‘Chapter 18 Naturalizing the Self Richard W. Robins University of California, Davie Julie K. Norem and Jonathan M. Cheek Lae in hi Hl, Michelangelo began cari vii aya Resor ceri mow mat {ue and proweare pce of cpr, the Fo facine Plea an enous Bo tae he fe tended place athe top of hs own rom, Aes ‘working iteeely fora dade thie mon Ime poet the aca eae hs sudo one diy and took sedgeharer to. He bake avy the hands and lege aed eal shared the work before hi sessts dogged him ava. Wy dd Mcklangelo ater doy one of his pretest cretion, a! stue that has teen desi sr ong the neat wots of te Reaaisance? How would pesonaliy prchologic answer this quer? Altai esevche might ay ct Micketanglo was highly neuro and lacked consciences. A Biologilly ovtented re: feucher might specs dae he fad levsted level of totesterone and low lvls of sao tonin, A motivational researcher night astme Welledey College that Michelangdo' pvsonal projec shied and the lores Pe cae its etc wan ‘ther importante gol Yer centy none ofthese pliation provides completly sxsticory Setount of ‘Michelagdot seeing ie Gina ce Teieony hugh «coneron of ‘elfgrocenes= ident, sltenccy. aed sl cath one fan ogc wala chelngels behavior An tala of Mc ang hit low ana iypti concerning a bresédown i selfecuatins 2 heightened senso peretion ad shame ia theachierement domain» flue ole upto lus owm expectcons snd ae idence ue ‘oh impending dest Many pec of human blavoe se ine: pliable without the soo that people hie {ef eis our conten sha no undescaing of te ane 2 cme te Sanding of pecsoalyprocarr the prs Nar geheate and ef thought elope, | saysnd shasioes An uadertanding of the sll ips vaplain ase only ceeeptioalbchavions such a1 Michlanglos destructive act but aso any aipects of everpay social fe Why do ome inva fel shy in social crcumstanes sieressatees do noe Why ae same individ tie bona in some stations but insecure in father Why are same indivduale preecupied by aehivement concene whereas ochers crave inna? PSYCHOLOGY's Most PUZZLING PUZZLE In Pic of Pycolgy Sia Jaes (1890) tla fe sas tage ve Sling pu 30) fo hep cena SEE he debacl whcker a's Pe sro pursing aout Ina aiid i che Conepe of SU Neceany" Gordon. Allport (GBPS aed the poy tha theo ean Inspdinee ine ath of pychlopel peo fest (p15), BF Skinns{1990) aged tae Aine Uo plat ina scene naar eee dow fort mind or vl (p. 1209) John See {4990} ised that an ndereanding of con Sciousness and subjective expecence Beyond the vech of objezie scence Sewn Pnkar (597) decried selesvarnes a mn etcable probe i we flees no aly ‘crach of the sl seme ike he “Booring inating coufsion” Janes (1890) baeed chat acter Fed wih hs dang level ‘of pessimism, we propose th perhaps ove Cie the that» seni undead of the selfs noe ony possible bu is in fc fan tena 3 cence of peronal ihe cols oth ioe gag sefecr the eine female Thr cnglety nie bees proces operat ac ule eves, od ieee tech ngewe ented oa the af the — Thus, chere are siete dia So ‘Sat ad st ens, emo ak oes my oe ly mens anf crt rperel pees owl Gee ul lo ave ook Ws ote mins ce de porte at cis © epee sind met men fol bund HISTORY OF THE SELE ASA tN PERSONALITY THEORY In she eacy day of sient prytology, che self vex a incgrl part of any gene thoosie of the peron. Indeed, many “dao” reacuage on ‘he lf come From the writings af dhe sos Feat theorae ofthe Fist half ofthe cerry: James (1890), Baldwin (1897), Cooley (1902) Mead (1984, McDougall (1923, 1903), Mar ply (1947), gad (1949), and Allpre (1955). Thee basic theres rect in thee broad concep tio ofthe person. Rit the sll was seen 36 fundamenal eo social behavior and petsonaly, fad many ex theorists atempeed fo Kink st te other basi rere Proceue ts he saan > Sioa te inant hae 2 Set aga ond emphasised che inser eoween bio the Tr ennsected ove of the aw tates ct dbowed by nace sod “Third eapieticiaeme fpeapectve The cay theore Seervorking Bribe ted afermach of Daewin aed any drew esr 0 evolutionary thinking te pale, fame (1890) as com tried t neue explanation ofthe origin tnd gry Tuco of eons and {euming that conscious mena life “emerged by ‘ray of eat alec beau gave ou spe tie cen survival, and therfore reproductive, races" (32). Content onthe at moved sve ihe hanes ema in cy Personality ceria, and escaches have gener Ily shied fom 3 nscale postion to ww of thes a a socal and cal constuction “hie sie occured in pare because general per sonality thetic tha ncotporate the elf were tot parcel amenable to empitealinguiy ‘They indded concepealy ambiguous ‘con cept cha were dificale if 0¢imponbe cop. eon elo oe mone ee icone 0 tadional pesos d fen, the vas majoring of comernporary theories Sl ood ofthe self adden apie proces ‘rseuctte and donot stent eae theTABLE Satan Deis * initio doy ilar Wag, p47 + Cogn sdapain teary Aina 8 Toe, 9 ascent 01 sphere sey open eee Shr, 158, 1988) + Definite esi thon Noto Can ‘om 1 itchy of es tne Ce 1984) ‘opi lf hae (Dock Chi, Hog 1995) * ngresion mange (Seles, 189) + Objave nave hae (Oval Wiband 7 + Obj loaf hay (ea, 114/953; Kobe, 1970) + Optima distin ary (Bowe 1993) ‘onl ses (Maha Ni 198) ‘ate een Sub en, 1968), 1 Shem ned mode (Mad, 1977) Stain they ee, 1988) 1S asesmen mal (Tye, 389. 986) *beteeprason they Comer ea 1987, Teer € Ono. 19), 1am han ini 1987) self nt a broader cones of prycholagial fusetioning (for exceptions ace Carver” & Scheer, 1981. 1998, Higgs, 1987. Singer, 1995). These limieddoman cheated me. ls Have proliferned epi over the pas Foe eeader Tile 18.1 shows slit of self hooves pe pored over the hs several decades "These tien Fes have generated 3 considerable amount of te. search and enpiilFndigs that lave advanced our understanding ofthe structure and content of the sel andthe proceee involved i sll peception. Yer mot self researchers ate fe uated by the plethors of theoces and madels that have essed aeempre at broader ntegestion (eg. Robins & Joba, 19976; Swann, 19563). RETURNING TO A NATURALIST MEW OF THE SELF Acc, dees hasbeen cenewed nese in she tole af the self in gene scores ofthe person but inenestingy the shi hs nor bee spe tengo sth rn 1 Sao an ay 1999) * Sedan hen Ga Sc, 97 ied 8 Pe 3) +a ny td 8 85) + Sep oy gi 47 * etary ho a 18) 15k hyp en 9) *Setan mmc t Clnce 80 “atoning mei ns eg 18 Sr) ett they ape 1974. 1987) *algereqin hay (Oe 19723 “alien any ames 98% Gotan on Pan 8) «Seiten hry Se 0.1997) * cal conpution sey (eige 1956) ce (Tl te hes 1986) *Secunye henyag, 198%) “Symp ind 8 owe anyon er Syste ern "Board 136) king on wi (Coke. eel by pena ad soi pycholags Ind de bute 19 nero poy svat pang puts tas been ken phy ‘its fom many dices ses who sate ah ices a undesndg how the mind wee Grange 19951090 Ck (99 nd cher meuosceatag a studying the ce bes fons and bce epperen and spculiing about how ses of a megs fon the covny ST Tay Toe eaten neldng Dee 90) ee Dvidion (1998) se sechng for the veel bas of asc exece a denen bs fs soho ht ed an profound impliatons fr selfcearher, Mem 7 eesechea such Tung (19930) a {tsi tow vis fms emmy Cee soe ani ae ee perience of sl an hs wach ben el ‘ere hglyimotne cee el de in armence (Kn, Loft Kiso 1996. Ken 8 Kibo, 1998) Cet such at Peter Kramer (199) ace ening ow teuropyslope changes acted wk a.ie desc Vr ea al poyeanene Kay (1995) describes he manic depression at a outs force at wa tw wh nya ssi (13). Molecular genetics Oca Hamer (Gamer Copel, 1988) beves sat secant roach linking specie gens to pouoray {tir hac nla fo the sete or al. \owiedgePlovoperscontnue to debe the Gass mind-body dusty, and Daniel Den fc (1991) argues hae thei aon gen Ersted by she plyed actviy ofthe ben Steven Pinker {1997) and ake evoaconary porcologhe ae dircusing how the sll eld fed watt adepivefancons mighe bs. New fologit Over Sake (1995) dvb ce sad ies that wl ast how ealopel dor der can profoundly drupe sll and ent, Develop resetcherr intersted in cosy fied se seudying hove ow nderandig of sand others decops {egy Walaa, 1990) tnd paychint Swon Basen Cahers rach ‘on ateum provides igh ino we the the Sry of mind mode mip ede in the baa {Gh Baon-Cohen, 199% Sone, Baron Cohen 2c Kght, 1998). ‘Thus, base ues abou the sf arcing rapled with fom a wide cng of Teripecives ouside of the tadonal Gone Fert petsnaliy and scl pyeotogy "Whar unccs any of thse peeves 2 satu view of he sella ble thatthe sell a be sede sn the sme way a any ook 45% 35% z 2 trl pheno. gaat ican fe help al ronuch sean ty ms by Reo tedng i wi broader senie concern, tn ths chapter we ren tna of fori ‘sues ta’ pooecuped, Willan James when fe formulae hes nacre perspective ofthe nid OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER The teat on theses enormous. A. such af the Pach dbase forthe keywoed “all” ieatied ore tan 133.000 see Eve re Suiting he ec co the pt 30 yar ad > Single joule Journal of Pevonay and So. Lx Gite ety 1 fcr wth de keyword“ To exeine how Invern in the lf has changed overtime, we charted treads inthe proportion of JPSP aicks wh he Reyword "SAF 1969-1998 foe Fige (8:0. The celeron a sarge a in erat it the 1970s, reaching high platens Sound 3596 co 4086 inthe {9808 and 1990s The increase in lf etch ding the 1970s probably ees the widespread eo the ng five perpectve i psychology as 2 whole aio Gong: Chat 179), el thing sll pereepion (ern, 1972, law (Gg. Duval Welland. (972 fas. 1960), seléschenas (Marks, 1977) sel pec FIGURE 18.4 Pcenageaf aici P50 wih Wl aapape 1B een ef ue {so concer fe. Syd. 1974), ad eho pect af jective tence (this chaper wed nor stamp provide comprehensive tone ofthe volun ferionly eerste onthe sl Seted ea Sock ad chapter prone such scons Bows (1998) tnd omc C1998 Be we ec orewviews of if euch Haste 1998} 2 tert of tseach on seeoucepe doce tment Gos and Matar (Chaper 3s ek time) fora culo penpectes os shee Sedikides and Stabe (1997) and Robins sd Jah (997) fo dation of mre ae speception procs Tyne (1996) fe Se overview of wlFconcepe mance Inte aun foal so ep back and scot on some bese, {wetons about the sf. We wl trew deo, fence of the eld wth ead ote fase et ey ne hea roe bse incegrcion of sl resth ino the peconclig ier We ml side Sune hens about the lf tat are aiding Sa ens of poyhologusinpneral ad pees tina pen: ne thestcctr ofthe el? How sable tee the self dacinineo haran Flow sed ce the sl eed tthe bain? How di thes vote aid win ae ape fone tea, sth hes foemuled smu perpen ons and concious BASIC QUESTIONS anoUT ‘THE SEL What Is dhe Sele Definiconal and Conceptual tues The queton-whae he sla ben an abiding concen of psn wenee ee a and lypeopl Ahouph selCcocope she ts hve ofc many dicot ns omental fear for concepts he vavous aspects af the self Ths! many of he trols abd thes pend in Table 181 Hope het own deititons and’ ibe olce wih ice aceaton to prveu usage Atos some teachers ence the themeal ek aes ofthe fil othe bemoan is conc tries One sure of confusion cht he “sel” doce soc cto a ing catty buts co mye aycturs and process, Consider the expe of appines One sips ofthe efit eng 3 experience a happiness ill "Tie is what Phisoper raga tent A lon eps the conscious secaguison tice og Felng of happiness belongs vo mennit tf why fects hapey "As Fanapan (1991), obscene, “thoughts fecings, an the ike. do not oe aevnnd dicnodied All hougits and edge ate ‘owned tha ill ough ad feng oe {ut someone” (31). A thd spect rf co Atenionlfocusl can be ante oe nae eee of my caren sae of happines For example

osepespe spapune pot a nae Cc a al a Se RP papa aes wendimag Dame some S599 pemonns pa vate) “Cot FNL 450apes 18 Matrigel ‘i fe example, when an individet is fused os (Hrafiow “Tiundis, & Goto, W9L; bur xe the pesonal elf slfesteem stooted in necting Rede Deaus, 199). Personal lapirations and achievements ate Ie the seuecte af the sl he same a dhe f2Nged clave to pemonal andar of success guste of pertnahg? for eaarle abe Be Imeoncat when an individual is ocused onthe factor rode (CUM, fn Seva Chaps calletve sell selec rooted inthe aecom- 4 hs volume) an approprate eye Sette pleats and presige ofthe eallecive group the srcte of the elleomaey fe ei {0 which the geson belongs Robin &e Hew sexcchets would ages wih ibe, Cleaty oe stone, 998), Thisiscelaed to Cian and col. tnewal ecpesenttons of cannes aloe fa leagues’ (1976) ide of basking i reflected glory. wate Taf ahaue pesodslgy wae, in which people derive selfestcem fom the xe. ‘The PER our no nee ea compliment of others wih whoo they feel__ of peaonaiy, but rather at model sper? foninected jiy'eaits Goh & Robina, L994). Thus, rea A great deal of eocent esatch tas demon- toa sci, and ealetive upon of the ea sated crosecultur dilecenes ee ot include in che erearth tha ed to the Shalt on dea lat atheseg. Seoen ue EM; for ample, following ,Vewel inte of road en. Alpe ad Od (1980) aad Nene CTE Ealiion, Wena calares (egy Unted most etal sus of persevere he Sates, Canads, Western Europe counts) expty xed sek les sed eee tead to be moi individual and fared on lade, the FEM Icpesne ey Sea the pengnal el wheew Eaxen cules (eg, atnbutcs that sll canton oaks inks Japan, Chia, ni) ed tobe ore callecivs” Senin the penal sc Thee eats {and ocued on the clleive self Markar Shout wit, ths dapendene inden, ged Kiayana (1991) ave chancieraed hs (Marka, L577 do ncheoke de oe at ference ih tes of tdependen ras nude te Paral i nbn cnt of fedeneslecooe On the wher hand, thet we humbet of died ose ee (ik (1997 ction peomaly nope: shena,ling pended shen «© avoid overemphasiing cur and see which leer et hens erent iene trvupdifeener wile undcemphanang bots Yad samdads i rarous See Thee ‘ndivdual dferences wikis groups and other spouts to she “Was ant &” mest doe sata thc can at aco ce, such ao e> idea fon dee eS ligion and gender For example, even within eletchce i tough soci, nd a. ech cults, worsen tend to have vltvely Asal cane incedependene setts, wheres men tend to have = telaiely independens selves Goxephn, Markus. aly lees cages ee i kc Tatcod 1, " orovet any specs ofthe sre fee abet eo hea Fone orn eee ae iigtaiassteee Sateen eu tees Moret Henn Chenonnic cepa ae ede {Gh Top Che tenons 1) tetaaluaadne eae fda Ieuan pope wey EE page sncnmata Pome soc aad liane GE DOM a, 2, al, Uo Ay ota 195) nde pees ng. pret Sotet Ota Sit acest degecy age eegel min hepa oer dips derowisccctes leit! neato ecropiy Seied wiki aig ae’ erent tb el by sfomae Oeaee mae OM aaa — Se See Pg te iw Sate foe fous to why engin So Ou beste ator eene be Eo agg drum ere Sueur me be sonal seg srasac) may bereprsedead fave Wesaees te acta nee we itrenony say ond as nce, fae he a ay we a eae pee steel spt fam rns be he Sa eae Snot sociaed ae ti egtoncecey tao rey oh el dangws CONTENT AkEAS inwewened ne day and seialy bol and ex teaver he nent. As Jes (1890) nore, My (tame and puoenion ad relations che word eee my tice ny facades and store of memos ate prcalyindstinguishable, now Ind chen, Motever the Me of now and the Me St then ae continu the alteetons were grad til and never afc the le of me at ence (o.180, fester ean ee Gletmental auctor that shows eonauiy vee SESS an cians Ar wah pewonay (Bie towered lft asimed how ome ‘anges over te fe couce a funaion of de- ‘spn pod. el 1 ide experiences ‘Tis tr documenc the degree o which agpect of aS ow sabe ant Sia 2 en gegen ao ‘Erect SSS ee and leer: Sep eth and acca “and a host of; 3 a it Se led the as in clout th sk ‘Gonerast co the life history perspective, this per ‘rere te tain tan a ce aoe epee OBR ees iets, Boo) Teenie foe ele hn and sei ene pec word dependent of Sader ST roench on longs chnget Ge Oi ty iors or toned bye write eh onl poets Tht pe. Peet ia the eve shes ofthe "an fe. ath’ “hinge bate (Peieon & Bang, in wich one cde empha MET che succes of gesoney Tid he oar fie empha the Fenpealy aceasta promo Sage th oe Ronee move dl och co [tn tou bys change bean ere slaty teem = bviews seme the life-couse. ARRougle te tare deere pond © iy x bighly sea (Casp &¢ Rober, Chap 1, ths volume, fw ates lave aed sah ty of he ir ong pes Mow ese onthe eb of dhe sll has foci on de - ct ce (ano 198), Oe facem i clave high ding ex chldiood Fe Ren delnes ts den move though de tmentry school (eg Hare 1982:) Mash, Byine fe Sharelon 1992; Ruble, Esenberg, 8 Higgins, 194) This deine haem abe toener lance od aL compan if craton and qua which feade ‘Bava porns (Hater, 1998), Sev Eales suggests tecond drop i selFeseeer ddving the cesiion to adolence, Piers & Hines, 964, Romnberg, 1986, Simnoss, Romberg, a Rosenberg. 1973; but see Mich Ee fapkt, 1987, Simmons, Beh, Van Cleave, fe Bath, 1979) Th dedi in slF exe has teen atebuted co mata : ih sive hat sith te emergence of te tncature dows nos pide acer pice of howe eam dena dig oe esvence and the sransition co: ‘eldod Some trodes cep pada ie in seer {Mash 1900 ty 8 Hoge, (982, Ma {its 8 Normand, 1994, 0 Maley 8 Than, 1983; rows, fone, & Hampton {370 Roce & Bede 1996; othe tpt be change (gy Chubb, Ferman fos U3pfe ask 6 Hake. 1981) and sl chess repre deine in sleence eg Kathangs Jlnen, 190 Monge 19736 Zinta, Eel Shops Dien, 1997) ar of the compesig’ may le in gender differences ope ap gil do Nor cspand eo -he etal vaarat adolescence tthe same way. and the ES esr often show diferent paweras_of ‘Enesco (caro 5 For cape, ung, (dar from stg seady, Block and Rob fn (1995) found thae males sendin incase Saleestecm whteae females tudo decree Gage Hin 23 Ths gender divergence dure ing adelscence was a found in a age crs Seesonal study (AAUW, 1991) Sia, AF Ser and Olweus (1993}repated chat fas bac noe males show a drop ta slesteem afer beginning seventh grade, Pally recent metaape 18 Raney te Sp os ys ie goa cei et sen ir emeiges in uy adlescees (n Bare Zab Be Bey 199, escch on adaltiood.skhough esi fas pradced more consent fing, Seal cept et ltd (ove, (Origa 8 Soe, 1989: Hon 8c Wink, 1992 Morgan, evi. Huta, fe Caalda 1988 ele, Hla, & Morgan 1980 For er. ample, Rober and Bengson (1990) epared an inci in elf exon 4 20 ye pera fom cal adulthood to middle “ada. However this 1097 pict of nome esvazes in slteneom daring allay bold in old age Jags and Ripple 1381) fund chat poste sl conerpoons ees a al mide sulhood but hen desing i ne ‘Aulthood (ver age 6) In lio aerate chang asic isd decals ey Gredaton are compaciie in mapivae 16 those found for pena tae su i Big Five (Cpt ber, Chptr ths volamet Jolin eStrasaya, Chapters, thi olane). For example, sing dats rot gia ly of college dens, Rabie sad edn (1999 owed corelions ave inthe 6s oe | {© 4 year nteval. Even we lng un ys fl, the say covreation at modems She, Block and Robins (1993) found col {os of. ge and 36 (bop) fom age to 2. in che ongiialscudy spanning co Iniddle sulthood, Robert snd. Bengeon (1996) found corelaons of 38 ove a Tye Betod, 30 overs 20-yeas period, and 73 overs Sear ped dating mide adulthood Osx i opmental, sabileygenely incense over the item eater Sb ead eae aa i (ober & Weechio, in pre). Noveticles, even in aduleiood, sabi is fr fom perfec, paricn lly overlong pesos of time. Thus central issue conning sel-concepe researchers I 0 bere understand the factors bot pyhole cal and soca eonrexusl~thac prostate charge scr the le pan hous view, the best wy to understu slf stcem change i @ undewtand dhe selFe hangs Attogl experince esr tae Fike» sumer ot scan: pesto shorter changes aell-saann te row 86 Mankowki (995, Gergen, (Hh Heatherom & Toi. 1991, Jones node Seals, Shea, (98K: Keon 1993: Meron 4 Kunds, 1986; ter, 1988), we kone ne abet the iaflacaes of sh praceses om sll steam change over ner pers Wa ad teoworld enters Lf history sels athe lf cin daw on this body ot recech wo develop Iypotheser about long-term change in sell seca eto wre fave eplored bow duce tise ‘es ices ange roe Hae ins nay dc ea ‘bem At and_selExegulatory processes involved i sel At die ties, we ud 3 mole gu ald thle ew cxamin See “saponin eater a the noe fSmmoniy ase dine sons wha ae ‘or methodalogl pee) ‘econ 0 Docs ett vol fit hrs edna a st Fi those cele (oe inte cr nucle Bro quam fret show s Hg roponse to sees Entre wheres ineas why old as te mera theory (rey believe the ingens fan change) tow 3 sme oentd pee {Dweck Chi, 8 Hong 1995 Deck fe fag fet 1988). Deck agus cht pep mp {Ssicns inlunes how they dene sel wor Enity dents derive sl cca fom prog shor abt Teel adogeney whereas Inet ie ther de ston fay and musteringcaleging ea lens verte Sree ey ty es. Fis selene should be paraty ee ae cae yates tet tes ok (of sil Conte with it presctine fod En hci gene haley selec sd cena en ae this party widen over yas of cg {obins fal 1999), Th, ect ep nee meringue eh lence Ey thet bole th sll cee of lac, ‘nena thew Bown (1988) postales os sje ly bigpele un he es of ile Com see acm sess wh SES wily pane tone about sade ger tec dh Seg hanindads wae wove ewe SF anf agave sens (bis 8 Be Thvsh wer dpe che ier vege [eae tones ed with poste tein ete on 2 dower eecny se on-saenkancing ad Tu elle wivssclyinpacel he soe of nds sens poi isons wes nus with erties wie ie main thse daring ello or (199) found tha deen ssp tang. suauges were sce wi ile pectin dang Dig ae yc in colege, women. who wed ta a alco rate swe cons weal high sec ade change et Sine” Diasne pests: showed signee funie change sleeve the sume p= Md. ng ah de predic tac eet st iy llowel ham eo nly nega pects of Wer and. work paoctely change a wongn wo dt we df Sen eke ise (Gnce2 tcs1978 sawed stone de coats astFeete dace A YE Sage sso sumo ating, but wo wet arc sc th lage ea Voge thse ce esp lt bw th sue a be binary approaches 0s Saito and sei c be megane Guat show diferene pacras of slecacem Sipe tains lees ese, i selec re Se ee cicLiapsio, Ths "inal qurson of iret peso chobogs everest beeen el forced change poroaliy and al idnge in sees on 4 personaly measure, We tec examen a tng stad) tat aka sane af des hugh fn calla lobo, Tiley Robes 8 Tes Atevaki, 199) Ard end of ellege, we asked the es how hey hough te peony aud slfegem ha change ove the 4 ea ici ehange in elbencem corel 29 wi atl change secs ies by Invi pol care tjecrones ov 4 yes al. uggs sa the ses Ste had soe igh fu the ges 10 SAN tee Selec ad tnctesed or de cee ing cle Sipe “tgs in tent Showed soe onrergsnce seas change in NEO-CFL sores over Tour ys ens (x rng fom 13 00 54) Heda, Cos nd MeCiae (1989) id wo td's elation teowen peeved change an ingen NEO sors ove ayn peso sei psi ax oor Bindings ae spe TE dtege enue mellege 1 tr al the men poole ne set ocr on how they ae caning The question ow pels tele abou the get mina ee eee berried Is the Slt Distinctive to Humane? Do Nonhuman Animals Have he Same Kind of Sef ar Hamas? {Foxicien being fm another pet were to ftady he inact ofthe cath, what would “and ut about de hare speci?’ Out We of ‘et Ou leu time adage of eatin {oe Sur camplr social xpi and in earn? Coy al of chee Bux what would {Speups os salen aboue the human species MeEiT De our nner world—ebe vides of our tat “Tapping nc he ier Me of ther ese i lly revel che same ih tenn SFinoughes lings nencons, ad 008 The ts safle peopl fave sn awareness SPY own tough and feign Rave cl Seely sable men repesitatians of theme: ‘he aniersly of hese basi specs of the sl is sting and hgh sigan Bee hats Sederetaked in bgt of he substan ind thal and cros-clturl vay dat ex Me way the self anes (Cross 8 Markus, see se his wolumes Keshina, 1995: aes te Kaya, 191: Roland 997)! Whenever hnweral” ies spectral) dura ae fund. scents ptel po SI compare eon specs sis The SSF may be pre of Human acre, But i, nwo see is merse Vi sal se Mhay can dango sell om Ba nd comesueny do ot et heles then they ger hang, Moveores.compasneage eae SA ir eshers have provide viene ellsongay, May ny wot le enon aly civanced ns St ocl-aeateness ns anber Gp in eawanctes( 14). tps or sevice, oe Cally, TRE Fle Insane du of ana fe Kamel 1956 Prk Mc, 8 Hose és hve bee gs = {opt ovine Rul, Landaa, Weehwale, “spams ali. 1970). agngans (oar 1993; Tomes 1998) Tha rscarch come & Cally, 19) gate (are 14, Tae : Pleat by the fot thar-soohasnan animals son Chi 1M, dais (ve fe Wi eft communicne Wht day ae skin, hee 1999), and blades (elie &e Mat silence heres 97) fe dame ety se SEI Tem ove behavioral maders, — SlsengaigayTrersngy he Be ret a Fhe Sh ol 1996) ced he ages of eo! by Both infant cump a ft ‘eadence fr the eitence af scene aac fig- ane te sco nture—amuing. king 5 CBee nurkege cmgeiiteftowionl takes, vost hr mine image Ge, Ca nt ter Cae 1998) allay (1977) ond “4 Sree rarer include elfsleencing that chimpauiet ened withon social coma 4 SEES peed proud), eanatns-ao; (in comple olton for other chimp) do a eee eather event of pessyal tot show ior sdFecogniin, This fining ‘Jeane consinene with Cooley” (1902) and Mead ‘Beacanos tt happened nthe iti i et Ca me spesvel gest (193) esos the ef deve doughs Spe Chimp ori, ongoing) show all ‘sunset el ements rama fain 4 Tee rere iBpusce mics Koko the go- salina the pergctve af ahgr porta : tls for exmple daplayed the capacity forte. dF recagitin ses 9 be rned inthe ce L flee vilsetecncng. aed naraive language iy co aloe the prentgial perspective ofthe the when she igned cine lve happy Koko other, or the piyseal perpen Pil ad de Fee nRae beg thown apc of heel aea Sennen (1986) found that Bedouin crn iichaay paty feaneron 8 Linden, 18Lp. without provi expose tots shows Bi) Av Kok semen ges, orl ight or slecgin ashe ate ae at to Seshave peed noe hte eee te su erent soto gry of le teipesobe fon of tage saelcaniog. wal fev ir ftanity The aber tn Monkey and err sone dn not shoe weigh nein ad syle age mater jeg pst a uraney 2 ys of (Preps ntti te Ge cbcccognison aniaign. wudaletg, Nonetheless they have been bere Tact seis ot seminal suis, Gallup (1970) case which suggests ea chimps, orangutans stowed that chitmpaneect can develop the abley gol, and posbly monkeys havea eat sme fo tecognte themes ina vitro Gallp al Sap for imitation and ele akin : Towed chimps to view themlver in Front ic otansl mike” indude se concn fo fora few days and eben while they were (gions and empatly Reaneding co Lewis ‘i Snesthetneds marked thet Goes wih dye. The (1092), slenscinus emacnas such ax shane. jess odore and nonictuing, and chnot be guide, gue and enbarasnent cogs suse Sse Fide. for example seccs wach be See i a oe Upon eg va ac mgs the moog te camps geet” onsscmplmees an he eo Getged She’ mack ‘on het for and then sont goals Ruston and. Gallas (193) 16 Stel and lke athe fingers: Mico sll pore an ince ha supe cng ct lopation hs been atepreed sv evidence for Expeince pie. Sua ate wat Sipttne scleswmrnes sulecie slfaware:obseiedacempting he diffe ek of hang sete and selFeepesencion When an anil Barimock fram ro recs, appetite seria inage wah an uncrpected mak ow kyon of humans. Ae seco ech Tented feeustenin on andes hammode Sepindh io up nde eerie wire ad become mae tat sl fuck ite hammock wich paren {etree image des ow some sible epees and “haged helt wah boas sme (ap seston of We opal appeaanes, Bacon 1954p. Inthe pare terre ane {Ree Rings Colup (1997) celal hat elevidenee fl consis eins oe. SScuytlpoplae spon and reconesied_ but mote eonrolled sts are nee Si idea iss ve» monaly the fy. the cen fo ena in piacedn wn ane. ents puns ses pis of prints py {Healy sow tehmug cari, For examples» aly depen tony ypastepei etry it aeamion fr onde chimp ofeach Yr cea fetal treed, geo and posed by sunset of te human sl which ‘oer mabe ote nil geoup. Domne auc he ui of ai thseopocs ae dle males ren chase avay plying infin 9+ ende ele diflwats orpuate meee Soin group meer eo keg chem fer dina» Sf man alates Moreonce te concise {oy he injured chin (yee, 1992) Hower, ppc shows sha our eoneaun mel OE theres mo clearence fr genuine mp fay have ee ke an cay pve out eve wich de inivdalrcognns dat snohe n-_luonary sory: har our evlutonsy ances lividus eperencig an eaodon and then vars may have had che ame lvl of sell anate ‘tious exparcne dese emotion ness 26 chirps. A phylogenetic perspective hed on thr ecw othe err, Hace Sagas esl rte el hep and Karmel (1996) conclude that monkeys do nage ba rogueh to have asf in che sume way eat humane do. en fl "The Lick of evidence eles a penine deficit: wate san ia aonhuman pints Cp-slE- woke paaby do or hve mich 2 ene self” (9.342). Howowe, a8 Gardnee and mamuellteparsenc ni) Gatdnee (1996) cautioned, "compacaive py. "Fal, the etence of cose specie die. cologsts che che dicsum tha absence of ence agers one route to undetranding the ‘evidence is never evidence of absence (G83). neuroanatomical bas ofthe ef Can we len te conatto mony and moat secs bain egos that cine osama of monprinats, chimpanazes and orangutans dae show enndence of having» sense of se) idee quantiatve, not” qualitatively for Foc example, ae there way ie which our ban humans. Like other aspects aF human peychol- ace sila to chimpanets but difren for ogy—pensanaly. memory, stachinent—we— moakeys? show the same’ capacities Se cur phylogenetic ‘easier sh compat at Wee Le he Self A Neuoncience sre which dls capi, ate hs Se A Nes Uinercingly. veal stud suggest duc the ABE ore nha the ekvitonment to wich greac "The fis clesly dependent in some way 09 the 2p te expos, heron sophisested cht fe- rat. If we did nor havea bran we wold Noe pone co human arifact such ar siror have a sll Buy as Hoader and. Dente earker, Miele Boca 1994) (1981) pondesed, "Who, or mba. he you tha ‘The findings of conspeces research on the has the bri?” (5). Atte hent of the ied sef have seven implications, Fas, they ils- body debe the pus of how amas of su tate the value of 2 comparative perpecive in and the fing of brain cle can possibly produce enonslcy and. social poychology (Gosling, 3 mind chat aware of elf and that ca exper 1999) Hore and Karmel (1996) putt "ule enc the ear orange, the fing of pede she covering wat yeu apes think abou theinicies sense of openey. sheds light woc only ou these speies cognive Hino she inary philosophical sae abies and esperiences, bu abo on out under: watt accept che minded dsunon and ws standing of uch (p, 343). Comparative re, sume the he sel is ot a physical enty but sechidpr deny which apes sttigiliur — ‘her aves fom aul or spire, For ean viiguely human and wiih ae common acmay Anton van Leeuwenhoek (602-1723) belied sac compare h ne brain contained special viel sal Pests faa Tor spi oF Aid hat embodied consciousness if the weer Gost angued that the brain con jplbwe ind vatilgnpecce thes ined wn ave ie foee—an ang ey iui of soil encoun thar cued ses ito something lig 30d ‘Snowden, 1995), dyaanie Stcond, che fain char our species age Most sions, however, have ejected a sepia oa Hus als dn age dapon nm ft Qe wal session may be_ dalam. Francie Crick (1994), codseovece of cept ail hain sed promote adap tears in comple cil testo (Cows 1997; Mile leary, 1992), for cae cm Sarrasimen server af an apgascne al inate aor the rec he we Fas been vile Weer Dawe 1997)" ‘Altough slfconscious emotne ‘ean be linked aries bevy Sa es be maladapave. or erp, the towency become atuinaly pecocand th el hi stone sa excess slo beg Aly eae by aan om com wk real etd cope inthefom Styne Yer eu te cl ay Inde alate inrpes hans Sines alm etc hives ape fonieyctece Soci aay fc it moda preparation sa chest inn taneiterpenal evens sh pointed foe the tm dy of txching > nw schol (Fie 187 Ae a etn Inpro fila cooper group ing by Wigley ceptable For 1987). A moder aon of serine regi stoger nd mi npr ston hn conse sp fie vl had 8 Hyon, 1986) fr cap ‘Wkon, Clean, Clark and Biederman (935) segue fora sdaptve min of syne ad bol nee wikia 3 apis bed om ech wih tmplsed ah “The elconsiow emotion of pride al scone ta he alate nse cosa tmletapie nls Ite Gack Nar cnr ima die Com ence pe From an eveluionny penpectve. Nas scr in pricy modo manner hue he spl of hime ang sen tte sal gre she nyt he, inne wih irate tyst CONTENT Awas Aas gets sha manic pe can fae inte pci ay mnaduptive consequences Been 8 esr 1999 apla Be own i 990" The examples of shyness an marci las eae the conplendee of the evolutionary per (pectic vale aspects of the self may be Sralapave in soe ays and adap i od cr Titse opposing election presutes lead © Staividal difexence, Consieent wich hi there considerable vaca i the dees 0 tach wave show selFenancemet, with Tei indie showing. ete low tees Padentanceavne ad cre sl deprccaciot {Chirk te Malco (990) and highly nacc- (einviuals showing vey high Herel of sel ‘hancement Job 8 Robins, 1994 Robins Jahn 19974). Shyness aed marci may be sen gn of sppromching the exact becweet {he dorinane soil goss of geting along 30d fn thay del or Feo geting ong and seeking appeorl shcrsn wares india have faaned 00 (ering ahead (Robete 8 Robins, 1998). Each Shay bea wile scene Gos evolutionary epee emi Process Hunan sei ie may be wiewed 5 seis of fumes ules ae elt nc or En aig pats hae dvi play ate defined iy eee oc oles (Cogan, 1982). Winning ths game suse that humans for dyadic nd roup caions and generally avigae ri a oe severe tht, moe 0 ean wih Thy her spose, bas complex ayers 12 overlap, and sometimes on-tan Mica hires (yg he ighese ca un seme cays hhh a a) fp survive and epalce, out evolutionary at exert needed to figure out who was dhcie Tier and who was tie foe, who could be franed to fecprocate aud who was likely £0 thet who ld her i hgh acer and wh {Tid ot ud ther words the aneestal vironment ia which the self evolved was fue like enters sou ie. Linge i agin suc comps ssl enroute wh ee aaa without any sable acest Gt your posi ithe soil seucture and the {ole you play dire contexts and with di Terenineracaon partner “Kr diseasoel cuslce peoples sell-epre sentation consis of euple wleniies—per ep esc mead ca ert poe potion whi he see tocar eg ent pent de) pp tele (ails darn nl mac We silver rol “Tatts segue and ete Tee sel inno Our ns Ree cn ry om ‘esi and am oem P= rotate ‘ony low lain otters pet ae con sy yn ea Pais his cones ol weet Ta MoE Scan abo ae ion woh wc gm’ » fence nny ca fo th on (eetaas mews es ita fate sf enya sod sly Wc dopo der 57 Ina i ving a SelB tof nme Pee wetted and ec tae se 1st indie det ave ene itch dp abe (095) ‘i pnt saa qe rly de PE ot yw lr temas, hss cele sd sec wing tn cron So Spat of foe he gene ha Sty eg ean pce (arse th ed ie den i les at by ping the wed oy ‘Seal tate andamenal te bb Sine ihe, che proces promente ‘Acampo euney rosea Sit ay sed ose 9 sesh crn prin a retical Boal mel of alin aan. 7G ed, 34M sin the rvs bdge Bw 1 ead er poy hae Mt dtc Gd Sale@ hap 1 Neils Sp fw SS ca tet aches rie nan Tee rere nna sem, Thr Sats ft erie rng vel « ca cegretielta lp arcana royeierltow ee WHY SHOULD PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGISTS CARE ABOUT THESELE? We hoe tht hie of theory an seach en the lf bas demons har oe ode Sanding of many personsliy proces wal be inmpovetsbe without the concer of sll. Pe sonaliy psychology fa woul oad fd (eens toe 3 wide specu of phenome ad lvl of aaa, fom gente markers of tehaviral raat net miso unde ing emotions to level suds of tae adjectives {motes in peo ie ses wo sce pespetive onthe formation of luce What frovidescherace other dive themes an Emphasis on undeestanding conten n peo let hough, eling, and behavior, and the frechanims that andere thse contences ‘The sl es together there various paral roceses ands sh Allpoct (1960) apty put aks the ym ef in ay on pets (p. 308). ‘Thee ae several eatone pewonliy py hologits should pay atencton to the eh (Brown, 1996; Mere 8 Cones, 1980, Fe ps iow pele ia sho themes What we SieeneTaC linked aber impart. to hae we ae rely Ue A lage body of tex dante ha repeat show anne dg comedies no delespon sors of ena (ander 8 Gai 9P Rb ean. 199) Second, peronaly shapes how peapte sia her hie eel he tere cote Lg ner dilerees Ine or eight etal a psn vee. Not supe inde wl nr “rie he ene af eee ale Sho tendo fed cpaticly shu terns (Wacom 8 Clark, 944). Moreover sl coc is moderately erable, with ae 30% af the variance due to genet aiflerence (Kener, Gerdes, 8 Pret 1998) “Thies he self plays cial cl in personal iy proce Rese oer he past fae scales tas document ny wapsin which the selfn Auences how people 3th i feelin pa ticular staan, she goals they pura i i ste che way they cope with and adap to nes nvonment. The ep of cv and erperence—i serves an exetne func imc ee softy he dave ‘elgg ile» reer ive iP omer may go rough a fie regres of whcther heise i vig» BRA tra Dadge Dae Thro explain my apes Of hums behavior we often sume pei have the yy lemme ec sencaton, and slEregulion Ost ise {Soot palm weld queer tnt ext bya anil wit seve of rll Coder, fr example the psa iy tha Michangels dog Rock er the Pred tae and broke to peer One nterpe ‘tion of thi acr would be git diene thas Gor Michelangdo’ destucbn of the sate Many coeaty pominene ates of pray reech sume scene le forte sa cd ing the uy of sl conscous coins sh shame and enburrasmen fg Miler & Feary. 1992; Tangey Phen, 1993), work on ae such ses (eg, Chek 8 Male, 1990) and taro (eg Jin & Robt 19 Robins 8 Jon, 19872), the sty ager working modes th context of acne fle ‘taooshipe (eg Saver Colin & ‘Girl, 1996), snd research onthe penalty Jones proc Funk 8¢ Cala, 197, Joh & Robins, 1994; Robin & John 1996), sel-dtning memories (eg. Sigs 8 Sve. 199, Pale & Robins, 1995), ipl pera memos (os 1989), soa Aiea Cee Cater Sei. 198 See, 1995), Fue, peony is fen ace by self Inport inca peronaliy sionve Concur antas Many: shins abou pony ane hap by no rene, oe eas Ue the econ, how ees to npotne Hcomeomes ae base on ecirch wg el Ieport qos Uh alii of sing le hn a peso he dep ih feople cn (nda) report accuracy on dei rer, ad Baar ede A inter undeasnding of sel peeeption poe ts an the coral aera ae tins lire sue peholoiel ander Sanding of te sdsepod tod for asi, (eon Fel th capac for comple forms fe asetenct snd seepeenatio 2 distinctive Spsc of ou species and perhaps aw aches Geet rom av evolutionary penpeaive she sll ithe to be wap to sca behavior and thereoreto pxoealiyfnesionng, TOWARD A NATURALIST APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING ‘TuEseLe tn hig haere have acne oie 3 uae apposch od sell Weve ever {cane neo the Geld ith ged tose tal fundamen gucsion comet te Scie, and fave of the sel ‘Our rover of he eta guide by pat tala tan tad these pnt we tale thar couch on the sll should be {i ceo any teary of pena.) {etme by se olasonsry perpecite and oF fanieed "sound funconae explanations Ey infomed by compare, cosspeces trey and (0 ined to base ppchologeal foes yuh a atenon, memory and ene {iow and hc sctad neural mechan Al though te lcs oben pre ‘re blir shat raging ade nthe id Int these undecunding ofthe sl idl ts scence of person "The pactology ofthe si ba a important coe tof oe negaonofevalaioeary be ogy and ears i pnonaliy papal Spt sal ns pened postion. ee Ping a sept all ve ofthe pon Iron the blogs oth soc This prileged pustion furans su ialsonary one Mice ample coven a indeed eu eed foes varie of opps wo nding he tocar fatto of tesla elon {erie pha procs SalFawarnss and ilps at icsaypal ences hat Tae boc to in cam of bath pyingenans and oogenesis. [An evluconcy persestive on the selFenncept “rar canta ode theories of pewooaiy and so" al behavior develope inthe ely days of the Filan i nue be corded 4 eel ue for contemporary posowalty deus, The fcvalias agenda outlined by James (1890) ce. fain wos pth forthe next cencry of feveuh on the since ofthe sl By nau ing he sl, we nove the el of petonaity 1 trad rly bosoilpespectv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Preparation of his caper was sopaned by a Fe tl esech Gan (Une of Ciena, David. ‘We chek ack lack, Raber Eros, Che Fee, Dan Han, Hally Henk, Raber Hogan, Ole Joh, Sean Klein, Jsuer Pal, Del Pathe, Lay Fern June Sc, Sana Svan, Bil San, Keates and Drew Wee for comments ‘acter vetion fs hase. ores, 1 The keyword "ie deal oventasve and. wil dene sce examining pycblogial tlevonena pon the sope af serch om the {a Homer any othr keyword (eg scien {ance eleva) nes andi Sivand would al det wopornt spect of he ‘tier 2 Wee pel ee Berean esearch on dhe sal acon on erin [nec exes hte ‘dees of both univer and eau pc ‘wth emovons th une pecs fhe le ie eh cove of comet xe shaping of te Wop the a experince ad expesed tn verry Ti For ere indivi em oe cues be move chvenally vooesed, dene seta Fw irene sou, and hve mote compe le repress an inde Rom he cles Davina cle, snide weg ina peo nceconet wl ett 98 Bow they ate ding ea eich elnive to soe (oer cee pec) ined andar, nd fon sabe bees Meech oe earnpecace 3 Tas imereccon of rr slecopsiion fas been, qustioned (eg, Fou 1982 fake, Machel te Vaods, 1994 see Gallup. 1998. a ovine 1998 for ade sboucteimpicions of nor legion