Ta i eon nae} Pome Ne eect me CONN nor me Cor Pee on eT ere oe Tee eer Toner ee Cena eee vat ena aT i Wvelured widely in the field of Contrastive Analysis, whieh Oe cr Vg {s ut present tenure professor of Contrastive Analysis ON ee om en rea te ee ene eC Sec CON ene Ce re DIDO ec ecseae cece ene ert Tonos INI 2 E < OSETIA eke Lee as) BULL ay 3 Seu: esr) Lie SUBJUNCTIVE accabiguity Keys English & Spanish Part SUBJUNCTIVE EDITORIAL DUNKEN ‘Buen Aitmy Avones Aucia Mauer ghia reserved. No part of this hook may be teprodiced in any ‘lestronic or mechanical means (inelading photocopying, 9F infoonetion storage and rereval) without permission in sm the publish avec: flo se 2002 ‘Nori de 2006 ‘Quinta eicide: Febrero de 2005, Aoi Danke ‘Ayres 337 (C1025A40)- Capa Fert ‘obli: 4934-7900 936-7300 Wim nprancecom a Pisa web: wnat comar ‘Hosho ol depsito que prevélaley 11.723 pro en la Ansoaton (© 1009 Marie Teresa Vins Urq ISHN97.947.0236719 In memory oF Professor ZULEMA QUROGA, who opened to me the doors ofthis fescnaing, "nerd of Contastve Aras,HH those whe thought thet it would be useful to share what I for 30 years with others and encouraged me to start this Bid fore coltapcy scat acer stent Aspen IFS om Longs Vien ermine” ore Legs Viva ohn F Koma Unveil 1 well ao Be niles of the conferences aad ce of satel hasbeen preset. hanks tothe people who in diferent ways have contributed erp nied, by ading it. providing isighifil comments wih never ending enthusiast tanstors Gays esta Durner Violeta Harfuch, and professor Maria Inés Artiges de 1 Professws Margna Ser, PAD. and Patria Jeeab for i APPENDIX tuaeful co Andies Mauri, who designed th cover sna Susans its, Who alpen theeitng oF this tok. y Iwano dank my family ard ends for thee aataling suppor, eng and otience. Hut fr them, I would have never started this PerishPc Zena Ques, hnonnistes fthe Lage Gato Une, Dees Airs dnt sve me oa Ine carcla: Cerasiv Asabis (CA, he open ome tating wel wd tht tracy te aps clung as cs English sd Spe, Aver ur You with ew dooming vith ang lrg. Nr ma esto yor 1s Contastive Amiysis? Justa toc ~ for teachers to be able Aue fc transfer, to help ther students grasp caning beter, to givean explanation when an eror or aistake fs commited du j and for trusts, 10 be able to discover the hidden meanings Hos in the soarce language and to avo them, or keep them, if (sen resisting them ito the target language. lnporiant to eae in mind thet trough CA yeu willbe able vo know ‘cern tem fs rouied, not why tie roguired. The why isthe rot Inanists; the when, oF CA spesais, able to rasp Consive Arayss fly, you ned two things a good Of he description (grammars) ofboth langsger end an open Any doserptin: previded tht the approach isthe same fa both ages I ve chosen an eccectic ene, using the terminology best wood ty the snort ef students and teachers of English ard Spanish, pen mid: to beable wo discover hat here sre no Sed rule, xe erat “hit lngucge is consanny ebangig and so ste rules and use; tobe "see thatthe study of the relations etwoon languages ia possible ‘ven thowgh we concentrate on pare vations, Maguige ives de exist.(CHAPTER 2: NOUN CLAUSES (PYPART) lon Chases a Ditet Object. ‘oliice (inpostion of Wi)nr Funetins of Nous 2 2 {Ne Cele Appestion-. 2.23 Felings BNeun es Scie Colones “1 Noun Clases in Beeraposion |, Rein of View. noses © @ 61 6 @ @ Le “4 6 a 6Pu te Mond nt st una mje eloecedore comidre font co jt Peri Liteal quo ebacs conan | SS fa Seu gu Es ues mer taney consider que eset nko ns hale el Perle Libel quia debra avez Su ets pat cut some of hese problems:eth exe ice Your ash umn The cost ce ‘onthe lovel of foray, shoe Sure formal tn Ti. We shoul Sbkmcretion te haces one ob lore dnde en and sing, the new created word preserves he 1 whl the Spanish version may havea postive oe negative, guy (A). Wher appli o women that sia men mad generally dg ensualiy, the wort has a positive connotation ct at fo thos ly, & tester choice vould be drtante ot aay of it Ihe not ambigueus (second tansaion: ® just jogement =e juice justo es el adds Justo del aca et Partido Cberat reas bn Sp ‘Why ere the sudoos misled ty these tno words in this concen? Prob ‘eenue the msi common meaning of judgement is aici and in 0 wolloction te mos frequent mesning of justo Spanic is uso, Iy ot paving atertion to be two indicars tht show the spear is nt fhyoar of he Livral Pury maddening sal the song prposton spon wh ly replaces em when you rast reptivejudgerert on someose, led 10 recognise thet jodgement bere shoal b> trndlated ce etgo| Iecnnse oft iin, jut time into mere, ques merece, > Chat she should espouse its cause = jeu abrace su causa’ \ebwriaabracarsu causa? pe deere shrdcar 4 causa? Only tho fist version que abrace sx causa iste correct one snc shoul othe a modal expressing moa proper but jaa marer of subnet ‘ow do wo now bs? Because in hietype of nun cewses the comple equres subjunctive. Don't you wry. You will find the explanaten detain Chap 3. ger tare cider que oe pres al Peri Liberal que ela ebrave cous. moo (SUBS) in Spanish and English appears eutonaticaly no igre by certain laments in the sentence that sloments o KEYS (K) vary depending on the type of jets mood a Sp i mepologilly are ome ‘ile Eng ih noo as uch daepewing in ivr ato convey te exgrsseny infest probes te Ser angurgeisto ests, xt forms ot angie wed ijanteood hey may pode, ncerain ase, igi INCTIVE MARKERS IN ENGLISH ‘re withthe many approaches te te subjunctive ia English, ldleston's, Quirk et al's, Leech’ Fith's and other’, so well and discussed by Lais Quereda Rodriguez Navan in “algunas nes fbrcas sobre sudjuntv inglés.” ie rather han perely cheoretca reasons, wil just state th, 0 fnstiv, the English Ienguage mates use of surface realisations ae intiative War Past Teme Form ModaisTOTP ed A ras hr or 3¢ ‘he epee of cpio whe Re ee lth Po * Soni hte go (SUL 1 telad evry Ine on vaya (SUBD) ol ab tod os as Sh sits bah yo GUBYANDD, on eveny( diferent meanings and consequently two possible ransations: Intern SURI 0a AND) clo oe das) int wo fr ow hyotel te wile te indctve aun SUBD ot by pao son hae tng baie A nb tg kale ND) he ontop Mie do eotoiccbeveng sm mot WNovndays generally replaced ty was in informal language, and mle as suet wher et wh 0 Sepene fae ‘ye ray be faced wih ambiguity since the Form is identieal te ad the fndlcative moods. is har they went (SUBSINDY) tothe ci vena (A), que eran (SUBH)ban (ND) a hd odes os ss ‘Swf Maser grabbed her arm “T wuld’ lok a i 1 were (SUN yom, Nis Aly" 21 Sr arr tom el raza. No mara fuer (SUB) Ud, hts Ashe. 8 Aro wed ia Eglish to convey the fl cr |) AFL yas ND) you" he beg nn ced Mick enero at | bey ioe ay a {a Sunive ee ‘Tense (Pn): Futare or Conditional Sif SUBD i-th ks open mens 10 alyjeban comiendo-, ha directo ata police, Modality proper (Mp): Ability, Probability, ete. “os: lentes Spans pen i) MANNER DEATH, New Yer: A Sit Beak Ted (9521 Rood Fer Upaarsr Bri: Cen Fen, Flak |W iuncats Sem e096 {Seon Sie 195) Pon ate Ge USK: Wa oaks Neth Duin (980 Pee Sens New Ser A See BaseModal (up) eras that ne hoe Pio gue 8 (5) rp spr dander qu eae (SUBD, Hee eo bese PR it wee nici Dsahn gs faoba cg, ahabia sono masa : 1 tthe de of ubjncive expressed by wherever ad Seep neitnm neal, we shoose subjunctive nthe fa laion 1:24.3Modality proper " paaaale ee ‘ivon If we possess (IND) the most expensive kind of elect that with Deters Oty Avis aor fie cine is tau moa ied lofts wa tmeng i Spores reuse sane * ‘As we will se later on, his overlapping of menangs may’ bring abeut Froblem of (A) in some examples. me fury peers (SUBD orale! mde coor gue goninote roe Ahcic uc he lepode la abana er efrce wna Yntdera text Mhte ei reuteds end mise. 41.3. OTHER WAYS TO CONVEY THE IDEA OF SUBJUNCTIVE INENGLISH ‘We mst bear a mind thet the folloning Heme sve not sjunsive masks ‘aden, 7 Sed adn USA: A Fenn Ces Book (C112) They ae only signal for tho reader to realise that eventhough ibe Hissin Sas (97) le One fOr ow YO Senn Sha,nitive aay the naive i ne ofthe montanes ways to tf mbjunctve andthe eee hs pay atetin (he ceo Fou the cret mesg ‘ores wero Switzer to de there (A), Real? If cher's no hint to disabigute— 0 inthis sents — ve we tio sano ston in Spais, tus Keeping he ambi Pores a Sera para meri a) We uppose be scurce sentoce is the felling: Berges wet to Seiten ony te die hare. “Here isertion of oaly beck the eit, snow expresses ‘Man We can chage te asin 308 eto enn ny ag Sta does noe in English Berges fe a Suzayaltmart so pararen bh You must have notin that in bth lngangs ie infin was wa ony een of scjuactve, This sso besuse a Spans ine ste would've Mid al ens fc ND). Alimed yea the sates of bth, the matn late othe stordnae Mao ro cea Eel eh aly fe sae, sn the shove mestined ena Wy (ND) He wed eK ney, whee the Pel _ " = Inuit ns overQXD) ne woul fd ae way gc cf ‘Delite no 20 iia cd Se Mishols ae quel obgeren (SUB). (twas my int dyin English 10 Callan Certnity Colle in While ool sae pre guar all asa gue on cortasente Dost, Alsbane, Ou isracer ake as to wie w short paper W Sess jare SUBS). dexrare pts yexandetrminre ol artmo crtbiag sures” Molen (SUBD) evsvrarta alga frme tenet grdons eo "Coenen: Comy” ty Wil Suter ceded.00 be ambiguous, as we de ene or the subordinate one: > Dacia gens rit de SM cucl sta que obiaran (SUID. Us he would stay unt somes fored him te leave, Ine these to sentonees 1 Dect gu new de StMichal haste qu le ogaron (IND, Sea etit lew as area ef. Jeelng tha For this interpretation the terse inthe main el M1 inve boon pat perct instead of simple pasts he had decided he repettie ase of would in the whe passage inf lien of something hypothetical and eradicates eny. poss ing, has jusijng the use ofthe subjunctive med in clase i theft paragraph, that inal cases the mcd required in English for tine sleses Indlonve (Chapter 5. he should leave. Follows, go back io your tansaions and decile whether 07 ot and why. Only then, compare with he rastaons lon othe jst feats ven in pon 2. CLAUSES AS DIRECT OBJECT ige the subjnesive in thie ype of clases i th veo (Vb) inthe Whon this (Vb) n Spanish oavey the doa of volton, uncer ‘we ake enjanetive in tho noun eles. However, in English, (sys only when te (Vo) haste semaraic etre oF olin, " THE WAN CLAUSE (ore Inpesiton of i Ficmc, hy ad btw epi A "on ge (SUBD home wad get SUB) i habe recipe el anion ee a hi animers sce elton que me ort (SUR @ Marre SUBS) an pce tv is shown is Engl bythe se ofthe Bare nie ian hee 9 (A) esac a the verb he main clus ot vin, sobjunte is derande, Uneertainty i (Kune) ta hs was IND) ithe intended to eth pres his be oud na den. “Duke erat) que oo fure (SUBD) te gue yer dee orn arse ee iy,shora ropa dtr kui 2.1 here te subjunctive is used only nen the halieexpressr volition the indicative moot is use in Engl Footing ‘yin yo cid only stay far few days, 18 ely gprs CK: hal) Hyon could come ad et me kaw bat you tine ND Aungee silo rulers qvedrie unos pocot it, raiment te ‘urea (fst) que pedres (SUBD ven» comenarme Ive pense, gn anc et ow Yast Tipu Dengng Mo Lankr Pega Bots Nt (ih) atin oud Sze Ne Yrs Tz Moti Fe yo wero totale a the begining of ) that he shoul (MODAL #8 SUBJ marker) ‘sj unetive required, ce the modal ots stjnctive marker. han the verb thinkin the see setence lacks the ste of quent, the medal preserves its meaning of modality proper: FUNCTIONS OF NOUN CLAUSES somponcats apps aa justietion forthe use of subjanctive in Tintces ofthe noun cleus: a) eppesiin, b)adjectal 6) subjective complementHit am ot ged speaker at no kx sre yale youd fr coe, ha you are enlesag GND) te recep 9st ta Ian ey hay uty ae, Goh pend en a Henrys. am sre ne Vey iy ad ca lia that sb sa pod ¢ en er, be wl es ky man” ts marist eprevartes ri prata per abr 22.4.1Volition fei) de que ede dsrasrnde (SUBE) dea ‘An Tommy's spgesion (Koon) tha Andy esc SUB fr is slo's hop, thr as fi diagno cxaly what Ge inv, a the (K) Aretves neve sold be while in Spanibh the ed is cubjuneive precisely forthe la sgarencix olin de Tommy te gee Amy Haare (SUBD, ts shops meade caramene lpritine pare pe dasen ft — 10 a8 Adjectival Complement ‘Asin bth languages the fours of volon s presen inthe nou, the Inthe apposition s subjunctive ie gis and Spon, 224.2Uncertainty “You ae sayy tr Lam asses (Kucera orgnisd a woding ert was (IND) a ridegreees™ = (Uied me inde q a Sra Lamb organ um caamlote che seaweed: wacertaey de ue habia GUBD newe? Tis very neing amp. Aeraneevidny ak nn en tate apt GU» “ncertainty, bat this is provided by without, Nevertheless, the mood in ne inks es hat 22, The se pr Spr rs Convey aba nics, eran be euneive ae 959) Tf SENATOR' WIFE US Dt Bask, "Georg, last (09) Prat of be Proper Ss New Yr: aa motes ain "sve Ame (08) WAZTED SEPUICURES Late lene Bosh ge 7) Herre amen a eepares oe ‘hed be will make (IND) her very happy, Mfshe lt ood tM seh hs bor Dey man” (Kft) de gue ka hard (IND) ray fet: y a6 te tips set an con Wo Scone No ma aera. Hinde in bh langnayes becuse all he features tha re sing. 2.22.2Uncortainty Mr Sandeman ad promis to sve ey assnce he cond shoul Monk ever ned Mane was ot se CX: ural) Ite ‘spoken (END pis, at ussoemed lke an excel tepath ones Mr Sandeman ea promeito pdr pola, on cao de gar Markee velo nccthors. Monk go cab epee (arch) “be que ne uber hablada (SURI) impalivoret, (pee Ete Pirela cl moneris ates pre probrl, “The mol is diferent i both languages. Check the chart 22.2 end ‘the eas. 1 8 Subjective Complement 222.3Feetings ets 40 on anlssng tbe sme example as in 22.13 "1 het eh you al hat 20 god sper, Hat Tent et Ite romert pus wate expecing my gttde tye comin -nyhops tit you are ejyng th recep And | non aainy e eta ht ar rary hap fein) thal my daughter lade, Is marrying (ND) sech a spend man as Henry is Ta Sz he il ake very happy aca elf ht ke fas goed 6 fea ah hd ee deur, he wl be cy man” $(-) pinion ura deces gue ety my atte lng) de ge mi if cas, case (SUBD) com an home ‘am split come Hee), 1 Bagh, once more, the cod inate becasue of veltion resent, bathe ajetve express eigs, the mond is ubjanete a Saha ar carte el sade deta rsttcin com mato eve To sigan (voli que compehars SUBD) finconroe tel goblrsa 4 merges tei chit para jporla mia resin de afb teone pia rectin. wba inftivemccompany destroys sy posible anbiguy "ys Aa (856) NUTED SEP CURES Lance Boe a ict (95) ras, Lo, USA Rare Boots223.2Uncertalnty dou (Koncert) atthe was END) wh Aany, Mt dada: uncer) esque et fer (SUBD log werd det Pacaphrsing 2.12. 22.3.3Foelings Damian's hope (figs) was hat ‘ape, be'd have (IND) evoughnew'yaucovers ‘tonto reopen Ashbourae's habeas Bering 1 dsela espera (: folings) de Harrigan erage, co ol en, vere (SUBY) la sufltot cand de macs ome para read carte deAenbonmne [Notice the semantic equvslenes of roan clauses as ret object, sdjctival complement end subjective complemen: Hearigan desea} capita: felings) ue, con Debray y ‘dee, mors (SUBL) te satede cand de mee) pha cam pers rabies ane de sthoourme(DO) Hearn teal esceansa (K: fing) de qu. con Debra y ee, nora (SURI) la sofilete cantdad de saces rasta ome pare rahe ie sn de sh ourme (APPOSTEION) Harrigan eta deseasa / gswereazaa (fogs) de ge 20m ‘Dabryy ti video, tera (SUBD) te sliene cane de mess [prchas como por eabi canta de Asbenine (ADJECTIVAL ‘COMPLEMENT, ° Brn BN (997 The at pea USA. A On Bo ening this ehaptr tat, when the subject ‘We replise the noun elas by an infintival J le You. “T im soy X made you Aebparse ido con aspera. (Go) Laneio overt sujet inthe shove example giv special ‘Wtence, changing the meaning, thus the equivalent in [tas tha made you et aout er oni the sujet in he noun las? 9 (0) haya heck hablar della Spas reader would understand tat someone else “made her” thatthe ease usad ia English was spl past bu the Spanish 1 periecsivecne? This fas to do with sequence of tenses in this the sabjet ofthe next book in this sere.Jn extrapesition Is the complement (Cy ether she (80) in noun canst areal Eubjee in xraposition omplement (OC) wher they faoton ae real direst (RDOEP). complement contains « semantio component of or pon’ of view (with present or ftae time refereace) jnoive. In English, thease of subjuncive fe resvised ‘ty complement wit fetes of necessity and We ise reference. Tent otsiew Com 2) preset Tm erence future Taree Neco th tansaton of our fast example in Chaptercanon) Pusu ha Med logs. s una muder brady carder gue elas of {Sitare Tm reference) que ola abrace (SUBD) su cena (h aw ‘The presence of should in this sncence aftr the semanti com point of view leads us co thik that the time roferoe i sonsequentiy that should isa modal used es subjunctive awoke ‘ansaton in Spanish a such, ‘But what would happen if we know fr sure that Auat Maud fs al member ofthe Liberal Party? Could we sil manta ‘Tm reference? Evidently a0, Then, why has should been incerted inthis case? Just for emp this Case the Tim reference is presemt and the mood used in indeative Notice how this would change your translation: Ti te Maud eg Bs wna mer treaty conidro gu op eal esto gue se mares Pare Lineal 1. Point lew — prevent Tin reference) qe ela brace (SUH) a seus (mpoeP) ‘The asertion of realmente (or any os simi: expression) would the emphasis shown in English by means of thowld. In Spanish, th 10 possibility to express such emphari thoagh mood, since fa present Tia reference obligtorily require subjunctive; consequent ‘ermans n Spanish, sina yada deco por 250 de Wh ic) ue te GUBD tre e lool ean experienced poice otter, Aavelvod ean 0x9 a opecke queen ae i mire. dea of subjunctive conveyed in English by te infnitival jlered In Spanish by © noun clause equivalent in the 1d Nevertheless, another possible anslation could have (8 FROM GRICE USA: Ait en. Ih G0 menu GEA oe ke3.4.8 Uncortainy or te tonto: into Spenish ~ tis dilemma is Wh Yoni, sso both vecessty and pont of view ‘The subjecive complement expresses ancetiny, ‘ot requis subjnstive in Engh ‘ight in this sentence ony exp epsins the aesence of paer, which conveys the sane Medal itis in th subjunctive mood prosioly beeave the clement fn Spinisa require it Bat someines te semantic components ae ‘densified: . sam. ‘Gonective used to introduce noun clauses is evidently uanpledicused upto now er ere any tes “Gassify into wo types: complementizors/subordinating ola fics) oes wih eral nn easy, othe addessce already dng Soh (Gresent Tn) in which ease do expresie indicative mcd oe ste teylag to engage the addressce for future aetion-fture Tin ‘iiunctwe mood? enelly omits, ecpcially in aban clases a8 DO [bike context cles enoagh to help us solve the problem? ‘he first fine: I'm expecting. sugaeets thet the speaker is ‘Sommanicate to the aresee the ergcy tht he binke ts ne hey tive to nave tong sity names ike tat Beans of se Kennel Ch” Saran “Sh fa ting dog’™™ ie teen queen mbes largo ares come te por et Kemet Chis ijo Saanes Srunapera ceca Carns Kawi) 4 Drier Dendy Ye New Ya The Myti 2 Wie Sephn U0) MAINEROF Dea USA A Sgt ee Die 09m Pasta. USAC By Bek.No. No? What about hi? ‘ecg aU. Benge len concur. ‘My was it so diticak to think of example without QUE? Bi ‘Seni t may only be emited whoa the lengua ven formal weting Justhe cher nay round normal in gli ‘mn Spanish. This explains why most of our etdents use THA aly 3242 1F 1 lnbodting noun clases ha a interchangeable. The stn Rapper ove. oa (ny len wil ste to casey fis en if and your {or Divorce reaches ie coir Heal exnesly tages 6 ah ved (IND) laamedsiely 10 I Freparntery Schoo, where bot his pareas mil he ee tp ‘in on equ terme. SEP” Pet of vi ear Tm rern pe Ls sea radedae SUB db lara « Brook's Parco Shoot donde ane edb Vilas en taulted de candenes SEP) ‘BY AS C07 abl Tver USA Vag sd in English is india: subjunctive, asthe Key contains "Asthis ie eter rien by sawyer, We mame thatthe sSoice of moed i the Am mediately (equivalent to now) ahanged ‘om present tne reference, aus roauiing cases reouiresubjantive in the noun cause nou cls subject coilé have been tanlzee ‘lus subjective complement asthe semantic. te of subjunctive are the same dough the keys ‘ijn los mbna. Todas toate hetldadperaadéndle a regres hogar lame ere ye sharsel més to. prope vid ta teerese ce su yo sempre» cud Iiwee keoue a ltrrtansies. Todos honetomete Til ertuclied preanandele regret el hogar late, ores gua srt UIE, Point 2f view ~ future Tm riferanc ot Leo o (UIT In weaning bit IND in for de benedict Wpirsr) Schr donde amber pees polo ver Me rilones. (RSEP) 80 sen trasladedo when eukjantive is required) This fhe Spnih language whisk does aotallow Po be flowed frm wha the Vb in the clause isin preset tense me Foxm to conve the sujuncive meee.the same in pat Miers tn, crea a i at Pon ef von = fuses Pm ernest Le te EPH Set Sa, 0 Sopot, (5080 ae tet complemen of adjsivs of fear faalwayssobjuctive [nto Spanish as OUE. 3.2.4.3 WHETHER Why should we save (K:feings) whether Saerand (ND) what ar fier isigeificnt counts Of mone to Not beease ofthe money Bat because ofthe lingering Pe gud abc ncrcas frrg) See dene {te Suiza cenie (SUR) fo que a movado son big Sones deiner atone’ No por lps prog somo uns ve —pets Cnet deca consiant gra ri pro no tm St aes ‘Once again we notice thet afer $7 the indioave form must 3 In) gu gece erga SUD pee prac, tho preset terse hough te mood emaately i sbjonaie eee subjunctive is required though the reasons ave diffrent: lee of lest lege Hin Spanish, the festre ofthe main 3.214 LEST fet igen Spa ‘This aypicalcomective, very mach wed informer times, boa ‘and consequently it wae no longer tavgbt at schools. Bul ‘ecovered is prestige, mainly inthe United! States, andi is wi ‘ven i informal lengtage-espectaly In éilogues- A you pr ltcady noticed through the pe of exanplse used up to now. of tvllers. And the frequeney of appearence of lest in ihe ablications is just usbelenable, vel hat was eves (.) When had beens, {ed wih gror (Noun) Ut other eyes sho LEST, as introducer of noun clantes, has to characterises: 1. Heean enly introduce i 307 ny Pe Ho ODA WDE Lai ‘ (1963) The Portrait ef Devine Gray. "Tho Works of OSCAR WILDE. sno Wa N. (958) Whe Sar Sen * Goo gai New Yoemaned in sot ful (A) ls they lo tle ns the lias fhe dna (ADA. COMP" Les hto un breve resumen y ef ado 36 vetrd ba pursanectb sat Iugares, euro (fol) de queda (en perder omeno cabmiante(DICOMP) 1s Interesting to nodce thar the tee fanetions are equivalent Thus, we ca rerslate hem interchangeably: I jus ito wn bree raramen y ol jade se eth Lam eames ager cca: og) quotas nl ‘Yperdersef memento cabninane (D0) 1 jac: Hoan trove rerumen of jade se rtrd Le ms bile ve noun classe in Fish is inthe afiraive, in ‘ermaneci ons Tagen, por mind i: olin) « quedaie fom? Really what tho speaker is saying is “T'm ‘lowe perder cl nomendocalndnante APPOSITION) Jat Hof be oo Late”. But expressed les biuny. 3.24.5 (SUCH) AS (THAT) This connective ony introduces noun clauses in apposition, and its \eroystive nominal lauses, which follow the same in Spanish is COMO, Tax. COMO™ fhe chuses sted In this chapter, or ®) apna {aw her as very human, and fl fe sons of er een you mest et peple now stool hings, ea thal You ha fallen ot fom ehestberapy {av may hams, con tod le eof de ov gore: em) omit qe ia grt a0 etre de sas eons, con Guts 6 el pelo por le auinioreps, 2 Pe, Ans (190) A DANGEROUS MGLRYING. USA Wy Boks hos And 86) Setar Kid Desh USA A Poe etnow this entree J oi 0 many aan a char hntome” rash wying weep he structure: trealtion and answer te flloving question speaber met his man yet or sit only wishful thinking? ontexivlie this dilomve and go beck to your ansation see Wow Aten 30a Thy ranltion it both Ainlogues? Yee? Are you suet vith nese onesa Dialogue I: Me 1 cua ean mb que see (SUBD) sy un me ao Nr ee Se pre cole dfo- dst puto de vite Dialogue 2: oracles pce) que conven IND) “Hey acer con hate que ND} yen ms “iOutajoranadel ‘Did you recognise the (A)? Could you hes it? One posible way to ee ss Nome ‘with vould be te avid the ver and so crit any indiction of Jn 4. applies to nominal relative elanses. That i, a lavejanvrwtuthasionesy ee vals indkauvs, in Spnish depends on the antecedent: “Loh sbour i, the mare 1S wore, 1 remind ‘ sydd ly says ND “Ther cnly one my fo 4.4 RELATIVE (ADJECTIVAL) CLAUSES pases ah In thi tye of laos the mes i lays intintiv in Engi, that eee is no mood dininstion. Consoquerty ambiguity (A) arses. [a eet esta antecedent riggers he subjunctive whea itis aoa specifi eo aed spesker. pervasive, Kenya admire you even hi wer hay ect (IND) yo.” persesiva Ker, yw edo anve estoy receapads (hin specie: ses es’ now he ree) ue te ed af mary (posit) inthe Bagish ext pois to the ft that “Wha do you went lo ino?” price, "Anbing which might be KD) relevant yO re saber? “rater cia: nn spd ue pueda (SUBD ser relat no litintion in Enghsh may prevent seriou problem of slhnge may cst for is gong fo cot, wo ean perceive this ck Toby Alten (1956 27 GUILT HICHT.USA: Basi Boks Nir W380 ot Me Ca YS USA: one Boss(8 32.15): reads a fat in he ston exarge ABs 1 Be mo pene key y ise cue. Thi ry happens when the Orbe iK nn spot she eee? ag iy SUCH a ar Nn abo fy but he pe bs younger. Hi ds lie Wet wh ha eld be mee Benet te -2re1 ma, porussiv, Ke = AK: specie: the areas oo site ihe . ‘iba alrededor de circuenio altos pero pode ser més a pre ececs ere Sap rceor Rewarding the connectives plea nan fh sn ut tM tr icing lane ‘or “ eens lauses, tio jon: AS and BUT. 43.1.a8 Which ot SMEG isa relate clase? 2, Se Rabe Utero So mes 2 Se mds sech tose Unto Sa Have yo mae ov Py nia? Allies se your test Isc ofthe most misleading word inthe English language, et hes yiferen sya and semantic vals. you feel confident enough t pass the fllowing test? Teaslate an ly te valve of BUT in he following sentence (one pat each): 1. Tce was hat ey wih ony ca and Hn bts wa te me esi Check: [ | eo ere ti Gags Ane (197). PORLD AFTER DYING, Land enn Bok Ping ‘Chase agate 87) IME ToESD4 CLUS MURDERS Noe Yo: AD Bl °C Pas 95) Farm Non Ys Bee Beka Fa le 9, 2 tes te er tra1 Dobie sia Ratobe. ‘Perhaps yo dé tbo, ir ‘ut Zilih saad foray Me Meri i qa Scot ne oo ooh es ee 4 yhat do yeu want 9 know” Angthing wtih igh be cat You rst be nc oe “ont exe fe Gre” Meera freed sue Ba fF Yo, “The cal on th jun’ emaioes ofa ie dosed wisp of 15 barely out of her wtoly deprived childhood, dei fslcteg ive terer blag fais en bor by © ref ‘all well a privegedyoud wee al bat pono. » aun Car, IN 9) Tet Fe Oe: Penein biel. Fe, Nae (1998) WHTED SEYCLCHNES Leo: aac Beck 4 Peer Reba (198 nal Pe USA: De Book ‘eGov ODP) Fn Chay News Ys Aer Crt Book | larger Bly Conorsaproval ht Yankovic required Selig po) Ives was be approval of he new Bama Re, who hd Seca roe ‘a pie a mach fer her, he dat Know 8 i oraighecass alg." sn ie so simple but ssanes vere ack of vie on is ts How ray cova ose hears alas eas ‘ofan wear yet upn i ns hs beards Heres or war” a Mae Rte (9) TE SPIKE New Yo: Avo Becks. fy Ms) Teaver, USA Be Boas ICI) Vee Cart New Yer A Powers Sk, (itn (92) The let of Fever Te Compete Wats of HANI EARE Leto Cnt Uetay Pre Fee pak 080 lo tba St Over. por “Mee exin comonomer aes ton dsr pen meas ey Jn the neve) BUT maybe replaced by eam not help "Now let's stat ebecking: 4 yace nd « componure ia er which Nese could not a oe ‘he sek as but a boy wiry check ata al yell erste ain lmpleado noo tn wn ito oon mje sonrnadesy pee tan marke cma fot dl met) why spa o the is execs ass aque Ahis fist sentence BUT is equivalent to mere, omy, jus iba fee Ron na ih, imo by nom ted of "ely, the enderng in Spanish must leo cena dimin en sino era tan sa those stucurs axpess modality within the verbal pres, the Spanish version: mo predo menos de no puede ad evita inf: “iP rosin ad (a Diablo? Host Atmos Inner CAN (always inthe aimstive) BUT hes the same meaning a (ery el menos Trample Delphine mide Rtnobe, Perhaps yeu dint kzow, Sir ter tn Zan sagged 0 many Mz Mefide, Mis gate Cay see to young peoples dead 1 oe sabe, ey cant bat taper “ny A 8: Guy, BV Naktt . D5)TteADWANCED, (1871, THESLENT CR. Non Vode at Deke DecORAE Ck CaN ENGL ent: Oct Uy Ps ani) Ona ange Cah & Fiver ol Modal Bockis cos ation ion wih ditional meaning, ecualen to posites of tnslation Wh equivalent meaning: ln hd por ie F as much foe ihe dl ut knw 2 e would cl i. ‘The mit on he jysemetons of te doeayed vip of ” fave ut of hr ely derived cleo, dvribing ea Wa tonto ar eat Io hea seb cme por ws abate torr being sifted on herby 0 s-foctel, wall ie. Failed Sesh was al ut inpositee comet inpacto que cs en ola eta ri acess con oon female, spar rls ae nomen creed cade dese ne gus talvrcay cleatacorament le Reta igi Jrnen ave jure poienconte aa este prepida 6 ye: in = me cat asus soe ma of vite oni ewe How ny covers, whose nes tea as fe 5 ALL BUT is pechaps one of the most frquent uses of bat in 6 Pico yet uy ir cin he beth Herel oe ‘with another Word. means almost! cusL Bat we must be cae Confuse this mesning ofall but with the preposition but (xeep®) (a soeo gue we comige dar ono aspecte exer ‘menos, salve on, fe folowing he pronoun al 389: baie cete seat Coats je canbe ee grades de eon, evan arse fs bors ene [eMart co ao meltansras* 1 wes no Tonge ily Coro’ approval tat Yeaovich oid is ocign poly inktaten wae he approval of he new Bi poten wih te eanng x ‘resides Sts ORelly who he econ Preset in a at Bulan case only whe the min clei nga z ygcovveys he neatve meaning, The twonegatves ano er le aprcbcion de Billy Comet ue Yak ie nc the cnieno reat ina positive one. parses tts espe de apoio etre Era ap ec Te mre vicepesde, Sears O'Rely, ui en preter nase’ tote sebo on rmive. nie ee no eater sre, Bxample? ric jonnetacomm comet oa oo nia (910 1 Mad Fmt Buns A: Rn See Qh) aPrisTON's aevsep cums spay oterONAe HON CHVTURY-CROFTS Presiendoan COME ‘only, does ne live prosoun withthe metring cf who..otor which.11 (32.1 6) we deussed BUT WHAT introduc scmplement Contre! that usage wilh he fellewing No abo wn ta quem Hoke dbs ls os ‘ge agin we Ive relative clause, but this me the ‘he olive adverb bat what = when .. nat. As in the previous ‘hs eonstuctionrequies a negative sin clase Wall, how was fe? Dit you succeed? If you've got a 10, reading her ond Sajoy a more enertining piece of I ted his book! ‘uljunctive in adverbial clauses, a purely automatic choos in iy use depends only on their fypes but a senanti 0 tubjunctive depends on the meaning of the verb in the elas. oie of indicative in most por of advebial clauses Me gott range of ambigaity ising the English ext 1 Jong tie; so long thar Eid eked Rory to say fer so tha we could nse (SUBS IND Hal PURPOSES cay theo possiblities in 5.1.1.2 omic (010 HER SOLSTICE. USA: Stet Pes.@ Harr EVSENOUSH: TYPE OF CLAUSE SPANISH: VERE IN THE ADV. CLAUSE ENGLISIL ANISH. Papo Tipe! meatig Caos ease lus aroaced by aa though hse 84 PURPOSE 544 So that ‘The most common connective inrodusing advctbial clauses of ‘SO THAT/ PARA QUE: ‘Qivering wit as, Romie shaped back in heron se hi im Senomoas ghines and mBbing ber erat here ha! stem, He det hr er, noc ely, buts eae to ak hi Dead tat be would el SUH geil. Tembland de reba, Konus depos ono aie, erroindle venecses maar 9 reopeindos log tras donde fl fs h ‘redo No a babu lesinoa en reaied mo pero eri a reer ues pra que sua = hyper wnnoan ‘espen) SUBD cab. ‘She had aledy closed wp ih converte conch and et the cui ‘ek m ples, otht i tad reromed ts daytine mode ello, syatetcliven covered pice of gre furitne ustun a haba corac ost come y poet lt siahadsns en ei ‘ge tin aba esta (hypothe fat) IND) Dancin crane matte det sta cn tapleads dose tine ‘emer dec (RESULT) 2 Reb Karen (998) THE SEVATORS RIPE USA: A Det cc Mal, Tan (188 12 BONS OF de HATS USA Dan Aixinetivesubjunsive maker inthe above parcraph Pee tt perpetrate ek inroood by $0 THAT, hence the nod to yy ateton to sl fom ti sc tain no Sun nO course this prosien completely dipyea's wien the i TWAT split nue vos so deal tat she though me ought to say Wl ep web tm bre que el pene (:- ypetheticol: ‘MoMA IND) que devertamor qucdertcsedente. biguity the example you wre supposed to ramet the begining In this case nbiguty ir produced bythe prosence of he Inthe clase, sioce now we have to deci whether could i 8 etve or i expressing modality proper. Notice tat In the fh modality i tanslated Ino Spanish 1 9 Big ims so ong that 168 ated Kory fo say for that we could lsh (SUR IND?) al, (PURPOSE! (1957 THE SILENT WORLD OF NcHOLAS QUINN, New ekid more tee Would beable we fast or the typeof clase inodsse, So here we have to reason fi At isan adverbial cause of purpose and introduced by lest: ‘Se mpoks gui et the wom decide (SUBL) she'd said encugh fan (SUs) he door You've sing thre na a vagrant the righborbod. ‘ahs rpwiamens par el mater no aca (+ hyphens fino append (SUED) gue hte ca to salen y 1 cera (SUBD taper Ui eee cictendo que habia wgthundo onl vecined. "Note the vse ofthe tne infinitive as mark ofsabiuctive inthe Ei verve 52 CONDITIONAL bait ‘Mori commen cnnwsive TFS Only unreal cnonls equi sj laying UBD he ody 1 sustoaing os job eptions™ {Qos dace gu exc pao por cies? “Eoguo es enapelaina cn anda Pr pe hat att aladande (= petite? impos) (SUB) lat Somenorieabuacorcrasepioner de webai. corp lide (19) sere of the Sey ew Ver: Bl "Nh: Sed (999 DD EVEN. USA WareBaace Nc, a stated In Chapter 1, that the subjuntie 10 disappest for the Erg language. Is se is ek folbttshioned and a bit stilted (especially in Brisk falled me th apy Picea Nyy ned nas, (uh) happen.” rfvans me Hamabon el Prine Felis» raiment oo sb (luce Es Iopodvca ners) (SUBD te felted tzample i x very interesting one of self comection done by “pasion Moras er Englioh chief sapevicendent, a highly kd ne anower ae red death ne seeing mld for scars 40° wok the shat oppose is obi? end ot waking Sr seme oft dev joey 0 sai exper por an osie-sble mbna: bojeabe sa revista de, soker?_grogrtsfnlmarte I sri IND) to eslere (SUBD dude que conilra ica dean pote In Argervien Sponsh oct merer. Grammar incoret Dat wmonisee jo 983) Te agp Arace. The Wess 9 OSCAR WILDE, Lee: had oe Ga (9% THE SILEVT WORLD OF SICHOLAS QUINN New Yok byisi of eondona clauses troduced by 18181 ita, 2 in case of Inversion, which iz a marc of subjunctive (ven i lo) al ols vt in them ales espess od IU sj el ak beeous Seeds, tan Tt you whatever I fm Hut T watt Sout Knew that never rember having ow ever boasked. SUB) Sie sil wna chats ormel ore am gs. drt fo que pueda ‘pre een eps gan recordar hab dick ign ‘ecole pesunn Ayn wantown ehappen (SUD, Bigaes ened (IND) £5, 1 woul pay yu Squires (+ Mypehetcat: unknown) (SCD prewar £5.16 Tes devveramohane (a3uness) “The rest uses nioviced by UNEESS/A ATENOS QUES nes semeoue soied SUBS) the broken railing, Ted Sas ub e found wth Monday mois, When tere ane the net ge oF tees” A mens gue eleven nkara (ype anknev) I ‘ria mo tnconarione Ted Str hata el lines por 1a ma ‘andlor hana fren ole cra sop de oa didi. “on Daa 20 Free gh ce: Loni: Am Decks, ne eh 4 ems ¢DER ANCL Pvi Sad "tse Bam 01 sap in ine New Yr: A Sign Ro ‘he mood in English is indatve, Because even though i's a ‘and time advert! elses, the former is areal Int i alvays in the indatve, lo Spanish a the verb {ide of somehing enknowa, the mood Is subjuncve Unloss and Until nppers with the combination UNLESS and UNTIL MIENTRAS. “YM Harper” si the judge. “sit your inteaen to produce tie ul he wits ented (IND), sch evidence the gh pra ante be eahted™ Sonor oper, tbo ous ss teen Maar a eso Musique one eae ira? le Yo (198) THe BOVINE OF DHE YanuTES USA: Ban Boks. "i 90) VERDICT UNSAFE Nev York Powe Bktoad the ambiguity that the lack of mocd distinction may’ Teal nv arf jute, mighty aw mack of sb ule subjunctive, even in teal conditcna lauess abet valed sud sey ler et he enrol ne (SUR Ate ter bends tomate a patrol Fab se movi sncosanane eles en cae de gue! port ‘natersbe tampered with GUBI™ =e se poder seu Fort seas al erga -Paa ane 30 (Que eutn emotes: des, per ningun ene ue th pare gue no emorpecan es coses SUBD ‘fot, Ken £YEOF TE NEEDLE. SM: A Sine Bk, *Didso Ca, 99) eDiets bial 9 "- 8 atin 1.1, this ses dsappeating inthe Engh language, ‘fhe indicative form, especialy in informal language: ever’ face was een. Me loko a Ihe was IND) about ek" fee dol rcin legato exaba verde Pareta com Hsia fe ypetietens annem) (SUB) por desepenere owing esanple, ifs more difial to distinguish whether had subjncive or indeativ, as both forms are ieatcal inthe past 123): ld hr dt Dany Saunders ha wasted Al Bs eyes vide, babe ' ierap abd wae em abe Day's jpmohie mind. be aoaed he had kacws (SUBKIND') fatale” Ino le cot que Day Sounder habia guerido matrms, 1 e con To os, pero mrp cuando ect ore la africa de Dany, ae como lo abi ede (= Iypoticaenlnovn) (SUBD desenpre era 20) Fen igh Pls Lenn: ron Bes a th (D4) THE EST TO DIS Gee ares Dal (Caen 90 Fe Cater New Nore ave (Bee« 154 CONCESSION ‘As in all the clauses where indicative fs obligatory, avard wloponed every evsing. She le Hs spent, though Beha tet say IND, (A) buch.) ‘Edvard omata tod la noche. Ela exenchab 4 placer aecque odors (Bs hypoheel know ues How oa the author avoid the amblguly? By using corti co 5.4.1 Evan It/ Aunque (988 1.3.1.2) “Memory i a ies hing” aid Miss Maple, “Som rncinrs a vole en If ane hast heard UND) i foe yer” Le memari oelgo rine ~djp io eherta Maple A cs me asardsuressunguen aha oie (K# sunbncnn) SUBD por mds de i ho Interesting to ntie tha the mooi incative in gl as it coneession, bat the arbor through the chore of the sony the ie ef abate, This rcs by ontequcely uses subjunctive rim sey, even th PES econ tired iy conse gue indective sued in Spanish, wth he combinations EVEN WEEN, EVEN WHILE, /CUANDO, which ae 5 smabiguoas a although). arise, Kony, and tame you even while worry at he may os ye.” (A) eras, Kerr, 9 te edo eungue me preceupa eit the eportng of «fact ms abeaay wore) Ie epuede cote, ty porsasivo Kerry, te ada aungne me precane hee sc Rapp) (SUBD lo guete pect cst one disambigases i Jen fer you" He seve up one of is thintpped sees, {oli owing tinge tee the ces of ws, Ren men now IND) Benes asthe docs” lor etesperands Nov eal wa des sara srroas bk renner enerade de fog pasa ones eds Suna aon ena) te Spa (2 + hypocetal (SUS) act cmos! supra I uth 98 4 SCT FO SORE YES. USA:A Det B96, Ch, iy 8 et Cal on eae US Poke: Boks fs 2601 SONG CANE 4 SPIDER New Yous Warne Bests Fit10 6.4.2 Compounds with ov Another way 19 convey the idea of sblunctve ix a ‘concessions by means ofthe COMPOUNDS WITH - ‘he caecag un the dpe 1 ad to buy on ir He aro ve spt tes ld th ped eB al hic ewe te ft oe ‘hulp on Over Rahm, tener a csv fd snd ck wl wore tanrecagact a i aver IND) another one (A ‘ra tener haber eiptade ol cua pero mica pods ‘da por pore te Ons Rito, duce fa lw ailfbra ls corn, re one comprar stare To iu rset wr verdadero prcttena porne et enigran no frat ben eqn re ve devo 1o exis the ids of cnseson. Traenlly, fin preset ‘etsed wee present sabtnetive + fire jective coe fi present + preset is fr moe commer: sea Fo gus tem I We ‘even the subjunctive foms with sare we fuse ae fate 543 As peer (ne ‘The connective AS generally requires inversion, but in ; i } shone anodes ney ve ot ar and dog es Pte ns rote a ace et Roy Wat ct wen or iy se wo SUB Penner te wiser becasd ND) ots hem l.™ sas via que despuis de cst pocar samanas boosts y er cere ao rien ae et sc habla smote sore on wa me vrohct Intent (SUD, no pia resedarts Son 6.5 TIME 6.54 Mood In te following example, the mood in English i ust iniol scvnbialsiauees of time abvays requ indisatirs, hence ot al cases the compound with ever conveys the iden of tiny rican EACH TIME THAT. Notice that in Spanish the Ie anertanerens et, 2 ery Aan (194) HITED SEPLLCHIRES Lande: ed Boh Pri SEAT OF AL THE DEAD New Yu: tey Boos.regular eatin ate XA) Un mitrotes por ta manana 9 princpes de srpenve ‘uid toque roy decid pparar el raha Ince pr la mata a trde, Po come ka a Iglesias pod errr cuand gene (X= bypethetel Pi combi de melas importa (nmr po a maton a princi deste ws tae sore y dsl pnpener eat dng dl tama lee Pers tinn es et se (var sande (K: "hypo pos, at (er ffl (SUBD) 1m combo dina no npartaa 2 Dery, Con (956) SERIE OF 412 HE DAE Ne Ye Dit Cle (155) SERVICE = A THE DEAD New Ye ies f sajunetive in r Is only ene piece of a pul. To fly ‘Ye bed all the other pieces: tenses, non-fat, nd Ife ae abl to put ech pce in its corres place, ley depicted.4 glinpse of worhor analysis 1 asked two good Analyse the list part ofthe opening text (pet) and its sil dvussing i), Both of them chose the Principles ofthis analyses ha it provides a good insight nc he ence ths allowing vs to se here the connection between li extraposiion and divest objeu rel dice object in *WOUId also provide only one analysis for clauses a8 dice 1 fjctval complement and subjective camplement which the explanations given ip Chapter 2 and 3. Ie great Ma the reer must be falar withthe mode to understand aye shosen a ore tional sppreech. , PRD, Department of Linguistics, Cornell 106 anal CON as 1am jae fy pen the Libel Party] Ln tg he Balt opus oa) onside takes 105 subject end Small Cluse as complement’ jt ofthe sall clauses the expletive which arllpaes the Use subjct (= the atsocat) thar she shld expoute ti ‘This sauce has sho as subject, the medal should te hood of he VP is espowse its couse+ neat de beet af pena, roe Se saree neat mad opreee tutte creme Hee cea alc anti! CG Cae ‘but this interpretation is ruled out because of che lary stint aonb pa ‘way depending on tho concent) ta bat in Loyal For he erases) where it wll be Aliertive structure for tha she should espouse is ane fesponse is cause Spanish version: Lease ¥ Frama 898 Loy 4¥€ Lr 2 Lage eas Reale Open" Lg) Gs eee yy er Lon ST ng me + the verb ofthe main sertence is consti; cs sf subject anda clase as comploment (ue es «least 1 PL que ebrace scans) the verbal element ofthe sabordinat las the cop Aull expletive subjce tats the EPP or OCC. The smal elanse a enpmer:e eat qe se merece el Abou iis at imes ditcut» determine conlusively (ceotiate abject end which ie the corplomentpredise las nts type of sentences, think tha (2) gue oa A clase a fnsons a the abject of the SC and nll expletive subject Therefore, efecto que se mere bethe complemen’ of the SC + elcastigo the ertcodent of the relative elanse gue the relative pronoun/Operaor fs ll boceuse Spanish “quien eh tual) me ini enters anjsh do not stay inside the VP (asin English) bu cane to by tho fenutes cf the head T. Present would be yas), ure would be [present - pest) or [Fut] depending on the cabs, Professor at Univerited del Coma Vis “J Fermin” Nadiening woman ané 1 consider ajar judgement upon the Ase should expoase ts caus.” om curs si saps sowsider ay tke verbs clause SC) s ts complement. Tis this temence. The sbject ofthe clase is an expativ, ered Ts known inthe Cherian Itrature a the EPP- Extended ibuhe In apposion Gin Engin, always associa ith x cause — lexical fete ofthe expleve). ‘Te cause coal never have “ubjset postion of he SC beau isnot the tic or heme, Poul sth bed ofthe Tense Phrase (TP) thai tho cxmplemant tic evel shoal interpre asa rath of epistemle modality H inowlcigs, possible worlds). Thi information is pat ofthe Ihe word, aio tharefore included in the exon. alo excodeceonicrnodality (he speak’ state to obligation). Combination afte classe withthe prsieate «just algere out this possibilty of sch deal” poset ia the eyes ofthe spetker, a6 ‘womao, andthe fast tat Ho considers 1a jut ‘valuation tht sh should “espouse ts aus” rls vt rading. Spanish version: Tu thu Mand esié aga Es una mer titan fue se merece el Patio Liberal qe els sacs cas, ‘There ate four things that are dierent inthe Spanish Spnish, the subjective mood marked in the verbal jai fexpresies the epistemic modality by moans of synti ‘Chomskienapprosch the inflection fetes ofthe veto ne ran feson of ts agree withthe Tease head, T boing ‘tremor amay of fanetiona eategares Second, allhough the expletive fe mst be insted in dierent iype of ngage. fa Spanish an “exer” sibjetin be preset ules proves anew inepeation wl ‘belnfornatin nthe serterce Therefore, eres OOC in Fielly,comsdero takes «finite elause as ite complemert. version the “coment” isthe internal ubjeot que olla a ‘Therefore, the vores, together wit ts complement el east seer t0 Have moved to Tope positon. The internal sb ‘race cans, remaits ser (. lagn1 ntl an 262 [10 PLLID TP) lee reins i te ome) the wtordinaeslaues ie each ext and umber them, your page iso vo columns: inthe Fst, lace the elaases je suroe teat and in the second, your translation (s0 a have lon ie by ride and be ale to compare the). fre mppoied 9 menton in each case 2) its pe (C8) FIN) ky (Kt) the jatication (1) the choi of ion ND), faeesay of anbigity (A), you ace supposed oposite erat sand enalyoveah ceo tam. oh yo excerted Dane to the police station (1) vas inllative prion that an secused man Is innocect (enti he i proved1 pect go sorpn hee ond ge sm Rombre on fete pl cords rene he Courant qu ve dent smeabebit olen fo utes, So the mood chosen in Span Mi iniste eye ot cane impossibly to use subjanctive in veil seuss oft doesnot belp clarify the meaning. CE Don't ee, Nie Ad where's your agli sense n't yor know iat evry oe in fs curry is ace ‘nt heer ses rene gly? © cai, Aga (184 POIROT LOSES 4 CLIENT. USA AM binedyu ato, you krow your jabs. Give me progress you got fom the fles, and whatever you get in fod Nim. That's al." io ut afte her Bigure well. He ied no dou that Dvore would ft her fare sel. He had'no doubt that ck would Isok remarkably ierssing on the woman Hank's ite ‘sh ba seon ie wither own ayes se still found it Weleve that Dendy had shot Ronnie Davidson, Sbe Aisi (0 Galy,* don’t understand how hat could Ic at alt the windows ofthe house excee those of ber tbe in darkness, so that any unexpeted caller would iad ge wo be and ne dist ex Ds ha theve's decency, kayaly and strength of purpose ‘One dey, when she seis, when se eal, shel realize When sho realizes that, Lieutenant Dll, hope she he the hank yas thanking you now.” ym) CoP ATER USA: Spex ty Back7. Teas unfortneth he should be fula's bcher, Hey, ‘ould be if she kne what be wi abou 8 “Just a minut,” Siem interrupted, “Yow aad prions" “Yes, 'm aad there's po Way around, We snisicn by eying to wam tho. Even if we dll ‘way to gel them ost ofthe camp, much ss ou of (9) 1 defendant ia am Arerian iien. He ha ~ aformity or whatever iti We are net oven English” 159 upon Michael Chandos ecmplation of he pat ‘ancy twenty-vo yous age. (.) Thus, when Devi presented i as his latest effort, Watihew had in ‘only the music andthe lyrics tut also what they ‘ther a final attempt to salvage a reputation that ™ "ae Rogie Aad & Mos Rote (181) HE SPIE New Yel "ae Sry (08) LICK CHENS ULI A Sigua Pin Bos spam G1 Th Pt Nee Yak et ‘CammelPia 9) The Far Ne Yo Bat Bok Osmge Esth (0) PrasO/Te Prne Sor Ne Ye “ery ne (990) FPACTED SEP ULCHRES. ord Hel Be tingly and td promised to ul, oui) Monk ever need it. Vcnk was not Tnnpasively, without any belie tha he wold is but this pected Ie an excellent time to putt nn ho continued fo ook as i he were clothes, even when they were the best Savile th ye tht eth 3 ot rises: most devoutly to be wished i hear fiom you quite soon. As soon a6 ou speak Hater of fet.) I's crucial that you do whatever is Wp jut youre a place where you ean take the profile Fim Iahat ts been id eve today upto this point, and Umevibence yet to cern which contd it Teannot help Tu to death of Keain Metre was atagedy which ne=d pied. And for you to suggest that che was depraved bat Qe Me Lanse willfully, I find unjustified and most ats on” sol, Um relly very coacerned about him. I hope you Din veteneg (99) Wren SErULCiREs Lote: eine Dok Paling lo) Wire SEPCUCHRES Lose: eine Dak Puig. (900) DEAT Ts NOW MP NEXGHDOUR. New Yate hy Buds. 040) MAANEROF DELI USA: Sit Ro ih are s29U.C48- andor reine Book Pain. Dhty ON) Pv one Waar. Lone: Hose ao Sup19, “Jen, there's « chnaee { muy bes ‘rac at geting in the repeniany Minneapolis If] do, V1 00 9p. 20, Tock the froat door, lest he be ous nthe in behind me.I emerber to draw every he be ut thre pesring at ne. The rela pelt windows. For reasons that undersend no she sul about money, but athe tine | aseumed that rather short of the stuf and the subst Wo ‘sssumptions, uch es Ua she was stung te “L know bow it will unfold 1¢ al 59 clear me Richmond fully intending to insert these cases ‘York. I woud be suprised if she doesnt the Paris eases icleded ne wel eos women, Ife, have ind sac ressen aL sad yous of youth Were wont ving fo the sake Of “they wero men frst Cops only coincfeataly and “¥en fel, then, that the fact ha hey ee Cp ‘wih he eason they wer ied?» 1 MgCl May 199) 407 Te ge Hen Yo Dal "Merl De (198) BLACK VENI VBA. Wane ea ‘Neos, ine (1930) UISREN AIRES ea ‘Come acs 0901) THE LAS) PRECINCT USA: Beg = Gans, Aanta (180) Soret Deh Kind Drath USK (ootee desea "Mat, 197) CoP HATER. USA:A Sgn Mery Beak cr jos, Ge me yu was os i rns, ie i aatver you ge frm he fs cod whatever (2) Hit nd is, Ths a: Fire (1) corn va, Dae hrs Pit eens scone er conton leone So fo hw th we there protien | Nt Seah pcs wp eee [sntfmcvecomeyed by howerer | (2) le que excuenren en bo ost kn we ey ae 3M rose aa peer Ta dorntasive [mtunane comandewes not eerie I ‘aie ae peo roe a ‘nua eye basa a Ba depp le {hese mujer (qu habia da expo dank (3) GD that anything. would] 0) de yu edarte sae (Q) that oven « potato sack |) que. hava Iwould Took remarkably |papas fo queduria {atrestigo he wer om dl (@a) wb iad teow Haas ee ai CE rari ne net [nat Ke He tec i ace hae Lt eee rn [ven though ah had seen it with ber ont eyes (0 inpoubleto beove that Deady bad sot Rone She sxpresed er dam fo Ou," dc ut ‘oud ave happened” 3) ), fora te prec nay hubira mi aoe fm asin a Ont No comprene edo inl |) Aung To wabia vio com Ge deci 2 Ranh tla hale 2 Jepoticteal fat ih ipa eRe ecopntion of even Bough sign of fot Tad thot] que Dendy habla matad onale Davidson Creun (90) en fae] R rd th cn ear | figs te alec) rang Gas]NA: que Dendy aes i Ineaive (A) mata + Ronni Deon impose te are pote (he ret ak Gould have] () oto pada haber euceatde ie eae Tad psi teas] NB a vane Ds Eglo yds =‘he sot that al the lado of ‘ecrovmn ould i darko (2) He ‘woul presume (beh one fo bl) ad Let ner te $a tte es ese ee erm eaviran opagees (1) para pomera (que hable alec) ea Ke vet in he Tah Se rare Ke opeot sae set ear seh i 13 lectern i Se nc peg [abun comedy me 1@) que pudieras venir Re ver nthe ma cane) iis NBs pe ue core decent, ead fore por sus venas Mj ono ins acre), etn secure ce ord Mio Cvands ve decom (Tete Dis pero tl oe de cgreacore cme yo te ey epredece (9.bro's a ney abet dca) 8) 2) ot herman be Fall Perr pring ex aero creado or Mkne (Best ‘vet in ie nih el | somes oR a (Due facre et hermano de ‘G) wien she sien ) Bult, Perry primero en ser Smet a poligrafe cosere sre por Hockney — [Genoen nser) a ase se —_—_ ee [When sie reales tat INB: sane) [as Tin tasking you now ing” L- 2a spe [crates emer Ke pe of Y= poetoar a does linet | al, lo gus vib por hacer“ost ate Sto cern? ‘ice at mr’ no way ar ants by via four io Even fe id rove opetthen ot fe capa es tina —anercaatd Str = femal Sen tee a Sooo ee =e (Gwe had Wo Wil We qua habla isomers fi Kiva is brah danoid | wo ‘NBi tat one eral — at volien De, tne some snes ue scar in Spanish The seach te sone Ten if we did warm hem [) rage los Cr mtiebal eran enero i fe ppe ata ved sbvberon Tea i: path NB even conse thy Ws GENE Seih ps 5 Wiaure dhene oF ‘ot een ara he speaks ‘edo ronsanericae, Tie we xvas Hot que en (Ni squra tassios (fo gue sex Cabaret Me ejuactve eerie Ton specie: we Toa We eka ike Sone ep a | 1 de que heble Ingles C.noen (a, Conplenent de nbpaatve Ing wot even A: adectve prec) erasegures "| ewer Tre werey NB 2) ue abel Teale Facet Fe aes Share oes: SS eee |The dares of uneasy ot afd ere 1 may tye cel «in of ery 18) ©) — Uasersinty ive or eajaaive depenting ov where ser in tis th poy of seeing ting em tapping ve the ear to wera.MEvaitweean ‘Coxe acest Ki ypeorciae nan peti ide Se=solts COMMENT: Any smbinson of oa ‘Senge: oe mre body ‘tetond‘s tpn, decor ipo ino Brenton. Ans pres... | * cosa ‘Chad's completion of (2. the Nendo Yous yo.) Ths, when tony th ase na te Ws but aso 1 Hs tier: «fal tent savage + ius wna ez que beh Chander termi) ret erate ans (.) As gue, cxando (D) cuando King.Rplor Do preseats come el iltia wabaje realizado ___|(0 wi ti eae his fer: nal attr to mo pa salvage a reputation rasa ive ‘Meade ie ie Je dae biave re ti restr bat bi father (Gay iat ba bean all bat | (4a ) la gue destroyed by two succesive |destaide por ‘and expensive failorse 42 8 Sole at tri. ria — rt Me Ne Ke ance aimee pel i sllbut = sno a (Gal) once bis Tonge (al) dapat de [partner bad drowned (devas aor eet Gaderer Mi ise Mi rene Keyed eer ot ici “Seo he il atm «pvt asda (hy a ink off pls hen ma GLI VEN nat never int the yeas (ne shall We soak even for abou rege! hat he or me 56 que vers wn eseso potfecte (I), y hard Io ue agree) pues nt rgone He hip ‘aes os anon (que sees nesta) laonte More aterm ced at he sto = 0 Tg ea ronal eiine Missoni cde To Sr ele clara ac COMMENT dione |) pera que se stent ‘aa id ma. erecta SVG We bance yee requ in ser re aes Tall he yearo|() que munoe on ter Tes je een for an| oad x» lament siquars por 4 fina hor. Cai irate =i i Wa eb he a a Le ston js rar —|NB see COMMENT Ti ive gether — — a aiaccd fT ee — ee eeart E ene sai ht ee Cs everbial mice H Lt iyeehatca win COMMENT: This i a very intersting ‘atenhipbaween lave causes and mona hue Engh, we eal ave changed aay | ~ rave ease) by (watever } ca hk f= ‘lause), waste the compourd with ever yo Aypsbtel meanings wil a Span celyeler rele cause) could suse fr (ou tno aaa, COMMENT 1: The vib eperer may exes vo or feningedepeniing on te entnt Nevis fem th poi of vin of esse inal thse Ge roquted Th vert wish does expres voi tat smut te wed inte oun cise tha lens Cn ie ‘eb hope Gobi my huss ean sere fe ‘convey the seme Ore tensa exper, bt sh ‘ly when nope exes von. ae of shoals ‘poke |) ae que wo Fubra habla lsisamente Teen Bheejerie iil: pot are ke oducts praca je iar i would ever a ‘COMMENT 2: The non fst cha hare eed 4 ME Pde a alaton of hat he chse mea the bet th uscedig DAR Rr verb tv tir waa Te sedi bedi: case tc sae (e222) a 13, Mt, Sandeman was coreszontingy real, eo had five sy astance he coud (I) shoalé oak yer Mont as ot soe i he had spon mpusney @)p tele that he won ever Be tas apa (4), bu th mecca’ in pat tte eto, I= lia — iar osing : ‘Sis st COMMENT ion ‘once span ve om rt be caresyendeace mening nessa he ohet and pont. ELS: Sandeman se monde bdanene erect hob slr asa ue pera (1) Mork eiana rl (©) Nenk nesta segura que hab bled (Gh. sinpowcr queto mara en cent (rt ‘ecdene aa comprobarl. ry wey men who contd ek (se wire ntti wae hy wer te Ds (Soe int AKO.(saburcine onsen lamer I no specs wen 1 | Raina aie (la) a8 if he were wea Just eyo arth, evowed tha death (Be but hoe Ta) was «sing most devoutly iy ska de nica, recone que a meri (fuera ho tin stekos (2a)y era une. bendteiin asada (). adel Mz sbiwcie in ex ifeiiee (iai) oven when they were was a) que Te pare ora una) Mesdully to be bendisién fervicntemente seats, ee Tit iadeae eal ese Re Bao ee | Tut one lone ands facta slo wn Fargo suai sins = Cchete ——— =e a el + ypeshettoai z soa fat ieee ts toy ar orem Ie cea yon guts soo. As oon a Son open We Panter fcr) es nal tat you de crbstever Wu get Yourseln pine a) (here You ea take the I) ie developing. ata) @." INR: (4) specie o non apes] NBL: ould Ms: pssee Freie, ‘ie yr aad) ton OH) mecesurlo para conseulr un lugar (2a) that the death of Keelin Mebvile was 8 ‘mascara Gu) (ue ee) prepara (26 eset ot have bappened (28) (2) Aud for you to Mat anprve (i, (et she tea Ne ee sian ints wet se” ae ne eb hy ce etry mene saat par ora) 3) ade oe Ste ta wise art etn Mehta ne Vania a) ©) Ve ed ioe zs ida), (que emgans al sefior Lambert & eerie escsay amare | [iy & ga ws Fo Wo Fy] Greer eter oe ere eee at watatm Beer Erase om a = | Oe ad = feelings __| a at Te TE =| ip Paamapy — ma alan [Gaiay Pa anatag Hs ie Sana coreg spect: srasay hegre(Coon oer ald Ts Disjunctive Te vib de an ae: Oe sola {@)yov don’t think [Cenoan ar ‘nei ve in mas TS na voles Ga) Pm in i Cease am ‘sian tiadeor, Name End sv ST tisk sel Te ain” wee nase (Te gett sto, e's nce nay be cng 0M ‘he the Guilrie Theater i a ng epoca SeEsaphe tn amaatooa ln ete na psi de quay Mince (Tee ia sentra te euro eve de at Cae Ther eh see ir pam asere [GT 1 may be coming to] A) de que nage aitianesos | she deceived Me ert wilfully "| e Balance = act ———— seve ea cd ha, ge a i — aun pene (que ne ey ment sp Oe EPO oe Seteme‘taba gu re jorge estaba 1 presapaba (2a) (2) Mee zat the wade, ie come ge etaba bchondo pare lero com Hav la uta fot, pr 2 to women, exprente nia ders de ‘rar ena porta, corer sade orth plindome 2) Lali gelpea Puneet @) fst he be eutie nthe pr mis de storm, wali to come talew la tonne bhi me Gebel Mesa Gene cfelase kat scndtenl de = F (Gest he be out there (2) por ab Br = ring at me indome. Twit Father] (2a) orga enaba bastante akeral ff and the| corte de plea) ef tema 1a apt NBrste 3.212 ‘rie 1 evden inode by te connective por ml de smeaing fest) orseses that] understand now (se sun ‘carmen, bts ne Tae tha Wa Father short ofthe stuf! andthe sales: or, sade ots of assunsions, sue 36 that se wis ‘he ouse rong SL-Séto yee mw paar Lo eng Men oa on tod aterm de incu os oa) al ine serpreneta que eal forma Wg Pars alwys aanive fi (@) if she doesn somenow (2) lnanage tet the 0 ge the Paris cats lk In this case the Jasifcston forthe too of insur ould be given by the feature of posibiliy in ie SC. COMMENT 1: Notice bow a... serprende is ei sorprendeute quent de alguna forma lograre incl In this case the jsitcain for the se of sukjantivg ‘would be given bythe Fete of posi inthe SC he eur tries adh tn hn whi he “gleeedien for the sake of middle shen li ar recons gue yo me) pore[ks vr inthe min cao Ted recor |(2) that they were cops Cand: A Feveon Gold Meds Book [C:noavinappesion | Cs Png acs Li UsAsanonts as. IM: ike i: now peseeing La voile [Giikey were led VBA Vien [Bey Wi Sen Yor: Me Noscon Pre gsi USA ere Boats 1b Nerds New Yorc Xe Bek USA Fo oot Fit anias 19 JOPLOMESA CIBNT, USA: Abe Fi peed junc mus be used, while if 4 aos 2 I y Wil Susie miedo Inpeda be chose isindeate, Ch. Wh Ph or Nee Vo Beri Ost. it abate The ft i thee ad ad no Phe fae Prva, New Yer: Bey Boks. Fe pes Aids or corti would ave ded of mpi, cubed by te paranron tadige™ Hart Kind Pon USA AF Cr BOE HINTON REVISED CURLS SPY DICTIONARY. New Yes Lech de ue et hombe ener mits THNIURY -CROETS. Fee pied a nacre io hat ee IND: No Re (9 THE SKE. New Yo Are Beck aronan e ete carmen mo po ICE OF AL TH: DEAD. New Yo: Wy Bonk ‘Well, how was i? Did you succced in analysing these Si soe won OF NICHOLAS BUN. en Yay Books ope you did ann hopeful yo did. Ny hep shat you dil SPLAML 1S NOW NT NEIGUBOUR. Non YocWy Boss Fink youdid. Dever Cla ( 1986 SERVICEOF AL THE.NEAD. New YoFle, Ken (91) ETE OF THR MEEDLE USA Si ‘Gera Eb (1897 ne ProasofteEny Ma ues, lh 200) nara he Ppa Sows New ‘errr. Nasi (185 hte Imation USA ‘ranger, As (1997) PORLD ARTER DYING Mao ‘Ott, WE. (997) The meteors USA ove oo Gre Ja (199) De Tet USA: sl Boh igins Ca Mary (942 4 Cy he Nigh Now Yr Dl igs Ck, Mery (986 a Me Cal Yon Set USA ony, 8 Gant. BV Wake HSS) TH SHOR OF CURRENT ENGI. | Palate 19 "i rege (985) BLACK CROSS. USA A Sint Fn Dok, Ist (198) The Fae of Dron New Yok Sa ‘Lee, Dott 20 Pra ph Far Lene Aro Beh {eso Sin (1973 Oe Bra Ou he Gir Ne Yok lan ews lc (61) BABB. USA A Sint Cae Boh Mathews, Lo (1991) USEEN WITNESS. Gt: Her Cal Meda £6 (973). COP AER USA’ A Snr Bok Mesiown 10389 Fee hfe New Yor A Fave Cr Bk Metis (7) Sredof Bare. New Yorks Face Cet Meta, trac (999) DEAD YEN. USA: Wine Deo Mi Ce (98 A Grnmar of MODERN ENGL ar Fl Langan Ge Ca Ftp 19 el, Das 159) BLACK EVENING Usd: Wane Books ‘Nar Osan 98 Tio Soals Neon You A Spm Beak Tre, ata 2H Suc of tee New Yet: 4 Site ke Rober (19D) PASTIME UA, ely Deck ue Re B (18) ral ies USA: Bey Rts Ps, es (2) ALONG CA 4 SPIDER Nw os: War Ds ery, Ame (977) THE SLENT CR. New Ye: A Bok EUG ea: Aron ose. SEMIS USA: A Dat Bok. YF USK:ADal ot (US Ds ons Rous, Nee wring ws no ep: dt Seton Tench Cones Wor of MULL lines Mesa 6 WV nd 8A: Ware Ds Pic sa be sone Bro: Aine Rp Cp Ape Drones USA: Bate Backs FOF DELL USA Stn Box. Wie, The Woe of OSCAR WILDE, Lerdon: Clinte of Freer Parasia Cneshy fo Sue fag Lote: Lngran renner, Cant: CUP. Da Crm Par ene ny TANOUAGE SrRcCTURES 1” CONTRAST. Newt, Hebe Wider. Prat pee 197 ea erin comps ex pao Enrcreyneses Mai [i lh od Crommarion one: eras ION GRIMUROF SPAS Egle CL, MANLY sew: Lega ly Png Grammer ew Yo: Hey Hoe Shun Granra Laon New Yen: Role ong. Tonos Ma: Aco Liravis Mil 9) TE SNS YER A onion LYM punts 1986 ari Wo Hove, MR (199) Cnastn, Cag ‘yes ei (981 Laneuae nd gists odo ‘or Joh 199) igus Smet dn eon Marts Cit mul (1956) Setar union dl ‘peers Ene ree Sere aries Antero (146 leon ronal de "en Sept ole Mi (19) Disirrio dela leat Nur “cose, nl 3199) Pon Cetegaro and Prats Prt Onl, 1. (98) Trejomaine! Grama ales Pe inn Edvard da ent Meri 290) Grou Engh Lene Par rt Roig Ls (850) digas dace ‘ats " vee Brace de gaits 610 Ga Qi Rup; Oban, ker: Lee Gt Ser an Gara oft Shang Lv: Lng, adb, Ante (1957) Solis Tro ond he Scare Of Ea are even, add Anton (197 See 4 Murat err Caml Ruri iio (1584 Wertoo ni rao of ih OM Shaches Maga ML (171) Granite muck ep ‘Aveo. ij Suns ae, £955) Atte Coren dns de Bron erode Lines Conranve Maisie ‘Se Rafe) Moma rm pei i: Anat St, Cee) a Oni of Pgh Cromer ih Pra ‘Aula Neal Va ‘Sestva, Rote Pn even,Seternine de tmprinen Ingresoe "Ayouehe 357 (CHSAAG) Bes "Tle 87700 OSA Esra sfepamtencom ar dab erat Fst de 2009