lattice energy (© kinetic energy (D) ionization energy 28. Oxidation of CIF by F2 yields CIF,, an important fluorinating agent formerly used to produce the ‘uranium compounds in nuclear fuels: CIF(g) + Fa(g) — 2 CIF3() Use the following thermochemical equations to calculate AH? for the production of CIF3: 1. 2CIF®@ + 0x9) AH? = 167.5 kJ > CLO(g) + OF (8) 2. 2 Fag) + Oxlg) AH? = -43.5 kJ > 2 OF (g) 3. 2 CIFs(I) + 2 Ox(g) AH? = 394.1 kj} > ClO(g) + 3 OF :(g) (A) 4270.2 kJ (B) 135.1 kJ (© 00k) (D) -270.2 kJ29. Choose the reaction expected to have the greatest increase in entropy. (A) Nag) + Ox() > 2 NO@) (B) CO,g) > COA) (©) 2XeOs(s) + 2 Xelg) + 3 Or(g) (D) 2 K(s) + Fx(g) > 2 KF(s) 30. A certain reaction is nonspontaneous under standard conditions but becomes spontaneous at lower temperatures. What conclusions may be drawn under standard conditions? (A) AH > 0, AS>0, and AG>0 (B) AH <0, AS<0, and AG=0 (©) AH <0, AS> 0, and AG> 0 (D) AH <0, AS<0, and AG>0 Chapter 10 31. Which of the following groups contains only atoms that are paramagnetic in their ground state? (A) Be, O, and N (B) Mg, He, and Rb (© K,Gand Fe (D) Br, Sb, and Kr 32. Which of the following could be the electron configuration of a transition metal ion? (A) 1s'1p°2s'2p* (B)_1s°2s'2p%3s"3p%4s"3d'%4p” (© 18262p%363p%3e? (D) 18°2s%2p° 33. Which of the following is the configuration of a noble gas? (A) 18°1p°2s'2p* (B)_18°2s'2p°3s'3p%4s°3d!"4p* (©) 18°2s'2p%3s'3p%3d° (D) 18°2s'2p* 34, Which of the following is the electron configura- tion of a halogen? (A) 1s1p‘2s'2p* (B)_1s°2s°2p°3s?3p%4s°3d!°4p® (©) 18'2s'2p°3s'3p%3d° (D) 18°2s'2p> Take a Diagnostic Exam € 21 35. Which of the following is an impossible electron configuration? (A) 1s°1p°2s’2p* (B)_1s°2s'2p%3s'3p%4s'3d'°4p® (©) 18°2s%2p%3s°3p%3d° (D) 18°2s'2p* 36. This explains why the exact position of an elec- tron is not known. (A) Pauli exclusion principle (B) Electron shielding (©) Hund’s rule (D) Heisenberg uncertainty principle 37. This is why nitrogen atoms, in their ground state, are paramagnetic. (A) Pauli exclusion principle (B) Electron shielding (©) Hund’s rule (D) Heisenberg uncertainty principle 38. This means that an atomic orbital can hold no more than two electrons. (A) Pauli exclusion principle (B) Electron shielding (©) Hund’s rule (D) Heisenberg uncertainty principle 39. Which of the following explains why the 4s orbital fills before the 34? (A) Pauli exclusion principle (B) Electron shielding (C) Hund’s rule (D) Heisenberg uncertainty principle 40. Magnesium reacts with element X co form an ionic compound. If the ground-state electron configuration of Xis 1s'2s'2p’, what is the simplest formula for this compound? (A) MgX> (B) Max; (© MgsX> (D) Mex22 > STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness Chapter 11 41. VSEPR predicts that an IF; molecule will have which of the following shapes? (A) tetrahedral (B) trigonal bipyramidal (©) square pyramid (D) trigonal planar 42. Which of the following does NOT have one or more % bonds? (A) SO; (B) SPs © 0; (D) SO; 43, Which of the following is nonpolar? (A) TFs (B) BrF; (©) CF, (D) SF, 44, The only substance listed below that contains ionic, 6, and m bonds is: (A) NaN (B) NO, (© NaNO, (D) NH; 45. Which molecule or ion in the following list has the greatest number of unshared electron pairs around the central atom? (A) SO: (B) CO, (© XeF, (D) Cy 46. What types of hybridization of carbon are in the compound acetic acid, CH;COOH? (A) sp’, sp’, and sp (B) sp’ only (©) sp’ and sp* (D) sp’ and sp Chapter 12 47. Which of the following isthe best description of, the structure of graphite? (A) composed of atoms held together by delo- calized electrons (B) composed of molecules held together by intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions (©) composed of positive and negative ions held cogether by electrostatic attractions (D) composed of macromolecules held together by strong bonds 48. Which of the following best describes Ca(s)? (A) composed of atoms held together by delo- calized electrons (B) composed of molecules held together by intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions (©) composed of positive and negative ions held cogether by electrostatic attractions (D) composed of macromolecules held together by strong bonds 49. Which of the following categories best describes CaCO,(9)? (A) composed of atoms held together by delo- calized clectrons (B) composed of molecules held together by intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions (C) composed of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractions (D) composed of macromolecules held together by strong bonds 50. Which of the following is applicable to SO,(s)? (A) composed of atoms held together by delo- calized clectrons (B) composed of molecules held together by intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions (C) composed of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attractions (D) composed of macromolecules held together by strong bonds51. The critical point on a phase diagram represents: (A) the highest temperature and pressure where a substance can sublime (B) the highese temperature and pressure where the substance may exist as discrete solid and. gas phases (© the temperature and pressure where the sub- stance exists in equilibrium as solid, liquid, and gas phases (D) the highest temperature and pressure where the substance may exist as discrete liquid and gas phases 52. This explains why copper is ductile. (A) London dispersion forces (B) covalent bonding (©) hydrogen bonding (D) meullic bonding 53. This is why acetic acid, CHyCOOH, molecules exist as dimers in the gaseous phase, (A) London dispersion forces (B) covalent bonding (© hydrogen bonding (D) metallic bonding 54, For the following, pick the answer that most likely represents their relative solubilities in water. (A) CH3CH,CH,OH < HOCH,CH,OH Na(g) +2 Ox(g) Step 2: 2 CO(g) + Ox(g) > 2 COx(g) Step 3: No(g) + Ox(g) > 2 NO(g) The above represents a proposed mechanism for the reaction of NO; with CO. What are the overall products of the reaction? (A) NO and CO; (B) Ozand CO; (©) Nrand NO (D) NO only 62. The difference in energy between the transition state and the reactants is: (A) the kinetic energy (B) the activation energy (© the free energy (D) the reaction energy 63. The table below gives the initial concentrations and rates for three experiments INITIAL RATE INITIAL INITIAL OF FORMATION [clo,] [0H] OF CIO, EXPERIMENT (molL) (molL') (molL”'s) 1 0.100 0.100 2.30 x 10 2 0.200 0.100 9.20 x 10° 1.84 x 10° 0.200 200 ‘The reaction is 2CIO,(aq) + 20H (aq) —» CIO; (aq) + C105 (aq) + H,0(). What is the rate law for this reaction? (A) Rate = &{(Cl0,)(OH? (B) Rate = &(C1O,} (©) Rate = &{C10,)(0H7] (D) Race= KOH]? Chapter 15 64. Which of the following CANNOT behave as both a Bronsted base and a Bronsted acid? (a) HCO (B) HPO, (© Hso- (D) co,” 65.Acid Ky acid dissociation constant H5PO, 7.2% 10° HPOe 63x 10%. HPO,” 42x10" Using the information from the preceding table, which of the following is the best choice for pre- paring a pH = 8.5 buffer? (A) KHPO, + KPO, (B) K:HPO, + KH:PO, © KPO, (©) KHPO, 66. What is the ionization constant, K, for a weak monoprotic acid ifa 0.5 molar solution has a pH of 5.0? (a) 3x104 (B) 2x 10" (©) 7x108 (D) 1x1067. Assuming all concentrations are 1M, which of the following is the most acidic solution (lowest pH)? (A) KBr (potassium bromide) and HBr (hydro- bromic acid) (B) H.C.0, (oxalic acid) and KHC,O, (potas- sium hydrogen oxalate) (©) NH; (ammonia) and NH,NO; (ammonium nitrate) (D) (CH,):2NH (dimethylamine) and HC;H3O2 (acetic acid) 68. Assuming all concentrations are equal, which of the following solutions has pH nearest 7? (A) KBr (potassium bromide) and HBr (hydro- bromic acid) (B) H,C,0, (oxalic acid) and KHC,O, (potas- sium hydrogen oxalate) (©) NH; (ammonia) and NH,NO; (ammonium nitrate) (D) (CH,):NH (dimethylamine) and HCHO. (acetic acid) 69. Which of the following yields a buffer with a pH > 7 upon mixing equal volumes of 1 M solutions? (A) KBr (potassium bromide) and HBr (hydro- bromic acid) (B) H,C,O, (oxalic acid) and KHC,O, (poras- sium hydrogen oxalate) (© NH, (ammonia) and NH,NO; (ammonium nitrate) (D) (CH,)2NH (dimethylamine) and HC}H302 (acetic acid) 70. Which of the following will give a buffer with a pH <7 when equal volumes of 1 Mf solutions of each of the components are mixed? (A) KBr (potassium bromide) and HBr (hydro- bromic acid) (B) H,C,0, (oxalic acid) and KHC,O, (poras- sium hydrogen oxalate) (©) NH; (ammonia) and NH,NO (ammonium nitrate) (D) (CHs)2NH (dimethylamine) and HC;H;O2 (acetic acid) Take a Diagnostic Exam ¢ 25 71. Determine the OH (aq) concentration in 0.0010 M pytidine (CsHN) solution. (The A, for pyridine is 9x10”) (A) 5x 107M (B) 1x 10° (© 3x10°M (D) 9x10? M 72. SnS(s)+ 2H’ (aq) = Sn” (aq)+H,S(aq) ‘The successive acid dissociation constants for HS are 9,5 x 10 (Ky) and 1 x 107” (Ka). ‘The Kip, the solubility product constant, for SnS equals 1.0 x 107. What is the equilibrium con- stant for the above reaction? (A) 9.5 x 10°5/1.0 x 107 (B) 9.5 x 1077/1.0 x 107% (©) 1.0 x 10°/9.5 x 10 (D) 1x 10°7/1.0.x 107° 73. N,O,(g) = 2NO,(g) endothermic ‘An equilibrium mixture of the compounds is placed in a sealed container at 150°C. Which of the following changes may increase the amount of the product? {A) raising the temperature of the container (B) increasing the volume of the container and raising the temperature of the container (©) adding 1 mole of Ar(g) to the container (D) adding 1 mole of Ar(g) to the container and raising the temperature of the container 74. The Kiy for LaF is 2 x 10°. What is the molar solubility of this compound in water? (A) 2x10°/27 (e) 2x10" © x10? (D) 2x107727 75. The Ky for Mn(OH), is 1.6 x 107. What is the molar solubility of this compound in water? ) Yox10" (B) 1.6x 10°" © ¥40x10" (D) {0x1026 > STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness 76. FeS(s) + 2 H(aq) = Fe" (aq) + H:S(aq), ‘What is the equilibrium constant for the above reaction? The successive acid dissociation con- stants for HS are 9.5 x 10° (Ky) and 1x 10° (Ka). The Ky. the solubility product constant, for FeS equals 5.0 x 10""*, (A) 9.5 x 1077/5.0 x 107" (B) 5.0 x 10%/9.5 x 1077 (©) 5.0x 107/95 x 10° (D) 9.5 x 107%/5.0 x 10" 77. The Ky for Cr(OH)s is 1.6 x 10™. What is the ‘molar solubility of this compound in water? (a) Mexi0 @) {6x10 27 (© 16x10 (D) 1.6 x 10/27 Chapter 16 78. (aq) + H*(aq) + MnO, (aq) > Mn**(aq) + H,0() + 1.6) What is the coefficient of H* when the above reaction is balanced? (a) 12 (B) 32 © 16 (D) 8 79. How many moles of Au will deposit on the cath- ode when 0.60 Faradays of electricity is passed through a 1.0 M solution of Au"? (A) 0.60 mol (8) 0.30 mol (©) 0.40 mol (©) 0.20 mol 80. Sn”*(aq) + 2 Fe" (aq) > Sn'*(aq) + 2 Fe™"(aq) The reaction shown above was used in an electro- lytic cell. The voltage measured for the cell was not equal to the calculated E° for the cell. Which of the following could explain this discrepancy? (A) Both of the solutions were at 25°C instead of O°C. (B) The anode and cathode were different sizes. (©) The anion in the anode compartment was chloride instead of nitrate, as in the cathode compartment. (D) One or more of the ion concentrations was not 1M. Questions 81-82 refer to the following half-reaction in an electrolytic cell: 2. SO," (aq) + 10 H'(aq) + 8 © > 8,0," (aq) +5 H,00) 81. Choose the correct statement from the following list. (A). The sulfur is oxidized. (B) This is the cathode reaction. (©) The oxidation state of sulfur does not change. (D) The H™ serves as a catalyst. 82, If a current of 0.60 amperes is passed through the electrolytic cell for 0.75 h, how should you calculate the grams of $,05 (aq) formed? (A) (0.60) (0.75) (3,600) (112)/(96,500) (8) (B) (0.60) (0.75) (3,600) (112)/(96,500) (10) (©) (0.60) (0.75) (60) (32)1(96,500) (8) (D) (0.60) (0.75) (3,600) (112)/(10) 83, 2 BrOs (aq) + 12 H"(aq) + 10 &° > Bra(aq) + 6H,00) Ifa current of 5.0 A is passed through the elec- trolytic cell for 0.50 bh, how should you calculate the number of grams of Bro thac will form? (A) (6.0) (0.50) (3,600) (159.8)/(10) (B) (5.0) (0.50) (3,600) (159.8)/(96,500) (10) (©) (5.0) (0.50) (60) (159.8)/(96,500) (10) (D) (6.0) (0.50) (3,600) (79.9)/(96,500) (10)84, 2105 (aq) +6 H,O()) + 10 (6) + 12H (aq) Using the above reaction, if a current of 7.50 A is passed through the electrolytic cell for 0.45 h, how should you calculate the grams of I; that will form? (A) (7.50) (0.45) (3,600) (253.8)/(10) (B) (7.50) (0.45) (3,600) (126.9)/(96,500) (10) (©) (7.50) (0.45) (60) (253.8)/(96,500) (10) (D) (7.50) (0.45) (3,600) (253.8)/(96,500) (10) Chapter 17 85. When “Ra decays, it emits two ot particles, then a B particle, followed by an ot particle. The result- ing nucleus is: (A) Bi (B) Rn Oo ©) Bi 86. Which of the following lists the types of radia- tion in the correct order of increasing penetrating power? (A) % xB B) Bay © apy ©) Bra 87. What is the missing product in the following nuclear reaction? MU dint 31+ (a) 3Y (B) Sr OW (D) ze Take a Diagnostic Exam € 27 £88. 1f 75% of a sample of pure JH decays in 24.6 yr, what is the half-life of $H? (A) 24.6 yr (B) 18.4 yr (©) 123 yr (D) 6.15 yr Chapter 18 89, Alkenes are hydrocarbons with the general for- mula C,Hp,. [Fa 1.40 g sample of any alkene is combusted in excess oxygen, how many moles of water will form? (a) 02 ®) 01 O15 (D) 07 90. What type of compound is shown? i HoC—cHt- cH (A) an alcohol (B) analdehyde (©) aketone (D) an ester Chapter 19 Questions on this chapter are incorporated into the chapters concerning the specific experiments.28 ) STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness > Answers and Explanations Chapter 5 1, D—The others (nonmetals) form anions. 2. B—Decreasing radii is related to increasing charges, or for going up a column (with equal charges), or moving toward the right in a period of the periodic table. This explanation will not be sufficient for the free-response portion of the test, where itis necessary to address such factors as the effective nuclear charge. 3. C—The element that is farthest away from F on the periodic table. 4, A—Hexaammine = (NH;)6; cobalt(III) = Co”; and nitrate = NO; 5. D—Hexaammin: Crs chloride = Cl (NH;)¢; chromium(II) = 6.D—Rutherford, and students, determined this by bombarding gold foil with alpha particles and detecting the deflection of some of the particles Chapter 6 7. A—The balanced chemical equation is: 3 Mn(OH)a(s) +2 HyAsO«laq) > Mn3(AsO¥)a(s) + 6 H0(), 8. D—Ca(OH):, NaOH, and Na;COs are strong electrolytes (strong bases or soluble salts) and should be separated. You should know all the strong bases and that sodium compounds are soluble. Cancel all spectator ions (Na and OH"). 9. C—The hydroxide is low because it combined with some of the iron, so Fe™* will be low. There is no other ion that the hydroxide ion could combine with to form a precipitate. The nitrate is double the potassium because there are two moles of nitrate per mole of iron(II) nitrate instead of cone ion per mole, as in porassium hydroxide. 10. C—Copper is blue, not red, and carbonate and aluminum are colorless. Iron slowly hydrolyzes (reacts with water) to form solid Fe(OH); (rust). Chapter 7 11, C~0.1000 mol Cr0;"/1,000 mL)(45.20 mL) (6 mol Fe/1 mol Cr,0;7)(1/75.00 mL) (1,000 mL/L) 12. C—Bicher calculate the percent Mn in each oxide: (A) 77.4%; (B) 69.6%; (C)_ 49.5%: (D) 63.29%, or determine the empirical formula from the percent manganese and the percent oxygen (= 100.0 ~ 49.5). 13. A—H,C,0 is the limiting reagent as the amount is less than the stoichiometric ratio indicates. The cal- culation is (2.5 mol H,C,O,)} 2 mol MnSO, 5 mol H.C, 14, A—The coefficients in the balanced equation are 2, 2, and 3. Therefore, (1.0 mol KCIO,) (3 mol Oxf 2 mol KCIO,) = 1.5 mol. Chapter 8 15.A—(0.400 mol Ba)(I_ mol H2/1 mol Ba) (22.4 L/mol). Note thar the 22.4 L/mol only works at STP. 16,D—This is an application of Charles's law, which relates volume to temperature. There is a direct relationship between volume and the absolute temperature. Doubling either volume or temperature, with moles and pressure remaining constant, doubles the other. 17. D—The average kinetic energy of a gas depends upon the temperature. Since the temperature of the two gases is the same, the average kinetic energy of the gases is the same. The moles are the same, so the number of particles and the volumes ‘must be the same. Density is mass over volume, and since the balloons have the same volume, the one with more mass will have the higher density. 18, A—These are the basic differences berwee and real gases. 19, D—It is necessary to first write the balanced chemical equation: 2 Alls) + 6 HCl) > 2 AICL(s) +3 Ha) (13.5 g AD(1 mol Al/27.0 g AI)(3 mol Hy! 2 mol Al)(22.4 Limol H,) al20. A—The mole fraction of CO times the total pres- sure yields the partial pressure. The mole fraction of CO is the moles of CO (4.0) divided by the total moles (10.0). 21, A—n = PVIRT = (0.993 atm)(0.237 L)/ (0.0821 L atm/K mol)(373 K) = 7.69 x10" mol molar mass = 0.548 g/7.69 x 10° mol =71.3 g/mol This example illustrates che importance of rounding in calculations where no calculator is available. The answers are not close togethers therefore, a rough calculation will lead to the correct answer. Also, you should notice the answer D is impossible for any substance. 22, A—For the rate to be one-half, che molar mass of the other gas must be the square of the molar mass of helium (4° = 16). 23. A—The average kinetic energy of the molecules depends on the temperature, The correct answer involves a temperature difference (333 K ~ 303 K). Do not forget that ALL gas law calculations require Kelvin temperatures. Chapter 9 24, D—This is the definition of the ionization energy. 25. C—This is a basic postulate of theory. tic molecular 26. A—This is one of the properties of free energy. 27. B—This is the definition of the lattice energy. 28. B—This is an application of Hess's law. Y[2CIF(g) +O, (g) > C,0@)+OR(@) (167.5 K)) Al2 F(g)+0,(g) 2 OF (g)] (43.5 J) YICL,O(g) +3 OF,(g) 254205) — - (394.1 k)) CIF) + F(@) > CIF) -135.1 KJ Asalways, rounding and estimating will save time. 29.C—The one with the greatest increase in the moles of gas. Take a Diagnostic Exam € 29 30. D—Nonspontaneous means AG > 0. For a reac- tion to become spontaneous at lower temperature (AG <0) means AH < 0 and AS < 0. Chapter 10 31. C—Atoms with completely filled shells or subshells are not paramagnetic; they are diamagnetic. From the choices in this problem, these are Be, Mg, He, Kr, and Zn; therefore, any answer containing ‘one of these cannot be the correct choice. It is not necessary to work through a possible solution until encountering a diamagnetic species. Also, it might be helpful to look on the periodic table. 32. C—Transition metal ions are, in general, s° and p’ or p® with the possibility of having one or more electrons in the d orbitals. C could be Cr". 33. B—The noble gases, except helium, are 7s"mp* In this case, n = 4, and the gas is krypton. 34, D—Halogens are ns"np’, In this case, n= 2, and the halogen is F. 35. A—The Ip orbital does not exist. 36. D—Thisis a statement of the uncertainty principle. 37. C—According to Hund’s rule, the nitrogen 2p electrons enter the 2p orbitals individually (with spins parallel). 38, A—The Pauli exclusion principle states this limi- tation for all orbitals. 39.B—The d orbitals are less effectively shielded than the s orbitals. Due to this difference, the s orbitals have lower energy. 40. C—Mg becomes Mg™. The element is N, which can become N™. Chapter 11 41. C—The lone pair. 42, B—This is the only one with only single bonds. The other molecules have double or triple bonds. All double and triple bonds are a combination of © and x bonds. 43. C—Use VSEPR; only the tetrahedral CF, is non- polar. The other materials form a square pyramidal (IF), T-shaped (BrF;), and irregular tetrahedral (SF), and, therefore, are pola. dine has five bonding pairs and one30 > STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness 44, C—The only ionic bonds are present in the sodium compounds (eliminating B and D). The nitride ion hhas no internal bonding (eliminating A), but the nitrate ion has both 6 and bonds. 45. C—Draw the Lewis structures. The number of unshared pairs: (A) 1; (B) 0; (C) 3; (D) 0. 46. C—Draw the Lewis structure; the carbon on the left in the formula is sp’, and the other is sp’. Chapter 12 47.D—Both graphite and diamond are covalent network solids, 48, A—Calcium is a metal, and answer A applies to metallic bonding. 49, C—Calcium carbonate is an ionic compound. 50. B—Sulfur dioxide consists of polar molecules. 51. D—This is the definition of the critical point. 52. D—This is a consequence of metallic bonding as the atoms can easily move past each other with- out breaking any bonds. 53. C—The carbonyl, C=O, and —OH groups are capable of participating in hydrogen bonds. 54, C—The more—OH groups, the more hydrogen bonding, and the more soluble in water (where hydrogen bonding also occurs). 55. D—The solid begins to melt at A and finishes melting at B. 56. B—The gas-liquid line always has a positive slope, which eliminates A. Answer B negates C; there- fore, both cannot be correct. The triple point is not the same as the freezing point. Chapter 13 57. A—Molatity is moles per liter, and the moles are already known; therefore, only the volume is necessary to complete the determination. 58. D—(0.800 L)(0.50 mol Br /L) = 0.40 mol needed. (0.800 1)(0.20 mol Br/L) = 0.16 mol present. [(0.40 — 0.16) mol Br” to be added) (1 mol MgBro/2 mol Br) 59, D—(0.5000 1)(5.00 mol/L)(63.0 g/mol) = 158 g. ‘As always, estimate the answer by rounding the values. 60. C—Equimolar gives a mole fraction of 0.5.0.5 x 480 mm Hg + 0.5 x 50 mm Hg = 265 mm Hg (coral vapor pressure) mole fraction ethyl ether = (0.5 x 480 mm Hg)/265 mm Hg. Chapter 14 61, A—Add the equations and cancel anything that appears on both sides of the reaction arrows. 62, B—This isthe definition of the activation energy. 63. C—The table shows second order in chlorine dioxide (comparing experiments 1 and 2), because doubling the ClO, concentration quadruples (2°) the rate. The reaction is first order in the hydrox ide ion (comparing experiments 2 and 3), because doubling the OH concentration doubles (2') the rate, When making this determination, make sure there is only one concentration changing; i.e., do not compare experiments 1 and 3. Chapter 15 64. D—To be an acid, the species must have an H* to donate, and to be a base, the species must be able to accept an H’. The carbonate ion has no H” to donate to be an acid. 65. B—Start with the acid with a pK, as near 8.5 (K = 10) as possible (H:PO,). To go to a higher pH, add the acid (conjugate base) with the smaller K, (higher pX,). 66. B—This is an approximation. At pH = 5, [H"] = 10° Ms; therefore, K, = (10°Y10.5. 67. A—HBr is a strong acid, and with equal con- centrations and no base present, it will give the lowest pH. 68, D—The weak acid and weak base give a nearly neutral solution, as they will tend to neutralize each other. 69. C—Only B and Care buffers. B is acidic (pH <7) and C is basic (pH > 7).70. B—Only B and C are buffers. Bis acidic (pH <7) and Cis basic (pH > 7). 71. C{OH™] = (0.0010 9 x 10°)" = (9x 10)" Estimate—the square root of 10°” will be 10%, 72. C—K= Kyl Ky. Ka In this case, the key is setting up the calculation bur not doing the calculation, 73. B—Adding Ar yields no change, as it is not part of the equilibrium. Increasing the temperature of an endothermic equilibrium will increase the amount of product. 74, D—Ke = [La [F]° = [x][3x]° = 272". Solve for x. Ie is only necessary to set up the problem. This requires a knowledge of what the equilibrium is (LaFs(s) = La™(aq) + 3 F(@q)) and how to write the equilibrium expression (Kp= [La ][F}). 75. A—The equilibrium constant expression for the dissolving of manganese(II) hydroxide is: = [Mn""][OHT = 1.6 x 10°? If s is used t0 indicate the molar solubility, che equilibrium expression becomes: Ky = (92s)? = 4s = 1.6 x 10 is rearranges to: yKA 76. BK = Kol KKoo = 5.0 X 109.5 x 10) (ax 10°") 77. B—K, = [Cr OH = [alu]? = 2724 = 1.6 x 10™, Solve for x. Chapter 16 78. C—The balanced equation is: 10 (aq) + 16 H"(aq) +2 MnOj(aq) > 2 Mn (aq) + 8 H,0(1) +5 In(s) 79. D—It is only necessary to know the mole ratio for the reaction (Au (aq) + 3 € — Au(s)), which gives (0.60 F)(1 mol Au/3 F) = 0.20 moles. 80. D—The cell must be nonstandard. This could be due to variations in temperature (not 25°C) or concentrations (1M) that are not standard. 81. B—A reduction is shown. Reductions take place at the cathode, Take a Diagnostic Exam ¢ 31 82. A—Use dimensional analysis: (0.60 coul/s)(0.75 h)(3,600 s/h)(112 g $03" ‘mol $:05")/(96,500 coul/F)(8 F/mol $:05") 83. B—Recall that 5.0 amp is 5.0 C/s. The calculation would be: (2 C200 600 s| 1F }os0 lsesorc o}* (Lonel) 159.8 g Br, 10F /\Tmol Br, 84, D—Dimensional analysis: (7.50 coul/s)(0.45 h)(3,600 s/h)(253.8 g In/mol I)/ (96,500 coul/F)(10 F) Chapter 17 85, D—The mass of an alpha particle is 4 and the mass of a beta particle is negligible. The mass number (superscript) should be 226 - (4 +4 +0 + 4) = 214, The charge on an alpha particle is +2 and the charge on the beta particle is ~1; therefore, the atomic number (subscript) should be 88 = (2 +2 -142)=83. 86. C—Alpha particles are the least penetrating, and gamma rays are the most penetrating. 87. C—Mass difference = 236 — 4(1) - 136 = 96. Atomic number difference = 92 — 4(0) — 53 = 39, 88. C—After one half-life, 50% would remain, After another halflife this would be reduced by 2 t0 25%. The total amount decayed is 75%. Thus, 24.6 years must be two half-lives of 12.3 years each. Chapter 18 89. B—The general formula simplifies to CH, which has a molar mass of 14 g/mol. This leads to (1.40 g) (1 mol/14 g). 90. B. Chapter 19 Questions on this chapter are incorporated into the chapters concerning the specific experiments32) STEP 2, Determine Your Test Readiness Scoring and Interpretation Now that you have finished and scored the diagnostic exam, itis time for you to learn what ic all means, Firs, note any area where you had difficulty. This should not be limited to unfamiliar material. You should do this even if you got the correct answer. Determine where this material is covered in the book. Plan to spend additional time on the chapter in question. There is material you may not recognize because you have not gotten that far in class. There are no free-response questions on this diagnostic exam; such questions are not useful at this point. There will be examples of free-response questions later in this book. ‘We will use the multiple-choice questions to provide an estimate of your preparation. This isa simplified approach based on these questions. Do not try to do more than use these results as a general guide. Raw Score (number right) 55-91 41-54 30-40 18-29 O17 If you did better than you expected—great! Be careful not to become overconfident. Much more will need to be done before you take the AP Chemistry exam. If you did not do as well as you would have liked, don’t panic. There is plenty of time for you to prepare for the exam. This is a guide to allow you to know which path you need to follow. No matter what your results were, you are about to begin your 5 steps to a 5. Good Luck! Approximate AP Score 5 4 3 2 1