READINGS IN THE

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO
HISTORY: DEFINITION,
ISSUES, SOURCES, and
METHODOLOGY
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• Differentiate PRIMARY &
SECONDARY sources of
historical records;
• to understand the meaning of
history as academic discipline
and to be familiar with the
underlying philosophy and
methodology of the discipline;
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
• to examine and assess
critically the value of historical
evidences and sources;
• to appreciate the importance
of history in the social and
national life of the Philippines
LESSON 1:
DEFINITION OF
HISTORY
 DEFINITION OF HISTORY
• Historia (Greek) - knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation
• Also known as the study of the past
• Is the account of the past of a person or a group
of people through written documents and
historical evidence
• History also focused on writing about wars,
revolutions, and other important breakthrough
NO DOCUMENT, NO HISTORY
• It means that unless a written document can
prove a certain historical event, then it cannot
be considered as a historical fact
 SOME VALID HISTORICAL
DOCUMENTS
• GOVERNMENT RECORDS
• CHRONICLE’S ACCOUNTS
• PERSONAL LETTERS
• DIARIES & JOURNALS
• FAMILY THREE
• BIOGRAPHY
• RECEIPTS, ETC
 DISCRIMINATION IN THE VALIDITY
OF HISTORY
• Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is a
discrimination against other social classes who were not
recorded in paper.
• Others got their historical documents burned or destroyed
in the events of war or colonization
 LESSON 2:
QUESTIONS AND
ISSUES IN HISTORY
 HISTORIOGRAPHY
• Is the HISTORY OF HISTORY
• It covers how historians have studied and developed
history
• Including its sources, techniques, and theoretical
approaches
 HISTORIOGRAPHY
• It should not be confused with history because history is
the study of the past, the event that happened in the past
• It focuses on how a certain historical text was written, who
wrote it, what was the context of its publication, what
historical method was employed, what sources were used
 POSITIVISM
• Is the school of thought that emerged between the 18th
and 19th century.
• This thought requires empirical and observable evidence
before one can claim that particular knowledge is true
• Historians were required to show written primary
documents in order to write a particular historical narrative
 POSTCOLONIALISM
• Is the school of thought that emerged in the early 20th
century when formerly colonized nations grapples with the
idea of creating their identities and understanding their
societies against the shadows of their colonial past
POSTCOLONIALISM
TWO THINGS IN WRITING
HISTORY:
1. Tell the history of their nation
that will highlight their identity
free from that colonial discourse
and knowledge
2. To criticize the methods,
effects, and idea of colonialism
 LESSON 3:
METHODOLOGY OF
HISTORY
 HISTORY AND THE HISTORIAN
• Facts cannot speak for themselves.
• It is the historian’s job not just to seek historical evidences
and facts but also to interpret them
• It is their job to give meaning to these facts and organize
them into timeline, establish causes, and write history.
 HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY
• It comprises certain techniques and rules that historians
follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history
 HISTORICAL
SOURCES
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS:
1. PRIMARY SOURCES
2. SECONDARY SOURCES
 PRIMARY SOURCES
• Are those sources
produced at the same time
as the event, period, or
subject being studies
 PRIMARY SOURCES
• Ex: (Commonwealth 1935)
• Minutes of the meeting
• Records
• Photographs
• Eyewitness(es)
 SECONDARY
SOURCES
• Are those sources
produced by an author
who used primary sources
to produce the material
 SECONDARY SOURCES
• Philippine Revolution 1935 written by Teodoro Agoncillo’s
Revolt of the Masses 1956
 TERTIARY SOURCES
• Publications that
summarize and digest the
information in primary and
secondary sources to
provide background on a
topic, idea, or event.
 TERTIARY SOURCES
• Reading in the Philippine History by John Lee P.
Candelaria & Veronica C. Alporha
• Dictionaries
• Manuals, guidebooks, directories, almanacs
• Indexes and bibliographies
 HISTORICAL SOURCES
• When examining a source, the historian mus
conduct:
• External Criticism
• Internal Criticism
 External Criticism
• the practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining the physical
characteristics;
• consistency with the historical
characteristics of the time when it was
produced, and the materials used for the
evidence
 INTERNAL CRITICISM
• Is the examination of the truthfulness and
factuality of the evidenc.
• It looks at the content of the source and
examines the circumstancers of its production.
• It could be done by looking at the author, its
context, agenda, the purpose behind its creation
 DECEPTION CASES IN
PHILIPPINE HISTORY

• Hoax Code of Kalantiaw

• Ferdinand Marcos as World War 2 Soldier
 HOAX CODE OF KALANTIAW
• The code was a set of rules contained in an epic
Maragtas which was allegedly written by Datu Kalantiaw.
• The document was sold to National Library and was
regarded as an important precolonial document
Supposed legal code in the epic
history Maragtas that is said to
have been written in 1433 by
Datu Kalantiaw, a chief on the
island of Negros in the
Philippines.
In 1968, an American
historian William Henry
Scott debunked the
authenticity of the code
due to lack of evidence
to prove that the code
existed in precolonial
Philippine society.
 FERDINAND MARCOS
AS WORLD WAR 2
SOLDIER
• This was widely believed by
students of history and Marcos
had war medals to show.
• This claim was disproven
when historian counterchecked
Marcos’s claims with the war
records of the United States
 HISTORICAL AGENCIES
• NATIONAL HISTORICAL COMISSION
• NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE PHILIPPINES
• PAMBANSANG KOMISYON PARA SA KULTURA AT
MGA SINING
• NATIONAL LIBRARY
 QUIZ!!!
• GET 1/4 SHEET OF PAPER
• WRITE YOUR NAME & YOUR COURSE
 INSTRUCTIONS

•NUMBER YOUR PAPER

FROM 1 TO 10
•WRITE T if the statement is
True and write F if the
statement is False
1.History is the study of the past
2.Historical sources that were not written
should not be used in writing history
3.The subject of historiography is history
itself
4.History has no use for the present, thus
the saying “past is past” is true
5.History is limited to the story of a hero
versus a villain
6. Only primary sources may be used in writing
history
7. There are are three types of sources: primary,
secondary, and tertiary sources
8. External criticism is done by examining the
physical charateristics of a source
9. Internal criticism is done by looking at a source’s
quality of paper and type of ink, among others
10. The historians are the only source of history
 ACTIVITY
• GROUP YOURSELF INTO 8
• EACH GROUP ARE GIVEN DIFFERENT HISTORICAL
SOURCES
• IDENTIFY IF THE HISTORICAL SOURCES ARE
PRIMARY, SECONDARY, OR TERTIARY.
• EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER AT THE BACKPART OF THE
PAPER OF THE SOURCE
 ASSIGNMENT
• MY PRIMARY SOURCE
• FORMAT:
– PAPER SIZE - 8.5 X 11 (short)
– Font - Times New Roman
– Size - 12
– JUSTIFIED and 2 Line spacing
• Look for a primary source (picture) and explain the event.
Put a date, location, and what were you doing in the picture
• Submission: Next meeting for Reading in the Philippine
History September 11, 2023