A A AM RO ay NIATH-IQ1 AA SODEs Neck |k ectuare 4 Niles Gekee ODEs | Ob . Hysher Order + Linday + Nn “hengpemrcant ! + Nik constant coefficients . | General ) f 2 n-! Bp Ped 2G jt a 9,0 I = Fix) | : Ax” ae * d i Lemnankry tuncdienn Gerecad SohwtioN = ee =~ my — d ve vA, Riel Fn | Nete oor non- enent ODE,, we kare. to FH beth se anol WP: | wMotkeal of Pardlin th Ke Same used envhe Che. of Annie etalk ODEs. a rotted Frcay ie (‘Rediealae Snkefend), 1. Melted +f Dadetermited Gefficiente Variation of Pavameter Methach 9.a . > Netheal = t nok ermined wet hecen ts cS oo ae 2 } — ' jenvitectics 5 : eet Only apolicabte ef vac peees. Woy N teymis) are ¢ 4 %) Gastant b) Alnomal a ad) Hypnemedwic: Ait applicable fer fv exam ple. Rarese Saeerse famed ork Ha in Factor ek. Nlethoel fy fading cs SkP I . _ Keeper en view Yke nom- Aome Fe neenk tevr(s) oP geen ipl order ODE. Assuvte a ducal Value F yp ~The asemptieo? it Aeheol om vke fllend Yule .5.8, Rules for Assuming the Trial Values of y, The rules given below may be followed while supposing the trial value of Particular integral y, for the non-homogeneous linear differential equation, F(D) y = x). Rule 1. The trial value of yp should contain terms corresponding to all unlike terms in x), as per the table given below. Rule_2. No two terms should be like each other in yp Rule_3. yp should not contain any term like a term in the complementary function ye. Rule_4. In case the right hand expression f(x) of the given differential equation . is such that the procedure given in the preceding section leads to a trial value of y, contrary to Rule 3 above, then multiply each term of this trial value by x*, where k — has the least value so that the conditions of Rule 2 and 3 are satisfied. Scheme for Selection of Terms for Particular Integral: In order to select the trial Tight hand member /(x) of a non-homogeneous linear differential equation F(D)y = f(x). ‘A scheme for the same is given as follows: VALI P. Value of (x) ‘Trial value of yp ‘c (constant) ‘A (Constant, to be determined) x or ax (a being constant) ‘Ag + Ar x; (A’s constants) ag + ay x +. ay Xx" ‘Bot Are}. ctAgx” acé Ac (aot ax... tax") (Ao + At x... + Ag x”) & asin mx, or 1 cos mx, or t Acos mx +B sin mx ag cos mx + a; sin mx | asec mx, or 1 atan mx, or } Asec mx+B tanmx ap sec mx + ay tan mx J acosee mx, or ‘acot mx, or Accosec mx + B cot mx ‘ap cosec mx + ay cot mx & (Ag+ Aix+... + Aa x") cos mx + & (By +B x +... +Byx") sin mx ae (ata; xt... ax") cos mx, or eM (agtay xt... +aq x") sin mxA) fet i rt ( 5 rye uA Le YAS 2) Undletermine el loc fre ce : > SI ) Veactior ef Ypearametky np / ) a 4) : ) e / (/n ferme ned Ge Goffe cents ke nphe® Ot wy ee OK) ref-Xype3 ge ( yenerel maker wi + Jp > (2) Shp L. Ls oo qd °° det a a on at oe X d roy’ “a 20 ( cs 4) 20 () #0 | dae 20} : wir the in QB, 6)) | Cont ( fife | ; i ) i 3 ) Ch ee 2c ox cp A, t Ay, vadbves ‘ ll in ) no omTt () yee Pr pple OS Gybsdefute rear ©) ento @ ny a ci ie = 6x U an, a s-G* e!) mpc fe Map al atenbel) 19D 6 » [ke] , pa 2 » [Avo | Aad A, on (6) . hse J 26) denCJ 96] nef “8 = PSE PrRO GL, alued . CJ dt . , (2) 4 . a bb » % A. (3 wee? I ot fue GA ATA 2 (a aNea- ae) ( Je | Say +a-2-0 | \ -2 \ -2> a 2 ° 2 io \ Lo Ah Po eo N2-\ [acne \ 7 QL 7 \de+ Ce + Obert Ca Sin XG) dp? | ‘ Agsuone Je = At Ax TALC. or Ansar A, Sin, ‘The term ’ hus é , GX) Srnt ae Present “fe dp < A, t An + x (Ads Ayése r Asin) [Rewy) y ) aX A Ga to- Ardx+t Ayxé A,X Gsx+ A xSer Ue) GY C derivado & p seme» (har ASIC ay) VF C2 gy tary ost Ny) rnxr (2 fy - Ask )@ Lary BAI EX — (ah, ~A, rs mt-( Sha, ga-o oe O (ig 2A,+8A, dé *(3ihy- et (shy Aa) oem afer ha) | (2 oh, shy) sin hy Ag) +A (bee 2h) She Max) Sint rly he 2 [a+ Act Aae® pAghiestr Aas] = = 4x4 58° t0GS* a st, sene On Py fe oF oe oe 5 | x wh 5 Ac] 1A 2 "\ I JA, a] ) [age y | iam As vento ) | de=- “AX re Qxresx. — ¥xSinx In) fens foqer lpde? AtA esta + Ay Sn3eO@) de = -3Aginae + BAgse © de 2 -GA, sae -9 A, sind @ use (5) and (A) onto CP) - 94 83-9 Ag Sin x — A= TA secon ~My = 1863 Sn“ wefifcse ot Ge, — a 1 eh, -9A, = 18 A =-1| Sn3%+ -Ihy - AAs 20‘Example 5.8.1. Solve y"+16y=x* Solution. Here we find the complementary function as, Yer Acos4x+Bsin4x, (6.8.1) For a particular integral we assume the trial value of yp as, Yp= cot cy x + 0x7 Therefore, yj, = c1x+2c2%; and y;, = 2cz, Substituting the values of y, and y3 in the ‘given differential equation we obtain, i 2er + 16 (cot er x tox? =x, ‘Now equate coefficients of like powers of x in the above equation, to get, 16 cy = 1, 16 c, = 0, 2cp + 16 =O. Solving these equations simultaneously we obtain, = 1/16, ¢, =0, v128, ‘Therefore, equation (5. 8.2). Becomes, atid Dei ae (6.83) Hence, the general solution of the given differential equation is given by equations (6.8. 1) and (5.8.3), 1 yo Acos4x4+Bsindx+tx?-1 16" ie Example 6.8.2. y"~3y'+2y =2x~ 9x" + 6x. Solution. The complementary function y- of the given equation is, Ye=cre™+on0™. 6.84) For a particular integral we suppose the trial value of yp as, Yp= Ao + Arx+ Ap x? + Ag x’. (5.8.5). Differentiating this equation twice we get, Wem 3As 242A x+ As, Dp =O Asx +2AgSubstituting the values of yp, y'p, and. y7, in the given equation we get, (2Aa+ 6 Ag x) —3(Ar+ 2Az x +3Ay x7) +2 (Ag+ AIX + Ag x? + Ay x°)= 2x = 9x7 + Gx. Equating the coefficients of like terms (ie, like powers of x), we get, x 2As=2, 2 As 2: -9Ay+2M=-9, => A=; XK: 6AS—6A2 #2A,=6, => AL=0; _ Const: 2A: 3A; +2Aq=0, => Ao=0. Substituting these values in equation (5. 8. 5), we obtain, Yer? (5.8.6) Therefore, equation (5. 8. 4) and (5. 8. 6) give the general solution of the given differential equation as, yoet+oe% +x. Example 5. 8. 3. Solve (D*-3D + Ty = 10 e*. ‘Solution. The complementary function for the given equation is, yao tens +Besin #yy (5.8.7) ‘Keeping in mind the right hand term of the given differential equation, we suppose the value of a particular integral as, (5.8.8) Differentiating this equation twice, we get, Vp = Uee™, yn 4 co. Substituting the values of y», .y’,,»’pin the given equation we get, 4c — 6c e+ 7c = 10. Ityield Se = 10, or, c= 2. Therefore, equation (5. 8. 8) becomes, Y= 2, 6.8.9)101 Hence, the general solution of the given differential equation is given by Eqns. (5.8.7) and (5.8.9) as, ‘ yep cos Bee sin Bay 420, ‘Example 5.8.4. Solve (D7-3D +7)y = 10xe™. ‘Solution. The complementary function y. for this equation is the same as given by Eqn (6.8.7). For a particular integral, we consider the trial value as, Yyp=e™ (Cot 01x). (5. 8. 10) Itgives, f p= ZO™ (eter) +e, =e 2eyx+2 Gq +C1), ype O Geaxtdathe) Substituting the values of y, y"p "pin the'given equation we obtain, (5c, x+ Scot c1) = 10xe™ Thus, Saq=10 => a= Seoter=0 => co=-25. ‘Therefore, Eqn. (5.8.10) gives, 2 (25+ 2x). Hence, the general solution of the given differential equation is, ve ve yeyet ype (A cos 2st Bsin 2x} +24 (2x- 2), Examples 5.8.5. Solve y*~5y' +4y=(3x+2)e™ Solution: The complementary function for the given differential equation is, Ye™ ore" toe. Pi (5.8.1) To find a particular integral we suppose,ype" (co te1 x). (5.8. 12) Therefore, Vp = (2c) x + 1-20), vp =e (der x-4 +400). ‘Substituting these values in the given equation and equating the coefficients of the like terms we get, = 16, c= 7/36. STherefore, the general solution is + yore tee +e (3/5 + 7/36). Example 5.8.6 Solve yn 3y't ayant. Solution. The complementary function for the given differential equation is, Yenc +63 &™ (6.8.13) For a particular integral we assume, Yp= 0% (crx? + axes) x But c* is already present in the complementary function y « so vide Rule 4 of the preceding section we take k = 1 so that no term of yp is present in ye. Thus we take modified particular integral as, Yp=e* (cyx° +ey x? +05x). 6.8.14) Differentiating this equation we obtain, Vip= & (Bea + Zeax + 5) + (63x? + eax? + esx) =e fon? +6 on +04) x2 + (ea ts) x + 65] p= e™ [Bex + ( 603 + 2eq)x+2 c+ es] +€* [ep x2 + (Bey + C4) x7 + (Dey + os) C5] =e [03 x) + ( 605 x7 + ( 605 + 64) x + (oy +4 Gy +05) K+ 265+ es]. Substituting the values of y », yp, »”, in the given equation we get,e°Leax’ + (Gost ca)x+ (Gost 4 cet osx + 2oet Dés]- et (ex? + Best cc) x? + (Dee +2) x Fes] +28 (xx + eax +esx)=x CF or, © [Bea — 3e5) x° + (6c + cy —9 05 — 34 + Dea) x7 + (603 + 4 04 + C5 — 6 C4 — 30s + es) x + 24+ 2es~3esJe"= ex? Or, E39 09 x? + (6oy—2e4) x+204—e)] = Equating the coefficients of the like terms we get, -3e=1, Sa=-V3, 6c3 —2ce= 0, >a=-l; 2c4—cs = 0, >o=2 Therefore, Eqn (6. 8. 14) becomes, ypretche 2-209, (8.8. 15) Hence, Eqn (5. 8. 13) and (5. 8. 15) give the general solution, yoo ota ete Cie =x 29) ‘Examples 5.8.7. Solve y"+2y'+2y=sin 3x, Solution. The complementary function for the given equation is, You €* (A cos x +B sinx). To find a particular integral we assume, Yo™e1 60s 3x + ep sin 3x. Itgives, Vip=—3er sin 3x + 3¢ 608 3x, Jp = —9e1 C08 3x-9 7 sin 3x. Substituting the values of yp. 75, Jp. in the given equation and equating the coefficients of the like terms we obtair10a 1 =-6/85, c= -7/85. ‘Thus we get, FOS 005 34-7 sin 3), Hence, the general solution of the given differential equation is, \ Y= Yor Yp= A cos + B sin x) —Z (6 008 3+ 7 sin 3x), Examples 5.8.8. Solve y"+ y=X+2cosx+sinx. Solution. Here the complementary function is, Ye= A.cos x +B sin x. Since some of the terms of ye are already present in the right hand term of the given equation, so we assume trial value of a particular integral as, Yo= 0+ 61 x+ (62 008+ 3 sin x) x. We find yp and y%,, and then substitute the values of yp, 'p,.%, in the given equation, On equating the coefficients of the like terms we obtain, 2, and c3 = 1, Hence we get the general solution as, Yo yet yp Acos x +B asinxtx+x Leos x+ sin) Example 5.8.9 Solve YT 2y"+y' Dy = ax + Se +20 cos x. Solution. The complementary function is, Ye= 1 e+ Acosx+B sinx. Keeping in mind the right hand terms of the given differential equation we may assume trial value of yp as, Yo= Cr X +65 +064 0 +65 008 x +o sin x. But e™, cos x and sin x arc present in ye. Therefore, we multiply the last three terms of yp by x. Thus, we assume a revised value of yp as, =e 105 Vp Reaktor teu xe™ + esx costes xsinx. (On successive differentiation and rearranging the terms we obtain, Vp™ Cx (Ca + 2ca'x) o + ( cs + 65x) cO5 x + (C6 — C5 x) sin x; Vhm (A cat 4 cox) P+ (2 05—G5x) cos x—( 2 65-4 €6 x) sin x; BT p= (12 co 8 c4 x) O — Bes + + 6x) COs x — (3 C6 ~ Cs x) sin x. We’ substitute these values in the given equation and equate thi coefficients of the like ‘terms, Thus we obtain, 2 =-2, oy -1, c4= 1, 65=-2, 6 =—4. Thus the value of yp becomes, Yp=-2x- 1 +xe™ - 2x cosx-4 x sinx. ‘Hence the general solution iof the given differential equation is, ¥™ (er +x) e+ (A 2x) cos x+(B—4x) sin x—1- 2x.EXERCISE -5.4 (SOLUTION OF NON-HOMOGENZOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS) Solve the following differential equations, 1. y’—4y=12, Hints:Letyp= A) [y=c1 2% +c,67*-3] » 2. y ty! -2y =3 - 6x; * fy=ce'+ a e** 43x} 3. yHS yi t6y=attx; beaettqets teat) 4. yy" 3 y'-y= 2x? —3K- 17; [y= (Cot Ox + op x")e®— 20 — 9x +2] " yrizy'-3y=a2e; Ly=c1e?* +0, e8+ 20%] 5 6 ytSyt6y=2e%+4e™ — [y=ce*+c2e™%—2e™ + axe] 7 yiry=3+60% Ly=Acosx+B sinx+3+3e'] 8 ays 6x ek [y=0+ GS — 6x5 +30x4— 120° +36x7-720x+0,)e"] 9. yttyl=xsinx+cos x, Det Acosx+Bsinx— Sma? ain 10. y"+y'=6 sin 2x; Bret ee *— 2sin2x—Zeos2s] Ho y"+y=10e*sinx, [y= A.cos x +B sinx+e% 400s x+2sinx)] Solve the following initial value problems, 12, y"-9y= 18 cos3x+9; (0) =-1,y’()=3; [y= e*—1—cos 3x] 13. y"+y'-6y=2-12x, y(0)=3, y'(0)=-7; [y=2x+3e™) 14. ytty'=e; y=3, y'=Owhenx=In2, paitzets Le] 15. y"-+ay'-+3y= Bxe"—6; while ¥(0)=- 11/4, y'()= 1/4, [y=xe"-% €-2] 16. y"-4y"= 6c*-3e", while y=7, y’=9, y"=19, whenx=in2; [y= 2c™+ o% + 2c**] :