(3) Atoms AND MoLecuLes ( “atomicity of Molecules) H.0, Na. Fe, Aa, Au Ba lc, SO a prCemmecrmretnntio ( ro (Diao (race of 2 atoms) ) jatomic ) (Tove-stme |. Gistemaier atctamme) i In cry F,. otc. (iroinedwoorovamre) (—areone—) tis smallest unit of compound. ——— - (euonPL CH, ) (euocrecn) (Herm) ae sneer) Laaacameemne) “Smallest particle which takes part in a chemical reaction, 0.9. (Number of atoms present ina molecule ) (Oy, H,0, HS, “Ho, No, At Kr, X 88. Molar mass = Total mass of all atoms in molecule ‘Atomic mass = Mass of 1 atom * 6.022 « 10° ‘No. of times given atom is heavier tan 1/12th mass of FC atom = No. of moles. * 6.022 x 107 ¥.indivisibleandindestructiveultimatepartices. (©) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical properties. | ——_____ | (d) Atoms of ciffrent elements have diferent masses ard sais that mater can nether be created nor be destroyed na chemical || chemical poner reaction. I means thatthe oll mass of reaclants mus be equal to the total ‘mass producs, Thatie why we balance, ) Atoms combine in imber ofr ch and avery chemical reaction, ‘compounds ene cance ~~ Ut) Atoms are neither craated nor destroyed (Caw of Constant Proportions (Law of Definite proportion) ( Relative molecular ma _ No. of times given molecule is ‘ios gvon mola so | than t/ath nosso 1am atom tan mae tn “ombined in fixed (definite) 1 hydrogen and oxygen 11189 of H,0 Is decomposed we wil got 2p of fey 169 of0,- Snr in NH, ntrogon and hyaroges arene elas by mass, whatever ‘method or source is used for preparation of NH, " Unified mass (Mass of 1/12th of atom of 20 66 Fagether with® Science—9(Wotecatar forma) (Empirical Formate) ( ionic compounds ) (Govatentcompounds) (Symbols of elements ) ¥ ¥ ee (Formula which contains ){ Formula which contain Tot forms ions, Fomdomber atom, || simple rae of stot ee ece cH |i{_ Feat leer fname as eymbot 2.9. CgHy205. CoHs rane CH,O, CH, CoH y20¢, Cok Hydrogen (H), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Bits Crates Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (0), Sulphur (S), Fluor (roan (), Pheephonua (>. vanaaiim vy) aru Uranium (U). ¥ v The symbols ofthe following elements are the fist two letters oftheir | (The symbols of he Tollowing clements comprise full names. The frst letter ofa symbols always written in capital the | | the tet sna the tira lect ot tree fal cara Second lotion any tea smal leon Name of Elements | Symbol | Namo of Elements | Symbote —] [Name of Elements Symbols 1. Beryllium Be Q [2 Xenon xe 1. Magnesium Mg 2 Lithium u Sf }24 Barium Be 2. Chorin a 3. Helium He 3] | 25. Lanthanum la a- Ghrorei or 4. Neon Ne | 26. Tantalum Ta 4. Manganese Mn 6. Sticon si S|) 26. sismun 3 6. Arsenic Ae 7. gon ar || 20. Potonium Po 7. Rubidium Rb 8. Calcium fa _Bi| 90. comin Fr 8. Strontium sr 9. Scandium sc ~§|| 31. Radium Re 8. Zirconium zr 10. Titanium TSK) 92. Actinium Ae 10. Technet Te ‘1. Cobait co J) 55. cerium ce 41. Rhenium Re 12. Nickel Ni SY) 34. Praseodymium Pr 12. Astaine x 13. Gallium Gag | 35. Europium eu 43, Samarium ‘sm 14. Germanium Ge 36. Dysprosium Dy 14. Gadolinium Gd 48. Solonum se] a7. Homum a: | Prelsneeantim = 16. Bromine pe SY) 38. erbium er 46. Punidin 7 17, Keypton ke |) 39. Uitetum wi tf ation & 48. Molybdenum | Mo || 40. Thorium Th in weowesum nit” | homens, Peggy | Rubigium, Ro Manganese, Mn?* Nitrogen in NOs, N ‘Aniimenia, Sb | Caesium, Cs* Cadmium, Ca? Gatun, Ga?" Phosphorus, P®* Nitrogen, in N,O(N") ‘Strontium, S12" ‘Scandium, Sc ‘Vanadium, V5" Zinc, Zn2* Nitrogen in NOs, N5* Plumbous, Pb? Berylium, Be® Nitrogen in NO, N2* Palladium, Po? —] List of Common Electronegative Radicals Nonovalent Divalent Trivalent Tetravalent Fluoride, F Carbonate, COF Phosphate, PO} Carbide, C* Chiorde, ci~ Sulphide, 5 Arsenate, AsO? Ferrocyanide,(Fe(CN),}* Superoxide, O; Sulphite, So? Phosphite, PO} Sllicide, si Bromide, Br- Sulphate, So; Arsenite, AsO} Pyrophosphate ion, Pos lodide, Thiosuiphate, s,0- Borate, 303° ‘Hydride, H™ ‘Oxide, o% Phosphide, P? Hydroxide, OF Peroxide, oF Nitride, No Cyeni,cN” Chromate, Croz- Fericyanide, (Fe(CN),)>- Acetate, CH,COO Dichromate, Cr,0- Boride, 8 ‘Sulphocyanige Oxalate, c,07° Arsenate, AsO} © (thiocyanate), SCN Manganate, Nino3- ° Nitrite, No; Silicate, $io,2- Nitrate, NOs Stannite, Sn0,2~ Hydrogen sulphide, HS Stannate, Sn03- Hydrogen sulphite, HO; Zincate, 2n0,> Hydrogen sulphate, HS0 Plumbite, PbO,2- Cueten carbonate, HCO; | Pumbat, Poo Chlorate, clo,- Hydrogen 2 Smears 'ydrogen phosphate, HPO? lodate, 105 Hypochlorite, Clo- Hypobromite, Bro- Hypoiodite, 10~ Hypophosphite, HPO Perchlorate, ClO; Permanganate, MnO; Cyanate, CNO- 'socyanate, NCO Isothiocyanate, NS Meta-aluminate, lO; Hypophosphate, H,P0;MODERN PERIODIC TABLE 18 : GROUPS => GROUP NUMBER ee 1 4 The zigzag line te wyacon | 2 separates the metals 13 «14«15—(«16— 17 | ee a from the non-metals. 3 [4 2} ui | Be, a 11 GROUP NUMBER Ni |__—<—_$_____— 8 ph 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 «12 |aeeee 19 DY] 22 | 23] 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 29 | 30 4|_K Sc | Ti | V_| Cr | Mn] Fe | Co} Ni | Cu Zn “st sengun | Tanyy | ven [arm [ieee | cs | Saat | Sr Be | ss 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 [46 | 47 | 48 Y; Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd Ag | Cd num | zea | Neaion | meyparnan| Teena | Ruben | Rosa ram | Deen | Meg” [Meas | on | tous | tees | ota 67, | 72 | 73 74| 75 | 76 | 77 | 78 | 79°] 80 La’| Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os Ir Pt | Au | Hg Mersey wee c0O-mMmv a zB cs io 12 Mg 20 Ca oa 37 | 38 | 39 | 40°] 41 Sr 56 Ba 88 Ra ‘oo 6| Cs coon | ne | ranan | totem | nagaan | acum | mim | tigen | Primm | 906 tar | meme | Mata | Tenn | Tapes | Megs” | Sima" | tet | Wiser” | re | ae 87 89,,| 104 | 105 406 | 107 | 108 | 109 | 110] 111) 112 7| Fr Ac’| Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn O regen ane ee oe | 8. sam | rusim | seman beret] rome coma] Hmm | Pum | Mz [iret Test | es” | a cea tetra} Dace [seamen | Ser | “em | em fey | em | ao | eso | om | ey | ey ao 104 Rf Emest Rutherford, Physicist. 112 Cn Nicolaus Copemicus, Astronomer. 405. Db Dubna, Pussia where the element is frst synthesized. 113 Nh The Japnese name for Japan, Nition where the element is fist synthesised. 106 Sg Glenn T. Seaborg, Chernst. 114 Fl Georgy Flyoror, Physicist. +15 Me Moscow oblast, Russia where the element is first synthesized. 107 Bh Neils Bohr, Bohr's theory, Physicist. . 408 Hs Hesse, German state where the element is first synthesized. 109 Mt Lise Meltner, Physicist 410 Ds GS! Helmhotiz Centre for Heavy lon Research, Darmstaolt, Germany. 411. Rg Wilhelm Roentgen, Physicist, Discovered X-rays. $8] 59) 60 |] 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | 65 | 66 | 67 68 | 69 | 70 | 71 *Lanthanoides | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb Lu soon Tepuer | ongasom | vomn | eum | Ten | vita | Uaten coum lpsswoeun|rexdynion | romabum | Sanuim | Eugpker| Osim Cajon _|Patapn| Nrogrun | Porgy” | Sea” | “tone” |crsra | ‘teas. | es | “as 90 | 91 | 92 | 93°| 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 Th | Pa) U Np | Pu'| Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr 446 Ly Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Califomia. 117 Ts Tennessee, United States. 118 Og Yuri oganessian, Physicist. eaukun | Pldomun | Amorim | Gotan | Bana | Caron | renin | Famum |Mendanin) Nba | Lemon eon | ae” | ten ese” | “eo [esa "| ca” | aon **Actinoides | | recon | Pricon| ai [tae [Pees] esas | "asm" | “en” | “ees M692 seino9joW pur swory>> NCERT BASED ACTIVITIES Activity/Project 1 Law of Conservation of Mass ' ; It states that matter can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical pe that the total mass of reactants must be equal to the total mass of products. That is why we every chemical reaction. . This law can be verified by the following experiment. Experiment: ' : | : To prove experimentally that there is no change in mass during a chemical reaction. Materials Required: a ; Physical balance, conical flask, small ignition tube, thread, cork to fit the flask, silver nitrate and sodium chloride. Procedure: ‘ * Prepare solution of silver nitrate in water and take it in the ignition tube. * Prepare solution of sodium chloride in water and take it in the conical flask. © Hang the ignition tube in the flask carefully so that the solutions do not get mixed. Put the cork on the conical flask as shown in figure. © Weigh the flask with the contents carefully. ° Now tilt and shake the flask so that both the solutions get mixed. So poet oc Te . oa Experimental sot up to prove Observation: White precipitate of silver chloride is formed in the panmantal st upto mass flask because chemical reaction has taken place. The mouth of flask should be covered so that the contents Activity/Project 2 Topic covered: Demonstration Based Worksheet Objectives: To enable the students to — * Observe and understand that the total mass of products and reactants in a chemical reaction is the same. * Draw inference/appreciate that mass doesn’t change in a chemical reaction, © Understand the law of conservation of mass, neither be created nor be destroyed. Procedure: ive. the mass can the conical flask as shown in figure. ¢ Weigh the flask with the contents carefully Now tilt and shake the flask so tha tt both the solutions get mixed, © Weigh the flask again. 10.) Jogether with® Science—9stadent Worksheet Time required : 15 minutes Answer the following questions on the basis of observations made during demonstrations: What is the colour of BaCl, solution? What change did you sce after the two solutions were mixed in the conical flask? ‘What was the mass of the flask and its contents before the two reactants were mixed? Did the mass of the flask and its contents change after the reaction? ‘What conclusion can be drawn from these observations? weeny NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS In a reaction, 5.3 g of sodium carbonate reacted with 6 g of ethanoic acid. The products were 2.2 g of carbon dioxide, 0.9 g water and 8.2 g of sodium ethanoate. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass. sodium carbonate + ethanoic acid —~+ sodium ethanoate + carbon dioxide + water Ans. 2CH,COOH + Na,CO, ——> 2CH,COONa + CO, + H,0 Aceticacid Sodium’ Sodium Carbon Water (Bthanoic acid) carbonate ethanoate dioxide Mass of reactants = 5.3g + 6g = 113g Mass of products = 22g +09g¢+82g=113g Mass of reactants = Mass of products Therefore, the Law of conservation of mass is proved. Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas? . 1 g of hydrogen reacts with 8 g of oxygen gas. 3 g of hydrogen reacts with 8 x 3 = 24 g of oxygen gas. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory is the result of the law of conservation of mass? . An atom can neither be created nor be destroyed. Which postulate of Dalton’s atomic theory can explain the law of definite proportions? . The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in given compound. 5. Define the atomic mass unit. afl {CBSE 2012) . It is defined as equal to sh of mass of 1 atom of C-12. It is called unified mass denoted by these days. g w 6. Why is it not possible to see an atom with naked eye? Ans. It is because atom is very small in size. It cannot be seen with naked eye. 7. Write down the formulae of @ sodium oxide (i) aluminium chloride © ii) sodium suphide (iv) magnesium hydroxide Ans. (i) Na,O, Nah. (i) AIC, APS cr Na,O AICI, (ii) NaS, Nat > (jv) Mg(OH),, Mei OH NaS Mg(OH), Atoms and Molecules {#4Write y i lae: down the names of compounds represented by the following formul 6. jown it) K,80, @ AlL(SO,), (i) CaCl, (ii) K,80, (@) KNO, ) CaCO, ae Ans. (i) Aluminium sulphate Gi) Calcium o 7 : (ii) Potassium sulphate (iv) Potassium nitrat (%) Calcium carbonate pele ferm chemical ula? : : ae ial Gael sec cumenst is the symbolic representation of its composition. 8. How many atoms are present in a @ HS molecule and Gi) PO} ion? Ans. (#) 3 atoms are present is H,S. () 5 atoms are present in PO} ion. 9. Calculate the molecular masses of Hy 0, Cly CO,, CHy C,Hy C)Hy NH,, CH,OH. Ans. (i) Molecular mass of Hy = 1 x 2 = 2'y (i) Molecular mass of O, = 2 x 16 = 32 u Gi) Molecular mass of Cl, = 2 x 35.5 = 71 y () Molecular mass of CO, = 12 + 2x 16 = 12 +32= 440 (©) Molecular mass of CH, = 12+ 1x 4 = 16u (i) Molecular mass of GH, = 2x 12 + 6 x 1= 2446 (uit) Molecular mass of GH, = 2x 12 44 x1=444 (iti) Molecular mass of NH, = 14 + 3 x 1=17u @) Molecular mass of CH,OH = Se I64 F-19434 46 3 1=32u 10. Caleulate the formula unit masses of Zn0, Na,0, K,CO,, given atomic masses of Zn = 65 u, Na = 23u,K = 39u,C = 12 u, and O = 16 u, Ans. (i) Formula unit mass of ZnO = 65 +16=81u (#) Formula unit mass of Na,0 = 2 x 23 + 16 46.4 16 = 62u (ii) Formula unit mass of KACO, = 2 39 19:4 3.x 16 = +12 + 48 = 138 uy 11. If one mole of carbon atoms weighs 12 grams, what is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of [CBSE 2010] Ans. 1 mole of carbon atoms = 13 g 1 mole of carbon contain: 6.022 x 10° atoms 6.022 x 103 atoms weigh = 12 g 1 atom of carbon weighs = —__12 = 23 igh: 602x105 = 199 x 10 g 12. Which has more number of atoms, 100 grams of sodii i i i nee ‘im OF 100 grams of iron (given, atomic mass Ans. No. of moles of Na -” = 4.34 moles 100 _ 25 No. of moles of Fe =: 14 ~ 1.79 moles, fe 7 Since the number of moles of Na is more than the numbe; Fe 00 g of nm f a Cereal T of moles of Fe, therefore, 1 PPB) Aapetter eth” Science 9> L Ans. 2 Ans. a Ans. 4. Ans. 5. NCERT EXERCISES 0.24 g sample of compound of oxygen and boron was found by analysis to contain 0.096 & of boron and 0.144 g of oxygen, Calculate the percentage composition of the compound by weight. % of Boron = —Massof boron___, 199 = 2.996 x 100 = 40% ‘Wass of oxide of Boron "°° ~ 024 ° Mass of oxygen o4a % of en = —Massof onygen ___, 199 = “+100 = 60% oneen © “Nfass of oxide of boron 0.24 ‘When 3.0 g of carbon is burnt in 8.00 g oxygen, 11.00 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What mass of carbon dioxide will be formed when 3.00 g of earbon is burnt in 50.00 g of oxygen? Which law of chemical combination will govern your answer? C+0,> C0, 12 g of C reacts with 32 g of O, 3 g of C reacts with 32x 3 = 8 g of O2 3 g of carbon + 8 g of oxygen = 11 g of Carbon dioxide 3 g of carbon will react with only 80 g of oxygen to form 11 g of carbon dioxide. 50 - 8 = 42 g of O, will remain unreacted. “The law of constant proportion will govern answer because carbon and oxygen combine in a fixed ratio. What are polyatomic ions? Give examples. ‘The ion which is made up of more than one atom is called polyato Write the chemical formulae of the following. (@ Magnesium chloride (6) Calcium oxide (©) Copper nitrate @ Aluminium chloride (©) Calcium carbonate. mic ion, e.g. PO,>; CO,” NH". @ Mg* cr (@) cet OF (c) Cut NOs MgCl, CaO Cu(NO,), @ APL cr (ce coy Ald, Caco, Give the names of the elements present in the following compounds. (a) Quick lime (b) Hydrogen bromide (©) Baking powder (@) Potassium sulphate. . (@) Quick lime contains calcium and oxygen. (b) Hydrogen bromide contains hydrogen and bromine. (c) Baking powder (NaHICO,) contains sodium, hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. (@) Potassium sulphate contains potassium, sulphur and oxygen. Atoms and Molecules2 Calculate the molar mass of the following substances. (a) Ethyne, C,H, . (6) Sulphur molecule, a ° Phosphorus molecule, P, (Atomic mass of phosphorus = 31) (@) Hydrochloric acid, HCI ©) Nitric acid, HNO, : 7 Ans. (a) Molar mass of ethyne, CH, = 2x 12+1x2=24+2= 268 (6) Molar mass of sulphur molecule (S,) = 8 x 32 = 256 g (©) Molar mass of phosphorus molecule (P, (4) Molar mass of hydrochloric acid (HCI) = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 g io (€) Molar mass of nitric acid (HNO) = 1+ 14 +3 x 16=1+ 14+ 48 = 63 What is the mass of — (a) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms? _ @) 4 moles of aluminium atoms (Atomic mass of aluminium = 27)? (©) 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na,SO,)? Ans. (2) Mass of 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = 14 g (©) Mass of 1 moles of aluminium atoms = 27 g Mass of 4 moles of aluminium atoms = 27 x 4 = 108 g (©) Mass of 1 mole of Na,SO, = 2 x 23 + 32x 143 x 16 = 46 +32 4 48 = 126 g Mass of 10 moles of Na,SO; = 126 x 10 = 1260 g 8. Convert into mole. (a) 12 g of oxygen gas (6) 20 g of water (© 22 g of carbon dioxide. ™ Ans. (a) 1 mole oxygen gas = 32 g Given mass Number of moles of - Bison = 0375 mol umber of moles of ongen gas = Siem mass 0375 moles (6) 1 mole of HO = 2416 = 18g Number of moles of H,0 = Genmass _ 2010 yu) ou Molar mass ~ 18 ~-9 (©) 1 mole of CO, = 12 +2 x 16 = 44 g Number of moles of CO, = Givenmass _-22 _ 4. moles 9. What is the ‘mass of: Molar mass = (@) 02 mole of oxygen atoms? ©) 0.5 mote of water molecules? Ans. (@) Mass of one mole of oxygen atoms = 16 8 Mass of 0.2 moles of oxygen atoms = 0,2°x 16 = (6) Mass of 1 mole of HO molecules = 2+16= 182 Mass of 0.5 mole of H,O molecules SX Bg =o 10. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphu 32 * (Sy) present in 16 g of solid sulphur, Ans. Number of moles of sulphur = Mass of Sher 16-16 3 Molar mass of sulphur ~ 32..8 ~ 356 9.0625 mole +: No. of molecules = 0.0625 x 6.022 x 10° = 3.76 x 108 Together with? Science—91. Calculate the number of alu jum ions present in 0.051 g of aluminium oxide. (Hint: The mass of an ion is the same as that of an atom of the same element. Atomic mass of Al = 27) . Molecular weight of AI,O, = 2 x 27 + 3 x 16 = 54 + 48 = 102 g mol 102 g of Al,, contains 2 x 6.022 x 10 AP*ions g 23 0.051 g of Al,O; contains = 2%6:022x10" , 51 _ 20 A 8 ws 702 To00 6.022 x 10” Al’* ions. > SOLVED QUESTION BANK Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] 1. What is an atom? ‘Ans. The smallest particle which may or may not exist in free state in nature but takes part in a chemical reaction. 2. What is a molecule? ‘Ans. It is made up of atoms. It exists in nature in free state. 3. Define atomicity. [CBSE 2010} ‘Ans. Atomicity is the number of atoms present in a molecule. 4, How many atoms are present in one molecule of ozone? [CBSE 2010] ‘Ans, Three atoms are present in 1 molecule of ozone because it is triatomic. 5. Give an example of (a) triatomic (b) polyatomic molecule of elements. {CBSE 2012) ‘Ans. (a) O, (Ozone) (b) Sg (Sulphur) or P, (Phosphorus) 6. Define the law of constant proportion. [CBSE 2010] Ans. A compound prepared by any method contains the same elements in the fixed ratio by mass is the law of constant proportion. 7, What is the ratio between masses of (a) hydrogen and oxygen in H,O (6) nitrogen and hydrogen in NH,? (Atomic mass of H = 1 u, 0 = 16 u, N= 14 u] ‘Ans. (a) H,O (0) NH, 2:16 14:3 by mass 1:8 by mass. 8, What is the ratio between masses of carbon and oxygen in CO,? [Atomic mass of C = 12 u, 0 = 16 ul ‘Ans. CO, 12:32 3:8 by mass. 9. As per the law of definite proportions carbon and oxygen combine in a ratio of 3: 8, Compute the mass of oxygen gas that would be required to react completely with 6 g carbon, (CBSE 2016] ‘Ans. 3 g of carbon combines with 8 g of oxygen 6 g of carbon will combine with = 8 x 6 = 16 g of oxygen. 10. Name the anion and cation which constitute the molecule of magnesium oxide. [CBSE 2012] Ans. Mg”* is cation, 0? is anion. Atoms and Molecules "75i (CBSE 29, 11. An element X has a valency 3. Write the formula of its oxide. 2 Ans. X3+ 92 X05 iven to the elements. : ieatlon wk roves the name given to t 12. Name the international organisation which app? (CBSE 2016 i i d Applied Chemistry. Ans. IUPAC, International Union of Pure ani 13. The oxide of aluminium has a chemical formula Al,O,. State the valency of Al. (CBSE 2015) Ans. The valency of Al = 3. 14. Write the symbol for following elements: | (6) Potassium [CBSE 2012) Ans, (a) Fe ()K [CBSE 2010) 1S. Calculate formula unit mass of sugar (C,H,,0,). Ans. Formula unit mass of C,,H,.O, = 12C + 22H + 110 Bx 2+2Bx1+ix 16 = 144424176 =342u [CBSE 2010) 16. Give the difference between a cation and an anion? Ans. Cations are positively charged particles having protons more than electrons. Anions are negatively charged particles having electrons moze than protons. 17. Write the names of the following compounds: (@) Al(SO), (6) NH,OH [CBSE 2010, Ans. (a) Aluminium sulphate (6) Ammonium hydroxide 18. Write the chemical formula of the compound zine hydroxide. [CBSE 2010) Ans. Zn’ OH. Zn(OH), is the formula of zinc hydroxide Zn(OH), 19. Find the formula unit mass of NaHCO,: [CBSE 2010} =1u,C=12u,0 = 16 u] 1Na + 1H + 1C +30 = 23 +14 1243 16= 2341412 448 = 84 y lAtomic mass of Na = 23 uH Ans. Formula unit mass of NaHCO. 20. Calculate the formula unit mass of Na,CO,. [Atomic mass of Na = 23 uC = 12u,0 = 16 ul] Ans. Formula unit mass of Na,CO, = 2Na + 1C +30 = 2x B+ 1X 1243 x 16 = 46 +12 + 48 = 106 y [CBSE 2010} 21. Write the names of the compounds (a) 48,0 (6) Cus. Ans. (a) Ag,O is called silver oxide. (6) ‘Cus is called copper (I) sulphide, 22. What is the formula of ammonium chloride? Ans. NH,CI 23. How many atoms are there in one gram of hydrogen? [CBSE 2012} Ans. 1 gram of hydrogen contains 6,022 x 10? atoms, 3 (24 How many atoms are present in 0.012 kg of C-12? What is the name given to this constant? [CBSE 2014] wo 2 ° AmB. 6.022 x 10”: atoms are present. It is called Avogadro's constant, 25. What is meant by Avogadro's constant? Ans. Avogadro's constant is equal to 6.022 x 10” particles, 76 Tagether with? Science—9Short Answer Type Questions [I] [2 Marks] _ Select an element that . (a) ductile > dal vrs (6) conductor of electricity (07 0° / (©) a constituent of water +! yd }.0 ne v . (@ liquid at room temperature yy ¢ 1 0 y Ans. (a) Gold () Copper (©) Hydrogen and oxygen (d) Mercury 27. 28 g of nitrogen gas was allowed to react with 0.6 g of hydrogen gas to produce 3.4 g of ammonia. Show that these observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass. State the law of conservation of mass. [CBSE 2011] Ans. Mass of reactants = Mass of products Mass of nitrogen + Mass of hydrogen = Mass of ammonia 28g+06g=34¢g These observations are in agreement with the law of conservation of mass. Law of conservation of mass: It states that matter can neither be created nor be destroyed. 28. (@) State the law of constant proportions. (b) Show that water illustrates the law of constant proportions. (CBSE 2011] Ans. (a) Law of constant proportions (Law of definite proportion): This law states that in a pure chemical compound, the elements are always combined in fixed (definite) proportions (ratio) by mass. Water, prepared from any source contains hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 2 : 16 (ie., 1: 8 by mass). If 18 g of H,O is decomposed we will get 2 g of H, and 16 g of O,. 29, (a) Define atomic mass unit. (6) Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio 1: 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 4 g of hydrogen gas? [CBSE 2010) Atomic mass unit is defined as pt of the mass of 1 atom of C-12, It is called unified mass “u’ these days. = (6) 1g of H, reacts with 8 g of O, 4g of H, will react with 8 x 4 = 32 g of O, 30. Write chemical formulae of: (a) Sodium carbonate () Ammonium chloride. ‘Ans. (a) Na* CO} (6) NH} cr [CBSE 2010} © Ans. (a [CBSE 2011) Na,CO, NH,CI |. (a) Give one word for the following: (Positively charged ion Gi) A group of atoms carrying a charg (6) Mention any two important rules for writing a chemical formula. [CBSE 2010] Ans. (a) (i) Cation (i) Polyatomic ion Atoms and Molecules "77(6) (i) Write valency or charge on atoms or radicals (i) Criss-cross the valency, 8. p+ soe AL(SO,); 32, Calculate the formula unit mass of CaCl. (Atomic mass of Ca = 40 u, Cl = 35.5 u)] Ans. Formula unit mass of CaCl, = 1Ca + 2C1 x 142x355 40 +71 =1llu 38. Calculate the number of moles in 34 g of NH, (Given, atomic mass of N = 14 u; Hl = 1 u). (c3se 21 ‘Ans, Molar mass of NHy = 14 +3 x 1 = 17 g mot! Given mass 34 f NH, = = = =2 mol Number of moles of NH, Molarmassof NH = p= 2 oles 34 (@ Calculate the number of molecules in 8 g of 0,, (©) Calculate the number of moles is 52 g of He (Helium). (At, mass: O = 16 u, He = 4 u) [CBSE 2011) Ans. (a) Number of molecules of oxygen = Given mass of oxygen 23 Molar mass of 0, _*6022*10 0 3 6.024108 5y * 6.022 10 1.5055 x. 108 molecules Given mass _ 52 (F() Number of motes = Given mass _ 52 _ ¥ © Number of mates Molar mass ~ 4 u = Mu), (CBSE 2010) 4g 6.022 x 10 atoms 6.022 x 10° atoms of N atoms = 14g Mass of 3.011 x 10 atoms of N = —4 301110 = 7g 6.022.108 36. Caleulate the number of moles for the following: {@) 64 8 of oxygen atom FO) 24.088 x 10° number of mygen atoms (given atomic mass of O = 16 u) [CBSE 2010] = Given mass Ans. (a) No. of moles of oxygen atoms = Molar mass 7 yg. = 4 Moles No. of atoms 6.022 «19 = A088 10 5 oles 6.022 «10% : 0) No. of moles = 7B) agetter with® Science—937. Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of oxygen gas. [CBSE 2010] [At. mass of O = 16.0 u, Ny = 6.022 x10” mor] Ans. Molar mass of O, = 32 g 1 mole of O, contains 6.022 x 10° molecules. Mass of 1 molecule of ©, = Molarmass ___32_ 531 x 198g 6.022108 6.02210 38. The mass of a single atom of an element is 2.65 x 10 g. Calculate its atomic mass. IN, = 6.022 x 10% mol"!] [CBSE 2010] Atomic mass, 6.022 x10 } 265 x 10% g = Atomic mass 6.022 x10 = Atomic mass = 2.65 x 10 x 6.022 x 10% g = 15.96 g 39. How many molecules are present i (a) 9g of water? [Atomic mass of H = 1 u, O = 16 u] (®) 17g of NH,? [Atomic mass of H = 1u, N = 14 ul Ans. (a) 1 mole of H,O = 2x 1+ 16 = 188 18 g of H,O contains 6.022 x 10% molecules 210g 18 3.011 x 10% molecules (®) 1 mole of NH, =14 +3 X1= 1443-178 1 mole of NH, contains 6.022 x 10% molecules. S17 g of NH; contains 6.022 x 10° molecules. lass of 1 atom = 9 g of H,O contains = Short Answer Type Questions [Il] [3 Marks] 40. (a) How would you differentiate between a molecule of an element and a molecule of a compound? Write one example of each type. (b) Write the chemical formula of baking soda. : [CBSE 2012] ‘Ans. (a) (Molecule of an element contains the same kind of atoms, eg. P, is a molecule of element which contains all four atoms of phosphorus. oP Molecule of a compound contains two or more kinds of atoms, e.g. H,O is a molecule of compound which contains 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen. (6) NaHCO, is the chemical formula of baking soda. 41. Define atomicity. Give an example of each of monoatomic, diatomic, tetra-atomic and polyatomic molecules. [CBSE 2015) ‘Ans, Atomicity is defined as number of atoms present in a molecule. He is monatomic, H, is diatomic, P, is tetra-atomic and S, is polyatomic molecules. we Classify the following compounds as diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic molecules: HCI, H,, H,O and NH,. {CBSE 2014) HCI, H, Atoms and Molecules [179i and oxyg 43. The percentage of three elements, calcium, carbon en in a sample of calcium Arbo na, e is given as: ; io Calcium = 40%; Carbon = 12% C true, what weights of these elements will be present in sy ion is true, 7 If the law of constant proportion . of another sample of calcium carbonate? 6a on, [Atomic mass of Ca = 40 u, C = 12 u, 0 = 7 Ans. The other compound will also contains the same percentage of elements. s. The 4s, Ans. Ca = 40%, C = 12% and O = 48% 100 g of CaCO, contains 40 g of Ca. 40 _ . 15 g of CaCO, contains <7 «1.5 = 0.6 g of calcium. 100 g of CaCO, contains 12 g of carbon. ing 12 _ 15 g of CaCO, contains {7 «1.5 = 0.18 g of carbon. Also, 100 g of CaCO, contains 48 g of oxygen. 15 g of CaCO, contains & *L5 = 0.72 g of oxygen How will you prove experimentally the law of conservation of mass? + Take copper sulphate solution and dissolve it in water in a conical flask. + Now take solution of sodium carbonate in the ignition + cork {ube and hang it carefully so that the two do not get Yj mixed. Put a cork on the flask, £ Neigh the flask with its contents carefully. *\ Now tilt and shake the flask so that the solutions of Woner Sulphate and sodium carbonate get mixed. © Weigh again. + The chemical reaction takes place in flask, * Put cork on the mouth of the flask so that reactants and products do not spill out of flask. * The mass of flask and its con Solution of Cuso, Experimental set up to prove law of conservation of mass (@) When § g of calcium is burni (©) Write the chemical (@) 2Ca + 0, —5 2ca0 80 g of Ca reacts 32 g of oxygen 5 g of Ca reacts Bxs = 2 g of oxygen. 5 8 of Ca will react only with 2 g of ONBEN OU Of 20 g OF oxygen and 18 g of O, will re unreacted. : 7 (6) CaO is the formula of calciu Together with? Science—946. (i) Write the full form of IUPAC, (ii) Hydrogen and oxygen combine in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass to form water. What mass of oxygen gas would be required to react completely with 3 g of hydrogen gas? {CBSE 2016) ‘Ans. (i) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (ii) 1g of H, combines with 8 g of oxygen. 3 g of H, combines with 8 x 3 = 24 g of oxygen. 47. Write the formulae of * (a) Magnesium hydroxide (6) Hydrogen sulphide (©) Potassium chloride | @ Calcium oxide (© Barium chloride (f Sodium carbonate . [CBSE 2012] ‘Ans. (2) Mg?* OH- (6) Ht s* OKtr Mg(OH), HS = @ cet or © wher 0 ee (ore) BaCl, Na,CQ, 48. (a) Define atomic mass unit. (b) Distinguish between molecular mass and molar mass. (©) Give an example of (@ diatomic, and (i) triatomic molecule of compounds. {CBSE 2012] ‘Ans. (a) It is defined.as ye of the mass of 1 atom of C-12. (6) Molecular mass is the mass of 1 molecule. Molar mass is the mass of 6.022 x 10° molecules. (©) @ HClis diatomic molecule of compound. (i) H,0 is triatomic molecule of compound. 49. An element ‘X’ forms an oxide with formula X,0, (@) State the valency of X. (6) Write the formula of ( chloride of X, (ii) sulphate of X. {CBSE 2012] ‘Ans. (a) X has valency equal to 3. 2 XHtOr X,03 6) @Xcr (i) XB soy xc; X,(SO,) 50. Using criss-cross method, write the chemical formulae of copper chloride, calcium sulphate and ng, Soin phosphate. jens Sant 8s. (@) CetCr (6) ca* SOF (©) Na* Poy cucl, €as0, Na,PO, Atoms and Molecules [iE51. (a) What are polyatomic ions? _ () Write the formulae and names of the compounds formed by combination of ( Fe'* and SO? (i) NH,* and CO,~ LB Ans. (a) Those ions which contain two or more than two atoms are called polyatomic ions, (0) @) Fe* sor (i), NH{ Cot Fe(SO,); (NH,),CO, Tron(IIf) sulphate Ammonium carbonate 52, Write the formulae of: (@) Sodium chloride () Aluminium oxide (c) Ammonium sulphate ICBSE 294 Ans. (2) Na* Cr (b) AB+ O* (c) NH} so}? NaCl ALO; (NH,),SO, 53. (a) Define polyatomic ion. (b) Write the name of the compound (NH,),SO, and mention the ions present in it. (CBSE 2014 Ans. (a) The ion which contains two or more than two atoms is called polyatomic ion, e.g. CO? NH, are polyatomic ions. (6) Ammonium sulphate. NH, and SO? ions are present in it, $4, Calculate the number of moles present in (@) 60 of calcium. (6) 3.011 x 10% number of oxygen atoms. (Given that Ca = 40u ; Avogadro number, N, = 6.022 x 10 per mole] Ans. (a) Number of moles of Ca = Given mass of Calcium Molar mass of Calcium [CBSE 2012] - P15 moles (©) Number of moles = Given No.of molecules 6.022 «10% = 3011108 6.022 «10 of phosphorus (P,) present in 248 = 31.0 Ny = 6.022 x 10% Ans, Number of molecules of P, = Given mass og «= Molar masy * 022 «10 = 248, 23 tnd 6.022 « 107 12.044 x 10 = 1.2044 x 10 molecules = 05 mol 55. Calculate the number of molecules - [Given Atomic mass of phosphorus 8 of solid phosphorus. per mole] [CBSE 2012] = 2 x 6.022 x 108 " 182. Together with® Science—956. If hydrogen and oxygen combine in a ratio of 1 : 8 by mass respectively to form water molecule. Esplin tow many moles of water will be formed using 10 moles of hydrogen gas and 5 moles of . 2H,(g) + 0,(8) —> 2H,0(!) {CBSE 2012) 2 moles of H; reacts with 1 mole of O, to form 2 moles of H,O ;. 10 moles of H, reacts with 5 moles of O, to form 10 moles of water. 57. Ravi prepared a solution of sodium chloride by mixing 5.85 g of salt in 1 litre of water. Find (a) Molar mass of sodium chloride. () Number of moles of sodium chloride dissolved. [Atomic masses of sodium and chlorine are 23 u and 35.5 u respectively]. g (c) Concentration of the sodium chloride solution. {CBSE 2011} ‘Ans, (a) Molar mass of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 g mol! »). Number of mol 1 = Mass of NaCl 2 oles of NaCl= Fi cjar mass of NaCl = 585 = 38 = 01 mol , | __ Mass of solute = Mass of solute_, 199 (6) Concentration of solution = Fen Sistion 585 199 = 585_ «100 = 0.58% 5.85-+ 1000 1005.85 58. (a) Define the term mole. (@) Calculate the no. of (i) atoms (ii) molecules in 124 grams of phosphorus, P, N, = 6.023 x 10% mol] [CBSE 2010] [Given atomic mass of P = 31.0 u, ‘ns, (a) Mole is defined as counting unit an Shi __ Mass of phosphorus" stomicity x 6.022 x 10° Molar mass of phosphorus dis equal to 6.022 x 10 particles. (6) @ No. of atoms = 124 23 = 45 6.022%107 aa” 480 = 24,088 x 10% = 2.4088 x 10 atoms Mass of phosphorus Molar mass a 6,022.10 = 6.022 x 10% molecules (ii) No. of molecules Calculate the number of atoms in 120 g of calcium and 120 g of iron. Which one has more number of atoms and how much is the difference? [Given atomic mass of Calcium = 40 u, Iron = 56 u] 1 mole of Ca = 40g No. of atoms of calcium = No. of moles x 6.022 x 10° 59. [CBSE 2010) z 120 iven mass =o x 6.0, 10° 6.022 x 1073 Molar mass °"7? * ee 18,066 x 107 atoms = 1.8066 x 10 atoms 81 x 10 atoms Atoms and Molecules 83i 120 23 A Given mass 3 = 120 6 022 «10 No. of atoms of iron = are x 6.022 x 10 56 = 22.264x10" _ 1.99 x 10 atoms 56 Calcium has more number of atoms. if i 81 x 10% - 1.29 x 10% = 10* (1.81 - 1.29) Difference in number of atoms Se ee 69. (a) Calculate the number of molecutes in 50 g of CaCO, (6) Calculate the mass of 0.5 moles of nitrogen gas. : (©) Calculate the number of moles in 50 g of NaCl. [Atomic mass of Ca = 40 u, O = 16 u, N = 14 u, Na = 23 u, Cl = 355 u, N, = 6.022 x 10% mot Molecular mass CaCO, = 40 + 12 + 3x 16 = 40 + 12 + 48 = 100g s 100 g CaCO, contains 6.022 x 10% molecules, 3 +. 50g CaCO, contains sx Cen, (CBSE 2H Ans. (a) X50 = 3.011 x 10 molecules (0) 1 mole of N, gas = 28 g +: 05 mole of N, gas = 05 x 28 = 14g (C) Molecular mass of NaCl = 23 + 35,5 = 585 g “: 58.5 g NaCl = 1 mole «50g NaCl = ae X 50 moles = 0.855 moles 61. (a) Define one mole. How (®) Find the number of sodi Ans. (a) related to Avogadro's constant. ium ion in one mole of sodium sulphate. 1 mole is defined as equal to 6.022 x 10 particles, It is also equal to molar mas: 1 mole = Avogadro's constant = 6.022 x 10 1 mole of Na,SO, contains 2 moles of Na* 2 moles of Na = 2 x 6.022 x 108 = 12.044 x 10% = 1.2044 x 10 Na* ions. ‘Which among the following has more number of molecules: 1 g of hydrogen (H,) or 1 g of methane (CH)? (Atomic mass of H = 1 u, C = 12 u) Calculate the number of particles in 46 g of Na atoms, (Atomic mass of Na = 23 u) 1 gof H, (CBSE 2015) Ss in grams. (6) 2. @ 6) Ans. (a (CBSE 2016) contains number of molecules = 4 X 6.022 x 108 = 3.011 x 10 molecules 1g of CH, contains number of molecules = : X 6.022 x 102 az % 10? = 3.76 x 192 * 1 of H, contains more number of molecules (©) Atomic mass of Na atom = 23 g 23 g Na atom contains 6.022 x 108 molecules Particles 2 *. 46 g Na atom will contain = 602210" x 46, x = 12044 x 10 particles 63. The atomic mass of Calcium is 40 u. What Will be the umber of Calcium atoms in 0.4 u of Calcium? ae ail Ans. 40 u of calcium contains 1 atom 0.4 u of calcium contains 4 X 04 = 10? atoms FBR egethes with? Science—9Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] 64. (a) Calculate the number of oxygen atoms in 0.10 mole of Na,CO,.10H,0. (6) If one mole of sulphur weighs 32 grams, what is the mass (in grams) of 1 atom of sulphur? (c) Identify the correct formula for ammonium sulphate from the following formula: (NH,)(SC,)3(NH,),S0,,NH,(SO,), [CBSE 2015} ‘Ans, (a) 1 mole of Na,CO;.10H,O contains 13 x 6.022 x 10% atoms of oxygen :. 0.10 moles of Na,CO,,10H,O will contain = 0.10 x 13 x 6.022 x 10° = 7.83 x 10% oxygen atoms. (6) 1 mole of sulphur = 32 g Also 1 mole of sulphur = 6.022 x 10° atoms Now, 6.022 x 10 atoms of sulphur weigh = 32 g +. 1 atom of sulphur weighs = 22 g = 531 x 107 g (0) (NH,,S0, 6.022.x10 65. (a) Write chemical formulae of all the compounds that can be formed by the combination of the ns: Ca?*, K*, Fe, Cr, SOF © Molar mass of nitrogen is 14u, What will be the mass of one atom of nitrogen in grams? [CBSE 2016] ans. (@) Ca Cr Cat SOP KY CE KY SOF Fey cr re* Sor acl, CaSO, Ka KS0, FeCl, ~~ Fe,(S0,)s (6) 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = 14 g 1 mole of nitrogen atoms = 6.022 x 10° atoms 6.022 x 108 atoms of nitrogen weigh = 14g 4 2374 x 10g i i v 1 atom of nitrogen weighs = ——~—— : 6.022 x 10° 66. Verify by calculating the following: (a) Number of molecules in 100 g of NH, is more than 100 g of N, [Atomic mass of N = 14 u, H=1u) (6) 60g of carbon and 60 g of magnesium elements have a molar ratio 2: 1 [Atomic mass of C= 12u, Mg = 24 [CBSE 2014) Given mass _ 100. _ 100 _ Matinee desea ee Number of molecules = Number of moles x 6.022 x 10° 88 x 6.022 x 10% = 35.4 x 10% = 3.54 x 10° molecules Given mass _ _100__ 100 _ 3.57 motes Molarmass 2x14 28 : Number of of Np molecules = Number of moles x 6.022 x 10% = 3.57 x 6.022 x 10° 5 x 10% = 2.15 x 10% molecules ‘Therefore, the number of molecules in 100 g of NH, is more. 6 = 5 motes. ‘Ans. (a) Number of moles of NH Number moles of Np = (6) 60 Number of moles of Mg = Sh = 25 moles Molar mass’ Ratio 25 » Ratio Atoms and Molecules "85Value Based Questions 67. Some of you must be taking iodised salt at home, Some people do not use iodised salt. They sufte, ” ‘from deficiency of iodine which leads to goitre and hypothyroidism. Iodine is present in sea Weeds, (a) Why should we take iodised salt? : a How will you make people aware that iodised salt must be used by them so that they remain healthy? (c) Is iodine metal or non-metal? Give reason. @ What is colour and physical state of iodine? (e) What is meant by hypothyroidism? ae Ans, (a) It is because deficiency of iodine will lead to goitre and growth retardation. It may cause hypothyroidism. - io (6) A skit should be presented in school assembly highlighting the importance of iodised salt, (c) Iodine is a non-metal. It is because it can gain electron to form negative ion. (d) It is violet-coloured solid. (e) I is the deficiency of thyroxine hormone, i.e. iodine which leads to lethargy and increases body weight. : 68. Iron is present in haemoglobin which acts as oxygen carrier in our body. Deficiency of iron leads to anaemia. It must be a part of our diet. (a) Name a fruit which contains iron. (6) Name one green vegetable which is rich in iron. () How will you make students of school aware that they must take iron in their diet regularly? (d) Name a medicine given to patients suffering from anaemia. (e) Is iron metal or non-metal? Ans. (a) Apple. (b) Spinach (©) Posters should be made in which importance of iron, its deficiency disease and sources of iron should be displayed. (a) Folic acid. (e) Iron is a metal. take milk. Their bones are weak and their g is also slow. They will have joint problems in old age. If you don’t like milk, you can take curd, Paneer and other milk products. @) Name the compound present in our bones which contains calcium. (©) How will you convince those children to take milk, who do not take milk? (©) Which vitamin is needed for absorption of calcium by our body? : @ Present in curd? (©) Which of the following is maximum in milk? () Water (ii) Protein (iii) Fat (iv) Calcium Ans. (a) Calcium phosphate, (6) In assembly, a skit depicting usefulness of mi © van Picting usefulness of milk should be presented to students. (@) Lactic acid. in their food. They use j ee , cheese, butter which contains lot of ¢ Mie wn bunk food like pizza, burger, chowmein, ‘emmon salt. Pickle, sauce, papad also contain lot of common 86 Fogether weth® Science—9salt, You must be knowing lot of i area = as rool se having high blood pressure these days and even young (a) What is the main compound present in common salt? (6) Why should we take less common salt? () How will you convince your parents to use less common salt? (@ Why do a lot of people suffering from heart ailments these days? (e) Give one use of common salt. ‘Ans. (a) Sodium chloride. _____(b) It increases blood pressure if taken in excess which may lead to heart ailments. (c) Parents should be told in PTM (Parents teachers meeting) that they should keep their blood pressure normal by taking less common salt. They should get their blood pressure checked regularly. (@ (@ High intake of carbohydrate and fats (i) Lack of exercise. (©) (i It is used in cooking. (ii) It is used as preservative in pickles and sauce. (iii) It is used as antiviral agent. (Any one) 71. Refined-sugar is harmful for health. Children are very fond of ice creams, cold drinks, chocolates, sugar forms acid in mouth which reacts with calcium phosphate present sweets, etc. Lot of intake of in enamel and tooth decay starts. ‘These days children have a lot of cavities and due to this, lot of people are suffering from diabetes. (a) What is chemical compound present in cane sugal @) Calculate molecular weight of this compound. 0 = 16) (©) What is the cause of tooth decay? @ How will you make children aware not to take cold drinks and ice cream? {@). Which compound is in excess in blood in diabetic patients? Name it and write its chemical formula. Ans. (a), Sucrose, CysH,0))- (6) Molecular weight of Ci,H,,0,; = 12C #22H + 110 = 12 x 12 + 2x1+ ix 16 = 144 + 22 + 176 = 342 g mol! Sweets form acid in mouth which reacts with calcium phosphate present in enamel and causes 1? Write its chemical formula. [Atomic weight of C = 12, H = 1, ©) tooth decay. (@) Childzen should be advised that cold drinks and ice eream are harmful for teeth and health as they lead to. decay of teeth. (©) Glucose, CyH,,04 Diabetic patients have high glucose content in their blood. » SELECT NCERT EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS 72. Which of the following represents a correct chemical formula? Name it. (@) Cac (b) BiPO, (c) NaSO, (d) NaS Ans. (b) BiPO, is correct formula Bi* POY BiPO, Bismuth phosphate is the name of the compound. ‘Atoms and Molecules [87nds: wulae for the following compou - "D cal = a eae (6) Aluminium om at © Calcium (1) phosphate (d) Tron am) — (©) Mercury (II) chloride _(f) Magnesium ( Ans. (a) CuBr, (b) AI(NO: (c) Cax(POs)2 (6) AI(NO3)s ee : med by ae combination of 7 th i lecular formulae of all the compounds that can be formed b; 4, Write the mol following ions: Cu, Nat, Fe'*, CI, S07, POF Ans. Cu* Cr Gh? SOF Ce POY CuCl, CuSO, —Cu,(PO,), Na* Cl Nat SO} Nat POS NaCI. Na,SO, —_Na;PO, Fe+ Cl Fe3+ SO? Fe3+ POF FeCl, Fe,(SO,), FePO, 78. Write the cations and anions present (if any) in the following compounds: @ CH,COONa + @)Nacl © A, @ NH,NO, Ans. (a) CH,COO™ (Anion) and Na* (Cation) (6) Na* (Cation) and Cl (Anion) (©) Hy (No cation and No anion) (@ NH; (Cation) NOZ (Anion) 76. Give the formulae of the compounds formed from the following sets of elements: (@) Calcium and fluorine (®) Hydrogen and sulphur (©) Nitrogen and hydrogen —_(d) Carbon and chlorine (©) Sodium and oxygen (f) Carbon and oxygen Ans. (a) Ca’ (6) ia () x CaF, HS NH, @ ar ) a ) CH or 8 * Na,0 77. Which of the following symbols of element i its are Incorrect? (@) Cobalt CO (6) Carbon ¢ ive their correct symbols (© Aluminium AL an tee @) Helium He Ans. Elements Correct (@) Cobalt dana (6) Carbon a (©) Aluminium At () Sodium Na HER epcchen with® Science—978. Give the chemical formulae for the fol ae lowing compounds and i combining elements in each one of them. oh ae ria ea (@) Ammonia (®) Carbon monoxide (c) Hydrogen chloride (d) Aluminium fluoride (e) Magnesium sulphide Ans. (a) NH; (b) CO He One ® (c) HCL (d) AIF; Ratio by mass (a) 14:3 (6) 12:16) 12355 @ 27:57 (@) 24:32 Simple ratio 14:3 3:4 2:7 9:19 3:4 79. State the miimber of atoms present in each of the following chemical species: (@ CO; () PO, © POs @co ‘Ans. (a) CO% contains 4 atoms (6) PO} contains 5 atoms (c) PjOs contains 7 atoms (d) CO contains 2 atoms. 80. What is the fraction of the mass of water due to neut! "No. of neutrons in H,O = 8 [because hydrogen does not Therefore, fraction of the mass of water due to neutrons = 55 = "9 with temperature? Explain with the help of an example. rons? t have neutron and oxygen has 8 neutrons] 4 g . Does the solubility of a substance change __ Yes, the solubility of solid in liquid increases with increase in temperature, ©.8, cold water can dissolve less amount of sugar, whereas hot water can dissolve more amount of sugar. 82. Classify each of the following on the basis of their atomicity. Be @*F () NO, (© N,O @ CH, oP, 4,0, @) PiOr (h) 05 @ HCI @) CH, (k) He © Ag ‘Ans. (a) Diatomic (b) Triatomic () Triatomic (@) Octa-atomic (e) Tetra-atomic (f) Tetra-atomic (@) Tetra deca-atomic (14) (ft) Triatomic () Diatomic (j) Penta-atomic (&) Monoatomic () Monoatomic 83. You are provided with a fine white coloured powder which is either sugar or salt. How would you identify it without testing? {HOTS} ‘Ans. Heat the given substance. If it turns black on heating, then it is sugar, otherwise salt because sugar will lose water on heating and black coloured carbon will be left back. OR Take ice cold water. If the given substance dissolves easily, it is salt. If it does not dissolve easily, it is sugar. 84, Calculate the number of moles of magnesium present in a magnesium ribbon weighing 12 g. Molar atomic mass of magnesium is 24 g mol. {HOTS} Ans, 1 mole of Mg = 248 mole 24 g of Mg = 12 g of Mg = +-x12 = 05 mol Atoms and Molecules [85ae oe peer fl 5 moles of H,O do not have the same mass. We o oa gaan and 240 g magnesium elements have a mole ratio of 3:5: . (a) 1 mole of CO, = 44 g = cae 1 mole of H,O = 18 g 5 moles of H,O = 18 x 5 = 902 Clearly, both do not have the same mass. (6) 1 mole of Ca = 40 g 40 g of Ca = 1 mole 240 g of Ca = +. x 240 = 6 moles 24 g of Mg = 1 mole 240 g of Mg = 1 x 240 = 10 moles Molar ratio = 6 : 10, ie. 3 : §. Hence proved. 86. Find the ratio by mass of the combining elements in the following compounds: @ Caco, (6) MgCl, © HS0, @ C,H,OH (© NB, () Ca(OH), Ans. (@) CaCO, (@) MgC, (©) HSO, (4) CHO (@) NH, Ratio by mass (a) 40 : 12 : 48 (6) 24: 71 (c) 2: 32: 64 (d) 24: 6: 16 (2) 14:3 () 40:32: Seer 6 OM 1: ek 20:1 87. Calcium chloride when dissolved in water dissociates into its ions according to the following equation. CaCl, (ag) — Ca? (ag) + 2Ct (aq) (f) Ca(OH), (Hors) Calculate the number of ions obtained from CaCl, when 222 8 of it is dissolved in water, ‘Ans. CaCl(ag) —+ Ca?*(aq) + 2Ctr (aq) 1 mole of CaCl, = 111 g 111 g of CaCl, = 1 mole 222 g of CaCl, 1 =x = ii 222 = 2 moles 1 mole of CaCl, gives 3 moles of ion 2 moles of CaCl, gives 6 moles of ion = 6 x 6.022 x 10° ions = 36.132 x 10 ions = 3.6132 x 192 88. The difference in the mass of 100 me ions Compute the mass of an electron, oles each of sodium atoms and sodium ions is 5.48002 g. Ane Ne SON tg og 1 mote 1 moe 1 mole Wane oes ito pues 100 moles of electrons weigh = 5.48002 8 100 x 6.022 x 10 electr ons weigh = 5.48002 g 8002 i Sa 1 electron weighs = — 548002 gg. 100 «6.022 x98 ~ 09! X 10% g = 91x 10%— = 91 y 10 ky It is not the real mass of electron, Together with® Science—989. zg o1. Ans. 92. 8 Ans. 93. Ans, Cinnabar (HgS) is a prominent ore of mercury. How many grams of mercury are present in 225 g of pure HgS? Molar mass of Hg and S are 200.6 g mot and 32 g mol” respectively. (HOTS) » Molar mass of HgS = 200.6 + 32 = 232.6 g molt 232.6 g of HgS contains 200.6 g of pure Hg 225 g of HgS contains 2006 , 995 — 8 of HgS contains 8 «225 = 19404 g The mass of one steel screw is 4.11 g, Find the mass of one mole of these steel screws. Compare this value with the mass of the Earth (5.98 x 10° kg). Which one of the two is heavier and by how many times? (HOTS) Mass of 1 steel screw = 4.11 g Mass of 6.022 x 10 steel screws = 4.11 x 6.022 x 108 g = 2475 x 10% g = 2475 x 107 kg Therefore, mass of one mole of screws = 2.475 x 107 kg Massof Earth __5.98 x10 kg ee 4 x 10° Mass of Imole screws 2.475 x10" kg Mass of the earth is 2400 times the mass of 1 mole of screws. A sample of vitamin C is known to contain 2.58 x 10% oxygen atoms. How many moles of oxygen atoms are present in the sample? Raunak took 5 moles of carbon atoms in a container and Krish also took 5 moles of sodium atoms in another container of the same weight. (a) Whose container is heavier? (b) Whose container has more number of atoms? {Hors} (a) 1 mole of carbon atoms 5 moles of carbon atoms 1 mole of Na = 23 g 5 moles of Na = 23 x 5 = 115g Thus, Krish’s container is heavier than that of Raunak. (6) Both the containers have same number of atoms as both have the same number of moles and both elements are monoatomic. Fill in the missing data in the Table. 2g 12x5= 60g Species HO co, Naatom MgCl, Property No, of moles 2 = = 05 No. of particles = 3.011 x 10° i = Mass 368 = 15g = mole of HO =1x2+16= 18g 2 moles of H,O = 2 x 18 = 36g 1 mole of H,O contains 6.022 x 10% molecule 2 moles of HO contains 2 x 6.022 x 10” = 12.044 x 10% molecules 1 mole of CO, = 12 +2 + 16 = 44g 05 mol of CO, = 44 x 05 = 2g Atoms and Molecules PS4%3 molecules f tm x 402 = 3.011 x 10% molecules F 1 1 mole of CO, contains 6.022 0.5 mole of CO, will contain 0.5 x 6.0; 1 mole of Na = 23 g 5 moles of Na = 23 ee : le of Na = 6.022 x 10* atom ral Na = 5 x 6022 x 108 = 30.110 x 10° atoms 1 mole of MgCl, = 24 + 2x 355 = 24+ 71 = 95 g 05 mole of MgCl, = 0.5 x 95 = 475 g 1 mole of = 6.022 x 10% ; aa oe aaa = 0.5 x 6.022 x 10 = 3.011 x 10” formula units. [Species H,0 CO, Na atom = No. of moles 2 05 5 05 No. of particles | 12.044 x 10" molecules 3.011 x 107 30.110 x 10° atoms 3.011 x 108 [Mass 36g, Ne 115g 4158 | 94, The visible universe is estimated to contain 10” stars. How many moles of stars are present in the visible universe? — 1? 0? i Ans. Number of moles of stars = —— = ——"__ = 0.167 x 107 = 0.0167 mole. Na 6022x108 95. What is the SI prefix for each of the following multiples and sub-multiples of a unit? @ wv (b) 107 (©) 107 @ 10° (© 10° (p10? Ans. (a) kilo (©) deci (©) centi (@) micro (€) nano /) pico 96. Express each of the following in kilograms: (@) 584 x 103 mg (6) 5834 g (©) 0.584 g @ 5.873 x 107%g Ans. (a) 5.84 x 10% mg x 10 = 5.84 x 10° kg [+ 1 mg = 10%, = 10% kg] (6) 58.34 g x 10 kg = 5.834 x 107 kg [+ 1g = 10° kg] (©) 0.584 g = 0.584 x 10° kg-= 5.84 x 104 kg (@) 5873 x 10 g x 103 = 5.873 x 10% kg 97. Compute the difference in masses of 10° moles each of magnesium atoms and magnesium ions. (Mass of an electron = 9.1 x 10°! kg) [HOTS] Ans, Mg ——> Mg + 26° I mole 1 mole 2 moles 1000 moles 1000 moles 2000 moles 1 electron weighs = 9.1 x 107! kg 2000 x 6.022 x 10” electrons weigh = 9.1 x 10%! x 2000 x 6.022 x 10%kg = 109.6004 x 10° kg = 1.096004 x 10° kg 98. Which has more number of atoms? 100 g of N, or 100 g of NH, [Hors}[cBsE 2014) 92 “agethen with® Science—9Ans. 100. Ans. 101. Ans. 102, Ans, 1 mole of N, = 28g 28 g of N, = 1 mole 100 = 1x10 = 3 B of N, = 55100 = 2 moles = B 5 6.022 «10% x2.atoms 301. 301.100 10% atoms = 43.01 x 10 atoms = 4,30 x 10% atoms 1 mole of NH; = 17 17g of NH, = 1 mole 100 g of NH; = x10 mole = 100-14 «6.022 +10 atoms = AGS 5 10 atoms = 1.417 x 10% atoms ‘Therefore, 100 g of NH; contains more number of atoms. Compute the number of fons present in 5.85 g of sodium chloride. . NaCl ——> Na* + Cr 1 mole of NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 5858 585 g of NaCl = 1 mole 1 = .x585 = 0.1 mol 585 g of NaCl = zx58 mol 1 mole of NaCl gives 2 moles of ions : = 0.2 x 6.022 x 10% ions = 1.2044 x 10° ions 0.1 mol of NaCl gives 2 x 0.1 = 0.2 mol ‘A gold sample contains 90% of gold and the rest copper. How many atoms of gold are present in {HOTS} one gram of this sample of gold? ‘Amount of gold in 1 g of 90% pure gold ue 1 mole of Au = 197 g 1 mole of Au = 6.022 x 10° atoms 197 g of gold contains 6.022 x 10° atoms 23 6.022 x10" x09 = 9.75 x 107 atoms 197 {HOTS} = 098 0.9 g of gold contains ic and molecular compounds? Give examples. ‘What are ‘ich are solid and form ions in aqueous solution, have Tonic compounds are those compounds whi high melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity in solid state but conduct electricity in molten state or in aqueous solution, €.g- NaCl, KCI, MgO, CaO, ete. Molecular compounds may be solids, liquids or gases, do not form ions in aqueous solution, have low melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity e.g. CH,, CCl,, NH;, PH;, etc. Compute the difference in masses of one mole each of aluminium atoms and one mole of its ions. (Mass of an electron is 9.1 x 107 g). Which one is heavier? [HOTS] A as 1 mole 1 mole 3 moles Mass of 1 electron = 9.1. x 10% g Mass of 3 x 6,022 x 10% electrons = 9.1 x 10% x 3 x 6.022 x 10% Mass of 3 moles of electrons = 164.400 x 10%g = 0.00164 g | Atoms and Molecules [93%/ fl = 77 - 0.00164 g = 26.9984 g mol Molar mass of AB* ions = 27 — Q00164 & = Oe Difference in mass between Al ai is ier than AP*. . Al os is ee mass ‘m’ gram is polished with gold equivalent to 1% of the mass of Silvey, 103. : ee of the number of atoms of gold and silver in the ornament. tots, ‘ompu Ans. Mass of silver in the omament =m gram i cx Tq a m grams Mass of gold in the ornament = m*T5> = 79 c 108 g of Ag contains 6.022 x 10° atoms ‘i 122 x 107° m 23 m gram of Ag contains “= xm = 775 x 6.022 x10 atoms 197 g of Au contains 6.022 x 10" atoms ing £02210" im a 2 x ‘toms og £ of Au contains O° i00 Ratio of number of atoms of gold and silver = Au : Ag = 6.02210" mm , 6.02210? xm 197 100 * 108 108 : 19700 = 1: 182.41 104, A sample of ethane (C,H,) gas has the same mass as 1.5 x 10” molecules of methane (CH,). How many C,H, molecules does the sample of gas contain? {Hors} Ans. 1 mole of CH, = 16 g 1 mole of CH, contains 6:022 x 10% molecules 6.022 x 10 molecules of CH, has mass = 16 g 16 20 — Px 1.5 x10 6.022 x 10° : 1.5 x 10” molecules of CH, has mass = Now, 1 mole of C,H, = 30g 1 mole of CH, = 6.022 x 10% molecules 30 g of C,H, contains 6.022 x 10 moles 161.5 x 107 a : 6.022 x10 16 x 1.5 x10 , XESS XI orc = $022 x10", 161.5107 6.022 & OF CoH, contains 30 6.022 = 2 19 = 08 x 10” = 8 x 10 molecules 10S. Fill in the blanks: (@_Inachemical reaction, the sum of the masses of the reactants and products remains unchanged. This is called ©) A group of atoms carrying a fixed charge on them is called : (c) The formula unit mass of Ca,(PO,), is - [Ca = 40u, P = 31,0 = 16 u) (@) Formula of sodium carbonate is and that of ammonium sulphate is Ans. (a) Law of conservation of mass (6) Polyatomic ions (radicals) (9) @ x5 +2 x 31 + 8 x 16-=.200 + 82 4498 = 210 a (@ Na,CO,, (NH,),SO, : 94" agcther with® Science—9106. Complete the following crossword puzzle by using the name of the chemical elements. Use the data fs jal given in Table. oy LJ Across D. The element used by Rutherford during his a-scattering experiment (4) + An element which forms rust on exposure to moist air (4) 5. A very reactive non-metal stored under water (10) 7. Zine metal when treated with dilute hydrochloric acid produces 2 as 0 ‘when tested with burning splinter produces a pop sound. (8) Down 1. A white lustrous metal used for making ornaments ani in the presence of moisture (6) 4, Both brass and bronze are alloys of the element (6) 6 The metal which exists in the liquid state at room temperature (7) 8, An element with symbol Pb (4) f this element which .d which tends to get tarnished black Ans. > Across : 2. GOLD 3. IRON 5, PHOSPHORUS. 7. HYDROGEN > Down: 1. SILVER 4, COPPER 6. MERCURY 8, LEAD [is] p Pefo| to v E R Pi uy [o <|=[cJol=[m[= o[>|m| = Atoms and Molecules [95°i f ra puss, names of elements are hidden. The symbos of these len 107. (@) Inthe given crosswo , : are given below. Complete the punt . a | - a - : 9. Kr 10. Rn ll. Ne ~ . TT J] fr i) — (6) Identify the total number of inert gases, their names and symbols from this crossword puzzle, Ans. (a) 1. Cl— CHLORINE, - H- HYDROGEN ¥|o}Rr[ole[e[n} . N - NITROGEN e He — HELIUM . F - FLUORINE . Kr - KRYPTON . Rn ~ RADON + Ne - NEON fm z[-/2/0[-[219] FEeenan een [FT] a 2 ° o m|2[= 0 [€ > ° ° Zz [| (6) Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), gases, 108. Write the formulae for the following and calculate the molecular mass for (a) Caustic potash (6) Baking powder (c) Lime stone @ Caustic soda () Ethanol Common satt Ans. (a) Caustic potash is KOH, Molecular mass = (®) Baking powder is NaHCO,, Molecular pe ere u (©) Lime stone is CaCO,, Molecular mass — 40 + (d) Caustic soda is NaOH, Molecular mass = 23 + 1641 = 4p ‘ (e) Ethanol is C;H,OH, Molecular mass 2445416 +1=46y () Common salt is NaCl, Molecular mass = 23 + 35.5 = 58.50 Fees 96 Pagether with® Science—9 On EEEE HI Xenon (Xe) and Radon (Rn) are six inert each one of them.109. In photosynthesis, 6 molecules of carbon dioxide com! a 2 bine with Ba pater Volume ‘of water = 10.8 cm? Volume of water = ASSESS YOURSELF Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark] Which unit is used to measure the atomic radius? Convert it into metre. Name the smallest particle of an element that can retain all the chemical properties. Why is it not possible to see an atom with the unaided eyes? Write the formula of lead phosphate. What is meant by the valency of an element? What helps in determining the formula of an ionic compound? What is meant by molar mass? AA ee PE Short Answer Type Questions [I] [2 Marks] What is meant by the law of conservation of mass? If 12 g of C is burnt in the pres of O,, how much CO, will be formed? [Atomic mass of C = 12 u, O = 16 u] Calculate the formula mass of CuSO,5H,0. [Atomic mass of Cu = 63.5 u, § = 32u, O = 16u,H = 14] Calculate the number of moles in 52 g of He. [Atomic mass of He = 4 u] 11. Convert 12.044 x 10% number of He atoms into number of moles. 12, Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of N, gas. [Atomic mass of N = 14 u] Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of N atoms. Calculate the mass of 3.011 x 10% atoms of nitrogen. Calculate the mass of 6.022 x 10° N, molecules ence of 32 g es 10. 1B. 4 15, RES Atoms and Molecules 97Short Answer Type Question [Il] [3 Marks] 101 16. Give postulates of Dalton’s atomic theory. ing cris hod: 17, Write the chemical formula using criss-cross met! (a) Ammonium sulphate (6) Magnesium bicarbonate (©) Barium nitrate . 18 (a) Define the term ‘molecular mass’. , (6) Determine the molecular mass of ZnSO,. {atomic mass of Zn = 65.u, S = 32 u, 0 = 16 u) 19. With the help of example, explain the law of conservation of mass. Long Answer Type Questions [5 Marks] 20. Calculate: (a) the number of moles of Sulphur (S,) present in 16 g of solid sulphur. (®) the mass of 10 moles of sodium sulphite (Na,SO,). (©) the number of atoms in 11.5 g of Na. [atomic mass: Na = 23u; S = 32u, O = 16u, Ny = 6.022 x 108 mol] 21. Calculate: (2) the mass of 1.0505 x 10? molecules of carbon dioxide (co,), (6) the number of molecules of 0.25 moles of NH,, (©) the formula unit mass of Na,SO,. [Atomic mass: Na = 23 u, § = 32,0 = 160,H = 10, Na = 6.022 x 10? mol] 22. What is meant by the term ‘mole’? Calculate the number of moles in (a) 3.011 x 10? atoms of C (©) 32 g of oxygen gas IN, = 6.022 x 10 mot, At. mass of O = 16 u and C = 12 u] 23. (a) Calculate the number of moles in 112 8 of iron, (6) Calculate the mass of 0.5 mole of sugar (C,.H,,0,,). (Atomic mass of Fe = 56 u,C = 12u,H = 1 u, O = 16 u] 24. Define the following terms (@) Atom (b) Molecule (c) Avogadro's number @ Valency (¢) Molar mass