Phases of a project:

- Engineering
- Procurement
- Construction

Engineering consists of designing facilities, producing lists, specifications and drawings necessary for
erecting the Plant.

The deliverables of Engineering Phase are documents (Calculation notes, specifications, drawings,
data sheets, lists etc) based on which equipment can be purchased/fabricated and construction can
be started.

Steps of an OIL/GAS facility project:

- Conceptual: Defining different scenarios with rough estimation of cost (Process)

- Basic Engineering/ FEED: Confirming feasibility, identification of technology, defining
processes, progressive evaluation of costs toward more precise estimation.
No procurement is done at this step with the exception of Long Lead Items.
- Detail Design: All equipment and material are specified and integrated into the plant design.
Construction phase is based on the output of the last step.

Deliverables of MEC&PIPING:

- Drawings: Plot plan, GAD, Isometrics

- Piping specification: Material, size, fittings, valves…
- Equipment data sheets and MTO

They can be linked to piping: routing and installation, specifications and stress analysis (required for
determination of supports).

And equipment, those could be either designed (Pressure vessels, tube&shell heat exchangers) or
specified (most heat exchangers, rotating machinery such as pumps, compressors, turbines etc). In
the first case, the deliverables are design schemes and Data sheets while in the latter drawings and
data sheets come from vendors and Engineering is to compare them to specifications.

1) Piping installation drawings

In chronological order:

- Plot plan
- GAD
- Isometrics
 Plot plan layout is a scaled scheme of pipelines and equipment, it includes major units and general
configuration of the facility. Its documents of reference are usually PFD (Process Flow Diagram)
and Civil Topography.
Plot plan = f(PFD, topography, operational requirements, safety requirements)
 GAD is issued based on Plot Plan and P&ID (Piping and Instrumentation Diagram). It consists of a
scaled and detailed plan of pipeline routing with all equipment and structures (pipe racks, valves,
flares, vents, drains etc).
 Necessary for construction
 Isometrics are developed based on GAD and P&ID (and sometimes 3D models). It contains all lines
and components of the facility with complete information: dimensions, specifications of piping
 components (fittings, valves, gaskets…), supports (positions and types) ... It also comprises
inspections and tests to be done during fabrication.

 Necessary for fabrication

Note: Bill of Materials (BOM) usually appears on isometrics drawings, as it is used for fabrication

Main inputs of MEC/Piping Discipline:

1) Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

It’s a schematic representation of the succession of major operations during a process. It is basically
an answer to the question “what will be done?” (i.e., scope of work).

It contains:

- Process lines
- Main control loops
- Arrangement of major equipment

Attached to PFD we find Heat and Mass Balance (HMB) which serves to indicate Flow Rates and
operating conditions (temperature, pressure etc). Equipment duty (input and output enthalpy) –
necessary for sizing and specification- is extracted from HMB.

2) Piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)

It’s a schematic drawing that shows engineering and design details of process plants. It’s basically
and answer to the question “How to do what will be done?”. P&ID is the most crucial document as it
is used by all disciplines involved in EPC of a project.

It contains:

- Key piping and instrument details

- Control and shutdown schemes
- Safety and regulatory requirements
- Start-up and operational information