Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Panic Disorder
Learning Objectives
1) Participants will be able to identify key strengths and weaknesses of
evidence based cognitive and behavioral therapies, pharmacotherapy, Individuals with PD experience recurring periods of
and EMDR treatments for Panic Disorder (PD) and Panic Disorder with extreme anxiety accompanied by intense somatic and
Agoraphobia (PDA). cognitive distress.
2) Participants will be able to identify specific PD targets and treatment
goals within the Adaptive Information Processing model.
Episodes can be as brief as 1 to 5 minutes.
More commonly they last about 10 minutes.
3) Participants will be able to select and implement anxiety management
strategies in the preparation phase of treatment for PDA and PD with co- Some episodes wax and wane over an hour or longer.
morbid anxiety or Axis II disorders. Symptoms can include: palpitations, sweating, trembling
4) Participants will be able to define the key differences between Model I and or shaking, sensations of shortness of breath, sensations
Model II treatment plans for cases of PDA or PD with co-morbid anxiety of choking, chest pain or discomfort, nausea or
or Axis II disorders. abdominal distress, dizziness or light-headedness,
5) Participants will be able to identify and recognize 13 factors suggestive of derealization or depersonalization, fear of losing control
PDA and co-morbid PD cases with a need to prune early associations to or “going crazy,” fear of dying, tingling, and chills or hot
core childhood attachment material in the initial series of EMDR flushes.
reprocessing sessions.
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"FIG. 20.—Terror, from a photograph by Dr. Duchenne." Consuming resources that might be directed to
from the 1965 edition of Charles Darwin's 1872 The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals those with medical conditions (Fleet et al., 1996).
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5 Sold to 6
nowadays2@gmx.com
Copyright 2010 Andrew M. Leeds, Ph.D. 1
EMDR Treatment of PD and PDA: Two Model Treatment Plans
bridges, public transportation, crowds, and lines of In clinical settings, the rate of agoraphobia is
people. considerably higher.
(American Psychiatric Association, 2000)
In extreme agoraphobia, individuals may become
unwilling to leave their place of residence. Of those with PD or PDA, about 45% seek treatment
during their lifetimes.
Giacobbe,McIntyre, Goldstein, Kennedy & Flint, 2008)
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Their discussion focused on the lack of difference in treatment Feske and Goldstein provided good evidence for
effects at follow-up to suggest that EMDR was a placebo procedural fidelity within their EMDR reprocessing
treatment or a ritual procedure with only short-term advantages sessions, but the overall treatment plan and number of
over a wait-list control. sessions offered failed to meet standards set by the
They cite their earlier case series, Goldstein & Feske (1994), yet authors of the successful single case reports and
they notably failed to cite or discuss the positive results or central suggested by EMDR’s developer (Shapiro, 2001).
issues discussed in Goldstein’s 1995 case report.
They did not offer the number of sessions needed for
Thus, they omit from their discussion the possibility that they preparation and development of rapport.
failed to offer a credible treatment plan based on the second
author’s most emphasized issues and concerns in his paper from They did not uncover and reprocess maladaptive memory
just 2 years before for case formulation and treatment planning in networks related to adverse attachment related childhood
cases of PDA. experiences or traumas.
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Treatment consisted of six 90-minute sessions over an This may have been due in part to the differences in selection criteria,
average of 4 weeks. such that the Goldstein et al. (2000) participants had more severe
agoraphobia.
The first session focused on information gathering regarding
The authors cited several reasons that these weaker results could not
symptoms, history, and course of the disorder, as well as be due to poor methodology including a randomized control group
details on the first and worst panic attacks and plausible design with carefully diagnosed clients, the use of a treatment manual
rationales for the treatment being offered. reviewed and approved by Shapiro, and EMDR trained therapists
supervised weekly by Alan J. Goldstein, who was highly experienced
Thus, participants received just five 90-minute sessions of in EMDR treatment for panic and agoraphobia.
treatment with either EMDR reprocessing or ART.
Their conclusion was that, “In light of the availability of treatments
with solid efficacy evidence, the results of this investigation do not
support the use of EMDR for treatment of panic disorder with
agoraphobia.” (p. 955)
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This study suffers from the same treatment design issues “… the question of how agoraphobic clients are different, from
as the study done 5 years earlier by Feske and Goldstein people with PTSD, for example, in ways that might affect the
(1995) including: process and outcome of EMDR treatment. Possible
explanations include observations that people with agoraphobia
a)not offering the number of sessions needed for
are more avoidant of intense affect, that they have highly
preparation and development of rapport,
diffused fear networks, and that they have difficulty making
b)not uncovering and reprocessing maladaptive memory accurate cause-effect attribution for anxiety and fear responses.
networks related to adverse, attachment-related It is my belief that they often come into therapy feeling
childhood experiences or traumas, overwhelmed and confused by seemingly inexplicable forces.
c)not reprocessing current stimuli and triggers including The first order of business in therapy is to provide a lot of structure,
unpleasant physical sensations associated with panic reassurance and to focus on concrete anxiety management skills. In the
attacks—on the grounds that this would involve in early stage of therapy, perhaps they are not ready to engage in a process
vivo exposure, and that is as emotionally provocative as is EMDR.”
d)not helping participants prepare for future situations. (quoted in Shapiro, 2001, p. 363)
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A spectrum of cases
from simple PD to PDA and
complex PD
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14.2
A. Past events
An extended preparation Two Modelsphase includes
of Treatment for PD andinstalling
PDA one or more i. Background stressors to first panic attack(s) (if any were identified)
resources for self-soothing, self-acceptance, or connection. ii. First panic attack
Address contributory childhood experiences of perceived iii. Worst or representative panic attack
TWO MODEL TREATMENT PLANS FOR PANIC DISORDER
abandonment, misattunement, humiliation, fear, and early parent– iv. Most recent panic attack
Model I: Cases of Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia or any other co-occurring anxiety B. Current stimuli
child such as GAD,only
reversals
disorder afterPTSD
OCD, complex significant gains
(DESNOS), or an axis on reprocessing
II disorder i. External cues (associated with panic attacks)
memories of (Phase
1) History taking panic 1) attacks.
A. Clinical assessment, diagnosis, and case formulation
ii. Internal (interoceptive) cues
Conclude with
B. Selecting installing
appropriate one or more resources to consolidate a
treatment goals C. Future templates (for external and internal cues)
C. Selecting and sequencing of targets 4) In vivo exposure to external cues (generally done independently)
new2)sense
Preparationof self,
(Phase 2) free of avoidance of core maladaptive memory
5) Re-evaluation and further reprocessing, if indicated
A. Psychoeducation on panic
network.B. Teaching and rehearsing self-control procedures
i. Breathing exercises and other calming procedures for anxiety Model II: Cases of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia or with a co-occurring anxiety disorder
C. Introduce EMDR and informed consent to treatment Adapted with permission from Leeds (2009a) Figure 14.2 p. 260
3) Reprocessing of targets 67 such as GAD, OCD, complex PTSD (DESNOS), 68 or an axis II disorder
A. Past events 1) History taking (Phase 1)
i. Background stressors to first panic attack(s) (if any were identified) 67 68
A. Clinical assessment, diagnosis, and case formulation
ii. First panic attack
iii. Worst or representative panic attack B. Selecting appropriate treatment goals
iv. Most recent panic attack C. Selecting and sequencing of initial targets
B. Current stimuli 2) Preparation (Phase 2)
i. External cues (associated with panic attacks)
ii. Internal (interoceptive) cues A. Psychoeducation on panic
C. Future templates (for external and internal cues) B. Teaching and rehearsing self-control procedures
4) In vivo exposure to external cues (generally done independently) i. Breathing exercises and other calming procedures for anxiety
5) Re-evaluation and further reprocessing, if indicated
ii. Sensory focusing and other procedures for decreasing depersonalization
Model II: Cases of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia or with a co-occurring anxiety disorder C. Introduce EMDR and informed consent to treatment
such as GAD, OCD, complex PTSD (DESNOS), or an axis II disorder
1) History taking (Phase 1)
A. Clinical assessment, diagnosis, and case formulation
Phase 1: History Taking and
i. Explain the childhood experiences are likely to emerge as later targets
D. Consider installing one or more resources for:
B. Selecting appropriate treatment goals
C. Selecting and sequencing of initial targets
2) Preparation (Phase 2)
Treatment Planning Issues
i. Self-soothing, self-acceptance, or connection before or after beginning reprocessing core
maladaptive memory networks of etiological experiences from childhood
A. Psychoeducation on panic 3) Reprocessing of targets
B. Teaching and rehearsing self-control procedures A. Past panic attacks
i. Breathing exercises and other calming procedures for anxiety Consider potential
i. Background medical
stressors and
to first panic lifestyle
attacks factors
(if any were that can
identified)
ii. Sensory focusing and other procedures for decreasing depersonalization
C. Introduce EMDR and informed consent to treatment contribute to the
ii. First panic attackonset, frequency, and severity of panic attacks.
i. Explain the childhood experiences are likely to emerge as later targets iii. Worst or representative panic attack
D. Consider installing one or more resources for:
i. Self-soothing, self-acceptance, or connection before or after beginning reprocessing core Caffeinated beverages,
iv. Most recent panic attack especially coffee and sodas, and over-
maladaptive memory networks of etiological experiences from childhood B.the-counter
After some gains on reprocessing memories
medications such ofaspanic attacks: contributory
analgesics containing childhoodcaffeine
experiences
3) Reprocessing of targets of perceived abandonment, misattunement, humiliation, fear, and early parent–child reversals
A. Past panic attacks and pseudoephedrine hydrochloride—a common cold remedy
i. These can be addressed in the order they emerge during reprocessing
i. Background stressors to first panic attacks (if any were identified)
ii. First panic attack —can
ii. Whencreate
patients anxiety
can toleratestates thatbe make
it, these can addressed panic attacks
in the order more
of central importance
iii. Worst or representative panic attack
iv. Most recent panic attack
likely.to core maladaptive memory network of avoided emotional material.
B. After some gains on reprocessing memories of panic attacks: contributory childhood experiences C. Current stimuli
of perceived abandonment, misattunement, humiliation, fear, and early parent–child reversals Screen
i. External for
cueschanges
(associatedin withprescription
panic attacks) medication around the time
i. These can be addressed in the order they emerge during reprocessing ii. Internal
ii. When patients can tolerate it, these can be addressed in the order of central importance frame of (interoceptive)
the onset cues of panic attacks as well as current
D. Future templates
to core maladaptive memory network of avoided emotional material.
C. Current stimuli
prescriptions,
i. For external and mostinternal commonly
cues epinephrine and other
i. External cues (associated with panic attacks) 4) In sympathomimetics,
vivo exposure to external cuestheophylline and other neurostimulant
(generally done independently)
ii. Internal (interoceptive) cues
D. Future templates bronchodilators,
5) Re-evaluation and corticosteroids
and further reprocessing, if indicated (Beers, 2004, p. 608).
i. For external and internal cues 6) Install one or more resources to represent emergence and consolidation of new sense of self,
4) In vivo exposure to external cues (generally done independently)
5) Re-evaluation and further reprocessing, if indicated Sleep
free deprivation
of avoidance can bememory
of core maladaptive a significant
network factor in anxiety states
6) Install one or more resources to represent emergence and consolidation of new sense of self,
free of avoidance of core maladaptive memory network
as well. Check on sleep hygiene (Foldvary–Schaefer, 2006).
Adapted with permission from Leeds (2009a) Figure 14.2 p. 260
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Merely asking patients with PDA at intake to describe Early experiences of persistent parental misattunement
the stressors that were associated with the onset of their can create recurrent states of intense anxiety and
first panic attack or worst panic attack may not reveal the episodes of disorientation and dissociation.
essential formative experiences that created the When chronic, these experiences lead to insecure
vulnerability to developing PD. disorganized attachment and an increased vulnerability
Even when PDA patients can identify formative to adolescent and adult psychiatric disorders (Schore,
maladaptive experiences from childhood early in the 1996, 1997).
treatment planning process, they may dissociate or Such children gain attention, not for their own emotional
minimize the relationship between these events and their needs for nurturance and safety, but by meeting the
panic attacks. needs of an impaired parent.
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First Event
What was the first time you had a panic attack or the earliest time you can remember having a panic attack?
management procedures to help gain some control over their
Background Stressors background anxiety states.
What other stressful experiences were going on in your personal, family, school or work life at about
time of that first occurrence?
Future Goal
Please describe a future situation and what you would like to be able to do free of the fear of panic attacks
.
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Clinical Summary
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Model I: Cases of Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia or any other co-occurring anxiety
disorder such as GAD, OCD, complex PTSD (DESNOS), or an axis II disorder
1) History taking (Phase 1)
A. Clinical assessment, diagnosis, and case formulation
B. Selecting appropriate treatment goals
C. Selecting and sequencing of targets
2) Preparation (Phase 2)
A. Psychoeducation on panic
B. Teaching and rehearsing self-control procedures
i. Breathing exercises and other calming procedures for anxiety
C. Introduce EMDR and informed consent to treatment
3) Reprocessing of targets
A. Past events
i. Background stressors to first panic attack(s) (if any were identified)
ii. First panic attack
iii. Worst or representative panic attack
iv. Most recent panic attack
B. Current stimuli
i. External cues (associated with panic attacks)
ii. Internal (interoceptive) cues
C. Future templates (for external and internal cues)
4) In vivo exposure to external cues (generally done independently)
5) Re-evaluation and further reprocessing, if indicated
Model II: Cases of Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia or with a co-occurring anxiety disorder
such as GAD, OCD, complex PTSD (DESNOS), or an axis II disorder
1) History taking (Phase 1)
A. Clinical assessment, diagnosis, and case formulation
B. Selecting appropriate treatment goals
C. Selecting and sequencing of initial targets
2) Preparation (Phase 2)
A. Psychoeducation on panic
B. Teaching and rehearsing self-control procedures
i. Breathing exercises and other calming procedures for anxiety
ii. Sensory focusing and other procedures for decreasing depersonalization
C. Introduce EMDR and informed consent to treatment
i. Explain the childhood experiences are likely to emerge as later targets
D. Consider installing one or more resources for:
i. Self-soothing, self-acceptance, or connection before or after beginning reprocessing core
maladaptive memory networks of etiological experiences from childhood
3) Reprocessing of targets
A. Past panic attacks
i. Background stressors to first panic attacks (if any were identified)
ii. First panic attack
iii. Worst or representative panic attack
iv. Most recent panic attack
B. After some gains on reprocessing memories of panic attacks: contributory childhood experiences
of perceived abandonment, misattunement, humiliation, fear, and early parent–child reversals
i. These can be addressed in the order they emerge during reprocessing
ii. When patients can tolerate it, these can be addressed in the order of central importance
to core maladaptive memory network of avoided emotional material.
C. Current stimuli
i. External cues (associated with panic attacks)
ii. Internal (interoceptive) cues
D. Future templates
i. For external and internal cues
4) In vivo exposure to external cues (generally done independently)
5) Re-evaluation and further reprocessing, if indicated
6) Install one or more resources to represent emergence and consolidation of new sense of self,
free of avoidance of core maladaptive memory network
Copyright 2010 Andrew M. Leeds, Ph.D. 19
EMDR Treatment of PD and PDA: Two Model Treatment Plans
First Event
What was the first time you had a panic attack or the earliest time you can remember having a panic attack?
Background Stressors
What other stressful experiences were going on in your personal, family, school or work life at about
time of that first occurrence?
Future Goal
Please describe a future situation and what you would like to be able to do free of the fear of panic attacks.
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