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The Problem and Its Research Design Rationale of The Study
The Problem and Its Research Design Rationale of The Study
INTRODUCTION
stability, and overall road safety metrics. However, despite the critical role of
examine the direct correlation between pavement characteristics and road safety.
road safety.
This study utilized the Tennessee Pavement Management System (PMS)
types, and 55 mph speed limits, twenty-one negative binomial regression models
for various accident types were calibrated with different pavement distress and
(IRI), and Present Serviceability Index (PSI). The modeling results indicate that
the RD models did not perform well, except for accidents at night and accidents
under rain weather conditions; whereas, IRI and PSI were always significant
prediction variables in all types of accident models. Comparing the three groups
of models goodness-of-fit results, it is found that the PSI models had a better
performance in crash frequency prediction than the RD models and IRI models.
method which can integrate both highway safety and pavement condition
surge in construction and roadwork activities, but this growth has also brought a
(PPE), and weak enforcement of safety regulations. Workers are often exposed
to health risks due to prolonged contact with hot asphalt materials and asphalt
the industry.
Japan's asphalt safety concerns revolve around the aging workforce in the
adherence to safety regulations, there are still challenges related to the safe
handling of hot asphalt materials, such as potential burns and exposure to fumes.
Ensuring that younger workers receive adequate training to bridge the skills gap
essential to prevent accidents and protect the health of workers in the asphalt
industry.
grapples with numerous safety issues, including a high rate of accidents and
about the potential hazards of working with hot asphalt, leading to avoidable
consistently enforced, exposing workers to health risks from fumes and contact
with hot materials. To address these problems, India needs to strengthen safety
regulations, enhance training programs, enforce the use of PPE, and raise
technologies can play a crucial role in improving asphalt safety standards in the
country.
risk of accidents due to the use of hot asphalt materials and the exposure to
fumes. Ensuring the well-being of workers through adequate training and the
safety regulations has helped mitigate these issues, but continued vigilance is
and promoting a culture of safety awareness will further enhance asphalt safety
in the country, ensuring that its infrastructure development and road maintenance
The DPWH has already carried out a technical evaluation of the condition
of the road network, particularly in Metro Manila. As a matter of fact, this morning
we were just talking about how San Marcelino, Romualdez, Nagtahan, Quirino
bear the brunt of the damage, said Singson. It appears that asphalt will not be
the DPWH. The agency builds, maintains, and repairs national arterial and
secondary roads, as well as national bridges; the remainder goes to flood control
Guardo said only four teams are currently working on the P70 million
asphalting project; however, the city government is eyeing to add two more
teams to expedite the road works. The councilor added that there is an urgent
have already occurred due to uneven road surfaces. Guardo further said that the
nonstop rain brought by the intermittent weather in the last few weeks has
caused delays in their project. This week, Guardo said overlaying of asphalt will
Zapatera, Carreta, T. Padilla and Talamban in the North District. South District
Nicolas, Cogon Pardo, Inayawan, Buhisan, Kalunasan, Calamba and Bonbon will
also be included in the road asphalting project this week, said Guardo. The
councilor also clarified that the project is not violative of the existing spending
directly impact road safety, and understanding the precise nature of this
relationship is crucial for informed decision-making and effective road
pavement attributes and road safety metrics, this study seeks to provide
urban planners. The findings of this research have the potential to not only
enhance the safety of road users but also optimize resource allocation, reduce
engineering, aiding in the development of safer and more resilient road systems
pavement characteristics and their correlation with road safety metrics," explores
the relationship between specific attributes of asphalt pavement and road safety
outcomes. Through meticulous data collection and analysis, the research seeks
pavement quality, condition, and smoothness, and road safety metrics such as
accident rates, near-miss incidents, and perceived safety. This study's objective
policymakers, and urban planners on how to enhance road safety and optimize
contribute to the development of safer and more sustainable road networks, with
rehabilitation strategies and how they relate to road safety. For instance, a well-
under the presumption that all criteria are known for sure. In reality, many
result in a poor plan that negatively impacts the network conditions. The goal of
maintenance and rehabilitation planning while taking into account the budget and
best course of action that is workable for all potential uncertainty scenarios. For
case studies of 4 and 21 pavement sections are shown. For the first case study,
the value of the stochastic solution and the expected value of perfect information
—the indices for assessing the advantages of using the stochastic model—
respectively make up 30% and 85% of the objective function of the here and now
model, and 26% and 42% of it for the second. The high indices show how
sGlA6xX8O0ymUVfYJqE8mVfQROrHpSQ8UDB8zFbxYK8WEJsn5UA
the total M&R effectiveness and minimization of the total M&R disturbance cost—
were pursued over the planning horizon. A small network of 10 road sections was
pavement qualities and available annual budgets where state transition of each
road section was formulated. Over the planning horizon, two optimization goals—
maximization of the total M&R efficacy and minimization of the total M&R
functionalities are outlined, the integer linear programming model formulation for
that result from different decision makers' value systems are discussed, and a
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3141/1853-03
This article provides a framework and an example that illustrate how to
optimization issue. For each component treatment of the strategy, two different
models, and cost is stated in terms of the agency and user costs during the life
The optimization input variables are assigned probability distributions, and Monte
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0305215x.2011.588226
2. Traffic Behavior
increase in the quantity of works in this field. The official statistics on road
accidents also contribute to this rise. The interdisciplinary approach used in this
work's methodology enables us to take into account a variety of features of road
https://www.fraontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869029/full
Risk is only one of the many aspects that may be taken into account when
their ability to process information quickly, their capacity for remembering, and
circumstance. According to these theories, risky driving behaviors can happen for
two reasons: (1) the risky driving behavior is chosen over a less-risky behavior
because it offers the person a greater perceived benefit, or (2) the person, in
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/driving-behavior
Sex, age, experience, personality traits, and other factors have all been
linked to increased accident risk for motorcyclists in prior research. There is little
doubt that riding a motorcycle is more than just a pastime or a form of motorized
combined with other factors, can increase their risk-taking behavior and
involvement in traffic accidents. material and returned it. The findings revealed a
strong link between the motorcyclists' risky behavior and way of life and their
The authors might draw the conclusion that lifestyle has a significant influence on
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19439962.2018.1490367
(Yu Ping et al., 2022) Describe the road safety metrics that are relevant to
this study, such as accident rates, crash severity, and near-miss incidents.
Highlight their importance in assessing road safety and their potential correlation
association between conflict risk and traffic factors instead than analyzing
historical crash data. Conflicts are found using the time-to-collision (TTC) index,
and a severity index (SI) is suggested using time-integrated TTC. In SI, the
conflict intensity level is classified using the k-means algorithm. The risk of
regional violence is then divided into three categories. The impacts of short-term
traffic features on conflict frequency and severity are estimated using zero
outcomes. To find the best copula models, a total of 18 are examined. The
suggested framework is tested using the German HighD dataset. Factors within
and between lanes are both taken into account. The correlations between traffic
parameters and conflict risk are strong, according to the results, and the
dispute. The frequency and intensity of conflicts are both greatly influenced by
the speed variance between lanes. The results show that the suggested method
which evaluates road safety based on conflict risk and takes into account various
(Sagberg et al., 2015) In order to review the most recent studies on driving
styles in relation to road safety, this study set out to provide a conceptual
framework for understanding driving style. Driving styles are considered in terms
been put forth. A broad framework for classifying and operationalizing driving
styles was also proposed. On this foundation, the body of current writing on
driving indicators and styles was evaluated. Road safety-related links between
driving habits and driving styles have been found, and the individual and societal
existing road safety measures. As a result, they are not suitable for alternative or
thorough set of high-quality data that can take into consideration the relevant
mode-specific risks is necessary for an effective safety analysis. The risk metrics
for motor vehicles that have been devised to measure consequences and hazard
exposure do not apply here. The majority of data sources and formats for road
safety have a similar bias toward motor vehicles. When it comes to choosing and
fundamental principle of risk metric selection are covered in this essay. It applies
suggests suitable standards and restrictions for every part of a metric. In order to
illustrate bias and determine the proportional magnitude of each issue, this article
carefully assesses the current data sources and schemas. These factors could
be helpful suggestions for future research in the field and assist define the
related queries.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Pavement
Maintenance and
rehabilitation
Action Plan
Traffic Behavior
An empirical investigation of
asphalt pavement
characteristics and their
correlation with road safety
metrics
Figure 1
THE PROBLEM
a) Pavement Quality;
b) Pavement Condition;
c) Pavement Smoothness.
a) Accident Rates;
b) Near-miss accidents;
of the Urban Barangays and level of road safety metrics of the respondents.
Research Hypothesis
safety metrics
safety metrics
agencies, and the construction industry about the critical factors affecting
road safety. This knowledge can lead to more efficient resource allocation,
to the broader field of road safety research, setting a foundation for future
save lives and resources while fostering safer driving behaviors and public
study. By carrying out empirical study in this field, the researcher acquires a
safety metrics, possibly revealing insights that help enhance road design,
improve the researcher's standing in the industry and provide doors for
significant social issue that might result in safer roads, fewer accidents, and
satisfying.
of ways. This study might offer suggestions for creating safer roads. Future
The New Drivers. The study's findings can increase novice drivers'
awareness of the different elements that affect traffic safety. When driving,
especially in places with particular road conditions, they can become more
safety metrics. When they come across roads with particular characteristics
that are known to be connected with safety concerns, they can modify their
study offers novice drivers insightful information and knowledge that can
improve their sense of safety, their capacity for making decisions, and their
drive more safely and responsibly, lowering the likelihood of collisions and
The Aspiring Architects. Aspiring architects can learn how the qualities
of the pavement affect traffic safety. Their architectural designs can be made
characteristics and road safety. This study can give future architects a more
thinking with an emphasis on safety, all of which help architects build built
civil engineering, building, and traffic safety. This study helps professionals in
infrastructure.
Research Design
created by Google that makes use of hyperlinks that respondents can use to
access the aforementioned research tool. Following the survey, the data will
-Age
-Experience
-Location Create interview
-Department assignation Questionnaires
1. Asphalt Pavement
Characteristics in terms
of:
a) Pavement Quality; Conduct the survey
b) Pavement
Condition;
c) Pavement Action plan
Smoothness. Organize the collected
data
c) Perceived Driver’s
Safety.
Figure 2
Figure 2 displays and describes the flow of the study. The input, process, and
output of the study comprises its flow. The input accounts for the data required to
resolve the research problem. The process registers the methods employed for
the purpose of getting the data. The output characterizes the apt action plan
based on the findings of the study. This flow is formulated from a conclusive
Input. The input of the study will help in the determine the significant relationship
of the asphalt pavement for local drivers. The input includes the profile of the
respondents and their age. It will include the performance of the asphalt on how it
affects local drivers. It will also account for the effectiveness of the asphalt
Process. The study will be carried out methodically, meaning there are steps to
be followed in an orderly fashion toward its eventual completion. The first step is
to ask local drivers on how effective is asphalt pavement to our roads here in
Cebu. The gathering of data follows thereafter, with the use of the survey
in Google Forms & Hand out survey, it will be distributed in a form of hyperlinks
across the applicable virtual platforms. Finally the results will be retrieved,
Output. The result of this study will be the basis for the recommendation of
Research Environment
Tabok, and Barangay Paknaan are the asphalt-paved locations where the study
Mandaue is a first class highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas region
of the Philippines. It is one of three highly urbanized cities in Cebu island and
forms a part of the Cebu Metropolitan area and was part of the sixth district of
Cebu joined with the municipalities of Consolacion and Cordova, due to this their
The sample chosen for this study will be 150 Mandaue City Resident and
drivers who are at least eighteen years of age, who shall have experience driving
least 30 respondents who shall come from the following Barangays: Jagobiao,
Casili, Tabok, Basak, and Paknaan. The 30 respondents must be a resident and
a driver who must have experience on driving on any asphalt pavement roads on
Distribution of Respondents
Total 150
Research Instruments
employed in this study. The first section included the questions with reference to
the demographic profile of respondents such as age, sex, civil status, and level of
education. The second part consists of 25- item questions for the asphalt
questions each. The third part consists of 15-item questions for the level of road
safety metrics of the respondents in terms of: Determine the level of road safety
Safety., having 5 questions each. The road safety metrics and asphalt pavement
characteristics included were derived by reviewing the literature. Each item would
be rated using a 4-point Likert scale ranging from “very high (4) to very low (1)”.
Data Collection
The data collection method that will be used is an online survey. The
reason for choosing this method is that they are used to gather information such
Likert-scale) (Chipeta, 2020). Using Google Forms, it will be directly sent to the
respondents.
Data Analysis
and road safety metrics, Pearson product moment correlation will be used.
results that will help in the accurate interpretation and analysis of the data
order to obtain the Mean of the sample size and Measures of Variability for
The mean:
X̄ = (Σ X) / N
X = Summation
X = Observations
The formula:
Where,
r = Pearson Coefficient
Scoring Procedure
(1.1) , Pavement Condition (1.2) , and Pavement Smoothness (1.3). It is the first
research question in the SOP, and accordingly, part I in the survey questionnaire.
The road safety metrics consists of the accident Rates (2.1), Near-miss accidents
(2.2) , and Perceived Driver’s Safety (2.3). It is the second research question in
Table 2.1
Pavement Quality
Table 2.2
Pavement Condition
3.01 - 4.00 Good The pavement condition has a good condition in its surface
2.01 - 3.00 Fair The pavement condition has a fair condition in its surface
Table 2.3
Pavement Smoothness
Table 3.1
Accident Rates
Table 3.2
Near-miss accidents
Table 3.3
Definition of Terms
reduce the risk of road traffic injuries and death. Road safety metrics is
being used in our research as the dependent variable. It shows the main
Karpinski, E., Bayles, E., & Sanders, T. (2022). Safety Analysis for Micromobility:
https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221095523
Sagberg, F., Selpi, Bianchi Piccinini, G. F., & Engström, J. (2015). A Review of
Research on Driving Styles and Road Safety. Human Factors, 57(7), 1248–1275.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720815591313
Yuping Hu, Ye Li, Chen Yuan, Helai Huang, Modeling conflict risk with real-time
tdac017, https://doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdac017