PERTURBATION SERIES FOR SHEAR STRESS IN PLEXURE OF SAINT-VENANT CYLINDERS WITH BREDT-LIKE SECTIONS Prancesco dell ISOLAt and Giuseppe Claudio RUTAt Dip. di Ingegneria Strutturale e Geoteenica, }Dottorato di Ricerca in Meecanica Teoria e Applic Université di Roma *La Sapienaa", Facolta di Ingegneria, via Eudosiana 18, 00184 Roma (Received 20 February 1996; accepted for print 24 July 1996) duction We study flexure of eSaint-Venant cylinder whose sections are Bredt-lke with constant thickness, ax defined in 1, (2), 18). We propose a perturbation series forthe shear stres ld in tems of thickness pararneter. In torsion, there isa unique stress flow function (named after Prandtl) for any regular section ((), 4 (8] (7), (On the contrary, in flexure of cylinders with bi-connected sections such & flow function cannot be uniquely evermined, To avoid a gauge choice, we use different perturbation methods for mono- and bi-connected sections. In the lst ease we introduce perturbation sees diectly for shea stress and Helms differential ‘operators. For both classe of sections the resulting hierarehy of problems for the series terms ean be solved. ‘The perturbation series in the present form does not always converge ((10}; however, it allows for a rational eduction of many of the engineering formule found in technical textbooks (e.g. Jourumski formula, (6, IM, [12], {18)). Moreover, the method we propose seems to frame many of the results on thin walled bars ‘quoted in [12], without the need for introducing internal constraints of Kirchhoff type. This ie actualy an interesting result, because we prove that the introduction of such constrains is not neceasary @ prior: Infact, our procedute of asymptotic development shows thatthe solution of Saint-Venant flexure problem always vevfes constraints of Kirchhoff type when the section i thin "The method presented here supplies: i) an efcient procedure for comparing the order of magnitude, in terms of the thickness parameter, of the stress field components and resultants i) a probably useful method for finding new results fr thick sections considering higher order trms in the perturbation parameter: we show these results for some sections of technological interest ii) as exarnples We consider rectangular and anlar sections, inorder to give an estimate ofthe relative magnitude of the maximnutn values attained by the stress components. For instance, an interesting caveat can be obtained: when the radive of curvature is five times the thickness, the second order maximum tangential stress component amounts to 15% of that given by Jourawsk formula. As a by-product we are able, in the case of mono-connected sections, to estimate the boundary layer elect of Kelvin type ((LI] in flexure. ‘We remark that: a) our series supply analytic expressions for shear stress which can be, once regulated, of ome use in technological applications, especially in optimization problems; b) our results open interesting ‘mathematical problems like those solved by Whedler and Horgan forthe lowest erm of shear sites in the ‘ase of mono-connected sections ([I],[2]). All calculation willbe performed in absolute notation, forsake of simplicity; the most important reslis will also be given in components along an orthonormal basis, tobe of, smote immediate grasp 357558 F. DELL'ISOLA and GC, RUTA Geometry of Bredsike sections We adopt a section, called Bredt-lke in [], obtained by thickening a plane curve £ (mide line) along its Frenet normal with constant thickness. The middle line is given in terms ofits are length « £m (ge Pla—m= ros), 6€ (0, © ‘mis the centroid of C and P is the plane including the section. The Frenet basi for the middle line is on a or 3° Us) (8), mms) = oles ® + is Hodge operator in P (¥ rotation in the positive orientation of P). The ¢-Bredtlke section ia given by Dy = {ye Ply m= Hs, 2) rola) + 26 ofole), 8 € (0), = € tl) @ In (9) + isthe coordinate along iv, 6 al the thickness ofthe section and ci hikes parameter playing the role ofthe perturbation parameter, We regards, =a ected coordinates over D, (8). "The fl problem forthe shear stein ene is wit in the frm (5) (8) div €= Vie [o(y—8)) in DP w 2Gek (yo) in DY 6 6) 2Gk- Ante — 0). 0 In (4)-(2) ¥, G,» are Young's and shear moduli and Poisson's ratio, respectively; Ke describes the linear variation ofthe curvatute of the axis of the eylinde (6); isthe inner Jordan rogion of C and its area is ‘Api b and by ate the centroids of D and R, respectively; ois any point in P. Letty, ty be the salutions of (4)-(7) associated to o and of, respectively. The field t, ~ ty is the solution of a torsion problem, already studied in [3]. Because of (8) we obtain ee e ®) Following Timoshenko (11), we will choose b= 0. The resultant ofthe shea es field solution of (4)-() oP [eaten 4-8 fomocmien, o were isthe position vector ld with rxpect tothe centroid. Ea. (2) drive from global balance Coustons offre ad trate onthe elindr. Let ux conider an orthonormal bai (oe) alo the Givin ofthe principal anc of inet of the avon; Ils alo consider rectangular Catan, o- erdinte este with origin and x andy ane along ey, ey. Then the emo finetin defied by Ea. ()s is repeened by the matex no ne ($9). on sere fy ya the moment of nari ofthe ton with rempec othe and y ase, spectively. The Parameter Kl gien in ter of he component 9. 4 te ealaat sea force by (instance nef) weg an,[FLEXURE OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS 399 ‘Anumplotic expansions for mono-connected (open) sections In technical textbooks mono-connected sections ate called open, referring to their middle lie. It may be proven that the problem (4)-(7) in this case is equivalent to Ava inde, (13) aad {lates 9r4) + 0(er@env)} on BD (13) a iC = Gllalors 0 ns) ~ afte @ ond} ~ vgrad), & is scalar function defined over the section and 20, 8 = 3420; we use the desition (@ y)e = (X-2)y. Inegation of (19) leads toa Ditichlet “oundary condition tobe added to (12). We then consider (12)-(13) in D, with coordinates 2. We denote by fas fa the retictions of Wc) to the curves + = —1, 2 = I respectively, asuming, without lous of seneraity, #(0,0)=0. Laplace operator becomes linear diferential opeator whose coeficents are rational functions in ¢ (0); fi, fea ft order polynomials in . We ae 0 led to assume Wend 3D alesse 0) As a consequence, (12)-(13) become So (OO os — 20a gs £ RV + O98 IE Dare + ae + 2K We) CNB [teeta =A © Waud}=0 in, (-t.m, 08) Swale Ne = files) ZS weve = Aes (6) an ‘isthe curvature of C and the comma means differentiation with respect to the indicated variables, Equating the first four powers in ¢ in (15)-(17), we obtain £. [ (teosr) + Hero srl ds, 0s) 1 [{ole(co roto sto tea + al ero@ wtahn + (0+ 0 rs) ema fet = 26% fatto 020) +043 «(to Orne (19) exooicet {orn fursone seat ison) ~ (04 206h8 te] + = j[lotr+ oto @ oa) - ato tae) + [ fole-toonrm- (C2822) a] ~aftrtoryen tens (Bemseeer) a Ja}, «sy360 F, DELL'SOLA and GC, RUTA sls, _k vortnev 8, (vor+mov b(t 7287222) oie fe (SEBO) a L[ Gloteoaiow nove +260 ¥}}+ ~ Flat tote) ov 4 xlove ona +220 ev)ie + atolls (29) Because of the relationahip betmen ¢ and W and taking nt account the expetsion of the gradient operator in, coordinates (8), we obtain Bs) war (ee[fna)onh (ts ssaiaife [soe [derelict lat fy stots, (2) be sence faney[tey (sue f'n asacen) #4] ove (22012 [tenor sig) +22 Jone “(0 ena (MEM) (te Bao +26 { (Bera): [testa oe +(ns (Sait (47 5 WHO). (6,8 tee) to} aie 0) 7 Inthe former, 5,5 setbe fet moment of ae of he portion ofthe eton crrempnding oct dined along ya the ne length with pect to the andy nen 2), me) atthe parametric eration of the middle ine, Equation (22) is Jourawak format; noe at fey de = O becaie ofthe cole ofthe centroid as oigin oP. We om compar the ral cacti expan ofthe rght hand side of eqallie (3) ad (8), hone concent we denote cm, peste. Aa oblined by equality (Othe esulant. shears ls a dath order polyoomialin¢ whee oven ceficets vanish, On the conta, if we epee fn (0) the oral expansion fort in geonal we oblnn a cpl power tien. This what ell tft of Kelvin type in Berar (ee [1] for Kevin fect in toron). We estimate this elec by meas of the Sierence eg for n= I, 2, Webave,dencting by iy the mth erm of 3 indeed by (3) csaiey [of roe ontt Fed (2) eed =0, 2 es a= — $064 )rs0 one en “Te eflest appears at ist with cin lation with ty (onder @): a boundary layer (named edge efi 8) aac and it lbal fet likely to be given by (27) (aoe that [ay 4+) ~ 0). deed a) may be proven that the @ we have given very exact all houndary conditions ap to order one in eb) the Bld boundary condition (6) pointwise, sand t2 axa mean over the thickness.FLEXURE OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS 361 ‘Asymptotic expansions for hi-connected (closed) sections ‘The Helmbolts problem (4)-(7) can be turned into Poisson form with Dirichlet boundary conditions once 1 particular solution of (4) and (7) is found. Such a solution is not uniquely determined for bi-connected sections; in order to avoid a gauge choice whose physical meaning i uncertain, we apply & perturbation method directly to (4)-(7). In s, x coordinates ((9), equations (4}-(7) become (here 0 =!) bly + (1 — ene lag ~ ety =~ eme6)V Kato ~ 260) in [Ot] x (1.1), 8) tay ~ (1 ~ Enea + Cte (9) 4 (0) [ua on) in the former t = tay +t, +o; because of (8), =m, We propose the formal expansion nF sa toh tae ws Substituting (82) into (28)-(31) we obtain a hierarchy of problems fort. Bauating first powers in ¢ we have wafer [ff onee-3 (ff ms) a] 224m (i (ES +9) art (me) i) ty =s8letyo — 2600. rollin 26{ te tal) ue Hh (ne Yel ett ef -9) [52 + {(2) (erat acto om) {ee beraes ote) A +} (Bot Be) ied [feo att (mt ex)] ahi (38) In the former, See, Sy ate the frst moment of area of the region R with respect to the z and y axes 2(4), v(s) are the parametsic equations of the middle ine with respect to the point m. Equation (33) is Joutawski formula for closed sections; note that the second term in the righthand side of (33) gives a Bred shear stess fled for closed sections of constant thickness, once the product uk: (bx ~ 1m) is interpreted as “sunt angle of twist. Tn technical literature (83) is often given in implicit form, as a consequence of the principle of virtual work ‘Once introduced cn, dy with the same meaning as in the previous section we have Casio 3 [ natn Give vt an +138 [ioe ors onot0 + (err ¥edisk (38)562 F, DELL'ISOLA and GC. RUTA In closed sections the expansions (9), (9) lead to the same results at the fist thee ordere in We start considering three sections of particular technological interest (see or instance (8, (7, {12,3}, scctangular and semicircular (open) and annular (closed) Rectangle We have = m and zero curvature of the middle line; given an orthonormal basse), for Pi is (5 Hey + 2602 > fp = e1.4t0 = 02, (39) where Ais alf the length ofthe mide line. Substituting (39) into (22)-(24) we have “ a i Pes 2422, 0 oa ges) Bevel a etn sha dh ina of Kein ale ie by i Soi o0k « a (45) Eq. (40) gives the Jourawski field ((6), (7), (11), [12], (13]). Eq. (41) implies that when k//ea (a//e:) the fist order correction to Jourawsi formula vanishes, which is @ known result. Ou the other band, ie: cq. (41) gives a nonvanishing correction to Jourawski formula, bilinear in (s— A) and =, esult which we could not find in literature. Eq. (42) supplies the estimate of the second order correction to eq. (40) given by our perturbation method and gives an analytical expression for the shear stress field arising in flexure of “thick? cectangles, It may be easily proven that if the material of which the section is made has » = 1/3 (ae iti, in average, for stel, for example), one has: ifthe stress distribution is equivalent toa force parallel toes, 017%, if ayh= 1/10, tamer & _ 07%, wayh= 17, ocmar = OFF =) 185%, af 5/h= 1/3, ADT%, TAN = 1/2; by ifthe stress distribution is equivalent to force parallel to e2 SR, if 6/h= 1/10, a] 10%, nays, 16%, iC 5/h= 1/3, 25%, if /h= 1/2. ‘The diference appearing in eq, (45) vanishes when k//es (a//ey): Kelvin eet in flexure arises only when Iejfes (ajfen). We remark that 9a? esas = ies, nh s= vk (her) (48)[FLEXURE OF THIN-WALLED BEAMS 563 26 i the etction thickness. Kelvin effect in torsion is given by (46) when 7 isthe unit angle of twist ‘Semicitcular section Given an orthonormal bass e,,€ for P, eq. (1), with respect tothe centre ofthe citele is mnt) (cater tsinfes), ee (002 aH Fe [Lt “0 were isthe ead ofthe midline Is ete of oon given by the vector a= Bey A hee dre no quuliaive dference among the lds for thi case and for he rectangle, we give only the etimate Of the Kelvin eect atone heen 6, F In hi cue, the difrnce in (4) vanishes when i/o (an ad Kelvin flr in exure aie only when Ak//ea (a/jer). Again, we remark that Cres 04) «s) G25 7 26 isthe section thickness. Kelvin effect in torsion is given by (49) when ra is the untangle of twist Circular tube We have # = m and constant curvature of C; with respect to the orthonormal basis e), andy nen, neve eh, 9) eq (1) is (e-s)(o2e)+sinfee), 6 (0.02297, ce E-1 ey + ie the radius of the middle circumference, so that ir We have the following 6D sani (Bet wn 60 [a—ra( sin Zee] (Beat 3) ‘These feds ace the same as these given by a truncated expansion of the exact analytic solution ([6). Our es cannot supply the exact solution with « finite numberof iteration steps because the exact solution is rational in ¢; on the other hand, we had no need of introducing complex variables and harmonic functions. Eqs. (61)-(58), once integrated along the thickness, give the fields plotted in (12). As previously made for the rectangle, assuming » = 1/8 one hae ‘. comparing the stress component along fy, tam oo 15%," ita Ses ene 25%, if 5) 315%, it fr (if it ofr = 1/0, |e comparing the stress component along wy 0.5%, & _fa0%, aa =) 5.5%, 125%, if 67 The em, dy are Y +(Qe86)(e; Oe; Her @er)k = ¥ «ik, 6 (53) ca = dy =Y + (2ar6t)(0y Ge ~e2@e)k=¥ «Jak 656)sot F, DELL'ISOLA and GC. RUTA In this cae, the shear stress resultant as obtained by (9)z and (B)y are exactly the same, which i a result to be expected because ofthe particularly rch symmetry group of the considered section, ‘Comparison with Viszow theory of thin walled bars Wie have proposed a perturbation method that has given us the poibility of finding simple forsale that provide higher order corrections to the known Jourawski shear stest field, both for mono: and bi-connected sections of a Saint-Venant cylinder with constant thickness We remark that 8) me have introduced no constraints of Kirchhoff type to obtain out formal, while in [12] such constraint is the basis for all the presented results; on the contrary, we have proven that at the frst order in « ‘Kirchhoff constraint is automatically stisted. This fact has a natural and immediate interpretation in terms of our procedure, because the lowest step af the asymptotic expansion stands fora thin section, in the ordinary sense attributed to thi erm i the eeiea iterate. tn thi cas, the result naturally found by us which needs to be postulated by means ofan internal constraint is physically reasouable and meaningful ‘the proposed perturbative method allows fr a precise analysis of the relative order of magnitude ofthe shear stress field in thn walled bars in terms of a thickness parameter ofthe section; on the contrary ‘he analysis developed in [2] lads to the determination of only the fest nontero feds by means of ' procedure involving reactive forees and shell-ike models. We have also shown, in some simple but significant cases from the point of view of technological applications, that our simple formula prove nonzero corrections to the Jourawski shear stress feld that may be quite relevant when the section Decomes thick fn the fieratue, only in few cases eg, annular and rectangular secions- higher oeder corrections can be evaluated considering series expansions, wile the expansion method can be applied for every BredLlike section 0) ‘References {1}. L. Wheeler, Stress bounds for the torsion of tubes of uniform wall thickness, J. of Eastcity 4 (1074, 2a1-202 [2]. L. Wheeler, C. 0. Horgan, Upper and lower bounds forthe shear stress inthe Saint-Venant theory of flexure, J. of Elasticity 6 (1076), 388-408 {3}. F dell'tola, G.C, Ruts, Outlooks in Sant-Venant theory I: formal expansions for totsion of Bredt-tike sections, Arch. Mech. 46 (1994), 1005-1027 [d], F. dall'ola, L, Ross, Perturbation methods in torsion of thin hollow Saint-Venaat cylinders, Mech Res. Comm. 23 (1996), 15-150 (5). A. Cebsch, Théorie de lasticité des corps slides (Traduite par MM. Barré de Saint-Venant et Flamvant, avee des notes étendues de M. Barté de Saint-Venant), Dunod, Pass (1883), reprinted by Johnson eprint Corporation, New York (1968) [6]. BLM. Frasis de Veubeke, A course in elasticity, Springer-Verlag, New York (1979) (2), G. Ceradini, Teoria deli trave, BSA, Roma (1989) IB]. A. Nayfeh, Perturbation methods, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1973) [9]. V1. Arnold, Metodi matematici dela mevcanica lassen, Editori Raunt, Romna (1902) (U0). K. Frischmauth, M. Haenler, F. dll'tsola, Numerical Methods versus asyimptotie expansion for torsion ‘of hollow elastic beams, Fachbereich Mathematik der Universitit Rostock 20/95 (1905) 0] S. Timeshenko, JN. Goodier, Theory of elasticity, McGraw-Hill, New York (1951) [22]. A. Gjelvik, The theory of thin walled bats, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1981) (03). V. 1. Feodosey, Strength of Materials, MIR publishers, Moscow (1968)