(u)Tanasworoba

saqarTveloSi
statiebis krebuli

sazogadoebis kvlevis
centri
(u)Tanasworoba
saqarTveloSi
statiebis krebuli

sazogadoebis kvlevis
centri

2021
1
UDC (uak) 338(479.22)
u–29

krebuli gamoica fridrix ebertis fondis mxardaWeriT. krebulSi

warmodgenilia avtorTa piradi mosazrebebi. dauSvebelia fridrix ebertis
fondis mier gamocemuli masalebis komerciuli mizniT gamoyeneba fondis
Tanxmobis gareSe.

The project is supported by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.The views expressed in this publication

belong to the experts. Commercial use of all media published by the FES is not permitted
without the written consent of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.

kvlevis avtorebi: aleqsandre cagareli

gia JorJoliani
guga duduCava
ioseb arCvaZe
marina musxeliSvili

© Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2021

ISBN 978-9941-499-23-4
2
 avtorTa Sesaxeb

aleqsandre cagareli – iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelm­

wifo universtetis (Tsu) socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fa­
kultetis doqtoranti. flobs Tsu-is bakalavrisa da magistris wode­
bas sociologiaSi da barselonas Pompeu Fabra-s universtetis maistris
wodebas sociologiasa da demografiaSi. igi gaxlavT leqtori Tsu-is,
qarTul-amerikuli da kavkasiis universtetis saerTo programebze.

gia JorJolian – doqtori, Tsu-is socialur da politikur

mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesori, politikuri partia „so­
cial-demokratebi saqarTvelos ganviTarebisaTvis“ Tavmjdomare
2010-2020 wlebSi saqarTvelos sami mowvevis (1992, 2012, 2016) parlamen­
tis wevri. aris araerTi akademiuri publikaciis, maT Soris, statiebi­
sa da saxelmZRvanelos avtori.

guga duduCava – socialuri politikis mkvlevari.

ioseb arCvaZe – ekonomikis doqtori, quTaisis universitetis pro­

fesori. aqvs statistikis saxelmwifo samsaxurSi xelmZRvanel Tanade­
bobebze da saqarTvelos parlamentis aparatSi muSaobis gamocdileba.
aris araerTi monografiis, saxelmZRvanelosa da sa­mecniero da pub­
licisturi statiis avtori.

marina musxeliSvili – Tsu-is socialur da politikur mec­

nierebaTa fakultetis profesori, arasamTavrobo organizacia `sazo­
gadoebis kvlevic centris~ xelmZRvaneli. miiRo ganaTleba da daicva
disertacia maTematikaSi, SemdgomSi Seicvala specialoba sazogadoe­
brivi mecnierebebiT. aris mravali akademiuri publikaciis avtori,
maT Soris statiebis, saxelmZRvaneloebis da monografiebi­sa.

3
4
 sarCevi

ავტორებისგან................................................................................................................................................................................
ავტორებისგან................................................................................................................................................................................77

(უ)თანასწორობა – იგნორირებული პრობლემა................................................................................ 9

Tavisufleba da (u)Tanasworoba............................................................................... 9
Zalaufleba da (u)Tanasworoba............................................................................... 22
vin, ras, rogor iRebs da flobs.............................................................................. 40
gia JorJoliani, guga duduCava

უთანაბრობის სამი ასპექტი....................................................................................................... 70

uTanabroba xarjebis mixedviT................................................................................ 70
uTanabroba Semosavlebisa da xelfasebis mixedviT......................................... 77
uTanabroba ekonomikis calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi........................... 84
ioseb arCvaZe

გენდერული უთანასწორობის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები თანამედროვე საქართველოში.................... 90

ioseb arCvaZe

ისინი, ვინც დაბლა არიან..........................................................................................................100

marina musxeliSvili

რომელ სკოლაში სწავლობ და რომელ „კლასში“ ხარ?..................................................................... 126

aleqsandre cagareli

5
6
 avtorebisgan

Cveni mizani iyo, gagvego simarTle Cveni sazogadoebis Sesaxeb,

dagvenaxa is sinamdvile, romelic dafarulia. ra Tqma unda, yvelam
viciT, rom saqarTveloSi cxovroben mdidrebi, Raribebi, Zalian Rari­
bebi, SedarebiT SeZlebulebi. magram rogoria Cveni sazogadoeba? vis
da ramdens, ra SeuZlia? vis da ramdens, ra zegavlena aqvs mTlianad
sazogadoebaze an adamianTa garkveul jgufebze? vis da ramdens, ra
uflebebi aqvT da ra SesaZleblobebi am uflebebis realizebisTvis?
am da sxva msgavs kiTxvebze pasuxis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, Cveni Sesa­
Zleblobebi sazogadoebrivi, politikuri Tu ekonomikuri viTare­
bis analizisa, ukiduresad mwiria da prognostikuli potenciali –
ukiduresad SezRuduli. mrude sarkeSi damaxinjebul, iluzorul
sinamdviles vxedavT da iluziebiT vikvebebiT. am krebulSi mkiTxve­
li ver ipovis saboloo da amomwurav pasuxebs, Tumca Cveni amocana
iyo farTo akademiuri da sazogadoebrivi msjelobis dRis wesrigSi
Semogvetana (u)Tanasworobis problema.
avtorebi madlierebas gamoxataven fridrix ebertis fondis samx­
reT kavkasiis warmomadgenlobis mimarT, romlis mxardaWeris gareSec
winamdebare publikacia ver gamoicemoda.
agreTve, gaweuli daxmarebisTvis madlobas vuxdiT: saqarTvelos
statistikis erovnul samsaxurs (socialur da ekonomikur depar­
tamentebs), saQqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilTa,
Sromis, janmrTelobisa da socialuri dacvis saministros social­
uri momsaxurebis saagentos dasaqmebis maZiebelTa aRricxvis sam­
marTvelos, ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros skolamdeli da
zogadi ganaTlebis, agreTve umaRlesi ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
ganviTarebis departamentebs, finansTa saministrosa da ssip Semo­
savlebis samsaxurs.
xsenebuli uwyebebis TanamSromelTa gulisxmierma damokidebule­
bam da maT mier mowodebulma monacemebma mniSnelovnad Seuwyo xeli
Cvens kvlevas.

7
8
 (უ)თანასწორობა – იგნორირებული პრობლემა
გია ჟორჟოლიანი
გუგა დუდუჩავა

Tavisufleba da (u)Tanasworoba

Tu XX saukunis bolo or aTwleulSi politikur dRis wesrig­

Si (aseve socialur mecnierebebSi) mTavari sakiTxi da problema
demokratia da sabazro ekonomika (erTdroulad) iyo, dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukunis pirvel or aTwleulSi igi (u)Tanas­
worobam Caanacvla.
Tanamedrove mkvlevrebisa Tu akademiis sxva warmomadgenlebis
uTanasworobis problemis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesi 2008
wlis msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis Semdeg kidev ufro gaZlier­
da. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia iseTi mkvlevrebis naSromebi,
rogorebicaa: jozef stiglici, goran Terborni, entoni atkinsoni,
branko milanoviCi, tomas piketi da sxva. ufro adreuli periodidan
Tanasworobis ideis gaazrebisTvis aseve mniSvnelovania jon roulzis
„samarTlianobis Teoriis“ aRniSvna. ufro gviani periodidan ki aR­
saniSnavia amartia senis mosazrebebi. dRes uTanasworobis problema
ukve farTod aris warmoCenili iseTi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis
kvlevebis dRis wesrigSi, rogorebicaa: ekonomikuri TanamSromlo­
bisa da ganviTarebis organizacia (OECD), savaluto fondi, msoflio
banki. zemoT xsenebuli mecnierebisa Tu saerTaSoriso orgazanicia­
Ta kvlevebis mixedviT, uTanasworoba ganxilulia, rogorc ekonomi­
kuri ganviTarebis erT-erTi mTavari, Tu ara yvelaze mniSvnelovani,
damabrkolebeli faqtori.
magram uTanasworobas gaaCnia ara mxolod socialur-ekonomiku­
ri, aramed sxva aspeqtebic. msoflio istoriis sxvadasxva periodSi
uTanasworobis problema gansxvavebuli simwvaviT vlindeboda. Tavis

9
mxriv, Tanasworobis idea erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi ideaa, romlis
garSemo saukeneebis manZilze viTardeboda sxvadasxva movlenebi.
kacobriobis istoriaSi, Tanasworobis ideis ganviTarebis kuTx­
iT, or yvelaze mniSvnelovan da gavlenian movlenad SegviZlia miviC­
nioT qristianobis gavrceleba da ganmanaTleblobis epoqa, romelic
Semdgom franguli revoluciiT dagvirgvinda. qristianuli religia
eyrdnoba RmerTis winaSe yvela adamianis Tanasworobis ideas, rac
gulisxmobs, rom yvela adamiani erTnairi mniSvnelobisaa, radgan isi­
ni yvelani RvTis Svilebi arian da erTnairad ageben pasuxs sakuTar
covrebaze da erTmaneTis msgavsad ganisjebian. rasakvirvelia, msgav­
si msoflmxedveloba ar niSnavda socialur-ekonomikur Tanasworobas
an sazogadoebaSi statusebis mixedviT dayofis gaTanabrebas, magram,
vinaidan, qristianobis mixedviT, amqveyniuri cxovreba warmoadgens
mxolod droebiT nawils adamianis maradiuli cxovrebisa, saboloo
jamSi, SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom qristianuli moZRvreba eyrdnoba
sayovelTao Tanasworobis ideas.
Tanasworobis ideis win wamowevaze SegviZlia visaubroT ufro
adreul periodSi, antikur saberZneTSi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
formis Seqmnis Semdeg. magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom antikur sa­
berZneTSi ar arsebobda pirovnebis, rogorc damoukidebeli, avtono­
miuri arsebis gageba, aramed is warmoadgenda mTelis nawils. amdenad,
Zvel saberZneTSi ver visaubrebT pirovnebebis Tanasworobaze. Sesa­
bamisad, SegviZliaT CavTvaloT, rom pirovnebebis Tanasworobis idea
pirvelad swored qristianul msoflmxedvelobaSi gaCnda, romelmac
didi gavlena moaxdina adamianis azrovnebis ganviTarebaze.
meore movlena, romelsac aseTive didi gavlena hqonda Tanasworo­
bis ideis ganviTarebaze, iyo safrangeTis didi revolucia. franguli
revoluciis devizi ise, rogorc arasdros xazs usvams Tanasworobis
ideis mniSvnelobas: Zmoba, erToba, Tavisufleba (frang. liberte, egalite, fra-
ternite), sadac erToba niSnavs erTnairobas anu Tanasworobas.
am SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saubari iyo swored statusur Tanas­
worobaze, rac niSnavda, rom adamiani ar unda yofiliyo SezRuduli
imdroindel sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ierarqiis gamo da yvela Sesa­
Zlebloba yvela adamianisTvis unda gaxsnliyo. revolucia, ra Tqma

10
unda, mimarTuli iyo aristokratiis prioritul mdgomareobaSi yof­
nis winaaRmdeg. Tumca qonebrivi uTanasworoba amis Semdegac asruleb­
da mniSvnelovan rols, radgan SemdgomSic Tundac saarCevno xmis
ufleba damokidebuli iyo qonebriv mdgomareobaze. am periodSi jer
kidev saubaria mxolod mamakacTa Soris Tanasworobaze da genderuli
Tanasworobis idea ignorirebulia.
amis miuxedavad, franguli revolucia umniSvnelovanesi movlena
iyo Tanasworobis ideis ganviTarebis kuTxiT da warmoadgens Tanas­
worobis liberaluri gagebis mTavar safuZvels, romelic gulisxmobs
e.w. `negatiur Tavisuflebas~ – aravin aris SezRuduli sazogadoebaSi
Tavisi statusiT, rac niSnavs sxvadasxva akrZalvebis gauqmebas, rome­
lic SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobas uSlis xels.
aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom orive SemTxvevaSi (qristianobaSic
da frangul ganmanaTleblur-revoluciur msoflmxedvelobaSi) Ta­
nasworobis idea umWidrovesad aris dakavSirebuli Tavisuflebis
ideasTan: es ori idea urTierTkomplementarulia.
SemdgomSi, XX saukuneSi, mniSvnelovani gavlena moipova sabWoTa
kavSirSi Camoyalibebulma Tanasworobis gagebam, romelic yovlismom­
cvel Tanasworobas iTvaliswinebda TavisuflebasTan komplementaru­
lobis gareSe. aRniSnulma msoflmxedvelobam didi gavlena moaxdina
dasavleT evropazec da msoflios sxva regionebzec. sabWoTa kavSirSi
arsebul sazogadoebriv-politikur wesrigs da Tanasworobis gagebas
mniSvnelovani legitimacia misca II msoflio omSi gamarjvebam, Tumca
SemdgomSi TandaTan iwyeba misi kritikac.
dasavleT evropaSi Tanasworobis ideam gansakuTrebuli mniSvne­
loba SeiZina II msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi, Tumca 70-iani wlebidan
moyolebuli iwyeba e.w. `keTildReobis saxelmwifos~ kritika, romel­
ic Tanasworobis ideebs did mniSvnelobas aniWebda.
80-iani wlebidan moyolebuli Tanasworobis idea, liberaluri
da ufro konkretulad – neoliberaluri ideebis aRzevebis fonze
(reigan-tetCeris politikis meSveobiT), kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas
da naklebad prioritetuli xdeba.
Tanasworobis ideam kidev ufro didi dartyma miiRo sabWoTa kav­
Siris dangrevasTan erTad, ramdenadac mTel postsabWoTa sivrceSi –

11
igi daiyvaneba mxolod SesaZeblobebis Tanasworobaze da Tanasworoba
mxolod neoliberaluri Tavisuflebis gagebis CarCoebSi ganixileba.
90-iani wlebidan Tanasworobis ideis mniSvnelobam radikaluri
diskreditacia ganicada saqarTveloSic, sadac is ganidevna ara mx­
olod sazogadoebriv-politikuri diskursidan, aramed akademiuri
sivrcidanac.
ratom xdeba, gadauWarbeblad Tu vityviT, am umniSvnelovanesi
problemis ignorireba saqarTveloSi rogorc politikur, ise sazoga­
doebriv da akademiur diskursSi?

ratom ar gvaRelvebs (u)Tanasworobis problema?

sami aTwleuli gavida saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenidan.

ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom im dros yvelas (an TiTqmis yvelas) mi­
aCnda, rom 30 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelo bevrad ufro ganviTarebuli
qveyana iqneboda, cxovrebis bevrad ukeTesi pirobebiT, vidre dRes
gvaqvs. ratom ar moxda ase, ram SegviSala xeli, ra unda gavakeToT, rom
SevcvaloT cxovreba? SeuZlebelze xom ar vfiqrobT? SesaZlebelia ki
gaumjobeseba? rogor? kargi liderebis da partiebis arCeviT?
sazogadoebas mieca SesaZlebloba xelisuflebis arCevisa, magram
yvela axali arCevanis safuZveli iyo Zveli arCevanis uaryofa.
CaiTvala, rom warsulis uaryofa TavisTavad winsvlas niSnavs.
fiqri, azri da msjeloba politikaze darCa msjelobad adamianebze,
personebze – karg da cud liderebze. aman politikas da politikur di­
skusias Sinaarsi gamoacala, politika iqca mxolod viwro politikuri
jgufebisa da politikosebis ZalauflebisaTvis brZolis sivrced, sa­
dac xalxisTvis, moqalaqeebisTvis umTavresi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi
an sruliad gaqra, an meorexarisxovani adgili daikava.
moqalaqeebi iqcnen mxolod amomrCevlebad da monawileoba davida
mayureblobaze. ideebi an miznebi, romlebic drodadro gamokrTeba
xolme ukompromiso personalistur bataliebSi, erTdroulad popu­
listuri, efemeruli da zedapirulia (natoSi gawevrianeba, ganacxa­

12
di evrokavSirSi, ucxouri jgufebis SeTqmulebebi saqarTvelos wi­
naaRmdeg da a.S.).
sabWoTa ideologiis uaryofasTan erTad, TiTqos, uaryofil iqna
saerTod ideebis roli sazogadoebis cxovrebasa da ganviTarebaSi,
Tumca, sinamdvileSi, es ase ar aris.
dRevandeli sazogadoebrivi wesrigi efuZneba ideologias, romel­
ic ar xdeba gansjisa da diskusiis sagani da miiCneva ara ideologiad,
aramed bunebriv (da, Sesabamisad, racionalur) wesrigad, romelsac al­
ternativa ara aqvs arc racionaluri, arc pragmatuli, arc Teoriuli
da arc moraluri TvalsazrisiT. ekonomikuri da politikuri elita,
sazogadoebrivi azris liderebi da media sivrce am wesrigs ualterna­
tivod miiCneven da misi eWvis qveS dayeneba aralegitimurad iTvleba.
Tu cxovrebis wesebze, sazogadoebriv mowyobaze, politikur,
ekonomikur da socialur institutebze sazogadoeba ar imsjelebs,
maT avkargianobas ar Seafasebs, rCeba mxolod adamianebis gansja yofi­
Ti sazomebiT: keTilia Tu boroti, patiosani Tu upatiosno, Wkviani Tu
suleli, kargi Tu cudi oratori, lamazi Tu Seuxedavi da a.S.. imisT­
vis, rom arsebuli viTareba Seicvalos, politikas unda daubrundes
Sinaarsi, ideebi. diskusiis da gansjis sagani unda gaxdes ideebi, na­
cvlad calkeuli personebis avkrgianobisa.
dRes gabatonebuli ideologia – Tavisufleba da individualizmi
radikaluri formiT (ekonomikuri sargeblis maqsimalizeba), romel­
sac efuZneba arsebuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, aris neoliberalizmis
nazavi postsabWoTa sinamdvilesTan. sabWoTa periodSi ignorirebulma
Tavisuflebis ideam hipertrofiuli adgili daikava dRevandel ideo­
logiaSi, xolo sabWoTa tipis Tanasworobis uaryofis gamo, zogadad,
Tanasworobis idea iqna ugulebelyofili.
sabWoTa tipis yovlismomcveli saxelmwifos mimarT dapirisp­
irebam xeli Seuwyo saxelmwifos ideis mTlianad diskreditacias
da e.w. `mcire saxelmwifos~ an `minimaluri saxelmwifos~ ideis dam­
kvidrebas, rac TandaTan ukidegano individualizmis gafetiSebam­
de da koleqtiuri moqmedebisa da sajaro sikeTeebis Rirebulebis
uaryofamde mivida.
kerZo sakuTrebisadmi sabWoTa negatiuri damokidebulebis uary­
13
ofam meore ukiduresoba – sakuTrebis TiTqmis religiuri Tayvanis­
cema moitana.
daigmo ra mbrZanebluri, gegmiuri socialisturi ekonomika, dam­
kvidrda ara koordinirebuli da socialuri sabazro ekonomika, ar­
amed qaoturi da veluri hiperkapitalizmi.
gauqmda sityvis Tavisuflebis SezRudva, magram ar Seiqmna pirobe­
bi sityvis Tavisuflebis realizebisTvis. sityvis Tavisufleba (am
uflebis realizeba) gaxda viwro jgufis privilegia. ZiriTadi ekono­
mikuri resursebis koncentrireba moxda mosaxleobis Zalian mcire
jgufis (1%) xelSi, xolo 99%-is mdgomareoba aRmoCnda savalalo.
demokratia, rogorc yvela moqalaqis Tanaswori monawileobiT
ganxorcielebuli xalxis mmarTveloba, ar damkvidrda. populizmi da
manipulacia fasaduri da iluzoruli „demokratiuli wesrigis“ mTa­
var burjad iqcnen.
Tu demokratiis erT-erTi mTavari gamowveva iyo umciresobis
uflebebis dacvis uzrunvelyofa umravlesobis diqtatisagan, dRes
aSkaraa, rom mosaxleobis privilegirebuli 1% srulad manipulirebs
da marTavs mosaxleobis praqtikulad uuflebo udides umravlesobas
zemoTxsenebuli instrumentebis meSveobiT. es yvelaferi SeuZleb­
els xdis qveynis ganviTarebaSi moqalaqeTa srulfasovan CarTulobas
da, Sesabamisad, asustebs ganviTarebis potencials. saqarTvelo sul
ufro metad CamorCenili qveyana xdeba. imisTvis, rom arsebuli vi­
Tareba Seicvalos, saWiroa fundamentur sakiTxebTan dabruneba.
SeuZlebelia, yvela yvelaferze SeTanxmdes, magram SeiZleba Se­
Tanxmeba msjelobisa da paeqrobis wesebze.
dRevandelobas ver upasuxebs dogmaturi, erTxel da samudamod
aRiarebuli, ualternativo ideologia, magram aucileblad saWiroa
sazogadoebriv wesrigze, ekonomikur da socialur politikaze saja­
ro msjeloba.
es unda gakeTdes ara calkeul, viwro sakiTxebze fokusirebiT, ar­
amed movlenaTa farTo xedviT, rac sazogadoebas misi mowyobisa da
funqcionirebis did panoramas daanaxebs.
am msjelobaSi dRis wesrigis erT-erT umTavres adgils Tavisu­
flebisa da Tanasworobis urTierTmimarTeba daikavebs.

14
 80-iani wlebidan Tavisuflebis ideam iseTi tempebiT daiwyo gav­
rceleba, rom am droidan moyolebuli igi gaxda msoflio wesrigis da­
sayrdeni. ratom vsaubrobT dRes am wesrigis cvlilebaze? ratom ver
gaxda igi mimzidveli sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis?
saqme imaSia, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi Tavisuflebis ideam miiRo
imdenad hipertrofuli forma, rom gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobaSi aR­
moCnda kacobriobis kidev erT diad ideasTan – Tanasworobis ideas.
aman is Sedegi gamoiRo, rom Tavisuflebis realizebis SesaZlebloba
mieca mxolod adamianTa Zalian viwro jgufs, ramac gamoiwvia Tavi­
suflebis sayovelTaobis ideis krizisi, es ki TavisTavad warmoSobs
araTavisuflebas. Tavisuflebis aseTi realizebis pirobebSi, adami­
anebis viwro jgufma miaRwia iseT warmatebas, rom maT xelSi aRmoCnda
resursebis Zalian didi nawili. aman ki SesaZlebloba misca maT, Seez­
RudaT sxvebis Tavisuflebebi, rasac warmatebiT akeTebdnen warsul­
Si da akeTeben dResac.
Sedegad Camoyalibda sazogadoeba, sadac zogierTisaTvis arsebu­
li Tavisufleba sxvebisaTvis niSnavs araTavisuflebas. es ki am sxveb­
Si, anu udides umravlesobaSi, iwvevs usamarTlobis Zlier gancdas.
yvela idea, romelic gasul aTwleulebSi eZebda am problemis
mogvarebas, cdilobda, es gaekeTebina isev am wesrigis, Tavisuflebis
amgvari gagebis CarCoebSi. amitom iyo, rom yvela es mcdeloba, ZiriT­
adad, teqnikur da lokalur xasiaTs atarebda. maT ver moaxerxes ada­
mianebis cxovrebis Zireuli gaumjobeseba da es mosalodnelic iyo,
radgan arcerTi maTgani ar iyo mimarTuli am globaluri wesrigis
cvlilebisaken.
saxezea paradoqsuli viTareba: erTi mxriv, sazogadoebis did naw­
ils aqvs usamarTlobis gancda, magram, meore mxriv, Tavisuflebis
amgvari sakralizaciis gamo, imave sazogadoebas miaCnia, rom Tavisu­
flebis realizebis ufleba ara aqvs SezRuduli.

15
 პანდემია და (უ)თანასწორობა
პანდემიის პირობებში, როდესაც ადამიანები ხმამაღლა გამოხატავენ თავი-
ანთ წუხილს პანდემიით გამოწვეული კრიზისის გამო, მათი წუხილის საგანი
ხშირ შემთხვევაში არის არა ის, თუ რა გზებით მოხდება ამ კრიზისის დაძ-
ლევა, არამედ ის, თუ როდის დაუბრუნდებიან იმ ცხოვრებას, რომელიც პა-
ნდემიამდე ჰქონდათ, მიუხედავად იმისა, ცუდი იყო ის ცხოვრება თუ კარგი.
სხვადასხვა ტიპის კრიზისები მუდმივად გასდევს საზოგადოებას, მაგრამ თა-
ნამედროვე კრიზისი ეპოქალური მნიშვნელობისაა, რაც გულისხმობს, რომ ის
ცხოვრება, რომელიც ამ კრიზისამდე იყო, არასოდეს დაბრუნდება. რაც უფრო
ადრე მოხდება ამ აზრთან შეგუება, მით უფრო სწრაფად მოხერხდება კრი-
ზისის დაძლევა. წინააღმდეგ შემთხვევაში მოსალოდნელია კრიზისის შედე-
გების გახანგრძლივება, რაც უფრო მტკივნეული იქნება და, რაც მთავარია,
ადრინდელი ცხოვრება მაინც არასოდეს დაბრუნდება.
რა იძლევა ასეთი ამბიციური დასკვნის გაკეთების საფუძველს? ეს არის, პირ-
ველ რიგში, საზოგადოების უდიდესი ნაწილის მიერ უკიდურესად გამწვავე-
ბული უსამართლობის განცდა.
დღეს ვითარება შეიცვალა იმგვარად, რომ მოსახლეობის უდიდესი უმრავლე-
სობისთვის ფიზიკურად გადარჩენის პრობლემა დგას.
ეს ყველაფერი გაზრდილი უთანასწოროების ფონზე ხდება – როდესაც საზო-
გადოების ერთი ნაწილის ცხოვრებას გაუარესების არაფერი დატყობია (თუ-
მცა ძალიან ცოტას) მაშინ, როდესაც მეორე ნაწილი, რომელიც ძალიან დი-
დია, გადარჩენის პრობლემის წინაშე დგას.
მართალია, პანდემიამდე არსებულ წესრიგშიც ძალიან მაღალი იყო უთანა-
სწორობა, მაგრამ ეს მაშინ სამართლიანად იყო მიჩნეული (რაც თავისთავად
ძალიან სადავო საკითხია), რადგან ითვლებოდა, რომ ადამიანების მცირე
შემოსავლები მათი ნაკლები უნარების, მათი ნაკლები შრომისმოყვარეობის
შედეგი იყო. მაგრამ მაშინ ადამიანების უდიდესი უმრავლესობისათვის უფრო
ცუდად ცხოვრების პრობლემა იდგა და არა გადარჩენის, რადგან საარსებო
მინიმუმის შოვნის საკითხი მეტ-ნაკლებად მოგვარებული იყო.
პანდემიის მიერ შექმნილი მდგომარეობა არ არის დაკავშირებული ადამია-
ნების ცუდად ან კარგად მუშაობასთან: ვიღაცა თუ მეტად დაზარალდა და ვი-
ღაცა ნაკლებად, ეს მათი ბრალი არ არის. თუ ტურიზმის, კვების, ვაჭრობის,
ტრანსპორტისა და სხვა სფეროებში დასაქმებული ადამიანების შემოსავლები
შემცირდა, ეს მათგან დამოუკიდებელი მიზეზების გამო მოხდა, თან, რაც მთა-
ვარია, ეს იყო მათი საარსებო შემოსავლები. ამ შემოსავლების შეკვეცა ნიშ-
ნავს ამ ადამიანების პირდაპირ გაწირვას: თუ ეპიდემიამდე მათი ცხოვრება
ცუდი იყო, დღეს იგი გაუსაძლისი გახდა.

16
 ეპოქა, რომელიც დაიწყო გასული საუკუნის 80-იან წლებში, დასრულდა პა-
ნდემიის დადგომასთან ერთად. ამან მოიტანა იმის შეგრძნება, რომ ის წეს-
რიგი, რომლითაც მსოფლიო ეპიდემიის გავრცელებამდე ცხოვრობდა, აუცი-
ლებლად შეიცვლება.
მართალია, პანდემიამ გაზარდა უთანასწორობა, მაგრამ ნათელია, რომ უთა-
ნასწორობის საერთო ზრდა დამახასიათებელი იყო პანდემიამდელი ბოლო
სამი ათწლეულის განმავლობაში გაბატონებული ეკონომიკური მოდე-
ლისთვის, როდესაც სულ უფრო მცირდებოდა გადანაწილება და იზრდებოდა
ეკონომიკის (რესურსების და შემოსავლების) კონცენტრაცია ვიწრო ჯგუფე-
ბის ხელში. შესაბამისად, უთანასწორობა პანდემიამდე უკვე იყო სტრუქტუ-
რული პრობლემა, რომელიც სტრუქტურულ გადაწყვეტილებებს მოითხოვდა.
მთელ მსოფლიოში ბოლო ორი წლის განმავლობაში სახეზეა მნიშვნელო-
ვანი ცვლილებები. როგორც მოწინავე ეკონომიკის ქვეყნებში, ისე მთელ
მსოფლიოში სულ უფრო ხშირად ჩნდება აქამდე გაბატონებული პოლიტიკე-
ბის ალტერნატივები. საფუძველი ერყევა მარგარეტ ტეტჩერის ცნობილ მაქ-
სიმას TINA (There Is No Alternative):: „ალტერნატივა არ არსებობს“.
პანდემიამ რადიკალურად გაზარდა სახელმწიფოს როლი. ნეოლიბერალური
მცირე, სუსტი, უპასუხისმგებლო სახელმწიფო და რადიკალური თავისუფალი
ბაზარი ვერ პასუხობენ ეპიდემიის გამოწვევებს.
პრაქტიკაში უკვე ვხედავთ სახელმწიფოს როლის და პასუხსიმგებლობის
ზრდას (მათ შორის საქართელოში). პანდემია საჭიროებს გლობალურ პასუ-
ხებს, მაგრამ ამ გლობალური (შეთანხმებული) პასუხის შექმნისა და რეალი-
ზების მთავარი სუბიექტებიც სახელმწიფოები არიან და არა სხვა აქტორები.

unda Tu ara calkeul adamians,

rom yvela adamiani Tanaswori iyos?

Tu amovalT adamianis bunebiTi, egzistencialuri, arsebiTi Tvise­

bebidan, adamiani miiswrafis TviTrealizaciisken (sruli funqcioni­
rebisken).1 misTvis mniSvnelovania srulyofili funqcionirebis md­
gomareobis miRweva da, Sesabamisad, am mdgomareobis miRwevis gzaze
warmoSobili SezRudvebis daZleva. calkeuli adamianisTvis ar aris
mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli an naklebad mniSvnelovania sxvisi (sxva
adamianebis) mdgomareoba – anu, Tu sxva adamianebs aqvT ukeTesi (an ua­

17
resi) mdgomareoba – es ar aris pirdapiri motivatori, adamianis mo­
qmedebaze zegavlenis momxdeni, misTvis mTavaria, Tavad miaRwios sa­
survel mdgomareobas. anu, Cemi mizania ara yvelas Tanabrad hqondes
resursebi, aramed me mqondes resursebi, romelic me mWirdeba. sxvisi
simdidre ki ar mawuxebs, aramed is, rom me ar maqvs saWiro resurse­
bi. Sesabamisad, gadanawilebisken miswrafeba ki ar mamoZravebs, ar­
amed sasurveli resursebis mopoveba. garkveuli ideologiuri da
propagandistuli manipulaciis Sedegad adamians SesaZloa gauCndes
ganwyoba, rom mniSvnelovania (misTvis) ara (mxolod) SezRudvebis
daZleva, aramed sxvebisTvisac msgavsi SezRudvebis daweseba (anu ga­
Tanabreba, ara Tavisuflebis dawesebaSi, aramed Tavisuflebis Sez­
RudvaSi). adamianisTvis, romlis pirovnuli miswrafeba orientire­
bulia SezRudvebis daZlevaze, Zlieri motivatori SeiZleba iyos
iseTi bunebiTi an bunebiTTan miaxloebuli mentaluri, yovlismom­
cveli msoflmxedvelobiT ganpirobebuli SezRudvebi, romlebsac
SeiZleba vuwudoT statusuri, magaliTad: genderuli, wodebrivi,
konfesiuri, nacionaluri da a.S.. es xdeba identobis gancdis safuZ­
velze rogorc jgufebs SigniT, aseve jgufebs Soris Tanasworobis
moTxovnis gancdis gaZlierebiT.
amgvari SezRudvebis daZleva SeuZlebulia sociumis organizaci­
ul-konstituciuri, sistemuri wesrigis fundamenturi cvlilebis ga­
reSe, rac ar xelewifeba calkeul adamians – es moiTxovs koleqtiur
Zalisxmevas, koleqtiur moqmedebas, iseTi socialuri (da politiku­
ri) jgufebis moqmedebas, romelTac eqnebaT zemoqmedebis da gavlenis
mniSvnelovani Zala arsebuli wesrigis cvlilebisa.
amgvari jgufebis formireba upiratesad xdeba am SezRudvebis da­
Zlevis mosurne adamianebis gaerTianebiTa da erToblivi moqmedebiT
– aseTi jgufebis formirebis safuZveli umeteswilad aris bunebiTi
an bunebiTTan miaxloebuli maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic aisaxeba am ada­
mianebis identobis mentalur gancdaSi, magaliTad: genderuli, wode­
brivi, konfesiuri, nacionaluri an klasobrivi, profesiuli da sxva
tipis identobebi.
ase rom, Tu adamianis qcevis motivacias da moqmedebis inspiracias
daviyvanT sazogadoebisgan srulad mowyvetili individis impulseb­

18
ze, (margaret tetCeris cnobili gamonaTqvamisa ar iyos: `ar arsebobs
sazogadoeba, arseboben mxolod individebi~), Tanasworobis idea ver
daikavebs mniSnelovan adgils sazogadoebriv diskursSi da ver miiRebs
Sesabamis legitimacias.
tradiciuli an xisti, sqolastikurad gagebuli ideologiebi ver
pasuxoben dRevandel gamowvevebs. Tu liberalizms gavigebT rogorc
ideologias, romelic prioritetul mniSnelobas aniWebs adamian­
is Tavisuflebas, oRond Tavisuflebas yvela adamianisa, maT Soris
momavali TaobebisTvis, romlebic jer bavSvobis asakSi arian, an jer
kidev ar dabadebulan, maSin naTelia, rom unda gavataroT politika
(politikebi, polisebi), romlebic evropul tradiciaSi umTavresad
dakavSirebulia social-demokratiul politikasTan. amas unda dae­
matos jansaRi konservatizmi bunebiTTan miaxloebuli uflebebis
realizebisTvis.

(u)Tanasworoba da samarTlianoba

Tu gvsurs, rom (u)Tanasworoba gaxdes sazogadoebrivad kriti­

kuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxi, unda gaviazroT, rogor ukavSirdeba is
samarTlianobas.
Tu uTanasworobas usamarTlobad aRviqvamT, igi miuRebeli da ara­
legitimuria. Sesabamisad, Cven miviswrafiT misi aRmofxvrisken da
vmoqmedebT da vibrZviT amisTvis.
Tu uTanasworobas usamarTlobad ar aRviqvamT, igi misaRebi da le­
gitimuria. Sesabamisad, Cven ar miviswrafiT misi aRmofxvrisken da ar
vmoqmedebT da ar vibrZviT amisTvis.
sazogadoebis met-naklebad stabiluri funqcionirebisTvis au­
ci­
lebelia, rom mis wevrebs hqondeT met-naklebad gaziarebuli
samarTlianobis gancda da rwmena (ganwyoba), rom arsebuli wesrigi am
xedvas efuZneba.

pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovyoT uTanasworobis ramdenime tipi:

1. bunebiTi uTanasworoba – vitaluri maxasiaTeblebi, Tvisebebi

19
 (fizikuri Zala, gonebrivi niWi), genderuli maxasiTeblebi (sqesi);
2. statusuri – bunebiTTan miaxloebuli maxasiaTeblebi, idento­
bebi, romlebsac adamiani iZens, rogorc TiTqmis gaucnobiereblad,
aseve gacnobierebulad: religiuri, eTnikuri (erovnuli), kul­
turuli paternebi, kasturi, klasobrivi (glexi, feodali, mona)...
3. resursuli, ekonomikuri – Semosavlebi, qoneba (simdidre), Za­
lauflebrivi...2

uTanasworobis es tipebi urTierTzemoqmedeben sxvadasxva formi­

Ta da doniT. pirveli tipis bunebiTi uTanasworobebi aris mocemulo­
ba, romlis Secvlac SeuZlebelia da isini unda ganvixiloT gadaulaxav
gansxvavebebad, romelTa Tanaswori da srulyofili realizeba unda
iyos amocana – (anu) yvelas unda mieces Tanasworad srulyofili re­
alizebis (funqcionirebis) SesaZlebloba.
roulzis samarTlianobis principi gulisxmobs, rom ufro sustebs
mieceT sazogadoebisgan meti mxardaWera ufro ZlierebTan SedarebiT,
rogorc gamonaklisi, xolo mTlianobaSi, erTnairad, anu Tanasworad
mopyroba yvelas mimarT unda iyos sayovelTao norma.3 es gamonakli­
si exeba, upirveles yovlisa, bunebiT uTanasworobebs (gansxvavebebs),
magaliTad, SSm pirebisTvis unda arsebobdes specialuri pirobebi,
SesaZloa privilegiebic ki xSir SemTxvevaSi. magram aseve aucilebelia
sazogadoebis specialuri Zalisxmeva Tu gvinda, rom uTanasworobebis
meore da mesame tipebis minimizeba moxdes da ufro samarTliani da, Se­
sabamisad, Tanasworobaze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigi Cam­
oyalibdes, sadac yvela adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba da pirobebi Tavisi
pirovnebis srulyofili TviTrealizebisa, an, amartia senis sityvebiT
Tu vityviT, srulyofili funqcionirebisa.

samarTliani sazogadoebis mTavari principia: TiToeuli individi

erTdroulad Tavisufalicaa da Tanasworic:
• mxolod Tavisuflebis idea (negatiuri) qmnis Tavisuflebis re­
alizebis araTanaswor saSualebebs TiToeuli individisaTvis da
sabolood SeuZlebels xdis Tavad Tavisuflebis principis real­
izebas yvelasTvis;

20
 • mxolod Tanasworobis principis damkvidreba, zRudavs ra Ta­
nasworobis darRvevas vinmes mier (e.i. zRudavs gansxvavebuli ada­
mianebis – adamianebi ki gansxvavebulni arian – TviTrealizebis
SesaZleblobas), SeuZlebels xdis sabolood Tanasworobas, anu Ti­
Toeuli individis Tanasworad realizebas;
• orive unda iyos erTdroulad realizebuli: Tavisuflebis re­
alizebis SesaZlebloba TiToeulisaTvis da ara mxolod ufleba.

Tavisufali, Tanaswori da samarTliani sazogadoebis wesrigi

moiTxovs fundamenturi sakiTxebis gadaazrebas axli socialuri kon­
traqtis safuZvelze:
• sazogadoebis cxovreba organizebulia gaziarebuli funda­
menturi sabaziso wesebis, Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis princi­
pebis realizebis safuZvelze;
• am wesebis SemuSaveba xdeba yvelas, anu Tavisufali da Tanaswori
individebis mier;
• samarTliani sazogadoebis wesebi ganisazRvreba (socialuri
kontraqti ideba) demokratiulad.

21
 Zalaufleba da (u)Tanasworoba

XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolos da sabWoTa kavSiris dangrevis

Semdgom periodSi demokratia, albaT, yvelaze gavleniani idea iyo, ro­
melic axdenda farTo masebis mobilizebas postsocialisturi banakis
yvela qveyanaSi. demokratia ukavSirdeboda ara mxolod mmarTvelobis
formas, aramed aseve ori udidesi gavlenis mqone ideas: Tavisuflebas
da damoukideblobas:
– Tavisuflebas, ramdenadac demokratia gulisxmobda SezRudvebis
moxsnas adamianisTvis, mieRo monawileoba sajaro gadawyvetile­
baSi, rogorc azris gamoTqmis, aseve uSualod sakiTxebze Tavi­
si poziciis dafiqsirebisa da zegavlenis meSveobiT, maT Soris
mmarTvelobaSi uSualo CarTviT. yvela es SesaZlebloba sabWoTa
sistemaSi adamianTa praqtikulad udidesi umravlesobisTvis mi­
uRweveli iyo da warmoadgenda mxolod liderTa ukiduresad vi­
wro jgufis privilegias. amgvarad, arsebuli SezRudvebis moxsna
da adamianebis swrafva mniSvnelovan motivaciur da mobilizaciur
faqtors wamoadgenda erTdroulad;
– damoukideblobas, ramdenadac demokratia gulisxmobs xalxis
(eris, qveynis, moqalaqeebis) mier TviTmarTvis ganxorcielebas an
suverenitets (rogorc xSirad ambobdnen im dros). anu, am Tvalsaz­
risiT, demokratia iTvaliswinebda SezRudvebis moxsnas adamianTa
jgufebisTvis, romlebic erTiandebodnen garkveuli identobis
(im drois da viTarebisTvis prioritetuli identobis) safuZvel­
ze. mravali faqtoris gamo umravlesobisTvis identobis gancda,
upirveles yovlisa, ukavSirdeboda erovnul identobas, romlis
srulfasovani realizebisTvis sabWoTa sistema qmnida gadaulaxav
SezRudvebs. am SezRudvaTa daZleva, iseve rogorc, zogadad, Tavi­
suflebis SezRudvebisa, warmoadgenda mniSnelovan mobilizaciur
da motivaciur faqtors imavdroulad.
e.i. rogorc pirovnuli, ise erovnuli Tavisuflebisken es orive
miswrafeba stimulirebulia adamianis bunebiTi (calkeuli individ­
is SemTxvevaSi) an bunebiTTan gaTanabrebuli identobis (erovnebis
SemTxvevaSi) Tvisebebis realizebis moTxovnilebiT, rac uSualod da

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pirdapir ar ukavSirdeba Tanasworobis ideas. metic, postsocialis­
tur sivrceSi ganviTarebuli protesti, rogorc erTi sazogadoebis
(an erovnuli erTobis) SigniT, aseve urTierTobebi da konfliqtebi
sxvadasxva erebs (identobis mqone jgufebs) Soris, miznad sruliadac
ar isaxavda Tanasworobis damkvidrebas procesSi monawile mxareebs
Soris, aramed upiratesad orientirebuli iyo sakuTar interesebze.
Tavisuflebisa da damoukideblobis ideebisgan gansxvavebiT, de­
mokratia uSualo da pirdapir kavSirSia TanasworobasTan.
demokratiis TeoriaSi siRrmiseuli wiaRsvlebis gareSec SeiZle­
ba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom Tanasworobis idea (principi) kritikuli
mniSvnelobis mqonea. demokratiuli, Zalauflebrivi wesrigis sfero­
Si xalxis, demosis (politikuri erTobis) yvela wevri Tanasworad
monawileobs sajaro gadawyvetilebebis (an saerTo gadawyvetilebebis)
miRebaSi, romelic legitimurad aris miCneuli xalxis mier.
demokratiis sayovelTao legitimaciis pirobebSi politikuri Ta­
nasworoba iZens gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da misken swrafva xdeba
mniSvnelovani motivatori adamianebisTvis.
gansxvavebiT ekonomikis sferosgan, sadac adamians amoZravebs mis­
wrafeba Tavisi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisken, damoukideblad
imisgan, Tu sxvebi ra doneze ikmayofileben sakuTar moTxovnilebebs
(Tanasworad, uaresad Tu ukeTesad), Zalauflebriv sferoSi demokra­
tiuli wesrigi aucileblobiT gulisxmobs, rom yvela Tanaswori iyos
gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. anu demokratiul procesSi monaw­
ile adamiani miiswrafis, rom mas ar hqondes sxvaze naklebi Zalaufle­
ba da mzad aris, arc mas Tavad hqondes sxvaze meti Zalaufleba: aravin
(an Zalian cota) aprotestebs qonebriv an saSemosavlo gansxvavebas
principulad maSin, rodesac yvela (an TiTqmis yvela) absoluturad
miuReblad miiCnevs Tanasworobis principis darRvevas demokratiuli
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas (magaliTad, arCevnebi).
yvela sazogadoebaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, sadac demokra­
tia aRiarebulia Zalauflebrivi wesrigis samarTlian da legitimur
formad, moqalaqeTa Tanasworoba gadawyvetilebis miRebis proces­
Si aucilebel pirobad aRiqmeba. magram am sayovelTao aRiarebis
pirobebSi arsebobs Zlieri gancda, rom es principi – Tanasworoba Za­

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lauflebaSi – ar aris damkvidrebuli da mudmivad (an Zalian xSirad)
irRveva. umeteswilad es ukmayofileba fokusirdeba arCevnebze da
miiCneva, rom mTavari meqanizmi dakavSirebulia kanonebis darRvevas­
Tan. anu Tu arsebuli saarCevno kanonebi ar dairRveva Cven miviRebT
demokratiul process, sadac yvela Tanasworad monawileobs gad­
awyvetilebis miRebaSi.
am iluziis gasafantad ufro siRrmiseulad unda ganvixiloT zogi­
erTi sakiTxi.

arCevnebi da demokratia

arCevnebi xSirad Tanamedrove, ufro sworad, modernuli epoqis

demokratiis umTavres gamovlinebad miiCneva da saqarTveloc am Tval­
sazrisiT gamonakliss ar warmoadgens. marTlac, Tanamedrove warmo­
madgenlobiT demokratiebSi es umTavresi da erTaderTi (Tu refer­
endumebs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, romlebsac, iSviaTi gamonaklisis
garda, Seudareblad ufro mcire zegavlena aqvT sazogadoebis cxovre­
baze) procesi an epizodia, rodesac xalxi (anu demosi), moqalaqeebi
uSualod da pirdapir monawileoben sajaro gadawyvetilebebis miRe­
baSi. demokratia asea gansazRvruli ara mxolod akademiur sivrceSi:
dalTan, SumpeterTan, poperTan da sxvaTa Teoriul naSromebsa Tu ua­
mrav eleqtoralur kvlevaSi, aramed sazogadoebriv aRqmaSic.
magram gadawyvetileba demokratiulad rom CaiTvalos, dacu­
li unda iqnes rigi pirobebisa, romlebic mas legitimurad aqcevs.
demokratiis Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili klasikosi robert
dali xuT aseT pirobas, kriteriums gamoyofs: 1. Tanaswori kenWisyra;
2. efeqturi monawileoba: sityvis, azris gamoTqmis Tavisufleba; 3.
informirebulobaze dafuZnebuli gageba (gadasawyveti sakiTxisa); 4.
dRis wesrigis kontroli; 5. sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTuloba. es
pirobebi unda iyos uzrunvelyofili Tanasworad yvela moqalaqisT­
vis, rac exeba rogorc amomrCevlebs, ise asarCev kandidatebs.4
ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? ramdenad akmayofilebs da

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Seesabameba saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikuri procesi zemoxsen­
ebul kriteriumebs?
cxadia, maTi absoluturi formiT realizeba mxolod idealur
SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli da robert dalic amgvar wesrigs swored
„idealur demokratias“ uwodebs. magram, Tu mniSvnelovanwilad praq­
tikulad ugulebelyofilia (ararealizebulia) xsenebuli kriteri­
umebi, maSin kargad unda gavacnobieroT, rom moqalaqeebis mier Tanas­
worobis principis dacviT demokratiuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis
molodini iluziaa da zogierTi (xSirad arcTu gadamwyveti mniSne­
lobis mqone) kanondarRvevis zedapiruli kritika am iluzias mxolod
gaaZlierebs da ar mogvcems saSualebas, gaviazroT fsevdodemokrati­
uli wesrigis gabatonebis siRrmiseuli mizezebi. rasakvirvelia, saqa­
rTvelo ar warmoadgens unikalur SemTxvevas da dRes yvelaze ufro
demokratiulad miCneul qveynebSic ki demokratiis erozia da xSirad
iluzoruloba farTod aris aRiarebuli akademiur sivrceSi (magaliT­
ad, populizmis zrdisa da demokratiuli wesrigis transformirebis
Sesaxeb ixileT m. musxeliSvilis statia amave krebulSi).
specialuri kvlevis gareSec aSkaraa, rom yvela zemoxsenebuli kri­
teriumi saarCevno procesSi didwilad ar aris daculi da moqalaqeebi
araTanabar mdgomareobaSi imyofebian.
konkretulad raSi gamoixateba es uTanasworobebi?
ilustraciisTvis ganvixiloT, magaliTad, azris Tavisufali ga­
moxatvis Tanaswori SesaZleblobebi, rasac kritikuli zegavlena aqvs
amomrCevelTa mier gadawyvetilebis miRebaze. cxadia, visac aqvs meti
xelmisawvdomoba propagandis saSualebebze, is sargeblobs privi­
legiiT. es aris: televizia, beWduri reklama, internet-propaganda,
daqiravebuli aqtivist-propagandistebi da sxva. es yvelaferi moiTx­
ovs upirvelesad finansur (materialur) resursebs, gansakuTrebiT
axal (maT Soris postsabWoTa) demokratiebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom amg­
vari uTanasworobebi dakavSirebulia iseT sakanonmdeblo regula­
ciebTanac, romlebic garkveul (Zalian mniSvnelovan) privilegiebs
aniWebs arCevnebSi monawile subieqtebs wina arCevnebis Sedegebis
mixedviT (dafinanseba, ufaso saeTero dro...) da, Sesabamisad, uzRu­

25
davs SesaZleblobebs axal subieqtebs, anu arRvevs inkluziurobas da
araTanaswor pirobebSi ayenebs maT.
gadasawyveti sakiTxis gagebisa da masze sakuTari azris Camoyal­
ibebisTvis aucilebeli piroba informirebulobaa. am SesaZleblo­
bis SemzRudveli sxvadasxva faqtorebi SeiZleba iyos, (magaliTad:
internetis srulad Tanaswori xelmisawvdomoba, sajaro ganaTlebis
garkveuli done da sxva), magram amjerad mxolod erT, Zalian aSkara
SezRudvaze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
saqarTvelos amomrCevelTa daaxloebiT 14%-s erovnuli um­
ciresobebi Seadgenen da saidumlo ar aris, rom maTi umravlesoba ar
flobs qarTul enas im doneze, rom efeqturad miiRos informacia, ro­
melic qarTul enazea xelmisawvdomi da, romelic aucilebelia sakiTx­
ze sakuTari poziciis Camosayalibeblad. rasakvirvelia, am SezRudvis
daZlevisTvis praqtikulad umniSvneloa uSualod saarCevno kampaniis
periodSi erTjeradad sapropagando masalebis gavrceleba am amom­
rCevelTa mSobliur enaze. cxadia, rom amgvari SezRudva TavisTavad
qmnis iseTive Zlier barierebs azris gamoTqmis (propagandis) da sazo­
gadoebriv cxovrebaSi CarTulobis TvasazrisiTac.
amgvari tipis SezRudvebi amomrCevelTa didi, STambeWdavi ra­
odenobisTvis (Tundac es iyos 10%, Tumca, savaraudod, ufro metia)
kritikulad mniSnelovan sakiTxs warmoadgens sazogadod mTeli
politikuri erTobis (demosis) masStabiT demokratiis principis
realizebisTvis.
rasakvirvelia, informirebasa da Tavisufali azris gamoxatvaSi
uTanasworoba mxolod enobrivi barieriT ar aris SezRuduli. es da­
kavSirebulia kompetenciis, ganaTlebis Tanaswor pirobebTan, media
instrumentebTan da aseve sxva faqtorebTanac, romelTa umetesoba
pirdapir an iribad miemarTebian ekonomikur resursebTan.

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 resursuli uTanasworoba arCevnebSi:
administraciuli da finansuri resursebi

administraciuli resursi
arCevnebTan mimarTebaSi erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad xazgasmuli
sakiTxi, romelic rogorc adgilobriv, aseve saerTaSoriso doneze
miiCneva demokratiuli wesebisa da procedurebis uxeS darRvevad,
aris e.w. `administraciuli resursis~ gamoyeneba, anu mmarTveli
politikuri jgufis (partiis) mier ganxorcielebuli zewola saja­
ro moxeleebze da saxelmwifo uwyebebSi dasaqmebul adamianebze. ra­
sakvirvelia, es qmnis seriozul uTanasworobas arCevnebSi rogorc
asarCevi, ise amrCevi subieqtebisTvis.
Tu gamovricxavT uSualo da pirdapir sakanonmdeblo (samarTle­
briv) darRvevebs, Cndeba kiTxva, rogor unda miaRwios Sedegs mmarT­
veli partiis zewolam sajaro moxeleebze? propaganda, mowodeba,
Sepireba, Tundac moTxovna, rom amomrCevelma (maT Soris sajaro mox­
eleebma) dauWiron mxari, SeiZleba ganaxorcielos ara mxolod mmarT­
velma, aramed nebismierma sxva partiam.
aq mniSvnelovani sakiTxia ara uSualod arCevnebTan dakavSire­
biT, aramed mTlianad politikuri (da mmarTvelobiTi) sistemis Ses­
axeb: sakiTxi politikuri xelmZRvanelobisa da biurokratiis urT­
ierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb. Tu maT Soris kavSiri Zlieria da eyrdnoba
loialobis princips (sistemis da sazogadoebis didi nawilis mierac
legitimurad miiCneva amavdroulad), maSin biurokratiis didi (an
mniSvnelovani) nawilisTvis racionaluria, rom mmarTvelobaSi iyos is
politikuri partia, romelTanac mas aseTi kavSiri gaaCnia. anu, arCev­
nebis SemTxvevaSi mmarTveli pozicia SeinarCunos arsebulma xelisu­
flebam (mmarTvelma partiam), ramdenadac es iqneba didwilad garantia
biurokratiis mier arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebisa.
amgvari sistemis pirobebSi (loialobis principze damyarebuli
urTierToba mmarTvel politikur Zalasa da biurokratias Soris)
amomrCevlis qcevisTvis (sajaro moxelis arCevanisTvis) gansakuTre­
bul mniSvnelobas iZens ara programuli, Rirebulebrivi, ideuri,
Tematuri sakiTxebi, aramed molodini imis Taobaze, Tu vin daikavebs

27
mmarTvel pozicias. es sakiTxi, anu Sesabamisi molodinis gaCena da
gavrceleba, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa arCevnebSi monawile
partiebisTvis (ufro mniSvnelovani, vidre programuli sakiTxebi),
rac ganapirobebs sociologiuri gamokiTxvebiT (umeteswilad anga­
Jirebuli) manipulaciasac: anu, Tu sajaro moxele daijerebs, rom
mmarTveli partia gaimarjvebs, is enTuziazmiT dauWers mas mxars
arCevnebSi, xolo Tu is eWvobs, misi mxardaWeris intensivoba mniS­
vnelovnad klebulobs. swored amitom, konkurentebi cdiloben, Se­
qmnan molodini mmarTveli partiis damarcxebisa (xSirad igive tipis
manipulaciuri xerxebiT).
amgvar sistemaSi, politikuri Zalebis (partiebis) radikaluri da­
pirispirebis, sruli SeuTavseblobis pirobebSi, biurokratia, Tavisi
arsebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebis mizniT, iZulebulia, loialobis
principiT dakavSirebul partias dauWiros mxari. sxva partiis mmarT­
velobis SemTxvevaSi is kargavs arsebul pozicias, an Zalian sustdeba.
axali loialuri kavSirebis damyarebis pirobebSi, misi Zveli loialo­
bis gamo, is susti konkurenti xdeba Tavisi adgilis SenarCunebaSi ax­
ali partiis loialur kandidatebTan.
iqmneba Semdegi uTanasworobebi:
– mmarTvel partias aqvs upiratesoba biurokratiaze zemoqmedebi­
sTvis, propagandisTvis da a.S.;
– irRveva inkluziuroba: axali subieqtebi ar floben biurokrati­
aze zemoqmdebis (propagandis) saSualebebs.
es aris problema, romelic dakavSirebulia ara arCevnebis dros ar­
sebul xarvezebTan, aramed xelisuflebis funqcionirebis wesebTan,
sistemur urTierTmimarTebasTan politikur xelmZRvanelobasa da
biurokratias Soris: administraciuli resursebis gamoyeneba arCev­
nebis dros ki ar aris mTavari problema (Tumca amasac aqvs mniSvnelo­
ba, ramdenadac xelisuflebisTvis ufro xelmisawvdomi da advilia
mTeli rigi wesebis ugulebelyofa), aramed arCevnebamde arsebuli xe­
lisufleba-biurokratiis urTierTmimarTeba.
anu, es Zalauflebrivi uTanasworoba vlindeba ara mxolod (da ara
upiratesad) arCevnebSi, aramed mudmivad politikur da sazogadoe­
briv cxovrebaSi.

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 fuli da arCevnebi
arCevnebi araadeqvaturad gamoxatavs xalxis nebas ara mxolod
imis gamo, rom wesebi irRveva, aramed imis gamo, rom arCevnebis arse­
buli wesebi ar varga. es wesebi ar iZleva SesaZleblobas, rom xalxis
neba adeqvaturad iqnes gamoxatuli. demokratiuli procesis ganx­
orcielebisTvis, kerZod, arCevnebisTvis, Zalian seriozuli mniSvn­
eloba aqvs finansebs. droebiT Tavi davaneboT wesebis darRvevas, mo­
syidvas, araformaluri urTierTobebisaTvis finansebis gamoyenebas
da a.S. da, pirvel rigSi, ganvixiloT mxolod is finansebi, romlebic
wesebis Sesabamisad mobilizdeba da ixarjeba. finansebi saWiroa
imisTvis, rom damyardes komunikacia, kandidatebma TavianTi Sexed­
ulebebi gaacnon amomrCevlebs da a. S.. es aris agreTve transportis,
mediis, beWdvis da a.S. xarjebi. ganvixiloT, vin ra raodenobis fi­
nansebs xarjavs saqarTveloSi arCevnebSi da SevadaroT zogierT sxva
qveyanaSi gaweul Sesabamis xarjebs. 2020 wlis saparlamento arCevneb­
Si oficialurad daixarja daaxloebiT 40 milionamde lari.5 yvela
saarCevno subieqti Tanxas xarjavda fondebis gavliT, rac asaxulia
auditis samsaxurebis mierac. am 40 milionidan daaxloebiT naxevari,
48% daxarjulia „qarTuli ocnebis“ mier, Semdeg modis „lelo“, „na­
cionaluri moZraoba“ 6 milionamde da 2 milionidan – 3 milionamde
aqvT daxarjuli „strategia aRmaSenebels“, „evropul saqarTvelos“,
„patriotTa alianss“. danarCeni partiebis xarjebi bevrad ufro
dabalia. magaliTad, „social-demokratebma saqarTvelos ganviTare­
bisTvis“ daaxloebiT 200 aTas laramde xarji gaswies. 200 aTasi 20
milionze 100-jer naklebia.
rogor xdeba partiebis mier finansebis mobilizeba da ra ganap­
irobebs amgvar radikalur gansxvavebas? partiebi finansdebian Zir­
iTadad Semowirulobebisa da saxelmwifo dafinansebis meSveobiT.
saxelmwifo dafinanseba wina arCevnebSi miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT
gaicema, xolo Semowirulobebs gansazRvravs kanonmdebloba. mag­
aliTad, 60 aTasamde Semowiruloba weliwadSi SeuZlia ganaxorcie­
los fizikur pirs, xolo 100 aTasamde – iuridiul pirs. saparlamento
arCevnebSi gaweuli xarjebidan daaxloebiT 10% saxelmwifo dafi­
nansebidan, xolo TiTqmis 90% Semowirulobebidan iyo. Cveulebriv am

29
Semowirulobebs axorcieleben is subieqtebi, fizikuri Tu iuridi­
uli pirebi, romlebsac Zalian maRali Semosavlebi aqvT. cxadia, isini
am xarjebs weven Tavisi interesebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, viRebT poli­
tikas, romelic mosaxleobis udidesi nawilisaTvis ar aris misaRebi,
magram is mxars uWers imas, ris Sesaxebac codna aqvs. sazogadoebis
didma umravlesobam icis, rom formalurad gaweuli xarjebi mxolod
mcire nawilia im saxsrebisa, romelic realurad ixarjeba arCevnebis
periodSi. SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom sul mcire 3-jer, 4-jer ufro
metia araformalurad gaweuli xarjebi, rac oficialurad arsad ar
aisaxeba da zogjer kanonis darRveviT an ar darRveviT, magram yve­
la SemTxvevaSi arCevnebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. aseTi xarjebi evropul
qveynebTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi bevrad metia. iq Tu araformalu­
ri xarjebi mTel gaweul xarjebSi 10%-ia, CvenTan es SesaZloa, saerTo
gaweul xarjebSi 70-80%-s ikavebdes.
axla ganvixiloT, ramdeni ixarjeba TiToeul amomrCevelze, mag­
aliTad, safrangeTSi an did britaneTSi. safrangeTSi erT amomrCev­
elze saSualod ixarjeba 1,5 evro, did britaneTSi – naxevari evro6. es
gansxvaveba imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom safrangeTSi meti partia monaw­
ileobs arCevnebSi. saqarTveloSi, sulac rom mxolod 40 milioni vian­
gariSoT, erT amomrCevelze 13 larze meti gamodis, anu, daaxloebiT
6-jer meti, vidre did britaneTSi da 3-jer meti, vidre safrangeTSi.
Tu amas davumatebT radikalur gansxvavebas araformalurad gaweul
xarjebSi evropasa da saqarTveloSi, gamova, rom aq 10-jer an 15-jer
meti Tanxa ixarjeba erT amomrCevelze, vidre evropaSi.
aq ar aris aRwerili is xarjebi, romlebic damatebiT medias xmar­
deba, da ara marto saarCevno periodSi, aramed permanentulad. ara­
visTvis saidumlo ar aris, rom mTeli rigi televiziebi, romlebic
saqarTveloSi arsebobs, realurad warmoadgenen politikur televi­
ziebs da politikuri partiebis mxardamWerebs. am viTarebaSi sruliad
warmoudgenelia, Cven imedi gvqondes, rom mosaxleoba da amomrCeveli
miiRebs im gadawyvetilebas, romelsac is miiRebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki
Tanabrad iqneboda informirebuli yvela im Sexedulebaze, romelic
ama Tu im partias aqvs. amitom aSkaraa, rom arCevnebis gayalbeba xdeba
ara mxolod arCevnebis dRes, aramed manamde – CvenSi arsebuli arCev­

30
nebis wesiT. dafinansebis arsebuli wesi aSkarad aCvenebs, rom Cven arc
erT SemTxvevaSi ar gvyavs Tanabaruflebiani amomrCeveli.
rogor mivaRwioT imas, rom amomrCevlebi iyvnen Tanasworni Tavisi
nebis gamoxatvisas?
rogorc magaliTi SeiZleba, ganvixiloT partiebis dafinansebis
wesis Taobaze 2018 wlis parlamentSi „social-demokratebi saqarTve­
los ganviTarebisTvis“ partiis mier wardgenili winadadeba, romel­
mac mxardaWera ver miiRo. iniciativa gulisxmobda, rom partiebis da­
finanseba unda ganxorcielebuliyo amomrCevlebis gadawyvetilebis
Sesabamisad: yovelwliurad yvela amomrCevels Tavad gamoexata pref­
erencia, anu mieTiTebina is partia, romlis Sexedulebebic masTan ax­
losaa da daaxloebiT igive raodenobis Tanxa, romelic misi gadasaxa­
debidan midis am partiebis dafinansebisaTvis, wasuliyo im partiasTan,
romelic mas moswons. dRes arsebuli wesis mixedviT, biujetidan, ro­
melic warmoadgens moqalaqeTa gadasaxadebis nakrebs, partiebi miRe­
buli xmebis Sesabamisad iReben dafinansebas, magram amas iReben 4 wlis
winandeli arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT. wesis cvlileba gamoiwvev­
da, pirvel rigSi, imas, da samarTliani iqneboda im TvalsazrisiT, rom
adamianebi, romlebic ixdian gadasaxadebs, magram arc erT partias ar
uWeren mxars, ar gaaZlierebdnen im partiebs, romlebic ar undaT, rom
gaZlierdnen. meore, Tu amomrCevelma misca xma im partias, romelmac
barieri ver gadalaxa da ver miiRo dafinanseba im wesebis da SezRudve­
bis gamo, romlebic arsebobs, dafinansebis arsebuli wesebis pirobeb­
Si gamodis, rom aseTi amomrCeveli finansurad mxars uWers misi Sexed­
ulebebis sawinaaRmdego politikur pozicias, rac aseve usamarTloa.
wardgenili iniciativis mixedviT, Tanxebi ufro samarTlianad gan­
Tavsdeboda da politikur procesSi amomrCevelTa Sexedulebebis
gavlenis gaZlierebas Seuwyobda xels. amave dros, es Seqmnida Sesa­
Zleblobas axali ideebis da axali politikuri organizaciebis gaCe­
nisaTvis, romlebic SeiZleba, ar arsebobda 4 wlis win da Seiqmna arCev­
nebis Semdgom wels.
meore meqanizmi, romelic aseve unda Seicvalos, aris e.w. `Semow­
irulobebis meqanizmi~, romlebic an srulad unda aikrZalos, an unda
gaxdes minimaluri, rac minimalur SesaZleblobebs miscems partiebs,

31
miiRon es damatebiTi resursebi Tavisi organizaciebis gaZlierebisa
da Sexedulebebis propagandirebisaTvis. rogorc zemoT ukve vaxsen­
eT, CvenTan Semowiruloba SeiZleba, ganaxorcielon rogorc fizikur­
ma, aseve iuridiulma pirebma. evropis bevr qveyanaSi, magaliTad, sa­
frangeTSi, belgiaSi da a.S... kompaniebis Semowirulobebi akrZalulia
da izRudebian fizikuri pirebic: magaliTad, safrangeTSi 7500 evro,
xolo belgiaSi, sadac amomrCevelTa raodenoba saqarTveloze daax­
loebiT 2,5-jer metia – 500 evro. kompaniebis mier Semowirulobis
akrZalvis mTavari argumenti Semdegia: kompaniaSi ar muSaoben erTi
da igive Sexedulebis mqone adamianebi, amitom kompaniis saerTo Se­
mosavlebidan da mogebidan Tu gadairicxeba Semowiruloba romelime
partiis mimarTulebiT, es niSnavs, rom amomrCevlis Sexedulebis saw­
inaaRmdegod SeiZleba wavides, dafinanseba. im qveynebSi, magaliTad,
germaniaSi, sadac kompaniebis Semowiruloba daSvebulia, arsebobs sx­
vadasxva tipis formaluri da tradiciuli (myari araformaluri) reg­
ulaciebi. magaliTad, iseTi giganti, rogoric aris „mersedes benci“,
axorcielebs weliwadSi 200 aTas evros Semowirulobas, magram, radgan
igulisxmeba, rom misi TanamSromlebi sxvadasxva partiebs uWeren mx­
ars, kompaniac swored am sxvadasxva partiebs unawilebs am 200 aTass:
„social-demokratebs“, „qristian-demokratiul kavSirs“, „qris­
tian-socialur kavSirs“, „mwvaneTa partias“, „memarcxeneTa partias“
da a.S., TiTqmis yvela partias, romelic germaniaSia, anu daculia prin­
cipi, rom amomrCevlis fuli sxvagan ar wavides misi Sexedulebebis mx­
ardaWeris nacvlad. magram ufro ukeTesi meqanizmia, Tuki aikrZaleba
kompaniebis mier Semowirulobebis ganxorcieleba.
rac Seexeba fizikuri pirebis Semowirulobebs, SesaZloa dawesdes
gonivruli zRvari. Tavidan, albaT, gonivruli iqneboda saqarTve­
loSi dawesebuliyo zRvari 100-dan 150 laramde. paralelurad sabiu­
jeto dafinansebisa, romelic SeiZleba yofiliyo 10 an 15 lari erT
mxardamWerze. kerZo Semowirulobis daSveba logikuria imitom, rom,
rodesac axali partria iwyebs saqmianobas, araviTari saxelmwifo da­
finanseba mas ar eqneba, magram SeiZleba yavdes, mgaliTad, 500 momxre,
romlebsac aqvT SesaZlebloba, 20-30 laris Semowiruloba ganaxor­
cielon. es axal partias saSualebas miscems, gazardos komunikaci­

32
uri resursi da, Sesabamisad, momaval wels miiRos dafinanseba biu­
jetidan im mxardamWerTa gadasaxadebis xarjze, romlebic gaecnen
partiis Sexedulebebs da mzad arian, mxari dauWiron am politikur
organizacias. es yvela SemTxvevaSi unda ganxorcieldes anonimurad.
teqnikurad es martivad SesaZlebelia, yvela moqalaqes yovelwli­
urad SeuZlia anonimurad miuTiTos saSemosavlo dokumentaciaSi
is politikuri organizacia, romlis mxardasaWeradac is mzad aris,
garkveuli raodenobis Tanxebi gaiRos. es aris gza iqiTken, rom xalx­
is neba realurad gamoixatos da rogorc amomrCevlebi, ise asarCeve­
bi Tanasworni iyvnen saarCevno procesSi.
cxadia, rom Tu politizirebuli kerZo mediis problema ar gadai­
Wreba, mxolod partiebis dafinansebis wesis cvlileba arasakmarisad
efeqtiani iqneba da ver uzrunvelyofs didi finansuri resursebis
dominirebis Sesustebas demokratiul procesSi.

arCevanis ufleba: morali da gadarCena

dRes saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT 600 aTasi adamiani iRebs socialur

daxmarebas, daaxloebiT 50 laris odenobiT TveSi. 730 aTasi adamiani
pensioneria, xolo pensiis odenoba 100 dolars ver aRwevs TveSi (300
larze naklebia). dasaqmebulTa medianuri xelfasi daaxloebiT 600
laria (daricxuli) TveSi, rac dReSi 5-6 dolari da naklebia 600 aTa­
si dasaqmebulisTvis (Semosavlebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb ufro detal­
uri informacia ixileT Semdeg paragrafSi). amgvari mwiri resursebis
pirobebSi aSkaraa, rom amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenobis TiTqmis nax­
evari praqtikulad moklebulia SesaZleblobas, srulfasovani monaw­
ileoba miiRos demokratiul procesSi: es exeba rogorc informirebisa
da socialuri sinamdvilis gagebisa da gacnobierebis sakiTxebs, dRis
wesrigis formirebaSi monawileobas, ise materialur SesaZleblobebs
propagandistul Tu aqtivistur saqmianobaSi.
dRis wesrigiT permanentulad manipulirebis pirobebSi (elitebi,
umciresobebi, gare aqtorebi, Tanamedrove teqnologiebi, skandale­
bi, calkeul sakiTxebze da ara masStabur did ideebze fokusirebuli

33
Temebi da sxva) dRis wesrigis ganmsazRvreli umravlesobis formire­
ba Zalian rTuldeba – SeuZlebelic ki xdeba. faqtiurad, umravleso­
ba emorCileba umciresobis mier gansazRvrul dRis wesrigs.
viwro umciresobis mier monopolizebuli instrumentebis meS­
veobiT manipulirebuli umravlesoba iRebs gadawyvetilebebs,
romlebic aRiqmeba da formirdeba rogorc umravlesobis gad­
awyvetileba, Tumca, realurad, SesaZloa (da umetes SemTxvevaSi
asecaa), ewinaaRmdegebodes umravlesobis arsebiT interesebs. Sem­
deg, ukve umravlesobis da, Sesabamisad, demokratiis saxeliT xdeba
„sxva“ umciresobebis interesebis da poziciebis ignorireba, dele­
gitimacia da maqsimaluri marginalizeba.
rasakvirvelia, demokratia gulisxmobs umravlesobis mier mmarT­
veli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, magram, imavdroulad da Tanabrad,
demokratia gulisxmobs konstitucionalizms da arsebuli umravle­
sobis Secvlis SesaZleblobasac sxva, axali umravlesobis mier miRe­
buli gadawyvetilebebiT. amave dros, arsebiTia, rom gadawyvetile­
bebi miRebuli iyos demokratiulad, Sesabamisi kriteriumebis (ix.
zemoT mocemuli robert dalis 5 kriteriumi) maqsimalurad reali­
zebis pirobebSi.
aq Zalian arsebiTia droiTi ganzomileba: yovelTvis (garkveuli
periodulobiT) unda iyos SesaZlebeli principulad da proceduru­
lad demokratiuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
demokratiulad formirebuli umravlesoba midrekili xdeba avtori­
tarulobisken: umravlesobis saxeliT izRudeba demokratia.
droiTi ganzomilebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia erTgvari
paraleli gavavloT demokratiasa da Tavisufali bazris funqcioni­
rebasTan ekonomikis sferoSi. Teoriulad Tavisufali sabazro ekono­
mikis pirobebSi ekonomikuri subieqtebi Tavisufalni da Tanasworni
(Tanasworad Tavisufalni) arian Tavis saqmianobaSi. magram funqcioni­
rebis garkveuli drois Semdeg mosalodnelia, rom zogierTma ekono­
mikurma subieqtma daikavos monopoliuri pozicia da, Sesabamisad,
SezRudos Tanasworad Tavisufali moqmedebis SesaZleblobebi. praq­
tikulad es gardauvalia. am viTarebis Tavidan asacileblad iqmneba
saxelmwifo regulaciebis sxvadasxva meqanizmebi, konkurenciis saa­

34
gentoebi, antimonopoliuri samsaxurebi. bunebrivad xdeba arsebu­
li ekonomikebis struqturuli transformacia, teqnologiuri cvl­
ilebebi, omebi, revoluciebi, pandemiebi Tu sxva tipis kataklizmebi,
romlebic erTgvarad aneitraleben arsebul ekonomikur wesrigs da
aryeven monopolistebis mdgomareobas. ra Tqma unda, regulirebis in­
stitutebi srulad (SeiZleba iTqvas, fundamenturad, arsebiTad) ver
uzrunvelyofen Tanasworad Tavisufali moqmedebis pirobebis dam­
kvidrebas, magram garkveuli periodebis ganmavlobaSi isini pozitiur
rols TamaSoben inkluziuri ekonomikuri wesrigis damkvidrebaSi da
Tanasworad Tavisufal principebze dafuZnebul konkurenciaSi, rac,
Tavis mxriv, xelSemwyobia inovaciisa da ganviTarebisTvis.
Tu gvinda, rom demokratiam met-naklebad efeqtianad ifunqci­
oniros da daZleul iqnes mmarTvelobis monopolizebisken mimarTuli
umravlesobis miswrafeba, aucilebelia, Seiqmnas bevrad ufro Zlieri
da multiganzomilebiani antimonopoliuri regulirebis meqanizmebi
demokratiisTvis: erTgvari antimonopoliuri samsaxuri demokrati­
isTvis.
ukiduresi resursuli uTanasworobis pirobebSi (ix. Semdegi para­
grafi) privilegirebuli viwyo jgufi (daaxloebiT 1%) manipulirebis
udidess SesaZleblobebs flobs. es ara mxolod did materalur re­
sursebSi aisaxeba, aramed ukve institucionalizebulia demokratiul
meqanizmebsa da wesebSi.
modernuli epoqis demokratiaSi arCevnebi warmoadgenda socialu­
ri Sinaarsis mqone siRrmiseuli konfliqtebis gadawyvetis gza. magram
Seiqmna axali viTareba – sazogadoebaSi arsebuli siRrmiseuli kon­
fliqti ar xdeba debatebis sagani da, Sesabamisad, arCevnebic ar aris
paeqroba am sakiTxis, am konfliqtis Taobaze. amis gamo arCevnebis Se­
degebi konfliqts ki ar wyvets, mas tovebs isev ise, rogorc iyo.
Tavisufleba – es ar aris praqtikuli da/an mxolod samarTlebrivi
cneba. es aris mdgomareoba, romelic ganpirobebulia adamianis cx­
ovrebiseuli garemoebebiT, romelTa Soris ekonomikuri dominireba
erTi nawilisa (zogierTebisa) da daucveli (mowyvladi) pozicia meore
nawilisa (sxvebisa) TamaSobs sakvanZo rols.
SesaZleblobebis realizebis (resursuli) uTanasworoba xels uw­
35
yobs fuZemdebluri adamianuri Rirebulebebis erozias. amis mkafio
magaliTad SegviZlia, ganvixiloT amomrCevelTa mosyidva – dominan­
turi jgufebic (momsyidveli) da daucveli jgufebic (mosyidulebi)
cinikurad arian ganwyobilni Tavisuflebis, Rirsebis, samarTliano­
bis mimarT. mxardaWerilia sicrue, Ralati, dominireba, Zaladoba.
Tu dilema aris morali an gadarCena, bevri akeTebs an gaakeTebs
arCevans moralis sawinaaRmdegod da gadarCenis sasargeblod. si­
cocxlis an sasicocxlod aucilebeli pirobebis sasargeblod
arCevanis gakeTeba TavisTavad ar efuZneba amoralur miswrafebas
bunebiTi moTxovnilebebis (sicocxlis SenarCunebis, realizebis) da­
kmayofilebisken. nebismieri qcevisTvis, maT Soris moraluri qcev­
isTvis, aucilebelia subieqtis fizikuri arseboba – morali aqvT
cocxal adamianebs.
am viTarebaSi adamianebi TavianT saqciels amoralurad aRar miiC­
neven da Sinaganad amarTleben: xdeba cinikuri damokidebulebis le­
gitimacia.
siRrmiseuli mizezebis gaazrebisa da maTze adeqvaturi reagire­
bis gareSe, zedapiruli, moralisturi, mentoruli SegonebebiTa da
„maRali moralisken“ mowodebebiT an wminda legalisturi midgome­
biT da imgvari regulaciebis SemoRebiT, romlebic movlenis mizezs
ki ara, Sedegs ebrZvian, xsenebuli cinikuri damokidebulebis aR­
mofxvra SeuZlebelia.

***
frensis fukuiamas imedebis (istoriis dasasrulisa da bolo adami­
anis – liberalur-demokratiuli adamianis Sesaxeb) sapirispirod, Cven
ar vcxovrobT sayovelTao demokratiis epoqaSi. piriqiT, demokratia
bevr qveyanaSi ar aris myari (konsolidirebuli) da metic, safrTxis
(riskis) qveSaa.7
saqarTveloSi rom Camovides bevrad ufro ganuviTarebeli, uTa­
nasworo, arademokratiuli, avtoritaruli, Raribi qveynis moqalaqe,
SeiZleba, Cveni viTareba idealad moeCvenos da araviTari safuZveli
ar gauCndes ukmayofilebisTvis. magram, mniSvnelovania, Tu ras varT
miCveuli, ras vadarebT, ra molodinebi gvaqvs da rogoria realoba.

36
 dasavluri demokratiebis gardauvalobis da saboloo miznis saxiT
warmodgenis absurdulobas praqtikuli istoria adasturebs. yvela
demokratia specifikuri mocemulobebis da procesebis Sedegia – ara
teleologiuri, aramed es aris kompleqsuri faqtorebiT gansazRvru­
li ganviTarebis istoriulad determinirebuli garkveuli politiku­
ri organizaciuli forma. mas aqvs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi maxasiaTe­
blebi zogadad humanisturi, adamianuri funqcionirebis idealuri,
saukeTeso, misaRebi formis TvalsazrisiT.
amave dros, zogadad, demokratiisa da arCevnebis uaryofa dasavlu­
ri demokratiis xarvezebis (Tundac fundamenturis) gamo, ar aris
gza meti Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobisken (zogadad, samarTliani
demokratiuli sazogadoebisken – adamianis srulfasovani funqcioni­
rebisken), rasac adasturebs sabWoTa da msgavsi tipis totalitaruli
da avtoritaruli reJimebis istoria.
demokratiis mamoZravebeli politikuri konfliqtis klasobrivi
struqtura Sesabamisi partiebis tipiT da sistemiT Camoyalibda da
gabatonda dasavleTSi II msoflio omis Semdeg. mas gaaCnda Sesabamisi
socialuri ganzomilebac: politikuri konfliqti asaxavda Sesabamis
socialur struqturas, Sesabamis socialur dayofebs da politiku­
ri organizacia – partiebi, mas Seesebamebodnen. sami ZiriTadi sakiTxi,
romelebzec SeTanxmeba im periodSi arsebobda, iyo:
1. saxelmwifos roli – etatizmi, mis mimarT arsebobda meti konsen­
sualoba;
2. distribucia, gadanawileba, rac SedarebiT naklebi, magram mainc
konsensualobisken midrekili iyo;
3. deliberacia da dialogi sxvadasxva socialur jgufebs Soris –
rogorc erovnuli Tanxmobis miRwevis gza pluralisturi sazoga­
doebis pirobebSi.

dRevandel samyaroSi 40-50 wlis winandeli socialuri struqtura,

socialuri dayofebi da, Sesabamisad, politikuri konfliqtis sakiTx­
ebi Seicvala. politikuri organizaciis igive formebi (partiebi) am
cvlilebis Sedegad adrindel, Cveul Sinaarss da funqcias kargavs,
sxva funqcias da Sinaarss iZens.

37
 am cvlilebebis gacnobierebis gareSe viRebT sul sxva funqciisa
da Sinaarsis politikuri organizaciis formebs, romlebic demokra­
tias ki ar uzrunvelyofen, aramed piriqiT, azianeben, xolo zogjer
angreven da anadgureben kidec mas.
erTi da igive wamliT gansxvavebul avadmyofobas ver umkurnaleb,
metic, SeiZleba avno.
gansxvavebuli sagnebis gasamarTad da SesakeTeblad sxvadasxva in­
strumentebia saWiro.
ganuzomlad kidev ufro metad, kritikulad es exeba postkomunis­
tur, gansakuTrebiT ki postsabWoTa reJimebs, vidre „dasavleTs“.
miuxedavad ukiduresad mwvave gamowvevebisa, Zalauflebrivi Ta­
nasworobis – demokratiis realuri damkvidrebisTvis aucilebelia
siRrmiseuli debatebis dawyeba fundamentur sakiTxebze:
– Tavisufali da Tanaswori sruli TviTrealizebis SesaZleblobis
maqsimizeba (adamianis funqcionirebis SesaZleblobebis maqsimize­
ba yvelasTis);
– farTo sajaro sikeTeebTan sazogadoebis yvela wevris wvdomis
SesaZleblobis maqsimizeba;
– wagebulebisTvis maqsimaluri SesaZleblobebis xelSemwyobi (ma­
kompensirebeli) pirobebis Seqmna;
– deliberacia, dialogi da meti konsensualoba, rogorc saSuale­
bac da mizanic.

saWiroa demokratiis maqsimizeba Tanaswori da samarTliani sazoga­

doebis principebis gaZlierebisa da ganmtkicebis mizniT: 1. ara sabWo­
Ta tipis (totalitaruli) socializmi, romelic zians ayenebs Tanas­
worobis bevr aspeqts (zRudavs ra Tavisuflebas upirveles yovlisa).
2. ara radikaluri individualizmi, romelic asustebs koleqtiur
Zalisxmevas (gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo doneze) da azianebs sajaro
sikeTeebis Seqmnas (rac aucilebelia TanasworobisTvis). 3. ara sruli
decentralizacia, rac asustebs saerTo Zalisxmevas (gansakuTrebiT
saxelmwifo doneze) da azianebs sajaro sikeTeebis Seqmnas (Tanaswo­
robisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSnelovani keTildReobis institutebs).
4. ara zedmetad Zlieri etatizmi (Zalauflebis zekoncentracia da

38
zecentralizacia), rac asustebs TanasworobisTvis aucilebel Tavi­
suflebis Semadgenels.
zomieri wiliT, zemoT CamoTvlili principebi aucilebelia Ta­
nasworobisTvis – samarTliani sazogadoebisTvis da, Sesabamisad,
demokratiisTvis.
praqtikuli realizebis sirTuleebma ar unda daamciron am sakiTx­
ebze inteleqtualuri debatebis mniSvneloba. imisTvis, rom mkafiod
da adeqvaturad gavaanalizoT realoba, movaxdinoT refleqsia da
davinaxoT alternativebi, aucilebelia davubrundeT egzistenciu­
ri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebs. mxolod ase SeiZleba davinaxoT arsebuli
institutebis iracionaloba da deklarirebul miznebTan Seusabamoba
(xSirad radikaluri winaaRmdegoba).
moklevadiani miznebis miRwevisTvis mxolod arsebuli dRis wes­
rigis Taobaze debatebi ar SeiZleba miiCneodes erTaderT legitimur
debatebad. sinamdvilis SemecnebisTvis aucilebelia realuri intele­
qtualuri debatebi, Tundac viwro sivrceSi da ukiduresad SezRudu­
li zegavleniT arsebul realobaze.
realuri progresi samarTliani, demokratiuli sazogadoebis
mimarTulebiT SesaZlebelia mxolod koleqtiuri deliberaciiTa da
demokratiiT, magram inspirireba mxolod praqtikuli moqmedebebiT
ar aris aucileblad SezRuduli. refleqsia, Tundac Tavdapirvelad
viwro sivrceSi, aucileblad iqneba Rirebuli didi an mcire (magram
arsebiTi) zomiT da mokle an xangrZliv vadaSi.
umetesi, Tu ara yvela, inteleqtualuri inovacia, idea da Sexed­
uleba swored viwro sivrceSi ibadeboda da Semdgom, xSirad, sakmaod
gvian iZenda aqtualobas.

39
 vin, ras, rogor iRebs da flobs

sxvadasxva tipis uTanasworebebi urTierTdakavSirebuli da urT­

ierTganmapirobebelia. Cven ganvixileT uTanasworobis zogierTi
forma politikuri Zalauflebis sferoSi, sadac aSkaraa arsebuli
uTanasworobebis pirdapiri kavSiri da damokidebuleba materialur
resursebTan. Tumca ekonomikur sferoSi arsebul uTanasworobebs
TavisTavadi mniSvneloba gaaCnia adamianis srulyofili TviTreali­
zebisTvis.
ra mdgomareobaa am TvalsazrisiT saqarTveloSi? rogorc ukve
Sesaval nawilSi vaxseneT, zogadad uTanasworoba da gansakuTrebiT
ekonomikis sferoSi uTanasworoba (uTanasworoba materialuri re­
sursebis TvalsazrisiT) sazogadoebrivi, politikuri Tu akademi­
uri diskusiis dRis wesrigSi praqtikulad ar dgas da, Sesabamisad,
informacia da monacemebic mniSvnelovnad SezRudulia. magram, miuxe­
davad amisa, is mwiri monacemebic ki, romelic xelmisawvdomia, iZle­
va saSualebas, davinaxoT ukiduresad mwvave uTanasworoba, romelic
saqarTveloSia da romelic Zalian seriozul (TiTqmis gadaulaxav)
winaaRmdegobebs qmnis stabiluri socialuri da politikuri, aseve
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis.
bolo 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cveni sazogadoeba dramatulad Seicva­
la, maT Soris ekonomikuri uTanasworobis mimarTulebiT. sruliad
sxva simwvave SeiZleba hqondes uTanasworobis sakiTxs dabali ekono­
mikuri uTanasworobis pirobebSi im viTarebasTan SedarebiT, rodesac
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba Zalian maRalia. aseTi viTarebis SemTxveva­
Si, igi ara mxolod Zalian mZime mdgomareobas qmnis adamianTa didi um­
ravlesobisTvis ekonomikuri cxovrebis sferoSi, aramed gadaedineba
politikur, socialur da kulturul sferoebSi da ayalibebs sazoga­
doebis SigniT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul (garkveulwilad erTmaneT­
Tan dapirispirebul) sazogadoebriv jgufebs.

40
 uTanasworobis gazomva:
koeficientebi, meTodologia, cnebebi

socialur-ekonomikuri (u)Tanasworobis gazomvisa da Sedarebi­

sTvis, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise qveynebs Soris, sxvadasxva tipis
monacemebs, Sefasebebsa da maCveneblebs iyeneben. sxvadasxva qveynebis
erTmaneTTan Sedareba aranakleb mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac es bev­
rad ufro mkafiod aCvenebs im monacemTa arssa da raobas, romelic
qveynis Sida viTarebas axasiaTebs.
erT-erTi yvelaze ufro xSirad gamoyenebadi monacemi qveynebs So­
ris uTanasworobis warmosaCenad aris mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) erT
sul mosaxleze, rogorc nominaluri, ise Sewonili (PPP) ganzomilebiT.
qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCvenebia saqarTvelos da msoflios sxva
qveynebis (regionebis) Sedareba mSp-is mixedviT erT sul mosaxleze.

cxrili №1. sxvadasxva qveynebis da regionebis mSp erT sul mosaxleze

(nominaluri da PPP – 2020 w.). (wyaro: msoflio banki)*

qveyana (regioni) mSp erT sul mosaxleze mSp erT sul mosaxleze
(nominaluri) (aSS dolari) (PPP) (aSS dolari)
evrokavSiri 34,149 44,766
aSS 63,414 63,414
norvegia 67,390 63,287
portugalia 22,176 34,091
poloneTi 15,721 34,406
ukraina 3,727 13,056
iaponia 40,193 41,733
monRoleTi 4,061 12,362
msoflio 10,910 17,083
saqarTvelo 4,267 14,762

aseTive Sinaarsisaa magaliTad, saSualo xelfasis, saSualo mTliani

Semosavlis, medianuri xelfasis da sxva Sedarebebi. aRniSnul monace­
mebze dakvirveba aSkarad warmoaCens ra qveynebs Soris uTanasworo­
bas, iwvevs nacionaluri identobis gancdis gaZlierebas, Sesabamisad
*
GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) ix.: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD

41
es aZlierebs identobebs Soris dapirispirebebs da xels uwyobs Tana­
medrove globalizaciis pirobebSi sxvadasxva daZabulobebis gamwvave­
bas: migraciuli krizisebiTa da nacionalisturi populizmiT dawyebu­
li, konfliqtebiT da Zaladobrivi aqtebiT damTavrebuli. miuxedavad
imisa, rom am tipis krizisebis warmoSobis mizezebi da intensifikaci­
is traeqtoriebi multifaqtoruli da kompleqsuria, uTanasworobis
(qveynebs Soris) ugulebelyofa an arajerovani yuradRebis mipyroba
da meorexarisxovnad CaTvla mniSvnelovan xarvezs warmoSobs analiz­
sa da daskvnebSi.

მსყიდველობითი უნარის პარიტეტი (Purchasing Power Parity – PPP)

შემოსავლების (ასევე ქონების) განაწილების შედარება ქვეყნებს შორის
წარმოშობს გარკვეულ სირთულეებს, რადგან არსებობს განსხვავებები ფა-
სებში, გადასახადებში, სხვადასხვა ტიპის საჯარო სარგებელში და ა. შ..
ამ სირთულეებს მეტ-ნაკლებად ამცირებს ე.წ. PPP მაჩვენებელი, რომელიც
შემდეგნაირად იანგარიშება: კონკრეტული მოცულობის სამომხმარებლო
კალათა იანგარიშება ადგილობრივი ღირებულებით, ადგილობრივ ფულის
ერთეულში და შემდეგ ხდება შედარება სხვადასხვა ქვეყნებში იგივე კალა-
თის ღირებულებასთან და დგინდება ამ ფასების მიმართება აშშ დოლართან.
მაგ. PPP 1 ამერიკული დოლარი საქართველოში არის არა 3, არამედ მია-
ხლოებით 9 ლარი, ხოლო მშპ ერთ სულ მოსახლეზე წლიურად დაახლოებით
14,700 აშშ დოლარია, მაშინ როცა ნომინალური მშპ ერთ სულ მოსახლეზე
წლიურად 4,300 დოლარს შეადგენს. ეს ნიშნავს, რომ 4,300 დოლარად საქა-
რთველოში შესაძლებელია იგივე მოცულობის სამომხმარებლო კალათის
უზრუნველყოფა, რაც აშშ-ში 14,700 დოლარად.
თუმცა, ცხადია, არც ეს მეთოდიკაა ზუსტი, სხვადასხვა ქვეყნებში, ბუნებ-
რივია, განსხვავდება სამომხმარებლო კალათების მოცულობა, კონკრე-
ტული საქონლის პრიორიტეტულობის ან მოხმარების სიხშირის მიხედვით,
აგრეთვე სხვა ფაქტორებითაც.

saqarTveloSi xSirad qveyndeba sxvadasxva raodenobrivi monaceme­

bi Tu reitingebi, romlebic wesiT unda gvaZlevdes codnas Cveni qvey­
nis ekonomikisa Tu sazogadoebis mdgomareobis Taobaze. Sesabamisi
saxelmwifo institutebi aqveyneben iseT makro monacemebs, rogoricaa
mSp, mSp erT sul mosaxleze (nominaluri da PPP), mSp-is procentuli
zrda, saSualo xelfasi da a.S.

42
 es monacemebi, marTalia, gvawvdis informacias ekonomikis saerTo
moculobis da zrdis Sesaxeb, magram Cven ar viciT, ramdenad grZnoben
cvlilebebs, zrdas Tu stagnacias calkeuli adamianebi da jgufebi.
periodulad sxvadasxva formiT da interpretaciebiT Cndeba cnobebi
yvelaze Raribi (gansazRvruli siRaribis zRvris mixedviT*) an yvelaze
mdidari jgufebis Sesaxeb (milionze meti SemosavliT, an yvelaze meti
simdidris mqone ramdenime aTeuli subieqtis Sesaxeb), magram TiTqmis
sruliad ar vrceldeba (da praqtikulad arc izomeba) Semosavlebis
da simdidris (qonebis) ganawilebis Sesaxeb informacia sazogadoebis
calkeuli jgufebis mixedviT (iSviaTi gamonaklisia zogierTi kvleva,
romelic mxolod nawilobriv avsebs am xarvezs8). amitomac, rodesac
ekonomika izrdeba, didwilad ucnobia, visTvis umjobesdeba ekonomi­
kuri mdgomareoba, rogor gadanawildeba es zrda mosaxleobaze.
Teoriulad, ekonomikuri zrda SeiZleba, dafiqsirdes im SemTxveva­
Sic, Tu mxolod ukiduresad viwro jgufis Semosavlebi da qoneba iz­
rdeba radikalurad, xolo didi umravlesobis Semosavlebi da qoneba
igive rCeba, an SeiZleba mcirdebodes kidec.
siRaribis donis Sesafaseblad gamoiyeneba erovnuli da saerTaSo­
riso standartebi.9 bolo monacemebiT, yoveli mexuTe adamiani saqa­
rTveloSi siRaribis zRvars miRma cxovrobs. siRaribis absoluturi
zRvris** qvemoT 2020 wels mTliani mosaxleobis 21,3% iyo. rac Seexeba
siRaribis saerTaSoriso standartis*** mixedviT saqarTveloSi arse­
bul viTarebas: 2019 wels mosaxleobis 3,8% dReSi 1,9 dolarze naklebs
xarjavda (2011 wlis PPP maCveneblis mixedviT). 3,2 dolarze naklebs
14,8%, xolo 5,5 dolarze naklebs 41,9%.

*
saerTaSoriso siRaribis zRvrad msoflio bankis mier dadgenilia 1,9 aSS dolari
dRiuri danaxarji, aseve gamoiyeneba ori sxva zRvari: 3,2 aSS dolari dReSi da 5,5 aSS
dolari dReSi.
**
siRaribis absoluturi zRvari gulisxmobs saqarTvelos statistikis samsaxuris
mier yovelTviurad gansazRvrul saarsebo minimums, romelic gamoiTvleba yovelTvi­
urad, 2020 wels sxvadasxva Tveebis mixedviT is meryeobda 182 laridan 206 laramde.
***
saerTaSoriso siRaribis zRvari iTvleba dRiuri xarjis mixedviT, amave dros
gamoiyeneba e.w. PPP maCvenebli – msyidvelobiTi unaris pariteti, rac iTvaliswinebs
sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebuli gansxvavebuli fasebisa da valutis kursis gaTvalis­
winebiT arsebul mdgomareobas.

43
 cxrili №2. siRaribis absoluturi zRvris qvemoT mosaxleobis wili
bolo wlebSi (wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri)

weli mosaxleobis wili siRaribis

absoluturi zRvris qvemoT
2020 21,3%
2019 19,5%
2018 20,1%
2017 21,9%

calkeuli socialuri jgufebis mdgomareobaze pasuxi SeiZleba

miviRoT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu specialurad SeviswavliT ekono­
mikis (mSp-is), Semosavlebis, qonebis da sxva tipis sargeblis mTel
sazogadoebaSi gadanawilebis mdgomareobas: vin, ras, ramdens da ram­
denad Tanasworad iRebs arsebuli ekonomikidan da misi zrdisgan.
uTanasworobis gazomvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meqanizmi aris e.w.
`jinis indeqsi~, romelic warmoadgens raodenobriv gamosaxulebas
0-dan da 1-mde (an 1%-dan 100%-mde), rac ufro naklebia misi mniSvne­
loba miT ufro dabalia uTanasworoba sazogadoebaSi da piriqiT, rac
ufro maRalia jinis indeqsi, maRalia uTanasworobac Semosavlebisa
da qonebis gadanawilebis TvalsazrisiT.

cxrili №3. jini-s indeqsi sxvadasxva qveynebSi 2018-2019ww.

(wyaro: msoflio banki*)
qveyana jinis indeqsis maCvenebeli
slovenia 24,6%
brazilia 53,4%
aSS 41,4%
SvedeTi 30,0%
latvia 35,1%
safrangeTi 32,4%
dania 28,2%
CexeTi 25,0%
ruseTis federacia 37,5%
somxeTi 29,9%
saqarTvelo 35,9%

*
Gini index (World Bank estimate) ix.: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

44
 jinis indeqsis maCveneblis Sedareba saqarTvelosa da sxva qven­
ebSi aSkarad gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelosa da evropis qveynebs So­
ris mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom jinis indeqsis
dazustebuli maCveneblis mixedviT, romelic gansxvavebuli meTod­
ologiiT iangariSeba*, saqarTvelo 2017 wlis monacemebiT yvelaze
uTanasworo qveynebis aTeulSi Sedis10 da es maCvenebeli 47,6%-s Sead­
gens11. amave dros, jinis indeqsi axasiaTebs mxolod zogad mdgomareo­
bas sxva qveynebTan mimarTebiT. igi arafers gveubneba konkretulad
rogor da romel jgufebSi nawildeba Semosavlebi da qoneba, rogoria
gansxvaveba am jgufebs Soris da a. S..
amitomac, bolo wlebSi sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikur kvleveb­
Si sul ufro aqtiurad gamoiyeneba iseTi maCveneblebi, romliTac Se­
mosavlebisa da qonebis sxvadasxva jgufebSi gadanawileba izomeba. mag­
aliTad e.w. `palmas indeqsi~**: yvelaze maRalSemosavliani 10%-is da
qveda 40%-is Sefardeba, aseve sxvadasxva saSemosavlo jgufebis ganaw­
ilebis sxva tipis variaciebi: zeda 10%, Sua 40%, qveda 50%. kidev ufro
mwvaved aCvenebs uTanasworobis gavlenas, ara mxolod ekonomikuri,
aramed sazogadoebis cxovrebis bevr sxvadasxva sferosa da aspeqtze,
zeda 1%-is Sefardeba qveda 50%-Tan.
am tipis kvlevebma gansakuTrebuli aRiareba da popularoba moipo­
va frangi mecnieris tomas piketis cnobili naSromebis gamoqveynebis
Semdeg (Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Capital and Ideology). Cvens mier warmod­
genili monacemebic da meTodologiac didwilad piketis bolo wign­
Si12 warmodgenil ideebsa da monacemebs eyrdnoba.
ufro farTod da siRrmiseulad msgavsi meTodologiiT warmodge­
nili monacemebis gacnoba SesaZlebelia platforma WID-ze (world inequal-
ity database13), romelic aseve tomas piketis xelmZRvanelobiT organize­
buli mravali qveynis mkvlevarTa jgufis mier aris Seqmnili.

*
aRniSnuli meTodologiiT ufro srulyofilad xdeba realuri uTanasworobis
gazomva.
**
kembirjis universitetis profesoris gabriel palmas mier damkvidrebuli ind­
ikatoria. mas ekuTvnis aTobiT naSromi da kvleva uTanasworobis Sesaxeb.

45
 Semosavlebis uTanasworoba

nebismier qveyanaSi uTanasworobis (Tanasworobis) mdgomareobis

Sefasebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi Semosavlebis ganawilebaa.
cxril №4-Si mocemulia saqarTveloSi Semosavlis mimReb pirTa ganaw­
ileba mTliani wliuri Semosavlis* mixedviT, sxvadasxva saSemosavlo
jgufebSi. aseve mocemulia procentuli ganawileba Sesabamisi saSemo­
savlo jgufis mixedviT.

cxrili №4. Semosavlebis ganawileba saSemosavlo jgufebis mixedviT

(saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdamde, pensiebisa da socialuri daxmarebis
gamoklebiT). (wyaro: Semosavlebis samsaxuri)

Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva

saSemosavlo jgufebis mixedviT (wliuri Semosavali – 2019w.)
wliuri
Semosavlis jamuri
Semosavali pirTa kumulaciuri
mimReb Semosavali
– yvela saxis wilobrivi procenti
pirTa saSemosavlo
Semosavali ganawileba
raodenoba jgufis mixedviT
(lari)
0-1200 247,149 106,777,684 19.08% 19.08%
1200-2400 117,240 209,198,773 9.05% 28.13%
2400-3600 95,416 285,027,464 7.37% 35.50%
3600-4800 83,471 349,965,427 6.44% 41.95%
4800-6000 76,002 410,688,152 5.87% 47.81%
6000-7200 66,872 440,980,944 5.16% 52.98%
7200-9600 118,634 989,559,771 9.16% 62.14%
9600-12000 98,467 1,062,927,891 7.60% 69.74%
12000-15000 95,235 1,274,631,369 7.35% 77.09%
15000-20000 101,479 1,758,546,275 7.84% 84.93%
20000-25000 58,858 1,310,812,050 4.54% 89.47%
25000-30000 33,775 922,221,341 2.61% 92.08%
30000-40000 36,911 1,270,236,290 2.85% 94.93%
40000-50000 19,373 863,121,722 1.50% 96.43%
50000-60000 11,842 647,095,472 0.91% 97.34%
*
wliuri Semosavali moicavs yvela saxis Semosavals, romelic eqvemdebareba
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gadaxdas da aRricxulia Semosavlebis samxuris mier.
Semosavlis saxeebi: xelfasi, momsaxurebis anazRaureba, dividendi, procenti da sxva
saxis Semosavlebi.

46
60000-70000 7,522 486,584,085 0.58% 97.92%
70000-80000 5,386 402,653,105 0.42% 98.34%
80000-90000 4,029 341,380,477 0.31% 98.65%
90000-100000 2,920 276,464,069 0.23% 98.87%
100000-zemoT 14,596 4,505,127,507 1.13% 100.00%
jami 1,295,177 17,913,999,866 100%

2019 wels Semosavali miiRo 1 295 177-ma adamianma. saSualo wliuri

Semosavali ki 13 831 lars Seadgens. cxrilis mixedviT Cans, rom mosax­
leobis mxolod 10%-s aqvs 25 000 larze meti wliuri Semosavali. Semo­
savlis mimRebTagan daaxloebiT 3,5%-s aqvs 50 000 larze meti wliuri
Semosavali, xolo TiTqmis 48%-s wliuri Semosavali 6000 larze nak­
lebi aqvs, rac niSnavs, rom mosaxleobis TiTqmis naxevars (Semosavlis
mimReb pirebs) yovelTviurad saSualod 500 larze naklebi Semosava­
li aqvs. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT, saSualo Tviuri Semosavali
daaxloebiT 1152 lars Seadgens, Sesabamisad, Semosavlis mimReb pirTa
odenobis TiTqmis 50%-is yovelTviuri Semosavali orjer da ufro me­
tad naklebia saSualo Tviuri xelfasis maCvenebelze. medianuri da sa­
Sualo Semosavlis aseTi sxvaoba Zalian didi mniSvnelobis mqone uTa­
nasworobaze metyvelebs.

47
 სოციალური დანახარჯები სახელმწიფო ბიუჯეტიდან

ასაკობრივი პენსია
2020 წელს ასაკობრივი პენსიის მიმღებ პირთა რაოდენობა 783 705 იყო.
იმავე წელს ასაკით პენსიონერთა უზრუნველყოფისთვის სახელმწიფო ბი-
უჯეტიდან გაიცა 2 130 ათასზე მეტი ლარი. 70 წლამდე პენსიონერთათვის
2020 წელს პენსიის მოცულობა ყოველთვიურად განსაზღვრული იყო 220
ლარით (2021 წლის 1 იანვრიდან ის გაიზარდა 240 ლარამდე, ხოლო 2022
წლის იანვრიდან იზრდება 260 ლარამდე), ხოლო 70 წელს ზემოთ პენსიო-
ნერები ყოველთვიურად 250 ლარს იღებდნენ (2021 წლიდან გაიზარდა 275
ლარამდე, ხოლო 2022 წლის იანვრიდან – 300 ლარამდე).
ასაკის მიხედვით ისინი შემდეგნაირად ნაწილდებიან:

ცხრილი №5. ასაკობრივივ პენსიის მიმღებთა რაოდენობა ასაკის მიხედვით 2020 წ.

(წყარო: სოციალური მომსახურების სააგენტო)
asaki pirTa raodenoba
60-64 (qali) 155,325
65-69 (qali, kaci) 214,510
70-74 (qali, kaci) 162,864
75-79 (qali, kaci) 89,919
80-90 (qali, kaci) 103,416
90-meti (qali, kaci) 11,482
sul 783,705
სოციალური დახმარება (საარსებო შემწეობა)
2020 წელს საარსებო შემწეობის სახით სახელმწიფოსგან დახმარება მიიღო
146 619 ოჯახმა (524 598 პირმა – ოჯახის წევრების რაოდენობა). 2020 ამ
ოჯახებზე სახელმწიფო ბიუჯეტიდან დახმარების სახით გაიცა 339 277 444
ლარი.

№4 cxrilSi warmodgenil monacemebSi ar Sedis saxelmwifosgan

socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxiT miRebuli Semosavali, rogoricaa
asakobrivi pensia da socialuri daxmareba, rac, rasakvirvelia, arse­
bul ukiduresad mZime suraTs nawilobriv Secvlida ukeTesobisken,
mcirediT gaaumjobesebda dabalSemosavlianTa mdgomareobas. samwux­
arod xsenebuli monacemebis ufro zusti asaxva praqtikulad SeuZle­
belia. socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifos xarjebze saubrisas
mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT, rom saqarTveloSi ar aris dawesebuli umu­
Sevrobis kompensacia, romelic msoflios mraval qveyanaSi gavrcele­
buli praqtikaa.
48
 SegviZlia aseve davakvirdeT Semosavlebis ganawilebas qveda or
saSemosavlo jgufSi Semavali adamianebis da jamuri Semosavlis gamok­
lebiT. amis mizezi isaa, rom wliuri 2400 lari imdenad mizeruli Semo­
savalia, savaraudoa, rom am adamianebs gaaCniaT sxva tipis damatebiTi
Semosavalic (igulisxmeba, rogorc socialuri uzrunvelyofis saxiT
miRebuli Tanxa, aseve es SeiZleba iyos gzavnilebi sazRvargareTidan
an sxva tipis araformaluri Semosavali). SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom msgav­
si tipis Semosavlebis arqonis SemTxvevaSi, es adamianebi ver SeZlebd­
nen minimaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasac ki.
cxril №6-Si mocemulia Semosavlebis ganawileba deciluri
jgufebis* mixedviT, agreTve saSualo wliuri Semosavali TiToeuli
deciluri jgufisTvis, rac iZleva karg warmodgenas Semosavlebis ga­
nawilebis Sesaxeb.

cxrili №6. mTliani Semosavlis ganawileba deciluri jgufebis mixedviT

(momzadebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier mowodebuli informaciis sa-
fuZvelze)

mTliani Semosavlis ganawileba

deciluri jgufebis mixedviT (2019w.)
saSualo
deciluri jamuri Semosavali deciluri wliuriSemosavali
jgufebi jgufebis mixedviT (lari) deciluri jgufebis
mixedviT
I 1-10% 55,956,658 432
II 11-20% 72,031,754 556
III 21-30% 260,173,932 2,009
IV 31-40% 457,135,229 3,530
V 41-50% 703,060,674 5,428
VI 51%-60% 1,012,986,617 7,821
VII 61%-70% 1,338,952,457 10,338

*
deciluri jgufi Sedgeba mTliani populaciis – Semosavlis mimReb pirTa saer­
To raodenobis 10%-isgan. decilur jgufebze dakvirveba kargi meTodia Semosavlebis
uTanasworobis aRsaqmelad. mocemul SemTxvevaSi TiToeul decilur jgufSi Semava­
li pirebis jamuri Semosavali daTvlilia miaxloebiT, Semosavlebis samsaxuris mier
mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze, romelSic warmodgenilia wliuri Semosavlis
ganawileba sxvadasxva saSemosavlo diapazonis mixedviT (cxril №6-Si warmodgenili
informacia).

49
VIII 71%-80% 1,882,041,825 14,531
IX 81%-90% 2,603,514,527 20,102
X 91%-100% 9,528,146,193 73,566
zeda 1% 3,997,698,786 308,655
jami 17,913,999,866

zeda deciluri jgufis saSualo Sefardeba qveda deciluri jgu­

fis saSualo SemosavalTan Seadgens 170-s, anu saSualod yvelaze maRa­
li Semosavlis mqone 10%-Si Semavali adamianis Semosavali 170-jer me­
tia yvelaze dabalSemosavlian 10%-Si Semavali adamianis Semosavalze,
xolo zeda 1%-Si Semavali adamianebis saSualo wliuri Semosavali
714-jer metia qveda 10%-Si Semavali adamianebis saSualo wliur Semo­
savalze.
rogorc ukve vaxseneT, qveda ori deciluri jgufisTvis saSualo
wliuri Semosavali imdenad mcirea, rom, bunebrivia, am adamianebs sxva
saxis damatebiTi Semosavalic unda hqondeT. amis miuxedavad, mniS­
vnelovania am monacemebis analizic.

saxelfaso Semosavali
2019 wels xelfasis saxiT Semosavali miiRo 1 124 679 adamianma. sa­
Sualo wliuri xelfasi 13 036 lars Seadgenda, Sesabasamisad, saSualo
Tviuri xelfasi 1086 lari iyo (saqstatis mixedviT, 2019 wels saSualo
xelfasi 1130 lars Seadgenda, Tumca aRniSnuli sxvaoba gansxvavebuli
meTodologiiT aixsneba).
xelfasis mimReb pirTa 49,31%-s wliuri xelfasi 7200 larze nak­
lebi aqvs, Sesabamisad, saSualod Tviuri xelfasi 600 larze naklebia,
rac TiTqmis orjer naklebia saSualo xelfasis Tviur maCvenebelze.

50
 cxrili №7. saxelfaso Semosavlebis ganawileba saSemosavlo jgufebis
mixedviT (wyaro: Semosavlebis samsaxuri)

saxelfaso Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva

saSemosavlo jgufebis mixedviT (wliuri xelfasi – 2019w.)

jamuri
wliuri saxelfaso
saxelfaso pirTa kumulaciuri
Semosavali Semosavlis
Semosavali wilobrivi procenti
(xelfasi) pirTa
saSemosavlo ganawileba
(lari) raodenoba
jgufis mixedviT

0-1200 142,499 81,324,992.6 12.67% 12.67%

1200-2400 105,162 188,707,041.1 9.35% 22.02%
2400-3600 89,347 267,192,380.1 7.94% 29.96%
3600-4800 79,968 335,696,627.5 7.11% 37.08%
4800-6000 73,463 397,016,530.2 6.53% 43.61%
6000-7200 64,094 422,889,471.6 5.70% 49.31%
7200-9600 116,522 972,790,375.0 10.36% 59.67%
9600-12000 95,377 1,029,908,315.9 8.48% 68.15%
12000-15000 91,511 1,224,799,635.1 8.14% 76.28%
15000-20000 95,398 1,653,009,772.4 8.48% 84.77%
20000-25000 54,819 1,220,774,521.9 4.87% 89.64%
25000-30000 30,871 843,010,039.9 2.74% 92.38%
30000-40000 32,863 1,130,037,836.6 2.92% 95.31%
40000-50000 16,966 756,156,856.2 1.51% 96.82%
50000-60000 10,046 549,104,914.2 0.89% 97.71%
60000-70000 6,245 403,704,459.9 0.56% 98.26%
70000-80000 4,418 330,375,320.4 0.39% 98.66%
80000-90000 3,164 268,015,957.5 0.28% 98.94%
90000-100000 2,286 216,304,371.9 0.20% 99.14%
100000-zemoT 9,660 2,371,477,193.9 0.86% 100.00%
jami 1,124,679 14,662,296,613.9 100%

25 000 larze meti wliuri saxelfaso Semosavali aqvs daaxloebiT

xelfasis mimReb pirTa 10%-s. xolo 50 000 larze meti wliuri saxel­
faso Semosavali 3,2%-s. 100 000 larze meti saxelfaso Semosavali xel­
fasis mimReb pirTa 0,86%-s aqvs maSin, roca 30%-s wliuri xelfasi 3600
larze naklebi aqvs (TveSi saSualod 300 lari).
51
 სახელფასო შემოსავლის მედიანური მაჩვენებელი

ამ დროისთვის საქართველოში შესაბამისი სამსახურების მიერ არ ხდება

სახელფასო შემოსავლის მედიანური მაჩვენებლის გამოთვლა, რომელიც
გაცილებით ზუსტად ასახავს, თუ როგორ არის ხელფასები გადანაწილე-
ბული ხელფასის მიმღებ პირთა შორის, განსხვავებით საშუალო ხელფასის
მაჩვენებლისგან.
2019 წელს ხელფასის მიმღებ პირად საქართველოში რეგისტირებული
იყო 1 124 679 ადამიანი. 554 533 ადამიანის (ხელფასისი მიმღებ პირთა
49,31%-ს) წლიური სახელფასო შემოსავალი ჰქონდა 7200 ლარზე ნაკლები.
მედიანური მაჩვენებელი 562 440-ე პირის ხელფასს ემთხვევა. შესაბამისად,
მედიანური მაჩვენებელი ახლოს არის 7200 ლართან. ჩვენი გამოთვლებით
2019 წელს წლიური ხელფასის მედიანური მაჩვენებელი იყო 7360 ლარი,
რაც თვიურად საშუალოდ 613 ლარს შეადგენს. იმავე წლის საშუალო თვი-
ური ხელფასი საქსტატის მიხედვით 1130 ლარი იყო.

cxril №8-Si mocemulia saxelfaso Semosavlebis ganawileba deci­

luri jgufebis mixedviT, agreTve saSualo saxelfaso Semosavali Ti­
Toeuli deciluri jgufisTvis. yvelaze maRali xelfasis mqone 10%-
Si Semavali adamianis saSualo xelfasi 105-jer metia yvelaze dabali
xelfasis mqone 10%-Si Semavali adamianis saSualo xelfasze.

cxrili №8. saxelfaso Semosavlis ganawileba deciluri jgufebis mixed-

viT (momzadebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris mowodebuli informaciis safuZ-
velze)

saxelfaso Semosavlis ganawileba

deciluri jgufebis mixedviT (2019w.)
jamuri saxelfaso saSualo wliuri
deciluri
Semosavali deciluri saxelfaso Semosavali
jgufebi
jgufebis mixedviT (lari) deciluri jgufebisTvis
I 1-10% 64,186,130 571
II 11-20% 165,067,225 1,468
III 21-30% 309,633,423 2,753
IV 31-40% 511,814,314 4,551
V 41-50% 707,303,124 6,289

52
VI 51%-60% 948,139,178 8,430
VII 61%-70% 1,268,362,175 11,278
VIII 71%-80% 1,670,127,035 14,850
IX 81%-90% 2,260,127,078 20,096
X 91%-100% 6,757,536,933 60,084
zeda 1% 2,521,641,253 224,206
jami 14,662,296,614

Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva jgufebis mixedviT

Semosavlebis uTanasworobaze karg warmodgenas gviqmnis dakvir­
veba, Tu rogor aris ganawilebuli mTliani Semosavali sxvadasxva
jgufebis mixedviT. cxril №9 da №10-Si warmodgenilia mTliani Semo­
savlebis da saxelfaso Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva saSemosav­
lo jgufebis mixedviT.

cxrili №9. mTliani Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva jgufebis mi­

xedviT (2019 w.)

saSemosavlo wili mTlian SemosavlebSi

jgufebi
zeda 10% 53%
Sua 40% 38%
qveda 50% 9%
zeda 1% 22%

cxrili №9 aCvenebs sxvadasxva saSemosavlo jgufebis wils mTlian

SemosavlebSi. cxrilidan Cans, rom yvelaze maRali Semosavlis mqone
10%-is wili mTliani Semosavlis naxevarze metia, xolo zeda 1%-is Se­
mosavali TiTqmis meoTxedis tolia maSin, roca qveda 50%-is Semosav­
lis wili mTlian SemosavalSi 9%-ia.

53
 cxrili №10. saxelfaso Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva jgufebis
mixedviT (2019 w.)

saSemosavlo wili mTlian SemosavlebSi

jgufebi
zeda 10% 46%
Sua 40% 41%
qveda 50% 13%
zeda 1% 17%

saxelfaso Semosavlebis mixedviT uTanasworoba SedarebiT mcirea,

Tumca zeda 10% aseve iRebs mTliani saxelfaso Semosavlis TiTqmis
naxevars, xolo zeda 1% ki mTliani saxelfaso Semosavlis – 17%-s.

Semosavlebis ganawileba sxvadasxva saSemosavlo jgufebs Soris:

saqarTvelo da msoflio
cxrilebSi №11 da №12 warmodgenilia sxvadasxva saSemosavlo
jgufebis wilobrivi Sefardeba mTlian SemosavalSi saqarTvelosa da
msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebsa Tu regionebSi. Tu davakvirdebiT Semo­
savlebis ganawilebis tendencias, saqarTvelo yvelaze axlos Sua aR­
mosavleTis regionis qveynebTanaa.

cxrili №11. qveda 50%-is da zeda 1%-is wilebi mTlian SemosavalSi sxva-
dasxva qveynebis da regionebis mixedviT*

qveyana (regioni) qveda 50% zeda 1%

evropa 21% 11%
CineTi 14,4% 14%
aSS 13,3% 18,8%
Sua aRmosavleTi 9% 30%
ruseTi 17% 21,4%
poloneTi 19,5% 14,8%
lietuva 18,1% 10,9%
saqarTvelo 9% 22%
*
ucxo qveynebis monacemebi mocemulia msoflio uTanaswrobis monacemTa bazis
platformis safuZvelze – World Inequality Database. ix.: https://wid.world/data/

54
 cxrili №12. qveda 50%-is, Sua 40%-is da zeda 10%-is wilebi mTlian Semo-
savalSi

qveyana (regioni) qveda 50% Sua 40% zeda 10%

evropa 20% 45% 35%
CineTi 14,4% 44% 41,7%
aSS 13,3% 41% 45,7%
Sua aRmosavleTi 9% 27% 64%
ruseTi 17% 36,6% 46,5%
poloneTi 19,5% 42,9% 37,5%
lietuva 18,1% 45,4% 36,5%
saqarTvelo 9% 38% 53%

uTanasworobis gasaazreblad aseve karg warmodgenas qmnis sxva­

dasxva saSemosavlo jgufebis saSualo Semosavlebis Sefardebaze
dakvirveba. bunebrivia, rac ufro maRalia uTanasworoba, miT ufro
maRali iqneba yvelaze maRali saSemosavlo jgufebis saSualo Semo­
savlis Sefardeba sxva saSemosavlo jgufebis saSualo SemosavalTan.
cxrilebSi №13 da №14 swored es maCvenebelia warmodgenili. saqarT­
veloSi yvelaze maRali Semosavlis mqone 10%-iani jgufis saSualo
wliuri Semosavali 31-jer aRemateba qveda 50%-Si Semavali wliuri
Semosavlis mqone jgufs. igive maCvenebeli evropaSi 8 udris. am mxriv,
saqarTveloSi TiTqmis oTxjer ufro maRali maCvenebelia. SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom am maCveneblis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi evropis qveynebis
saSualo maCvnebelTan SedarebiT oTxjer ufro didi uTanasworobaa.

cxrili №13. zeda 10%-is da qveda 50%-is saSualo Semosavlebis Sefarde-

ba, saqarTvelo da sxva qveynebi (msoflios regionebi)*

zeda 10%-is da qveda 50%-is

qveyana (regioni)
saSualo Semosavlebis Sefardeba
evropa 8
CineTi 14

*
ucxo qveynebis monacemebi mocemulia Semdeg wignSi warmodgenili informaciis
safuZvelze: Pikkety, Thomas (2020) Capital and ideology. The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press.

55
ruseTi 14
aSS 19
indoeTi 19
brazilia 20
Sua aRmosavleTi 34
saqarTvelo 31

cxrilSi №14 mocemulia yvelaze maRali 1%-iani saSemosavlo

jgufis saSualo wliuri Semosavlis Sefardeba qveda 50%-iani saSemo­
savlo jgufis saSualo wliur SemosavalTan. saqarTveloSi yvelaze
maRali Semosavlis mqone 1%-iani jgufis wliuri Semosavali saSual­
od 308 655 laria. Sesabamisad, es maCvenebeli 129-jer metia qveda 50%-
iani jgufis saSualo wliur Semosavalze. aqac saqarTvelo yvelaze
axlos Sua aRmosavleTis regionTanaa. evropaSi analogiuri maCvene­
beli 25-is tolia.

cxrili №14. zeda 1%-is da qveda 50%-is saSualo Semosavlebis Sefardeba,

saqarTvelo da sxva qveynebi (msoflios regionebi)

zeda 1%-is da qveda 50%-is

qveyana (regioni)
saSualo Semosavlebis Sefardeba
evropa 25
CineTi 46
ruseTi 61
aSS 80
indoeTi 72
brazilia 85
axlo aRmosavleTi 161
saqarTvelo 129

aqve gvinda, kidev erTxel xazgasmiT aRvniSnoT, rom, rogorc zemoT

vaxseneT, pensiebis da socialuri daxmarebis gaTvaliswineba mcired­
iT gaaumjobesebda dabalSemosavlianTa maCveneblebs, magram arsebiT­
ad ar Secvlida im ukidures simwvaves uTanasworobisa, romelsac vxe­
davT warmodgenil monacemebSi.

56
 qonebrivi uTanasworoba

qonebis ganawileba erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentia, roml­

iTac qveyanaSi arsebuli uTanasworobis Sefaseba SeiZleba moxdes.
Cven am etapze ar vflobT saqarTveloSi qonebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb
srulfasovan informacias. mocemul kvlevaSi veyrdnobiT or ZiriT­
ad statistikur monacems qonebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb: sasoflo-same­
urneo miwebis ganawilebas da qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa ganaw­
ilebas maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis Rirebulebis mixedviT, aseve
maT sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis
ganawilebas farTobis mixedviT.

cxrili №15. fizikuri pirebis qonebis Rirebuleba (garda miwisa)

(momzadebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris informaciis safuZvelze)

qonebis gadam­ dasabegri qonebis qonebis qonebis kumula-­

Rirebulebis xdelTa qonebis saSualo g a d a ­ R i r e ­ ciuri
diapazonebi raodeno­ sabazro Rire­ saxadis bulebis procen­
(lari) ba Rirebuleba buleba g a d a ­ wili ti
(lari) (lari) mdelTa
wili
0<- 23, 340 1,127,747,840 48,318 52.43% 15.20% 15.20%
≤100 000

100 000< – 15,764 2,688,130,270 170,523 35.41% 36.24% 51.44%

≤300 000
300 000 < – 3,680 1,516,295,711 412,037 8.27% 20.44% 71.88%
≤600 000
600 000 < – 1,082 815,531,002 753,726 2.43% 10.99% 82.87%
≤ 1 000 000
1 000 000 < – 625 1,059,195,364 1,694,713 1.40% 14.28% 97.15%
≤5 000 000
5 000 000 < 22 211,435,234 9,610,692 0.05% 2.85% 100.00%

mocemul cxrilSi warmodgenilia informacia qonebis gadasaxadis

gadamxdelTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli deklarirebuli qonebis Rire­
bulebis Sesaxeb, garda miwisa. am cxrilSi warmodgenili monacemebi,
ra Tqma unda, ver gadmoscems saqarTveloSi qonebis gadanawilebis
srulyofil suraTs, Sesabamisad, rTulia amis safuZvelze vimsjeloT

57
qonebriv uTanasworobaze. 2020 wels qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelad
sul registrirebuli iyo 44 513 adamiani. cxadia, aqedan gamomdinare,
rTulia, ganazogado aq warmodgenili monacemebi mTlianad saqarT­
veloze, Tumca garkveuli STabeWdilebis Seqmna mainc SesaZlebelia.
qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa Sorisac igrZnoba Zalian maRali
uTanasworoba. qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa 4% flobs jamurad
deklarirebuli qonebis 28%-s.
cxrilSi №16 warmodgenilia qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa sa­
kuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflo-sameurneo miwis ganawileba, farTo­
bis mixedviT. am SemTxvevaSi uTanasworoba kidev ufro metad igrZnoba.
arasasoflo-sameurneo miwis sakuTrebaSi flobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
qonebis gadasaxadis gadamxdelTa 0,88% flobs jamurad deklarire­
buli miwis farTobis 36,98%-s.

cxrili №16. fizikuri pirebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli arasasoflo-sameur-

neo miwebi (momzadebulia Semosavlebis samsaxuris informaciis safuZvelze)

miwis gadamx­ farTobi sakuTre­ qonebis wili kumulaciuri

farTobis delTa (kv.m.) baSi gadasaxa­ saerTo procenti
diapazonebi raode­ arsebuli dis f a r ­
(kv.m.) noba saSualo gadamx­ TobSi
farTobi delTa
wili
0<n≤500 50,760 6,998,464.5 138 73.22% 12.52% 12.52%
500<n≤1 000 9,330 6,534,656.0 700 13.46% 11.69% 24.22%
1 000<n≤5 000 7,757 15,637,896.3 2016 11.19% 27.98% 52.20%
5 000<n≤10
000 874 6,048,798.1 6921 1.26% 10.82% 63.02%
n>10 000 607 20,663,008.5 34041 0.88% 36.98% 100.00%

sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis gadanawileba

sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis ganawilebaze dakvirveba yvelaze mZaf­
rad warmoaCens uTanasworobas. meurneobaTa saerTo raodnebis 0,8%-is
sakuTrebaSi aris sasoflo sameurneo miwebis 52%, xolo meurneobaTa
raodenobis 77% flobs kerZo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameur­
neo miwebis 21,5%-s. aRniSnuli meurneobebis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli mi­
webis farTobi 1 heqtarze naklebia. 124 meurneobis, rac meurneobaTa
raodenobis 0,022%-ia, sakuTrebaSia miwebis 15%.
58
 cxrili №17. sasoflo-sameurneo miwis ganawileba meurneobebis mixedviT
(momzadebulia 2014 wlis sasoflo-sameurneo aRweris* safuZvelze)

sasoflo-sameurneo miwis
ganawileba meurneobebis mixedviT
farTo­ meurneo­ wili kumu­ meur­ miwis 1 meur­
bebis bebis meurneo­ laciuri neobebis farTo­ neobaze
gradacia ganawileba bebis procen­ sarge­ bis wili saSualo
(ha.) farTobis mTlian ti blobaSi mTlian farTobi
mixedviT raodeno­ arsebuli miwis (ha.)
baSi miwis farTob­
farTobi Si
<0.1 86,988 15.15% 15.15% 3,516 0.45% 0.04
0.1-0.19 61,332 10.68% 25.84% 8,423 1.07% 0.14
0.2-0.49 139,914 24.37% 50.21% 45,229 5.74% 0.32
0.5-0.99 154,306 26.88% 77.09% 112,013 14.23% 0.73
1-1.99 95,399 16.62% 93.71% 123,922 15.74% 1.3
2-2.99 17,915 3.12% 96.83% 42,995 5.46% 2.4
3-3.99 6,349 1.11% 97.93% 21,599 2.74% 3.4
4-4.99 3,297 0.574% 98.51% 14,615 1.86% 4.4
5-9.99 4,505 0.785% 99.29% 29,490 3.75% 6.5
10-19.99 1,630 0.284% 99.57% 21,715 2.76% 13
20-49.99 965 0.168% 99.74% 29,195 3.71% 30
50-99.99 538 0.094% 99.84% 37,137 4.72% 69
100-199.99 428 0.075% 99.91% 58,219 7.39% 136
200-499.99 387 0.067% 99.98% 116,917 14.85% 302
500≤ 124 0.022% 100.00% 122,429 15.55% 987
sul 574,077 100.00% 787,414 100.00%

Tanamedrove kvlevebis umetesoba adasturebs, rom (u)Tanasworo­

bis mTavari ganmsazRvreli aris simdidris (qonebis) ganawileba sazo­
gadoebaSi. marTalia (u)Tanasworobaze aseve did zegavlenas axdens
Semosavlebis ganawileba, magram isic mniSvnelovnad damokidebulia
qonebis ganawilebaze, ramdenadac Tavad SemosavlebSi mniSvnelovani
wili ukavia qonebis ekonomikuri funqcionirebidan miRebul Semosav­
lebs uSualod Sromis anazRaurebidan miRebul SemosavlebTan er­
*
saqarTvelos statistikis samsaxuris 2014 wels mier Catarebuli sasof­
lo-sameurneo aRweris mixedviT, meurneobaSi igulisxmeba yvela is Sinameurneoba an
iuridiuli piri, romelic flobda sakuTrebaSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwas.

59
Tad. garda pirdapiri materialuri (finansuri) ganzomilebisa, qone­
brivi uTanasworoba iribad zemoqmedebas axdens uTanasworobaze
Zalauflebisa da sazogadod cxovrebis sxva sferoebSic, maT Soris
qcevis tipebsa da yofiT urTierTmimarTebebze sociumSi. gasaTval­
iswinebelia, rom XXI s-Si uTanasworobis zrdaSi qonebrivi uTanaswo­
roba wamyvan rols asrulebs mTeli msoflios masStabiT.
amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qonebrivi uTanasworobis sakiTxi
kritikuli mniSnelobisaa uTanasworobis analizisTvis.

privatizacia
saqarTveloSi qonebrivi (u)Tanasworobis dRes arsebuli mdgo­
mareoba upiratesad ganpirobebulia 1990-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebu­
li privatizaciis SedegebiT.
privatizaciis procesma Zalian swrafi zemoqmedeba moaxdina qone­
briv (u)Tanasworobaze saqarTveloSi iseve, rogorc postsabWoTa
qveynebSi da amavdroulad man xeli Seuwyo qonebis Zalian swrafad kon­
centracias.
aq privatizacia daiwyo sruliad gansxvavebul viTarebaSi im sazo­
gadoebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac sakuTrebis (da, Sesabamisad, qonebis
ganawilebis) radikalurad gansxvavebuli instituciuri wesrigi arse­
bobda, vidre sabWoTa (komunistur) samyaroSi.
ssrk-Si, sakmaod SezRuduli formiT, magram mainc arsebobda pira­
di sakuTreba, romelic ZiriTadad mepatronis uSualo moxmarebisT­
vis gamoiyeneboda. magaliTad, uZravi qoneba: sacxovrebeli (soflad
– didi wili, e.w. sakarmidamo mcire nakveTebi – maqsimum 0,5 ha-mde, qa­
laqad – ukiduresad mcire wili), piradi moxmarebis transporti Tu
sxva nivTebi. rac Seexeba sakuTrebas warmoebis saSualebebze (rac
aris swored sakuTrebis ganmsazRvrelia, rogorc kapitalis ekono­
mikuri funqcionirebisTvis) – es praqtikulad ar arsebobda (mxolod
sxvadasxva aralegaluri formiT gamoiyeneboda Crdilovani ekono­
­
mikis sferoSi). Sesabamisad, sabWoTa periodSi, savaraudod, qonebrivi
uTanasworoba bevrad ufro dabali unda yofiliyo, vidre saSemosav­
lo uTanasworoba.
sacxovreblis (binebis) privatizacias da miwis ganawilebas didi
60
zegavlena ar unda moexdina da praqtikulad am reformam albaT Sein­
arCuna uTanasworobis is done, romelic manamde iyo (an cotaTi umniS­
vnelod gazarda).
radikaluri cvlilebebi iwyeba warmoebis saSualebebis gankerZoe­
biT – jer floba-ijara, Semdeg privatizacia da Semdeg ukve Tavisufa­
li mimoqceva bazarze.
samwuxarod, Sesabamisi monacemebi sakmaod SezRudulia da maTTvis
raodenobrivi formis micema Zalian rTuldeba.
pirveli farTomasStabiani privatizacia gulisxmobda piradi sa­
kuTrebis ojaxebis umravlesobisTvis usasyidlo gadacemas: es iyo
sacxovrebeli binebi, romlebic moqalaqeTa udidess umravlesobas
praqtikulad SeuzRudav mflobelobaSi hqonda (maT Soris, arafor­
malurad nebismieri gankargvis formiT – gayidvis CaTvliT) da mcire
miwis nakveTebi soflad. privatizaciis am aqts Sedegad (u)Tanasworo­
bis arsebiTi, ramdenadme mniSvnelovani cvlileba ar mohyolia da uTa­
nasworoba TiTqmis iseTsave dabal doneze SenarCunda, rogorc es iyo
ssrk-is dros.
rac Seexeba warmoebis saSualebebis privatizebas, es ramdenime
formiT ganxorcielda: vauCeruli, ijara-gamosyidva, koleqtivebze
miyidva (upiratesi wesiT) da auqcionis wesiT gayidva. yvela am formas
hqonda Tavisi legitimacia – argumentacia da Sesabamisi Sedegebic.14
privatizaciiis legitimacia or ZiriTad ideur burjs, daSvebas ey­
rdnoboda, romlebic erTmaneTTan pirdapir ar iyvnen dakavSirebuli:
1. sakuTrebis, rogorc Tavisuflebis aucilebeli da umTavresi
atributis damkvidrebas – sakuTrebis arseboba da xelSeuxebloba –
aucilebel pirobad miiCneoda Tavisuflebis damkvidrebisa da fun­
qcionirebisTvis.
2. legitimacia ekonomikuri efeqturobis TvalsazrisiT – kerZo
sakuTreba da misi ekonomikur aqtivobaSi CarTva aucilebel atrib­
utad ganixileboda Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikisTvis. miiCneoda,
rom mxolod kerZo sakuTrebis (rogorc ekonomikuri resursis) praq­
tikulad Tu erTaderT ara, umTavres formad qceva (koleqtiurisa
da saerTo, saxelmwifo sakuTrebis maqsimaluri minimizebis pirobeb­
Si) uzrunvelyofda sabazro ekonomikis mTavari mamoZraveblebis –

61
ekonomikur subieqtTa motivaciisa da konkurenciis srulfasovan
amoqmedebas, Sesabamisad, efeqturi sabazro ekonomikis Camoyalibebas
da Semdgom ganviTarebas.
erTjeradi privatizebis Sedegad warmoSobili uTanasworobis da
qonebis koncentraciis STambeWdav zrdas kidev ufro aqtiuri da swra­
fi tempebiT vxedavT, rodesac gadanawilebuli qoneba erTveba saba­
zro urTierTobebSi.
reformis kompleqsurobam, da ara mxolod qonebis gadanawilebis,
aramed gankargvis da amuSavebis meqanizmebis moqmedebam, SesaZloa naw­
ilobriv, magram ara arsebiTad, gaaneitralos es efeqti da xeli Seu­
wyos uTanasworobis zrdis tempis Senelebas.
qonebrivi uTanasworobis Semcirebis mizniT SesaZlebelia agreTve
ganxorcieldes erTjeradi xelaxali gadanawileba an erTjeradi
dabegvris reJimi maRali sagadasaxado tarifebiT did qonebaze, ma­
gram qonebrivi uTanasworobis SemcirebisTvis bevrad ukeTess Sedegs
iZleva permanentuli progresiuli gadasaxadi qonebaze.

gadasaxadebi
uTanasworobis aRmofxvraSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesafaseblad
mniSvnelovani indikatoria saxelmwifo xarjebis (saxelmwifo biu­
jetis moculobis, romlis ZiriTadi wyaro nebismieri saxlemwifos
SemTxvevaSi gadasaxadebia) Sefardeba qveynis mSp-Tan. cxrilSi №18
warmodgenilia, Tu rogoria evrokavSiris Tu evropis sxva qveyneb­
Si sabiujeto xarjebis Sefardeba qveynis mTlian Sida produqtTan.
cxrilidan Cans, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sabiujeto xarjebis
wili mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba nebismieri sxva evropuli saxelmwi­
fos analogiur maCvnebels, xolo evrokavSiris saSualo maCvenebels
TiTqmis orjer CamorCeba. es niSnavs saxelmwifos pasiur rols so­
cialur-ekonomikur politikaSi. Sesabamisad, pasiur rols da nakleb
zegavlenas saxelmwifos mxridan uTanasworobis Sesamcireblad.

62
 cxrili №18. sabiujeto xarjebis Sefardeba mSp-Tan evrokavSiris qvey­
nebsa da saqarTveloSi (2018w.) (wyaro: ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da gan-
viTarebis organizaciis – OECD baza)*

sabiujeto xarjebis
qveyana
Sefardeba mSp-Tan
evrokavSiri (saSualo) 46,7%
belgia 52,1%
bulgareTi 36,5%
CexeTi 40,7%
dania 50,9%
germania 44,6%
estoneTi 39,1%
safrangeTi 56,0%
saberZneTi 47%
italia 48,4%
latvia 38,5%
lietuva 34%
ungreTi 46,7%
niderlandebi 42,1%
slovenia 43,5%
fineTi 53,1%
gaerTianebuli samefo 40,9%
saqarTvelo 25,5%

nebismieri saxelmwifosTvis gadasaxadebi umniSvnelovanesi meqa­

nizmia Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofisTvis. amave dros, mniSvnelovania
Tu gadasaxadis romel tips eniWeba wamyvani roli saxelmwifo biujet­
Si Tanxebis mobilizebaSi. saqarTvelos biujetSi sagadasaxado Semo­
savlebze dakvirvebiT Cans, rom arapirdapiri gadasaxadebiT miRebuli
Semosavlis wili mniSvnelovnad aRemateba pirdapiri gadasaxadebiT
miRebul Semosavals. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi Tavisi arsiT regre­
suli xasiaTisaa, rac niSnavs imas, rom dabalSemosavlian mosaxleobas
TavianTi Semosavlebidan ufro maRali wilis gadaxda uwevT gadasaxa­
debSi. saqarTveloSi aseve ar arsebobs progresuli saSemosavlo saga­
*
OECD data on General government spending. ix.: https://data.oecd.org/gga/general-govern-
ment-spending.htm

63
dasaxado sistema, romelic uTanasworobis Semcirebis erT-erTi mniS­
vnelovani meqanizmia saxelmwifos xelSi.
saxelmwifosTvis gadasaxadebi arsebiTi instrumentia, romliTac
uTanasworobaze zegavlenis moxdena SeuZlia. gadasaxadebis mobili­
zebis safuZvelze saxelmwifo iRebs finansur resursebs, romelTa
meSveobiTac is awarmoebs „sajaro sikeTeebs“, „sajaro produqts“
(public goods).
`sajaro produqtis“ udidesi nawili yvela moqalaqisTvis Ta­
nabrad xelmisawvdomia da, Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs Tanasworobis
zrdas (uTanasworobis Semcirebas), magaliTad, Tavdacva, sasamarT­
lo, sazogadoebrivi wesrigi, infrastruqtura, ganaTleba (sajaro
wili), jandacva (sajaro wili) da sxva „keTildReobis institutebi“.
e. i., rac ufro maRalia „keTildReobis institutebis“ wili adami­
anis funqcionirebaSi (cxovrebaSi), miT ufro izrdeba Tanasworoba
(mcirdeba uTanasworoba).
„sajaro produqti“ – ori tipis SeiZleba iyos: a) universaluri; b)
miznobrivi. miznobrivi „sajaro produqti“ uzrunvelyofs adamian­
is funqcionirebisTvis aucilebeli saWiroebebze xelmisawvdomobas
imaTTvis, visTvisac individualuri ZalisxmeviT (jibidan gadaxda) es
„produqti“ xelmiuwvdomelia (magaliTad, ganaTlebis an jandacvis
xarjebi...). anu, es aris instrumenti, romlis meSveobiTac izrdeba Ta­
nasworoba (mcirdeba uTanasworoba) aseTi adamianebisa maTTan, visTvi­
sac Sesabamisi „produqti“ xelmisawvdomia individualurad (SeuZlia
jibidan gadaxda).
mobilizebuli gadasaxadebi SesaZlebelia miznobrivad mimarTul
iqnes ganviTarebaze, rac gazrdis ekonomikas (maT Soris inkluziura­
dac) da mTlianobaSi universalurad gaaumjobesebs qveynis (maT Soris
calkeul moqalaqeTa) funqcionirebis SesaZleblobebs.
saqarTveloSi moqmedi gadasaxadebis ZiriTadi tipebia:
a) arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi: dRg, aqcizi;
b) pirdapiri: saSemosavlo, qonebis;
g) savaldebulo socialuri Senatanebi.
arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi asaxulia nebismieri produqciis Rire­
bulebaSi, romelsac adamianebi moixmaren. Sesabamisad, is erTnairia
yvela momxmareblisTvis. savaldebulo socialur Senatans yvela ix­
64
dis mxolod sakuTari TavisTvis. saqarTveloSi socialuri Senatanebi
praqtikulad ar arsebobs, Tu ar CavTvliT sapensio Senatans, romelic
ramdenime weliwadia amoqmedda. socialuri gadasaxadebi (Senatanebi)
Tavisi SinaarsiT axlosaa saSemosavlo gadasaxadTan. zogadi logikis
mixedviT, isic unda daeqvemdebaros progresulobas.
cxril №19-Si mocemulia informacia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoria saqa­
rTvelos biujetSi pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili.
­cxrilidan Cans, rom arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis wili saxelmwifo biu­
jetSi mniSvnelovnad aRemateba pirdapiri gadasaxadis wils. rogorc
aRvniSneT, arapirdapiri gadasaxadebi regresuli xasiaTisaa, radgan
dabalSemosavlian adamianebs sakuTari Semosavlidan meti wilis gadax­
da uwevT. Sesabamisad, biujetSi sagadasaxado Semosavlebis arsebuli
struqtura metyvelebs, rom sagadasaxado sistema efeqturad ver uz­
runvelyofs uTanasworobis Semcirebas.

cxrili №19. pirdapiri da arapirdapiri gadasaxadis wili saqarTvelos

biujetSi

wili saxelmwifo biujetSi gadasaxadis

gadasaxadis tipi saxiT miRebul SemosavlebSi
2019 2020 2021
pirdapiri (saSemosavlo,
42% 42% 39%
qonebis, mogebis)
arapirdapiri
58% 58% 60%
(dRg, aqcizi)

pirdapiri gadasaxadebi SeiZleba iyos ori tipis: proporciuli

da progresuli. gansxvavebiT saqarTvelosgan, sadac saSemosavlo
gadasaxadi proporciuli sistemiT ibegreba, evropis (da msoflios)
qveynebis absolutur umravlesobaSi progresuli sagadasaxado siste­
ma arsebobs. ixileT cxrili №20, sadac warmodgenilia evropis sxva­
dasxva qveynis rogorc ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli, aseve saSu­
alo siZlieris ekonomikebis, maT Soris postsocialisturi qveynebis,
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTebi.
progresuli da proporciuli sagadasaxado sistemebis Sedarebis

65
dros da maT efeqturobaze msjelobisas unda davsvaT SekiTxva: ra
logikuri da moraluri safuZveli aqvs imis aRiarebas, rom ufro maRa­
li Semosavlidan ufro meti Tanxa unda iqnes gadasaxadis saxiT gadax­
dili, vidre dabali Semosavlidan erTi da igive „produqtSi“ (saxelm­
wifos mier uzrunvelyofil sajaro sargebelSi)? mTavar logikur da
moralur safuZvlad, albaT, unda CaiTvalos is, rom adamians darCes
normaluri funqcionirebisTvis (cxovrebisTvis) sakmarisi (minimalu­
rad an saSualod) Semosavlis odenoba da amavdroulad SeunarCundes
sakmarisi motivacia efeqturi intensiuri ekonomikuri aqtivobisTvis.
aSkaraa, rom progresuli ganakveTi xels uwyobs sagadasaxado Semo­
savlebis zrdas da, efeqturi da samarTliani gadanawilebis meqanizme­
bis pirobebSi, xels uwyobs uTanasworobis Semcirebas. progresuli
sagadasaxado tarifebi (Semosavlebze, qonebaze, memkvidreobaze, mo­
gebaze...) miiCneva kritikulad mniSvnelovan faqtorad uTanasworobis
SemcirebisTvis.

cxrili №20. progresuli saSemosavlo sagadasaxado sistemis ganakveTebi

evropis zogierT qveyanaSi 2018-2020 ww. (wyaro: evrostati-eurostat)*

qveyana saSemosavlo wliuri Semosavlis moculoba

gadasaxadis (evro)
ganakveTebi
avstria 0% 11 000 evromde
25% 11 000 – 18 000
35% 18 000 – 31 000
42% 31 000 – 60 000
48% 60 000 – 90 000
50% 90 000 – 1 000 000
55% 1 000 000 – zemoT

*
Income taxes abroad Which country can tax you? Your Europe. ix.: https://europa.eu/youreurope/
citizens/work/taxes/income-taxes-abroad/index_en.htm

66
belgia 25% 11 070 evromde
30% 11 070 – 12 720
40% 12 720 – 21 190
45% 21 190 – 38 830
50% 38 830 – zemoT
xorvatia (Tviuri 12% 297,87 evromde
Semosavlis
mixedviT) 25% 297,87 – 1787
40% 1787 – zemoT

fineTi 0% 17 200 evromde

6% 17 200 – 25 700
17,25% 25 700 – 42 400
21,15% 42 400 – 74 200
31,25% 74 200 da zemoT

SeniSvna: fineTSi damatebiT ixdian municipalur

gadasaxads 16,5%-dan 25,5%-mde.

safrangeTi 0% 9 710 evromde

14% 9 710 – 26 818
30% 26 818 – 71 898
42% 71 898 – 152 260
45% 152 260 da zemoT
saberZneTi 22% 20 000 evromde
29% 20 001 – 30 000
37% 30 001 – 40 000
44% 40 000 da zemoT
latvia 20% 20 004 evromde
23% 20 004 – 62 800
31,4% 62 800 da zemoT

poloneTi 18% 19 770 evromde

32% 19 770 da zemoT

67
niderlandebi 8,9% 19 982 evromde
13,15% 19 982 – 33 791
40,8% 33 791 – 67 072
52% 67 272 da zemoT

espaneTi 19% 12 450 evromde

24% 12 450 – 20 200
30% 20 200 – 35 200
37% 35 200 – 60 000
45% 60 000 da zemoT

germania 0% 8820 evromde

14% 8821 – 54 057
42% 54 058 – 256 303
45% 256 303 zemoT

gadasaxadebTan mimarTebaSi saqarTveloSi arsebul damokidebule­

bas da moqmed instituciur wesrigs mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebs ram­
denime faqtori. ssrk-is periodSi gadasaxadis fenomeni ar ikavebda
mniSvnelovan adgils arc individualur da arc saazogadoebriv cno­
bierebaSi da, Sesabamisad, politikur diskursSic.
Semosavlebi upiratesad regulirdeboda saxelmwifo institu­
tebis mier (Tumca nawilobriv gaTvaliswinebuli iyo Sromis nayofi­
ereba) – TiTqmis mTeli Semosavali saxelmwifos ekuTvnoda da Tavadve
itovebda anazRaurebis gacemamde mis mierve gansazRvrul wils Semo­
savlidan.
Sesabamisad, moqalaqe miRebuli Semosavlidan praqtikulad ar ix­
dida gadasaxads da gadasaxadis sakiTxi misTvis ar iyo aqtualuri
da, miT umetes, mtkivneuli. 90-iani wlebidan, rodesac iwyeba sabazro
urTierTobebis damkvidreba, moqalaqeebi Tavad iwyeben sakuTari Se­
mosavlidan gadasaxadebis gadaxdas da uCndebaT gancda, rom es maTi
fulia da uCndebaT miswrafeba tarifebis minimizebisken.
postsabWoTa qveynebSi gadasaxadi aRiqmeba sakuTari Sromis Sede­
gad miRebuli Semosavlis warTmevad. miT umetes saxelmwifos mimarT
negatiuri damokidebulebis gamo (romelic sxva mizezebTan erTad gan­

68
pirobebulia, iseTi argumentebiT, rogorebicaa: sabWoTa sistemis to­
talitaruli xasiaTi, saxelmwifos mier Tavisuflebis SezRudva, re­
spublikebisa da xalxebis suverenitetis ararseboba da damorCileba
centraluri xelisuflebis mimarT – rusebis batonoba qarTvelebze,
nacionaluri miswrafebebis daTrgunva da sxva).
ori amerikuli gamonaTqvamidan: „saxelmwifo ar agvarebs proble­
mebs, saxelmwifo Tavad aris problema“ – ronald reigani, „ori ram
aris gardauvali: sikvdili da gadasaxadebi“ – benJamin franklini, pir­
veli bevrad popularulia da mis mimarT pozitiuri sazogadoebrivi
azria, xolo meore naklebad cnobilia da mis mimarT damokidebulebac
negatiuria.

bibliografia:

1. Sen, Amartya (2009) Idea of Justice. Harvard University Press.

2. Therborn, Goran (2013) The killing fields of inequality. Polity.
3. Rawls, John (1971) A Theory of Justice. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
4. Dahl, Robert A (1998) On Democracy. Yale Univeristy press.
5. ix. saerTaSoriso gamWvirvalobis kvleva – https://transparency.ge/ge/post/sa-
kartvelos-parlamentis-2020-clis-archevnebis-kampaniis-dapinanseba-saboloo-angarishi
6. Cage, Julia (2020) The price of Democracy. Harvard University Press.
7. Levitsky, St. and Ziblatt, D. (2018) How Democracies Die. Crown.
8. kakulia, m. kapanaZe, n. (2018) saSualo klasi saqarTveloSi: raodenobrivi
Sefaseba da dinamika. fridrix ebertis fondi https://www.gfsis.org/ge/publications/
view/2674
9. kakulia, m., kapanaZe n., qurxuli l. (2017). qronikuli siRaribe da Semo­
savlebis uTanabroba saqarTveloSi. rondelis fondi da fridrix ebertis
fondi.
10. saqarTvelos mdgradi ganviTarebis angariSi 2021. informaciis Tavisu­
flebis ganviTarebis instituti.
11. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/how-much-do-we-really-know-about-inequality-
within-countries-around-the-world/
12. Pikkety, Thomas (2020) Capital and ideology. The Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press.
13. World inequality report 2018. https://wir2018.wid.world/
14. papava, vladimer (2020) aratradiciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisis saxelm­
wifo universitetis gamomcemloba.

69
უთანაბრობის სამი ასპექტი
იოსებ არჩვაძე

uTanabroba xarjebis mixedviT

Sinameurneobis saSualo sidide Semcirebis tendenciiT xasiaTde­

ba. wlidan wlamde mcirdeba saSualo da erTi Sinameurneobis wevrTa
raodenoba. erTi Sinameurneobis wevrTa raodenoba ukve didi xania
Camoscda 4­s da ganagrZobs klebas. 2010 wels Sinameurneoba saSual-
od 3.65 wevrisagan Sedgeboda, 2015 wels – 3.57, 2020 wels ki – mxolod
3.42 wevrisagan. amasTan, SinameurneobaTa suladobrivi ricxovnobis
zrda sakmaod maRal dadebiT korelaciaSia SinameurneobaTa keTil­
dReobis zrdasTan. saSualod erTi Sinameurneoba yvelaze Raribi pir­
veli deciluri jgufidan 2020 wels Sedgeboda 1.82 wevrisagan, xolo
yvelaze mdidari meaTe deciluri jgufidan – 4.56 wevrisagan. aRsaniS­
navia, rom gansxvaveba SinameurneobaTa Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris
damokidebulia ara marto ekonomikur pirobebze, aramed Sinameurneo­
bebis wevrTa raodenobazec.

diagrama 1

ekonomikuri uTanabro­
ba Sinameurneobebis do­
neze ufro maRalia, vidre
saSualod mosaxleobis
erT sulze. ase magaliTad,
2010 wels meaTe deciluri
jgufis saSualo Semosav­
lebi erT Sinameurneobaze
gaangariSebiT aRemate­
boda pirveli uRaribesi
Sinameurneobis Semosav­

70
lebs 17.6­jer, mosaxleobis erT sulze ki aRniSnul jgufebs Soris sx­
vaoba gacilebiT naklebi iyo – mxolod 4.70­jeradi. 2015 wels aRniSnu­
li sxvaoba iyo, Sesabamisad, 15.5 da 6.2, xolo 2020 wels – 12.8 da 4.9­jer.
qvemoT motanili diagrama am dinamikas TvalsaCinod warmoaCens.

diagrama 2

aRniSnuli gansxvaveba didwilad ganpirobebulia zemoT naxsnebi

gansxvavebebiT Sinameurneobebis suladobriv SemadgenlobaSi mdidari
da Raribi ojaxebis mixedviT.
diagramaze motanili monacemebidan Cans, rom pozitiur tendenciad
unda CaiTvalos deciluri koeficientis Semcireba bolo aTwleulSi
– erT Sinameurneobaze gaangariSebiT igi Semcirda sagrZnoblad – 27.3
procentiT (4.8 punqtiT – 17.6 dan 12.8­mde). aRniSnuli progresis miR­

71
weva SesaZlebeli gaxda imiT, rom gaizarda uRaribesi jgufis Semosav­
lebi da maTi wili mosaxleobis mTlian xarjebSi – 2010 wlis 1.8 pro­
centidan 1.9 procentamde 2015 wels da 2.0 procentamde 2020 wels. ima­
vdroulad, mimdinareobda Semxvedri procesic: maRalSemosavlianTa
wilis Semcireba mosaxleobis mTlian xarjebSi. Tu 2010 wels umdidre-
si 10 procentis mTliani xarjebi imdenive iyo, ramdenic uRaribesi 62
procentisa, momdevno xuT weliwadSi es maCvenebeli Semcirda 58 pro-
centamde, xolo 2020 wlisTvis – 53 procentamde. progresi calsax­
aa, magram imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sazogadoebis socialur stabi­
lurobas safrTxe eqmneba, Tu deciluri koeficienti 10-s aRemateba,
mizanSewonili iqneba, uRaribes pirvel jgufze mosuli xarjebis wili
mTlian xarjebSi gazrdiliyo aranakleb 2.5 procentamde, xolo um­
didresi, meaTe jgufis xarjebis wili Semcirebuliyo 25 procentamde.
faqtobrivad gamodis, rom Sinameurneobebis doneze mdidrebisa da
Raribebis Semosavlebisa da xarjebis mixedviT uTanabrobis daaxloe­
biT 2/3 ganpirobebulia SinameurneobaTa gansxvavebuli ricxovnobiT
da mxolod 1/3 – Semosavlebisa da xarjebis faqtobrivi ganxvavebiT.
Tu saSualo xarjebTan mimarTebaSi movaxdenT deciluri jgufebis
Sedarebas, SinameurneobaTa mixedviT ufro „demokratiulia“ ganaw­
ileba, vidre mosaxleobis erT sulze: 2010 da 2015 wlebSi Sinameur-
neobaTa 42 procents saSualoze maRali xarjebi hqonda, 2020 wels ki –
ukve 44 procents; mosaxleobis erT sulze gaangariSebiT, 2010 da 2015
wlebSi mosaxleobis 34-34 procents hqonda saSualoze ufro maRali
xarjebi, 2020 wels ki – ukve 37 procents.
ojaxebSi, SinameurneobebSi erToblivi moxmarebis efeqtis faqto­
ris gaTvaliswinebiT, Semosavlebisa da xarjebis uTanabroba naklebad
mwvave xasiaTs atarebs, Tu yvelaze maRal da dabal Semosavlian/mxar­
jvel pirebs Soris gansxvaveba xarjebSi 4.9-jeradia, igive gansxvaveba
SinameurneobaTa mixedviT 12.8-jeradia!
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom Semosavlebis sakmaod didi nawili er­
Toblivi, ojaxuri moxmarebisaa, SedarebisaTvis ufro samarTliani
iqneba visargebloT saSualod erT Sinameurneobaze da ara erT sulze
gaangariSebuli Semosaval-xarjebis maCveneblebiT.
Sinameurneobis Semosavlebis da xarjebis zrdis paralelurad, ar­

72
sebiTad icvleba xarjebis struqturac. kerZod, miuxedavad imisa, rom
xarjebi sursaTze yvelaze maRalSemosavlian SinameurneobebSi 8.1­jer
aRemateba yvelaze dabalSemosavliani Sinameurneobebis analogiur
xarjebs (mosaxleobis erT sulze – 3.1­jer), xarjebis wili sursaTze
mTlian SemosavlebSi maTTan TiTqmis 1.6­jer ufro dabalia dabalSe­
mosavlianebTan SedarebiT (Sesabamisad, 23.8% da 37.2%). amasTan, Tuki
saSualo xarjebTan SedarebiT Raribebi xarjaven erT Sinameurneobaze
– 3.9­jer, xolo erT sulze – 2.0­jer naklebs, mdidrebi piriqiT, meti
xarjebiT gamoirCevian. isini saSualoze mets xarjaven: erT Sinameur­
neobaze – 2.1­jer, xolo erT sulze 1.5­jer mets.

diagrama 3

faqtobrivad, xarjebis absoluturi sididisa da mosaxleobis mier

moxmarebuli kilokaloriebis absoluturi Tanafardobis gaTvalis­

73
winebiT, yvelaze mdidar Sinameurneobebs erTeuli kaloriis miReba
daaxloebiT 2-jer ufro Zviri ujdebaT, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebu-
lia SedarebiT maRali Semosavlebis mqone SinameurneobebSi dabalSe-
mosavlian SinameurneobebTan SedarebiT kvebis racionSi cxoveluri
warmomavlobis kaloriebis maRali wiliT da kvebis produqtebis mox-
marebisaTvis mzaobis, winwawevis SedarebiT maRali xarisxiT (magaliT­
ad, moxmareba sazogadoebriv kvebis obieqtSi, kafesa da restoranSi,
nacvlad sakvebis Sin momzadebisa).
analogiuri tendenciebiT xasiaTdeba xarjebi transferebsa da
dazogvaze. maRalSemosavliani ojaxebis xarjebi transferebze 14.0­
jer, xolo dazogvasa da gasesxebaze 21.0­jer metia dabalSemosavliani
Sinameurneobebis xarjebTan SedarebiT.
Semosavlebisa da xarjebis uTanabroba gansakuTrebiT TvalSisa­
cemia arapirveladi daniSnulebis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesa­
Zenad gaRebuli xarjebis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, yvelaze maRalSemo­
savliani mosaxleobis xarjebi yvelaze dabalSemosavlianTa xarjebs
saSualod 5.0­jer aRemateba, sursaTze analogiuri sxvaoba mxolod
3.1­jeradia, saojaxo moxmarebis saqonelze ki – 16.5­jeradi. Sinameur­
neobebis mixedviT, imis gamo, rom ufro maRalSemosavlian Sinameur­
neobebSi suladobrivi Semadgenlobac ufro maRalia, Sesabamisi sx­
vaobac kidev ufro maRalia: sursaTze – 8.1­jer, saojaxo moxmarebis
saqonelze – 44.3­jeradi.
diagrama 4

rogorc diagramaze
motanili mona­
cemebidan Cans, Ra­
ribi mosaxleobis xa­
rjebi sacxovrebel
saxlze, wyalze, ele­
qtroenergiaze, gaz­
ze da sxva saTbobze
gansakuTrebiT ax­
losaa mdidari mosax­
leobis analogiuri

74
xarjebis sididesTan imis gamo, rom, erTi mxriv, SeuZlebelia aseTi
saxis momsaxurebaze uaris Tqma da, meore mxriv, faqtobrivad SeuZle­
belia miRebuli komunaluri momsaxurebis xarjebis dafarvisagan Tav­
is arideba.
samagierod, im saqonelze, romelzec maRali elastiuroba arsebobs
da maTi miReba­armiRebis (SeZena­ignorirebis) diskrecia mTlianad
mosaxleobis xelSia, aSkarad igrZnoba kolosaluri sxvaoba xarjeb­
Si. magaliTad, transportze gaRebul xarjebis absoluturi sidide
mdidrebSi RaribebTan SedarebiT maRalia: 30.6­jer – mosaxleobis erT
sulze da 80.9­jer meti – erT Sinameurneobaze gaangariSebiT.
kovidpandemiam da amiT gamowveulma ekonomikurma krizisma, xangr­
Zlivma lokdaunma mniSvnelovani dartyma miayena mosaxleobis keTil­
dReobas, Seamcira maTi Semosavlebisa da, Sesabamisad, xarjebis done.
2020 wels wina welTan SedarebiT saSualod erTi Sinameurneobis nomi­
naluri xarjebis sidide Tveze gaangariSebiT Semcirda 9.4 procentiT
(1146.1 laridan 1035.5 laramde), maT Soris samomxmareblo xarjebi, Se­
sabamisad – 6.8 procentiT (781.2 laridan 728.4 laramde). xarjebis kle­
bas adgili hqonda faqtobrivad yvela decilur jgufSi, razec war­
modgenas qvemore diagrama iZleva.
diagrama 5

samomxmareblo
fuladi xarjebis
wina wlis doneze
SenarCuneba da­
balSemosavlian
jgufebSi ZiriTa­
dad ganpirobebu­
lia xelisuflebis
mier mosaxleo­
bisTvis gaweuli
erTdrouli dax­
marebebiT da ko­
munaluri xarjeb­
is zamTris Tveeb­

75
Si subsidirebiT. monetaruli da aramonetaruli daxmarebebis
Ziri­Tadi adresatebi swored dabalSemosavliani ojaxis wevrebi
iyvnen, ramac maT gamouTavisufla damatebiTi saxsrebi samomx­
mareblo xarjebisaTvis.
amasTan, mosaxleobis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis gauareseba 2020
wels 2019 welTan SedarebiT kidev ufro dramatulia, vidre es zemoT
motanili diagramidan Cans, radganac is ar asaxavs fasebis cvlilebis,
inflaciis gavlenas – Sedareba ganxorcielebulia mimdinare fasebiT,
inflaciis faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad. 2020 wels oficialurma sa­
Sualo wliurma inflaciam 5.2 procenti Seadgina, ris gamoc Sinameur­
neobis realuri xarjebi 2020 wels wina welTan SedarebiT 13.9 procen­
tiT, xolo samomxmareblo xarjebi – 11.4 procentiTaa Semcirebuli.

76
 uTanabroba Semosavlebisa da xelfasebis mixedviT

saqarTveloSi Semosavlis mimReb fizikur pirTagan TiTqmis 9/10

xelfasis mimRebi pirebi arian. marTalia, maTi wili bolo wlebSi Sem­
cirebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca es ukavSirdeba ara xelfasis
mimReb pirTa raodenobis Semcirebas (aseT pirTa raodenoba 2020 wels
2010 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda 371.0 aTasiT – 46.2%-iT), aramed Semo­
savlis sxva wyaroebis mqone pirTa swraf zrdas (aseT pirTa raodenoba
bolo aTwleulSi gaizarda 3.8-jer da metad – 2010 wlis 44.3 aTasidan
2020 wels 169.9 aTasamde). amasTan, marTalia, saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT
ara mxolod daqiravebuli pirebi ibegrebian, Tumca am ukanasknelTa
wilad modis saSemosavlo gadasaxadiT dasabegr fizikur pirTa da
dasabegri Semosavlebis udidesi nawili (miuxedavad bolo wlebSi erT­
gvari klebisa).

diagrama 6

saqarTveloSi maRalia saSemosavlo da saxelfaso uTanabroba. 2020

wels, finansTa saministros Semosavlebis samsaxuris monacemebiT, 408
935 kacs hqonda saSualo Tviuri Semosavali 200 larze naklebi (maT So­
ris 200 larze naklebi xelfasi – 295 585 kacs), aqedan 100 larze nakle­

77
bi Semosavali gaaCnda 295 630 kacs (maT Soris 191 092­s – 100 larze nak­
lebi xelfasi). sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Semosavali hqondaT: 200 larze
naklebi – Semosavlis mimReb pirTa 30.5 procents da 100 larze naklebi
– 22 procents.
xelfasis mimReb pirTa Soris 200 larze saSualo Tviuri xelfasi
hqonda TiTqmis meoTxeds – 24.9 procents, xolo 100 larze naklebi –
16.3 procents.
dabalSemosavlianTa aseTi maRali wili ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia
Semosavlebisa da dasaqmebis araregularuli, maT Soris sezonuli xa-
siaTiT.
imavdroulad, saqarTveloSi 100 aTasze meti wliuri Semosavali
gaaCnda 14 741 kacs (aqedan 100 aTasze meti xelfasi – 10 143 kacs) – Se­
mosavlisa da xelfasis mimReb pirTa, Sesabamisad, 1.10 procents da 0.86
procents.

diagrama 7

800
თვეში 2000 ლარზე ნაკლები და 8333 ლარზე მეტი შემოსავლისა
და ხელფასის მიმღებ პირთა რაოდენობა საქართველოში
2015 და 2020 წლებში 698.6
700
(პროცენტი; 2010 წ. = 100)

600
563.3

500

400
2015 წ. 2020 წ.
308.8
300 281.2

200

100.2 112.2 89.1 86.9

100

0
შემოსავლის ხელფასის შემოსავლის ხელფასის

200 ლარამდე თვეში მიმღები 8333 ლარზე მეტის მიმღები

78
 bolo 10 weliwadSi (2020 wels 2010 welTan SedarebiT) 100 aTasze
meti laris Semosavlebis mqone pirTa raodenoba gaizarda 5.6-jer,
xolo Sesabamisi kategoriis xelfasis mimReb pirTa raodenoba –
7-jer. „samagierod” dabalSemosavlian pirTa raodenoba aRniSnul
periodSi Semcirda umniSvnelod: 200 laramde yovelTviuri xelfa­
sis mimReb pirTa raodenobam iklo 13.1 procentiT, xolo 200 laramde
Semosavlianebis raodenoba ara Tu ar Semcirebula, aramed gaizarda
kidec – 12.2 procentiT. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saSualo
xelfasisa da keTildReobis gasaSualebuli maCveneblebis zrda ga-
mowveulia, ZiriTadad, saSualoze maRalSemosavliani da maRalxelfa-
siani pirebis Semosavlebis zrdiT.
amasTan, bolo aTwleulSi mTliani Semosavlebi gaizarda mx­
olod 3.2-jer (5.842 mlrd. laridan 18.621 mlrd. laramde), xolo
mTlianad dasabegri xelfasi – 3.1-jer (4.931 mlrd. laridan 15.145
mlrd. laramde).
miuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi saSualo xelfasi 2-jer da me­
tad gaizarda (2010 wlis 512 laridan 1076 laramde 2020 wels), saSua-
lo xelfasze naklebi xelfasi aqvT daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa 2/3-s.
amasTan, visac saSualo xelfasze dabali xelfasi aqvT, maTi saSualo
xelfasi mxolod 373.4 laria, rac saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamok­
lebiT 300 larze naklebia (298.7 lari), anu dasaqmebulTa udidesi
nawilis Semosavalic ki ukiduresad dabal, aradamakmayofilebel do­
nezea. marTalia, dasaqmebulTa 1/3-is Sromis anazRaureba sakmaod op­
timistur STabeWdilebas tovebs (2519 lari), Tumca aseTi maRali done
miRweulia sul raRac dasaqmebulTa 2.3 procentis xarjze (26.7 aTasi
kaci), visi saSualo Tviuri xelfasi 5 aTas lars aRemateba da maTi sa­
Sulo anazRaureba TveSi 11 578 laria. am kategoriis dasaqmebulebi ki
saSualo xelfasze maRali anazRaurebis mqoneTa mxolod 6.9 procen­
tia. – danarCeni 93 procentis saSualo anazRaureba ki 1834.5 laria,
saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gamoklebiT ki – mxolod 1467.6 lari.
kidev ufro mZime situaciaa medianuri xelfasis mixedviT. medianu-
ri xelfasi saSualo xelfasis mxolod 42.7 procentia (460 lari) da
bolo wlebSi sagrZnoblad daSorda saSualo xelfass (2010 wels iyo
48.8 procenti). visac medianur xelfasze naklebi anazRaureba aqvs,

79
maTi saSualo Tviuri anazRaureba mxolod 233.6 laria, rac saSemosav­
lo gadasaxadis gamoklebiT mxolod 186.9 laria – Sromisunariani ma­
makacis saarsebo minimumze (2020 w. – 191.4 lari), romelic xelovnurad
isedac sakmaodaa Semcirebuli da daSorebulia realobas, 2.4 procen­
tiT naklebi.

cxrili 1
saSualo xelfasi, medianuri xelfasi da maTze meti an naklebi xelfasis
mqoneTa Sromis Sesabamisi anazRaureba 2010-2020 wlebSi (lari)

2010 w. 2015 w. 2020 w.

saSualo xelfasi 512.55 821.34 1076.25
imaTi saSualo xelfasi, visi
xelfasic saSualo xelfasze:
– maRalia 1314.1 2087.3 2519.1
– dabalia 193.8 303.3 373.4
medianuri xelfasi 250.0 450.6 460.0
imaTi medianuri xelfasi, visi
xelfasic medianur xelfasze:
– maRalia 913.4 1567.9 1920.0
– dabalia 189.6 205.3 233.6

Tu medianuri xelfasi bolo aTi wlis manZilze gaizarda 84.0 pro-

centiT, maTi saSualo xelfasi, visi xelfasic medianurze naklebia,
gaizarda mxolod 23.2 procentiT (189.6 laridan 233.6 laramde), maSin
rodesac medianurze maRali anazRaurebis mqoneTa saSulo xelfa-
si – 110.2 procentiT (913.4 laridan 1920.0 laramde). Sedegad, Tu me­
dianurze dabali anazRaurebis mqoneTa xelfasis Tanafardoba medi­
anurze maRali anazRaurebis mqoneTa xelfasTan 2010 wels Seadgenda
20.8 procents, 2020 wels – ukve mxolod 12.2 procents, anu Semcirda
1.7-jer. erTi aTwleulis manZilze medianurze naklebi xelfasis Tana­
fardoba medianur xelfasTan aseve sagrZnoblad (1.5-jer) Semcirda –
75.8 procentidan 50.8 procentamde.
yovelive es ekonomikuri da socialuri mzardi uTanasworobis ga­
moxatulebaa.

80
 diagrama 8

aRsaniSnavia, rom bevri ekonomisti, eqsperti, politikosi (p. ko­

RuaSvili, i. arCvaZe, b. nacvliSvili da sxv.) miiCnevs, rom amJamindeli
fasebis pirobebSi realuri saarsebo minimumi Sromisunarian mamakacze
gaangariSebiT 200 lari ki ara, 500 laria. Sesabamisad, Tu am Sexedule­
bas daveyrdnobiT, gamodis, rom dasaqmebulTa naxevarze mets – daax-
loebiT 55 procents – realurad saarsebo minimumze naklebi Semosava-
li aqvs. am aspeqtiT Sromisa da dasaqmebis, ufro farTo aspeqtiT ki
socialuri politikis ori umniSvnelovanesi mimarTulebis gaZlier­
ebis aucilebloba ikveTeba: a) dasaqmebis struqturis gaumjobeseba,
dasaqmebulTa raodenobis zrda da b) anazRaurebis ufro samarTliani
Skalis damkvidreba.
Semosavlebis zrdis kvalobaze bunebrivia, mcirdeba dabalSe­
moavlian pirTa raodenoba, Tumca 2020 wlisTvis Semosavlis mqone
fizikuri pirebis TiTqmis mesameds (30.5%) saSualo Tviuri Semosava­
li 200 larze naklebi hqonda, maT wilad ki mTliani Semosvlebis 1.71
procenti modioda. amasTan, visac maRali Semosavlebi – 7500 larze

81
meti Semosavali hqondaT TveSi, maTi raodenoba sagrZnoblad izrde­
ba – marTalia, aseTTa raodenoba mxolod 1.32 procentia, magram maT
wilad modis fizikur pirTa mTliani Semosavlebis 27.8 procenti.

diagrama 9

saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros

mier 2021­2025 da 2030 wlamde ekonomikuri zrdis prognoziT, mimdin­
are aTwleulSi ekonomikuri zrdis saSualo wliuri tempi miaRwevs 5.6
procents (wina aTwleulSi ekonomikuri zrdis saSualo wliuri tempi
Seadgenda 3.5%­s). Tu es tempebi 2030 wlis Semdgom periodSic iqneba
SenarCunebuli, maSin saqarTvelo evrokavSiris yvelaze susti qveynis
– bulgareTis dones mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli mSp­iT miaR­
wevs mxolod 2029 wels, saberZneTisas, Sesabamisad, 2032 wels, CexeTi­
sas – 2039 wels, germaniisas – 2043 wels, xolo evrokavSiris yvelaze
mdidari saxelmwifos – luqsemburgis dones – 2057 wels. saqarTvelos
ekonomikuri zrdis yoveli damatebiTi Tundac erTi procenti mniS­
vnelovnad aaxloebs Cveni qveynis mier dasaxelebuli qveynebis 2020

82
wlis donis miRwevis wels. ase magaliTad, Tu prognozirebulTan Se­
darebiT Tundac erTi procentiT meti iqneba saqarTvelos ekonomi­
kuri zrda, maSin 2020 wlis bulgareTis dones Cveni qveyana miaRwevs
2 wliT adre – 2027 wels, germaniis dones – 3 wliT ufro adre – 2040
wlisTvis, xolo luqsemburgis dones – 6 wliT ufro adre – 2051 wl­
isTvis.
saqarTvelo ekonomikuri zrdis maCvenebliT msoflios 195 qveyana­
Ta Soris idga: 2019 wels – 40-e, 2020 wels ki- 126-e adgilze. 2021 wels
didi Sansi aqvs, rom ekonomikuri zrdis mixedviT igi moxvdes msofli­
os saukeTeso qveynebis aTeulSi.
uaxloes aTwleulSi uTanabrobis daZlevis strategiuli amo­
canebis umniSvnelovanes komponentebad unda iqcnen uTanabrobis ar­
sebiTi daZleva iseTi mimarTulebebiT, rogorebicaa:
a) mosaxleobis erT sulze warmoebuli mSp-Ti ganviTarebuli
qveynebis doneebTan;
b) erovnuli meurneobis calkeul dargebSi arsebuli gansxvaveba
Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da anazRaurebis mxriv;
g) Sromis saSualo da medianur anazRaurebebs Soris arsebuli
gansxvavebebis Semcireba:
d) Semosavlebisa da xarjebis deciluri koeficientis Semcireba
saerTo keTildReobis da Semosavlebis arsebiTi zrdis pirobebSi.

83
 uTanabroba ekonomikis
calkeuli dargebis ganviTarebaSi

2020 wels koronavirusis pandemiis gamo saqarTvelos ekonomikis

mdgomareoba uaRresad dramatulad warimarTa. optimizmis safuZvlis
5-procentiani ekonomikuri zrdis ianvris maCvenebeli TebervalSi 2.1
procentamde Semcirda, martSi ki ukve 2.7-procentian klebas hqonda
adgili. aprilSi damyarda absoluturi antirekordi – dafiqsirda
16.6-procentiani vardna. 2020 wels samuSao adgilebis saSualo wli­
urma ricxovnobam daaxloebiT 55 aTasiT iklo, magram Tu pirvel kvar­
tals gamovricxavT (pandemiis realuri dartyma saqarTvelos ekono­
mikam da mosaxleobam faqtobrivad mxolod 2020 wlis meore kvartal­
idan igrZno...), im pirTa raodenoba, romlebmac samuSao dakarges, 100
aTass aRemateba. jamSi, 2020 wels ekonomika Semcirda 6.8 procentiT da
erovnul meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba – 4.2 procentiT.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis 6.8-procentiani vardna metia, vidre
analogiuri globaluri maCvenebeli (-3.9%).
amasTan, ekonomikis ukusvlis masStabebi 2020 wels erovnuli meur­
neobis dargebis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli iyo, ufro met­
ic, erovnuli meurneobis dargebis daaxloebiT 1/3-Si wina welTan Se-
darebiT adgili hqonda ara Semcirebas, aramed zrdas. Tu, magaliTad,
Sinameurneobebis, rogorc damqiraveblis saqmianobebSi, aradiferen­
cirebuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis warmoebaSi Sinameurneobebis mier
sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis adgili hqonda 11.6-procentian zrdas, tu­
ristul industriasTan dakavSirebul ganTavsebis saSualebebiT uz­
runvelyofisa da sakvebis miwodebis saqmianobebSi piriqiT – adgili
hqonda mniSvnelovan, 37.9-procentian klebas. zrdis tempebis ampli­
tuda ki ekonomikis saqmianobaTa ZiriTadi saxeobebis mixedviT sakmaod
maRali iyo – mTeli 49.5 procenti. wina welTan dinamikis uTanabrobis
absoluturi sxvaoba erovnuli meurneobis dargebSi bolo 2 weliwad­
Si faqtobrivad gaormagda.

84
 cxrili 2
sxvaoba erovnuli meurneobis wina welTan SedarebiT zrdis
yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCveneblebis mqone
dargebis mixedviT 2016-2020 wlebSi (procenti)

2016 w. 2017 w. 2018 w. 2019 w. 2020 w.

sxvaoba
28.8 28.7 24.9 34.4 49.5
(variaciis maCvenebeli)
ekonomikuri zrda 2.9 4.8 4.8 5.0 -6.8
variaciis maCvenebeli
aRemateba ekonomikis 9,93 5,98 5,19 6,88 -7,28
zrdis temps, jer

Sedegad, ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobaTa TiTqmis erT mesamed­

Si, sadac iqmneboda qveynis erovnuli produqtis 27.8 procenti da
dasaqmebuli iyo erovnul meurneobaSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raode­
nobis 47.4 procenti (soflis, satyeo da Tevzis meurneoba; saxelmwifo
mmarTveloba da Tavdacva; savaldebulo socialuri usafrTxoeba; ga­
naTleba; jandacva da socialuri momsaxurebis saqmianobebi; sxva saxis
momsaxureba; Sinameurneobebis, rogorc damqiraveblis, saqmianobebi;
aradiferencirebuli saqonlis da momsaxurebis warmoeba Sinameur­
neobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebisaTvis), 2020 wels damatebuli Ri­
rebulebis moculoba gaizarda 3.9 procentiT – danarCen dargebSi
damatebuli Rirebulebis 9.9 procentiT Semcirebis paralelurad.
miuxedavad krizisuli procesebisa, ekonomikis im dargebis wili,
sadac adgili hqonda realur zrdas wina welTan SedarebiT, mSp-Si
gaizarda 2.6 punqtiT, xolo im dargebis wili, sadac adgili hqonda
dasaqmebulTa absoluturi raodenobis matebas, dasaqmebulTa wilma
moimata 0.7 punqtiT.

85
 diagrama 10

erovnuli meurneobis im dargSi, sadac adgili hqonda warmoe­

bis realur zrdas, es zrda ganxorcielda dasaqmebulTa Sesabamisi
kontingentis raodenobis ara Tu matebis, aramed Semcirebis (­0.9 pro­
centuli punqti) pirobebSi. amasTan, ramdenime dargSi, sadac iqmneba
qveynis samamulo produqtis 12.9 procenti da dasaqmebulia erovnul
ekonomikaSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo ricxovnobis 14.6 procenti, erT­
droulad dafiqsirda ekonomikisa da dasaqmebulTa kontingentis
zrda – Sesabamisad, 2.3 procentiT da 3.4 procentiT (saxelmwifo
mmarTveloba da Tavdacva; savaldebulo socialuri usafrTxoeba;
jandacva da socialuri momsaxurebis saqmianobebi; sxva saxis momsax­
ureba). am dargebze movida ekonomikuri zrdis mqone dargebis saerTo
zrdis naxevarze meti (50.7%).
ekonomikis danarCen dargebSi, sadac 2020 wels adgili hqonda war­
moebis Semcirebas, vardnis saSualo maCvenebelma 9.2 procenti Sead­
gina.

86
 diagrama 11

ekonomikis im dargebze, romlebsac dasaqmebis mxriv 2020 wels

krizisi ar Sexebia da piriqiT, wina welTan SedarebiT adgili hqonda
momuSaveTa kontingentis zrdas +3.1%­iT (eqsteritoriuli organi­
zaciebis da organoebis saqmianobebi; sxva saxis momsaxureba; infor­
macia da komunikacia; jandacva da socialuri momsaxurebis saqmia­
nobebi; saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da Tavdacva; savaldebulo social­
uri usafrTxoeba; profesiuli, samecniero da teqnikuri saqmianobebi;
xelovneba, garToba da dasveneba), modioda dasaqmebulTa saerTo ra­
odenobis 1/5­ze meti (20.3%); danarCen dargebSi dasaqmebulTa ricxov­
noba Semcirda 5.9 procentiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gaSualebuli monacemebiT, ekonomika Semcirda
rogorc dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis mzard, ise klebad dargebSi (Ses­
abamisad, 3.0%­iT da 6.7%­iT).

87
 cxrili 3
ekonomikisa da dasaqmebulTa ricxovnobis cvlileba
2020 wels 2019 welTan SedarebiT

dasaqmebulTa
2020 w. %-iT 2019
mSp, mln. lari raodenoba,
w.-Tan
aTasi kaci
dasaqmebulTa
2019 2020 2019 2020 mSp
raodenoba
sul 40298.0 37815.8 1295.9 1241.8 93.2 95.8
maT Soris saqmia-
nobaTa saxeobeb-
Sic, sadac adgili
hqonda:
ekonomikis
9057.3 9408.9 594.1 586.6 103.9 99.1
zrdas
wili ekonomikaSi/
25.2 27.8 45.8 47.4 – –
dasaqmebaSi
ekonomikis
26890.3 24418.7 701.8 653.2 90.8 93.1
Semcirebas
wili ekonomikaSi/
74.8 72.2 54.2 52.6 – –
dasaqmebaSi
dasaqmebulTa
raodenobis 8118.7 7870.5 244.7 252.4 97.0 103.1
zrdas
wili ekonomikaSi/
22.6 23.3 18.9 20.3 – –
dasaqmebaSi
dasaqmebulTa
raodenobis Sem- 27828.9 25955.1 1015.1 989.4 93.3 94.1
cirebas
wili ekonomikaSi/
77.4 76.7 81.1 79.7 – –
dasaqmebaSi

rom ara pandemiiT gamowveuli ekonomikuri krizisi, saqarTvelos

ekonomika 2020 wels 6.8-procentiani Semcirebis nacvlad, wlis dasaw­
yisSi ganxorcielebuli prognoziT, gaizrdeboda 5.0 procentiT. anu
gansxvavebam 2020 wlis saprognozo da realur maCveneblebs Soris 2019
wlis donis 11.8 procenti Seadgina. absolutur ganzomilebaSi es 5.6
mlrd. larze metia, xolo sabiujeto fiskaluri Semosavlebis klebam,
administrirebis arsebuli donis gaTvaliswinebiT, daaxloebiT 1.5
mlrd. lari Seadgina.
2020 wels im dargebSi, sadac vardnas hqonda adgili, Semcirebis

88
nacvlad rom damatebuli Rirebulebis warmoeba ucvlelad darCe­
niliyo wina wlis doneze, mSp mTlianobaSi, „win wasul“ dargebSi gaz­
rdili Rirebulebis wyalobiT, 2019 welTan 1.0-procentian zrdas
daafiqsirebda.

danarTi

erTi Sinameurneobis wevrTa saSualo raodenoba 2010, 2015 da 2020 wlebSi

I (uRaribesi) X (umdidresi)
saSualod
jgufi jgufi
2010 2,04 4,7 3,65
2015 1,94 4,82 3,57
2020 1,82 4,7 3,42

erTi Sinmeurnebis wevrTa ricxovnoba xarjebis deciluri jgufebis

mixedviT 2020 wels (suli erT Sinameurneobaze)

saSua-
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
lod
Sinameur-
neobis
1,82 2,34 2,93 3,15 3,46 3,64 3,92 4,15 4,27 4,56 3.42
wevrTa
raodenoba

89
გენდერული უთანასწორობის ეკონომიკური
ასპექტი თანამედროვე საქართველოში
იოსებ არჩვაძე

genderuli uTanasworobis gamovlenis mravali aspeqtidan erT-er­

Ti mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri uTanasworobaa, romlis yvelaze Tval­
saCino gamoxatuleba qalisa da mamakacis saSualo xelfasebs Soris
sxvaobaa. bolo monacemebiT, saqarTveloSi qalTa xelfasi mamakacis
xelfasis 63.8 procents Seadgens, Tanac sxvaoba anazRaurebis sidide­
Ta Soris bolo wlebSi ara Tu mcirdeba, aramed izrdeba kidec (2016
w. – 65.5%, 2017 w. – 64.3%, 2018 w. – 64.2%...). amJamad absoluturi sxvao­
ba mamakacisa da qalis saSualo xelfass Soris (TiTqmis 500 lari) faq­
tobrivad aRemateba qalTa saSualo xelfasis 2012 wlis sidides. qal­
Ta da mamakacTa saSualo anazRaurebis sxvaobis absoluturi sidide
bolo ori aTwleulis manZilze mamakacebis sasargeblod 8-jer da me­
tad gaizarda (2001 w. – 61.7 lari, 2020 w. – 500.0 lari).

cxrili 1
qalebisa da mamakacebis saSualo xelfasebi saqarTveloSi 2001, 2010 da
2019 wlebSi (lari).

qali %-iT
qali mamakaci
mamakacTan
2001 w. 63.5 125.2 61.7
2010 w. 426.6 742.8 57,4
2019 w. 869.1 1361.8 63,8
2019 w. 2001w.-Tan, jer 13.7 10.9 X

aRniSnuli gansxvaveba miT ufro TvalSisacemia im fonze, rom

gaeros ganviTarebis programis monacemebiT, swavlebis saerTo xangr­
Zlivobis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi qalebi ara Tu CamorCebian, aramed
uswreben kidevac mamakacebs (swavlebis saSualo xangrZlivoba wleb­
Si: qali – 15.5 weli, mamakaci – 15.0 weli. – [6; 357]). faqtobrivad, meti

90
codna da ganaTlebis done ver/ar konvertirdeba sazogadoebis mier
Sesabamis aRiarebaSi, romlis umniSvnelovaness gamoxatulebas xel­
fasis sidide warmoadgens. ra Tqma unda, es aris ara wminda qarTuli,
aramed globaluri movlena. mTel msoflioSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebul
qalebs, rogorc wesi, ganaTlebis ufro maRali done gaaCniaT, vidre
profesiis analogiur jgufebSi dasaqmebul mamakacebs [11]. sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, Tanabari ganaTlebis mqoneTagan qalebis Sroma mamak­
acebTan SedarebiT, naklebad nazRaurdeba. amasTan, mzaoba, upirobod
daTanxmdnen damqiraveblis mier SemoTavazebul pirobebsa da xelfass,
rogorc wesi, mTel rig garemoebaTa gamo qalebSi daaxloebiT 1.4­jer
ufro maRalia mamakacebTan SedarebiT [7].
ekonomikuri uTanasworoba gamoxatulebas poulobs makroekono­
mikis donezec, kerZod, samamulo (erovnuli) produqtis (mTliani Sida
produqtis) formirebaSi Setanili wvlilis mixedviT. saqarTveloSi
qalebis erT sulze Seqmnili erovnuli produqti mamakacebis analo­
giuri maCveneblis mxolod 47.7 procentia. es mniSvnelovnad CamorCe­
ba rogorc msoflios (56.6%), ise ganviTarebuli qveynebis analogiur
maCveneblebs (norvegiaSi aRniSnuli maCvenebeli Seadgens 78.8%­s, aSS­
Si – 65.4%­s, israelSi ki – 58.4%­s.).

diagrama 1

91
 ra aris saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli CamorCenis ZiriTadi mizezi, gan­
sakuTrebiT uSualo mezoblebTan samxreT kavkasiaSi – somxeTTan da
azerbaijanTan? erTi SexedviT, amis safuZveli ar unda arsebobdes,
radganac bevri xarisxobrivi maCvenebliT saqarTvelo mezoblebze
winaa. magaliTad, adamianiseuli ganviTarebis indeqsiT, bolo monace­
mebiT (2019 w.), saqarTvelo msoflio qveynebSi 61-e adgilzea, somxe­
Ti – 81-e, azerbaijani ki – 88-e adgilze; uTanabroba sicocxlis xan­
grZlivobis mixedviT sqesobriv WrilSi CvenTan mezoblebze naklebia:
saqarTvelo – 7.9%, somxeTi – 8.9%, azerbaijani – 13.9%. [7; 352-354].
vfiqrobT, aq mTavari mizezi samuSao Zalis aqtiurobis SedarebiT
dabali done da qalebisa da mamakacebis aqtiurobis doneTa Soris
sakmad didi marJaa. kerZod, sxvaoba mamakacebisa da qalebis aqtiuro­
bis doneTa Soris saqarTveloSi 4.6 punqtiT aRemateba somxeTis analo­
giur maCvenebels da 17.1 punqtiT – azerbaijanisas. aRniSnuli „upi­
ratesoba“ Cvens mezobel qveynebSi miRweulia kulturuli, mentaluri
da organizaciul-meTodologiuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT da
SinameurneobebSi TviTdasaqmebis maRali doniT SeiZleba aixsnas – qa­
lTa mniSvnelovani kontingenti, romelsac saqarTveloSi ekonomiku­
rad araaqtiur mosaxleobas akuTvneben (diasaxlisebi), azerbaijansa
da somxeTSi upiratesad TviTdasaqmebulebad miiCneven, rogorc amas
afiqsirebda Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis bolo dromde moqme­
di klasifikatori. 2020 wlis bolos dasaqmebis axal klasifikatorze
gadasvlis Sedegad ekonomikuri aqtiurobis done Zveli klasifika­
toriT gaangariSebulTan SedarebiT saqarTveloSi myisierad Semcir­
da 11 punqtiT, xolo dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenoba – daaxloebiT
400 aTasiT (23.5 procentiT).
Sromis anazRaurebaSi gansxvaveba mamakacebsa da qalebs Soris
ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia ori mizeziT: 1. mamakacebis mier ufro
Sromatevadi, rTuli Sinaarsis Sromis Sesrulebis gamo maT ufro
maRali anazRaureba aqvT; 2. samuSao dro saSualod mamakacebSi ufro
xangrZlivia, vidre qalebSi.
rogorc ukve iTqva, saqarTveloSi saSualo xelfasi qalebSi ma­
makacebis analogiuri maCvenebelis 63.8 procentia. amasTan, qalebis

92
SromiTi saqmianobis saSualo xangrZlivoba mamakacebis analogiuri
maCveneblis 82.1 procentia. Sesabamisad, samuSao drois faqtoris ga-
moricxviT, qalebis saSualo xelfasi mamakacebis xelfasis ukve ara
63.8 procenti, aramed 63.8% : 0.821 = 77.7%-ia. anu qalebis saSualo xe­
lfasi mamakacebis saSualo xelfasis 3/4-s aRemateba. amasTan, qalisa
da mamakacis saSualo xelfasebs Soris sxvaobis TiTqmis 2/5 (38.5%) mo-
dis qalTa samuSao drois naklebobaze mamakacebis samuSao drosTan
SedarebiT, xolo 3/5-ze meti (61.5%) – mamakacebis mier ufro maRali
anazRaurebadi samuSao adgilebis dakavebis gamo.
Semosavlebisa da erovnul ekonomikaSi Setanili wvlilis mixdviT,
genderul gansxvavebaze gavlenas axdens kidev ori garemoeba.
jer erTi, samuSaoTa sirTulis, kompleqsurobisa da saqmianobis
saboloo Sedegebze gavlenis gaTvaliswinebiT, damsaqmeblis Semosava­
li, rogorc wesi, daqiravebiT dasaqmebulis xelfass mniSvnelovnad
(arc Tu iSviaTad – jeradad!) aRemateba. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
ekonomikur saqmianobaSi CarTuli pirebidan damsaqmebelTa wili ma­
makacebSi 2-jer aRemateba qalebis analogiur maCvenebels (Sesabamis­
ad, 2.8% da 1.4%) [3; 27], aRniSnuli garemoeba sagrZnob gavlenas axdens
saSualod erTi piris Semosavlis sidideze rogorc dasaqmebis, ise zo­
gadad erT sulze warmoebuli dovlaTis sidideze genderul WrilSi.
meore, narCundeba seriozuli asimetria SinameurneobebSi, ojaxeb­
Si dasaqmebis masStabebis mixedviT qalebsa da mamakacebs Soris. raode­
nobrivad da ojaxur meurneobaSi daxarjuli drois mixedviT, qalebi
sagrZnoblad uswreben mamakacebs. dasaqmebulTa Soris Sinameurneo­
bebSi dasaqmebulTa wili qalebSi 2-jer da metad aRemateba mamakacebis
Sesabamis maCvenebels (Sesabamisad, 26.8% da 12.9%) [10], xolo samuSao
drois saerTo xangrZlivobiT qalebis upiratesoba mamakacebTan Se­
darebiT empiriuladac imdenad TvalsaCinoa, rom ar saWiroebs spe­
cialur kvlevas.
erovnul angariSTa sistemis mixedviT, damatebuli Rirebulebis
maformirebel saqmianobaTa saxeobebSi mamakacebis dominirebas aqvs
adgili. kerZod, Tu qveynis 15 welze uxnesi asakis mosaxleobaSi qa­
lebis raodenoba mamakacebisas TiTqmis 15 procentiT aRemateba,

93
dasaqmebulTa raodenobaSi piriqiT, sagrZnoblad – 21.3 procentiT
CamorCebian, xolo dasaqmebisa da aqtiurobis doneebi saerTod, qaleb­
Si TiTqmis 1.5­jer ufro dabalia mamakacebTan SedarebiT (Sesabamisad,
33.9% da 49.5% da 40.2% da 62%).

diagrama 2

ეკონომიკური აქტიურობისა და დასაქმების დონეები ქალებში

მამაკაცებთან შედარებით 2020 წელს
(პროცენტი; მამაკაცები = 100)

120 114.9

110

97
100

90

78.7
80

68.5
70 65.2

60

50

40
მოსახლეობა 15 დაქირავებით დასაქმებულთა დასაქმების აქტიურობის
წლის და დასაქმებულები რაოდენობა დონე დონე
უფროსი ასაკის

uTanasworoba vlindeba ara marto Rirebulebis formirebis pro­

cesSi, aramed, rogorc ukve vaxseneT, araanazRaurebadi SromiTi saqmi­
anobis xangrZlivobaSic, kerZod, SinameurneobebSi (ojaxebSi) Sromis
xangrZlivobasa da intensivobaSi. amasTan, is, rom empiriulad Cans qa­
lebis, diasaxlisebis ojaxuri saqmianobis sakmaod didi xangrZlivoba,
ar xsnis Sesabamisi kvlevebis Catarebis aucileblobas.

94
 samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi didi xania aRar Catarebula kvleva
SinameurneobaTa drois biujetis Taobaze, Tumca sxvadasxva sociolo­
giuri kvlevebidan miRebuli informaciiT, daqiravebiT dasaqmebul
qalTa Sromis saSualo sadReRamiso xangrZlivoba ojaxur meurneo-
baSi TiTqmis orjer aRemateba anazRaurebadi samsaxuris mqone mamak-
acebis analogiur maCvenebels. amis garda, samuSao Zalis miRma myofi
qalebis raodenoba 1.8-jer aRemateba mamakacebisas, rac kidev ufro
zrdis qalTa wvlils arafuladi gamoxatulebis ojaxuri dovlaTisa
da sikeTeebis formirebaSi.
imis daSvebis SemTxvevaSic ki, rom samuSao Zalis miRma myofi ma­
makacebi ojaxur meurneobaSi xarjaven imdenive dros, ramdensac
aseve, samuSao Zalis miRma darCenili qalebi (qarTuli realobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, amis daSveba mxolod didi pirobiTobiT SeiZle­
ba), mainc mTlianobaSi, ojaxur meurneobebSi daxarjuli drois
sul cota, 2/3 modis qalebze, realurad ki aRniSnuli maCvenebeli
daaxloebiT 3/4-s Seadgens. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, araanazRaure-
badi Sromis raodenobiT (xangrZlivobiT) qalebi saqarTveloSi
mamakacebs uswreben daaxloebiT 2-3-jer. Tu Sromis anazRaureba­
Si arsebuli genderuli sxvaobiT visargeblebT da ojaxSi gaweul
Sromas SevafasebT daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa Sromis anazRaurebis
analogiurad (erT sulze gaangariSebiT, qalebis SromiT Seqmnili
dovlaTisa da sikeTeebis Rirebulebas aviRebT mamakacebis Sromis
anazRaurebis daaxloebiT 2/3-is doneze) [2; 60-67], davinaxavT,
rom mTlianobaSi qalebis wvlilis RirebulebiTi Sefaseba ojaxSi
gaweul Sromis Rirebulebis pirobiT SefasebaSi sul cota 55 pro­
centia, realurad ki – aranakleb 65 procentisa.
gamodis, rom Tu aRricxvis meTodikis cvlilebas movaxdenT,
romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba amJamad ufasod daxarjuli
samuSao dro, SinameurneobebSi gaweuli SromiTi danaxarjebis
wili, qalebze mova aRniSnuli Rirebulebis 55-65 procenti, ma-
makacebze ki – araumetes 35-45 procenti. amasTan, Tu erovnul an­
gariSTa sistemas gavafarToebT da makroekonomikur maCvenebleb­
Si gaviTvaliswinebT SinameurneobebSi gaweuli Sromis Rirebule­

95
basac, davinaxvT, rom es qveynis umTavres ekonomikur maCvenebels
gazrdis daaxloebiT 60-65 procentiT, amasTan qalebis wili axal,
„gafarToebul“ mSp-Si miaRwevs 50.5 procents, amJamindeli 38-40
procentis nacvlad (mamakacebisa, Sesabamisad, Semcirdeba 49.5%-
mde, nacvlad amJamindeli 60-62%-sa).
aRniSnul gaTvlebs ara aqvT mxolod „mWvretelobiTi“ da adgi­
lobrivi datvirTva. McKinsey-is jer kidev 2015 wels Catarebuli kv­
leviT, msoflio ekonomika gaizrdeba daaxloebiT 37-40 procentiT,
Tuki msoflios qveynebi uzrunvelyofen srul genderul Tanaswo-
robas ekonomikis sferoSi. sxva wyaroebiT, genderuli uTansworo­
bis mxolod 25 procentiT Semcireba gazrdida msoflio mSp-s 5.3
trilioni aSS dolariT, xolo sabiujeto Semosavlebs – 1.4 trili­
oni dolariT [9].
amJamad ki qalebis wili dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi dasaqme­
bulTa saerTo raodenobis naxevars Seadgens, maTi wvlili ki global­
ur ekonomikaSi 37 procents ar aRemateba, anu saSualod erTi dasaqme­
buli mamakacis mier Seqmnili Rirebuleba 1.7-jer aRemateba dasaqme­
buli qalis mier Seqmnil Rirebulebas.
saqarTveloSi qalebis wili, Cveni gaangariSebiT, saSualo msoflio
maCvenebelze uaresia: dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobaSi – 44 procen­
ti, ekonomikaSi Seqmnili wvlili ki (erovnul angariSTa sistemis moq­
medi meTodikiT) – 33 procenti.
uTanabroba ekonomikaSi maRal korelaciaSia genderul uTa­nab­
robasTan politikur da sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi. qalebis wili
politikaSi, arCeviT da wamyvan Tanamdebobebze sajaro samsaxursa
Tu kerZo biznesSi, daaxloebiT samjer CamorCeba maT wils mosaxleo­
baSi. miuxedavad bolo wlebSi gamokveTili pozitiuri cvlilebebisa,
is mainc jerjerobiT sakmaod daSorebulia optimalur dones.

96
 diagrama 3

qveynis sakanonmdeblo organoSi qalTa warmomadgenlobis Tval­

saCino zrdis miuxedavad, maTi wili jerjerobiT 1/5­s ar aRemateba.
mdgomareobis Semdgomi gaumjobesebis pirobad unda miviCnioT miRe­
buli kanoni, romelic partiebsa da politikur gaerTianebebs aval­
debulebs saarCevno siebSi yoveli mesame piri gansxvavebuli sqesis
warmomadgeneli iyos. am principiT, saqarTvelos parlamentis momdev­
no mowvevis parlamentSi, romelic mTlianad proporciuli wesiT air­
Ceva, qalebis wili, sul cota, parlamentarebis 1/3­s miaRwevs. jerje­
robiT am maCvenebliT (2018 w. mdgomareobiT) saqarTvelos msoflios
192 qveyanaSi 124­e adgili ukavia.
TavisTavad, qalTa warmomadgenloba sakanonmdeblo organoSi
mxolod qmnis SesaZleblobas qalTa realuri Tanasworobisaken da

97
amas jer kidev sWirdeba realizacia. qalebis wili parlamentSi ver
gamodgeba qveyanaSi qalTa uflebebis dacvisa da demokratiulobis
xarisxis sademonstraciod. bolo monacemebiT, qalebi avRaneTis par­
lamentSi (mejlis-meleSi) ufro metad arian warmodgenilni, vidre
israelis parlamentSi – knesetSi, xolo azerbaijanis mili mejlisSi
ufro metad – vidre latviis seimSi [8].
amasTan, parlamentSi qalTa wilis zrda mxolod erT-erTi nabijia
sazogadoebaSi genderuli Tanasworobis dasamkvidreblad da araa pan­
acea sazogadoebaSi genderuli uTanasworobis aRmosafxvrelad. ami­
saTvis saWiroa kompleqsuri ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri
RonisZiebebis gatareba, xelisuflebis uryevi neba da sazogadoebis
mzaoba, gaiTavisos aRniSnuli nabijebis aucilebloba da marTebulo­
ba. bunebrivia, im sferoebSi, sadac qalTa monawileoba, CarTuloba,
gansakuTrebiT xelmZRvanel Tanamdebobebze, saxelmwifo mmarTvelo­
ba iqneba Tu biznesi, sakmao dros saWiroebs. kovidpandemiam, mTeli
rigi eqspertebis SefasebiT, kidev ufro metad – mTeli 36 wliT – ga­
daswia sruli genderuli Tanasworobis damyarebis dro pandemiandeli
prognozuli 99.5 wlis nacvlad 135.6 wlamde [5].

gamoyenebuli literatura:
1. ciuri anTaZe. uTanasworoba Sromis sferoSi. – krebulidan: global-
izaciis axali gamowvevebi memarcxeneobisaTvis: zogadi tendenciebi da saqa-
rTvelo. Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 45-53.
2. ioseb arCvaZe. pirobiTobebi makroekonomikuri indikatorebis gaan-
gariSebisas globalizaciis Tanamedrove pirobebSi (saqarTvelos mTliani
Siga produqtis magaliTze), „globalizacia da biznesi”, 2017, N2, gv. 60-67.
3. genderuli saxelfaso sxvaoba da uTanasworoba saqarTvelos Sromis
bazarze. – UN Women, 2020. – https://georgia.unwomen.org/ka/digital-library/publica-
tions/2020/03/analysis-of-the-gender-pay-gap-and-gender-inequality-in-the-labor-market-in-
georgia
4. Global Gender Gap Report 2021. – https://www.weforum.org/reports/global-gender-gap-re-
port-2021/digest
5. The Global Gender Gap Will Take an Extra 36 Years to Close After the COVID-19 Pan-
demic, Report Finds. – https://time.com/5951101/global-gender-gap-135-years/

98
 6. Human Development Report, 2020, http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf
7. Julie Wilson. Top Issues Fueling Gender Inequality in the Workplace. 25.02.2019. https://
www.asyousow.org/blog/gender-equality-workplace-issues.
8. Женщины в политике: представительство в парламентах, министерствах. – The World
only. 14.03.2018. – https://theworldonly.org/women-in-politics/
9. Екатерина Чепур, Без преград, Женщины принесут миру триллионы долларов. Надо
лишь подождать пару веков, Lenta.ru, 2.11.2019. https://lenta.ru/articles/2018/11/02/feminism/
10. МОТ: на рынке труда сохраняется гендерное неравенство. 7.03.2018. – https://news.
un.org/ru/story/2018/03/1325272
11. Основные тенденции в области заработной платы. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/
groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/documents/publication/wcms_713900.pdf
12. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi. – www.geo-
stat.ge

99
ისინი, ვინც დაბლა არიან
მარინა მუსხელიშვილი

mmarTveloba vis mier da visTvis?

yovel mocemul momentSi Cven vimyofebiT politikuri uTanaswo­

robis mdgomareobaSi. arseboben adamianebi, visac maRali politikuri
Tanamdebobebi ukaviaT – maT aqvT Zalaufleba, miiRon mniSvnelovani
gadawyvetilebebi, xolo yvela danarCeni am Zalauflebas moklebulia.
es politikuri uTanasworoba asatani xdeba ori pirobis Sesrulebis
SemTxvevaSi: pirveli procedurulia, xolo meore – substanciuri, Si­
naarsobrivi.
pirvel rigSi, uTanasworoba unda iyos droebiTi da konkurentu­
li – demokratiis institutebis gamarTuli funqcionireba qmnis (Teo­
riulad) SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobas – nebismiers SeuZlia miiRos
monawileoba politikur procesSi da ibrZolos imisTvis, rom Tavad
daikavos Tanamdeboba an misTvis misaReb politikoss dauWiros mxari.
amasTan, gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic miiReba liderebis mier, unda
iyos raRac gagebiT samarTliani, legitimuri da ara Zalismieri. ze­
moaRniSnuli uTanasworoba gamarTlebulia imdenad, ramdenadac saW­
iroa, raTa xelisuflebis meSveobiT iwarmoos raRaca sasikeTo – stabi­
luroba, wesrigi, winsvla, keTildReoba da a.S.. Tuki davsvamT kiTxvas
– vis sasargeblod unda miiRebodes es gadawyvetilebebi, demokratiis
pasuxi martivia, Tumca bundovani – es aris gadawyvetilebebi „xalx­
isTvis“. miuxedavad imisa, rom proceduruli TvalsazrisiT saarCev­
no demokratia Zalauflebas aniWebs umravlesobis mier arCeul li­
derebs, is mainc gulisxmobs, rom mmarTvelobis Sedegad miRweuli
sikeTeebiT TiToeulma adamianma met-naklebad unda ixeiros, vinaidan
„xalxi“ – es aris yvela da ara mxolod umravlesoba.
metnakleboba aq sakvanZo sityvaa, vinaidan swored masSi vlindeba
sistemis funqcionirebis xasiaTi. marTlac, Tuki mmarTvelobis Sede­
gebi sul ufro zrdis sazogadoebaSi uTanasworobas, sistema SesaZloa

100
ver SenarCundes. amdenad, es ori ganzomileba, procedura da Sinaarsi,
erTmaneTTan kavSirSia. Tuki warmovidgenT, rom sawyis mdgomareoba­
Si sistema srulad akmayofilebda Tanasworobis procedurul kri­
teriumebs, resursebis gadanawilebis mzardi uTanasworobis gamo is
saboloo jamSi gadagvardeba da proceduruli Tanasworobac didxans
ver gastans.
saqarTvelos politikuri sistema Camoyalibda neoliberaluri
globalizaciis procesSi da am procesis gavleniT. am gardaqmnas erqva
demokratizacia – demokratizaciis mesame talRis nawili, romelsac
axasiaTebda wmindad proceduruli midgoma.
am neoliberaluri warmodgenis mixedviT, demokratia aris ara
xalxis mmarTveloba „xalxis mier“ da „xalxis-Tvis“, aramed mxolod
individebis politikuri SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba: sayovelTao
xmis ufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis Tavisu­
fleba da sxva, rac uzrunvelyofs mmarTvelebis konkurentul cvlas
da maT kontrols. yvelaze kargad am warmodgenas Seefereba Sumpet­
eriseuli xedva, romlis mixedviTac, mmarTveloba ver iqneba xalxisa,
vinaidan xalxma Tavad ar icis da verc ecodineba, ra unda. erTaderTi,
rasac is iZleva, es aris mmarTveli elitebis iZuleba, Tavi moawonon
amomrCevlebs, raTa Zalaufleba SeinarCunon an moipovon:

„pirvel rigSi, Cveni xedvis Tanaxmad, demokratia ar niSnavs da

verc niSnavs imas, rom xalxi marTlac marTavs, „xalxis“ da „mmarT­
velobis“ raime aSkara mniSvnelobiT. demokratia niSnavs mxolod
imas, rom xalxs aqvs SesaZlebloba, miiRos an uaryos is adamianebi,
vinc mas marTaven. magram, vinaidan maT es SeuZliaT, gadawyviton
srulad arademokratiuli gzebiT, Cven mogviwia Cveni ganmartebis
dakonkreteba damatebiTi kriteriumis, demokratiuli meTodis
identificirebiT: liderobis msurvelTa Tavisufali konkurencia
amomrCevelTa xmebisTvis. amdenad, amis erT-erTi aspeqti SeiZleba,
Camoyalibdes ase: demokratia politikosebis mmarTvelobaa“.1

am procesSi bunebrivad Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi azri, rome­

lic mmarTvelobis karg, sasurvel Sedegebs demokratiuli proce­

101
durebis arsebobiT xsnis. magaliTad, rodesac sazogadoeba moiTxovs,
rom media da sasamarTlo iyvnen damoukideblebi, xolo arCevnebi ar
yalbdebodes, igulisxmeba, rom es yovelive migviyvans sasurvel Se­
degebamde – miukerZoebeli media, samarTlis principebze agebuli sa­
samarTlo, xalxis nebis erTguli politikuri mmarTveloba, anu poli­
tikuri bazris uxilavi xeli progresis momtani iqneba. Sesabamisad,
Tuki mmarTvelobis Sedegi ar aris kargi, mizezad saxeldeba proce­
durebis naklovaneba: cudi arCevnebi, mediis arasakmarisi damoukide­
bloba, sasamarTlos mouwyobloba da sxva.
garda amisa, neoliberalurma reformebma, romlebmac qveynis gan­
viTarebas ualternativo erTganzomilebiani xasiaTi SesZines, war­
moqmnes politekonomiuri realoba, romelic moqalaqeTa saarCevno
qcevaze zemoqmedebs. es reformebi aCenen konfliqts individebis mok­
levadian da grZelvadian racionalobas Soris. rac ufro swrafad da
radikalurad Semodis kapitalizmi da globalizacia, miT ufro izr­
deba uTanasworoba da mosaxleobis didi nawilis „CamorCena“. Cndeba
mmarTveloba warmatebuli „umciresobisTvis“. es mdgomareoba legit­
imacias iZens dominanturi diskursiT, magram, amasTan, aCens im gancdas,
rom is morgebulia elitebis interesebze da ara xalxis saWiroebebze.
mosaxleobas esmis, rom ganviTarebis am gzaze winsvla moiTxovs re­
formebs, romelTa Sedegadac umravlesoba moklevadian perspeqtivaSi
waagebs. moklevadian da grZelvadian racionalobas Soris konfliqtis
pirobebSi politikis dRis wesrigSi dgas erTi sakiTxi – mdgomareobis
SenarCuneba Tu cvlileba. Cndeba undobloba mmarTvelebis mimarT da
mosaxleobis gaucxoeba saxelmwifosgan.
politikisa da ekonomikis amgvari mowyobis fonze saqarTveloSi
Camoyalibda is, rasac SeiZleba, davarqvaT negatiuri sazogadoebrio­
ba da vertikaluri demokratia. saxelmwifosadmi da mmarTvelobisad­
mi undoblobiT gamsWvaluli moqalaqeebi sakuTar saarsebo sivrcesa
da avtonomias icaven Zalauflebisgan distancirebiT da ara misi dau­
flebiT, xelisuflebis kontroliT da ara mmarTvelobiT, uaryofiT
da ara mtkicebiT. xolo politikur taqtikebSi dominirebs, erTi mx­
riv, saprotesto aqciebi, daumorCilebloba, uxeSi populisturi po­
larizeba, xolo, meore mxriv – Tavdacva da mdgomareobis stabiluro­
bis SenarCunebaze apelireba.
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 vertikaluri demokratia, populizmi da elitizmi

Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis konfiguracia bevr faqtorzea

damokidebuli, romelTa didi nawili politikuri sistemis miRma ar­
sebobs. amdenad, erTi da imave formaluri institutebis farglebSi
demokratia SesaZloa, sakmaod gansxvavebulad funqcionirebdes. is
SeiZleba, moqmedebdes horizontalurad, cdilobdes Tanasworu­
flebiani interesebis maqsimalur integrirebasa da dakmayofilebas,
an vertikalurad – axdendes interesTa erTi nawilis mier sapirispiro
interesebis delegitimacias da gaaCndes umciresobaze stabiluri up­
iratesobis mopovebis miswrafeba.
neoliberalurma globalizaciam da teqnoligiurma winsvlam gan­
viTarebul, dasavlur demokratiebSi Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi
mniSvnelovanad Secvala. ekonomika da socialuri cxovreba gascda
erovnuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs, politikam parlamentebidan farTo
masebSi gaJona, Semcirda saxelmwifos roli ekonomikuri politikis
warmarTvaSi, uzomod gaizarda korporaciebis gavlena da simdidre
viwro elitebis xelSi akumulirda.
am gavlenebis Sedegad demokratiis is modeli, romelic meoce
saukuneSi Seiqmna da, romelsac saqarTvelo wlebis ganmavlobaSi
etalonad miiCnevda, TandaTan transformirdeba da axal maxasiaTe­
blebs iZens. horizontalur, warmomadgenlobiT partiul politikas
sul ufro utevs vertikaluri populizmi.
mniSvnelovnad Serbilda adre arsebuli, sazogadoebaSi Rrmad
fesvgadgmuli socialur-ekonomikuri konfliqtebi. pirvel rigSi,
es iyo klasobrivi da religiuri dapirispirebebi, romlebmac parti­
uli reprezentaciis gziT Seqmnes myari horizontaluri dRis wesrigi
politikaSi.2 politikis miRma am dapirispirebebiT ganpirobebul dRis
wesrigs evropaSi stabilurs xdida Sesabamisi arapolitikuri, sazoga­
doebrivi institutebi – profkavSirebi da eklesia, romlebmac bolo
aTwleulebSi gavlenis didi wili dakarges.
saSualo fenis zrdisa da sazogadoebis „masifikaciis“ fonze meoce
saukunis bolosken es socialur-ekonomikuri konfliqtebi Sesustda
da wamyvani adgili identobis politikam daikava. politikis dRis wes­

103
rigSi ekonomikurma sakiTxebma gadainacvles meore adgilze, daiwyo
„politikuris“ velis gafarToeba da konkurencia am velSi sakuTari
problematikis, interpretaciisa da dRis wesrigis dasamkvidreblad.
imavdroulad, imata ganxeTqilebam amomrCevlebsa da elitebs So­
ris, gaizarda sazogadoebis ukmayofileba mmarTvelobis SedegebiT,
romlebic sul ufro mzardad ganixileba rogorc korufciuli da
­mxolod elitebis interesebze morgebuli. xelisuflebis mimarT far­
To undobloba sazogadoebaSi badebs, erTi mxriv, xelisuflebaze meti
kontrolis moTxovnilebas, xolo, meore mxriv, apolitikur an anti­
politikur TviTidentifikacias.
demokratiis am axal konfiguraciaSi, romelsac rozenvaloni „kon­
tr-demokratias“ uwodebs, mTavari politikuri kiTxva aris ara „ra“,
aramed „rogor“. mmarTvelebis mimarT undoblobiT aRsavse xalxi ar
eswrafvis marTos (gansazRvros, Tu ra unda akeTos mTavrobam), aramed
mxolod akontrolos is, korufciisa da sxva ukanono qmedebebis aR­
sakveTad. arCevnebisa Tu sajaro protestebis gziT is drodadro ve­
tos adebs (aRkveTs) garkveul qmedebebs, an sulac cvlis mTavrobebs
da es keTdeba ara daCagruli umciresobis, aramed xalxis saxeliT.3
negatiuri politikis am totalobaSi, sadac amomrCevlebi erTian­
debian ara raRacis mxardasaWerad, aramed raRacis uarsayofad, masebis
ukmayofilebam da xelisuflebiT gulgatexilobam SesaZloa, miaRwios
im emociur dones, saidanac iwyeba populizmi. maSin mTeli samoqalaqo
aqtivoba daiyvaneba mxolod protestze, xdeba mmarTvelobis stigma­
tizeba, rogorc korumpirebuli mtrisa, romlis interesebi xalxis
winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli. yalibdeba xalxis (ubralo xalxis), rogorc
erTobis, pozitiuri identoba mis opoziciaSi mtrebTan, romlebic mas
zians ayeneben, sargeblis motanis nacvlad.

„populisturi moZraobebi, rogorc wesi, uaryofen horizontalur

gaxleCvebs (rogoricaa – memarcxene/memarjvened dayofa) da xels
uwyoben xalxis fundamentur erTobas, amavdroulad, SemoaqvT ax­
ali vertikaluri ganzomileba, romelmac SesaZloa, gariyos, mag­
aliTad, elitebi (zeda doneze) da ucxoelebi (qveda doneze)“.4

104
 populisti liderebi, laparakoben ra xalxis saxeliT, ar cnoben
oponentebs, aWarbeben Zalauflebas, ar aRiareben wagebuli arCevnebis
Sedegebs;5 kanonebi, faqtebi da mecniereba maTTvis avtoritets ar
warmoadgens, vinaidan populizmis funqcia mdgomareobs politikuris
sazRvrebis gafarToebaSi, axali realobis konstruirebaSi, rasac
faqtebi, kanonebi da mecniereba uSlis xels.
miuxedavad imisa, rom populizmi antielitistur ganwyobebs
efuZneba, is Tanaarsebobs elitizmTan, romelsac aq Semdegnairad
ganvmartavT: warmodgena imis Taobaze, rom sazogadoebaSi arseboben
ukeTesi adamianebi – ufro progresuli, ganaTlebuli, warmatebuli,
dawinaurebuli, vinc win unda uZRodes danarCen, SedarebiT CamorCe­
nil xalxs. populizmisa da elitizmis saerTo niSanTviseba mdgomare­
obs pluralizmis, anu politikuri Tanasworobis uaryofaSi. elitizmi,
marTalia, ufro metad asocirdeba arademokratiul reJimebTan (mag­
aliTad, ruseTi6), magram populizmis diskursi avlens, kiTxvis niSnis
qveS ayenebs da politikur xasiaTs sZens im uTanasworobebs, romlebic
sxvagvarad legitimurobis pretenziiT xasiaTdeboda (populizmis
mier uTanasworobebis politizireba da maTTvis elitizmis stigmis
mikereba dabla ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli).
gansxvavebiT dasavluri demokratiebisgan, sadac populizmi fun­
qcionaluri warmomadgenlobiTi sistemis fonze gaZlierda da jerje­
robiT arsebuli institutebis kontrols eqvemdebareba, saqarTvelo­
Si populizmisa da elitizmis arsebobas sistemuri xasiaTi mieca.
saqarTvelos demokratizaciis procesi Tavdapirvelad verti­
kaluri daZabulobiT xasiaTdeboda – xelisuflebis cvlis yoveli
Semdgomi etapi wina mmarTvelobis danaSaulebrivi xasiaTis arguments
eyrdnoboda. xalxi janydeboda xelisuflebaSi myofi „uvargisi, dam­
naSave, korumpirebuli“ mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg sistemuri cvlile­
bebis imediT. amdenad, SesaZloa, vivaraudoT, rom Tuki dResac saxezea
konfliqti „xalxsa“ da saxelmwifos Soris, es dausrulebeli demokra­
tizaciis Sedegia. Tumca damkvidrebuli demokratiebis gamocdileba
gvafiqrebinebs, rom vertikaluri daZabulobis gaCena SesaZloa, neo­
liberaluri globalizaciis gardauval Sedegadac ganvixiloT.

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 vertikaluri demokratiis qarTuli fenomenologia

90-ian wlebSi, rodesac mimdinareobda ZiriTadi struqturuli

gardaqmnebi politikur da ekonomikur sistemebSi, arsebobda molo­
dini, rom axladSeqmnili institutebi maleve daiwyebdnen funqcioni­
rebas daniSnulebisamebr – rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobda Tanaswor
konkurencias, pluralizms da yovelive amas moyveboda sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis axal etapze, axal dRis wesrigze gadasvla, sadac verti­
kalur dapirispirebas racionaluri politika Caanacvlebda. is, rom
Semdgomi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi vertikaluroba SenarCunda da
nacvlad horizontaluri socialur-politikuri konfliqtis dam­
kvidrebisa gadavida mtrebis Ziebisa da politikidan gandevnis popu­
listur diskursSi, pirvel rigSi, mixeil saakaSvilsa da telekompania
rusTavi 2-s ukavSirdeba. Tumca mizez Sedegobrivad unda vivaraudoT,
rom Tavad am aqtorebis win wamoweva da maTi roli qarTuli politikis
populisturi xasiaTis formirebaSi Sedegia im zogadi tendenciebi­
sa, romlebic zegavlenas axdenen, rogorc saqarTveloze, aseve sxva
qveynebze. amdenad, am statiaSi populizmis fenomeni ganixileba zoga­
dad, rogorc sistemis maxasiaTebeli da ara rogorc calkeuli poli­
tikuri aqtorebis mier damkvidrebuli realoba.
im momentisTvis, rodesac es statia iwereba, saqarTveloSi poli­
tikur partiebs Soris mimdinareobs mwvave polarizebuli brZola Za­
lauflebisTvis. politikuri ritorika aratolerantulia da xSirad
pirovnulad Seurcxmyofeli. opoziciaSi gaerTianebuli partiebis
Wreli speqtri ar cnobs 2020 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebs
da laparakobs „rusul oligarqze“, biZina ivaniSvilze, romelmac
moaxdina Zalauflebis uzurpacia. „qarTuli ocneba“ sapirispirod ar
aRiarebs opoziciisa da misi ZiriTadi birTvis – „nacionaluri moZrao­
bis“ – uflebas, movides xelisuflebaSi da saerTod iyos politikaSi
adre Cadenili danaSaulebebis gamo, romlebic SesaZloa, ganmeordes
maTi xelaxali mmarTvelobis pirobebSi. wamyvani televiziebi Camoy­
alibdnen partiul propagandistul rgolebad, romlebic qmnian rea­
lobis erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebul suraTebs. aranakle­

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bi daZabuloba igrZnoba sazogadoebaSic – lgbtq umciresobis paradis
Catareba-arCatarebis sakiTxi iwvevs radikaluri memarjvene jgufe­
bis mxridan Zaladobriv Tavdasxmas Jurnalistebze da momitingeebze.
politikis dRis wesrigidan praqtikulad gamoricxulia is sakiTxebi,
romlebic sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania sazogadoebis winsvlisTvis.
amgvari viTareba mianiSnebs imaze, rom politikuri procesis yvela
Tanamonawile Zalauflebis arsebul konfiguracias aRiqvams an ro­
gorc am momentisTvis aralegitimurs, an rogorc legitimaciis da­
kargvis safrTxis winaSe myofs. Sesabamisad, maRalia albaToba imisa,
rom demokratiis populisturi polarizeba gadaizardos mis avtori­
tarul gadagvarebaSi ama Tu im mmarTvelobis qveS.
gansxvavebiT ekonomikuri uTanasworobisgan, romelsac aqvs mkaf­
iod gansazRvruli mxareebi – mdidrebi da Raribebi, politikur ZalTa
balansi arasdros aris calsaxa, is eqvemdebareba interpretacias da
reinterpretacias, romelic emsaxureba arCevnebis gziT „statisti­
kuri“ umravlesobis mopovebas da Seadgens arCevnebs Soris periodSi
sazogadoebrivi azriT politikuri manipulirebis arss. pirvel rigSi,
aq moiazreba „xalxis“, rogorc legitimaciis wyaros konstruireba.
„xalxi“, rogorc erToba, romelzedac apelireben da, romelsac
akonstruireben populisti liderebi politikuri procesis legit­
imaciis mizniT, myarad damkvidrda qarTul sajaro diskursSi. daw­
yebuli vardebis revoluciiT, rodesac saprotesto gamosvlebis
flagmani opoziciuri telearxi „rusTavi 2“ sakuTar Tavs „xalxis
televiziad“, xolo revoluciis Semdeg – „gamarjvebuli xalxis tele­
viziad“ moixseniebda da damTavrebuli axali memarcxene moZraobiT
„xma“ (lozungiT „xalxi iTxovs ukeTes cxovrebas“, „xalxi marTals
ambobs!“) „xalxi“ moiazreba dapirispirebaSi elitebTan, romlebic
mis interesebs ar icaven.
am mxriv, xalxze apelirebas ara aqvs arc memarjvene da arc memarcx­
ene ideologiuri datvirTva. paradoqsia, magram memarjvene poli­
tikuri Zalebis strategia xSirad memarcxene laklos xedvas miyveba,
visTvisac populizmi emansipaciuri strategiaa, romelmac politika­
Si marginalizebuli socialuri jgufebi unda daabrunos:

107
 „populizmi – askvnis laklo – aris ara ideologia, aramed poli­
tikis awyobis iseTi xerxi, romelic sazogadoebis or nawilad day­
ofas eyrdnoba da „imaT, vinc dabla arian“ mouwodebs mobilizebi­
sken arsebuli xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. populizmi Cndeba yovel
jerze, rodesac sazogadoebrivi wyoba aRiqmeba, rogorc arsebiT­
ad usamarTlo da, rodesac arsebobs koleqtiuri moqmedebis axali
subieqtis – xalxis formirebisken mowodeba, romelsac SeeZleba am
wyobis gardaqmna mis saZirkvelSive. populizmi ar arsebobs axali
globaluri koleqtiuri nebis formirebisa da agregaciis gareSe“.7

„isini, vinc dabla arian“, qarTul realobaSi aris ara socialuri

fena an klasi, aramed yvela, vinc yovel mocemul momentSi xelisu­
flebaSi ar imyofeba. koleqtiuri nebis konstruirebisas iqmneba „Seu­
Zlebeli koaliciebi“ principiT „yvela erTis winaaRmdeg“, sadac er­
Tiandebian sruliad gansxvavebuli xedvebis mqone Zalebi – magaliTad,
„nacionaluri moZraoba“, “leiboristebi,“ „girCi“ da „demokratriuli
moZraoba – erTiani saqarTvelo“.
magram, vinaidan populisturi Zalebi xan opoziciaSi da xan – xeli­
suflebaSi arian, maT uwevT arCevnebSi monawileoba da umravlesobis
mopoveba, „xalxi“ maT diskursSi ver iqneba mudmivad dabla, mas xeli­
suflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg sWirdeba reinterpretacia, romelic lid­
erebs isev mis saTaveSi amyofebs. am interpretacias veRar uzrunvel­
yofs martooden braldebebi xelisuflebis misamarTiT.
laklos mixedviT, populistma liderma unda SeZlos, gaaerTianos
socialuri jgufebis Wreli speqtri da amisTvis unda gaxdes „cari­
eli aRmniSvneli“ – sxvadasxva socialuri jgufebisa da interesebis
TvalSi niSnavdes yvelafers da arafers.8 amgvari lideroba uWirT
yvelaze niWier propagandistebsac ki, iseTsac ki, rogoric iyo saak­
aSvili. vardebis revoluciis Semdeg man SeZlo garkveuli periodis
ganmavlobaSi yofiliyo daviT aRmaSenebeli konservatorebisT­
vis, prodasavluri reformatori – liberalebisTvis, „Cveni patara
stalini“ korufcionerebis mtrebisTvis, magram yvela es inter­
pretacia, saboloo jamSi, mtris xatis stabilur imijs saWiroebda da

108
es gaxda ruseTi, putini da saqarTveloSi maT agentebad Seracxuli
yvela, vinc ar iyo saakaSvilis momxre.
„aRmniSvnelis“ amgvari populisturi „sicariele“ cxadyofs, rom
arsebobs gansxvaveba „xalxosnobasa“ da populizms Soris. miuxeda­
vad imisa, rom Tavad terminis sawyisebi ruseTis „narodnikobasTan“
an amerikul fermerTa partiasTan midis, maT Soris sxvaoba arsebobs.
„xalxosnobis“ magaliTad SeiZleba warmovidginoT „rionis xeobis
mcvelTa“ moZraoba, romelic aprotestebda namaxvanhesis mSeneblo­
bas rionis xeobaSi. protestSi ZiriTadad monawileobda adgilobrivi
mosaxleoba, romelic Zlier religiur da tradicionalistur Rire­
bulebebs eyrdnoboda. miuxedavad bevri sxva maxasiaTeblisa, romel­
ic maT populizmTan aaxloebs (qarizmatuli lideri, Zlieri undob­
loba partiebis mimarT, gacxadebuli apolitikuroba politikuri
moTxovnebis fonze), es moZraoba ufro tradiciul interesTa jgu­
fad unda warmovidginoT, swored, Zlieri tradicionalistur-reli­
giuri orientaciis gamo.
tradicionalisturi xalxosnoba globalur neoliberalizmSi nam­
dvilad „dabla“ yofnis gancdiT xasiaTdeba, magram is „xalxis“ inter­
pretaciis mxolod erTi da ara erTaderTi formaa. mis sapirispirod
arsebobs xalxis globalisturi interpretacia: „Cven varT qarTvele­
bi, maSasadame varT evropelebi“.
miuxedavad misi aSkara politikuri koniunqturobisa, zurab Jva­
nias am frazam myari adgili daimkvidra qarTvelebis cnobierebaSi. is
gamoxatavs erTdroulad ramdenime suliskveTebas da, amdenad, lak­
loseuli carieli aRmniSvnelis rols TamaSobs.
liberalebisTvis es gamonaTqvami ikiTxeba rogorc prodasavlu­
robis deklarireba, civi omis dRis wesrigis gagrZeleba, sadac erT
mxares dgas sabWoTa totalitaruli reJimi, xolo meore mxares – lib­
eraluri demokratia da sabazro ekonomika. 90-ian wlebSi es ganwyoba
„demokratizaciis“ lozungis qveS operirebda, xolo vardebis revo­
luciis Semdeg demokratizacia, rogorc ganviTarebis orientiri, ev­
rointegraciam Caanacvla.
nacionalistebi am gamonaTqvams garkveulwilad elitistur mniS­
vnelobas aniWeben da erovnuli siamayis wyarod ixilaven. Cven varT

109
qarTvelebi, romlebsac evropulobis realizebaSi saukuneebis ganmav­
lobaSi xels uSlida okupanti ruseTi. evropuloba am SemTxvevaSi ima­
vdroulad aris antiaziuroba, regionis sxva erebze aRmatebuloba da
evrocentruli civilizaciuri ganwyoba.
biZina ivaniSvilma proevropulobas kidev erTi, tradicionalis­
turi mniSvneloba Semata. am interpretaciaSi evropuloba antiglo­
balisturia, is niSnavs „beber evropas“, romelic sakuTar identobas
icavs msoflioSi mimdinare cvlilebebis sapirispirod. niSandobliv­
ia, rom ivaniSvils, saakaSvilisgan gansxvavebiT, axasiaTebs miswrafeba
ara politikuri reformebis liderobisken, aramed xalxis saxeliT xe­
lisuflebis kontrolisken sistemis miRma yofnis poziciidan. am pozi­
ciaSi igrZnoba mmarTvelebis mimarT undoblobisa da maTi kontro­
lis ganxorcielebis miswrafeba, romelic vertikaluri demokratiis
yvelaze gavrcelebul samoqalaqo pozicias ganasaxierebs.9
politikur diskursSi Jvanias gamonaTqvami translirebulia evro­
integraciis miswrafebaSi, romelic Sida reformebsa da sagareo poli­
tikas aerTianebs. xelisuflebis diskursSi vardebis revoluciidan
– dRemde „evrointegracia“ ukavSirdeba ise, rogorc qveynis evro­
peizacias, anu evropul yaidaze cxovrebis dalagebas, aseve evrokav­
SirSi gawevrianebis perspeqtivas. terminiT am manipulirebis saWiroe­
ba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom evrokavSiri aranairad ar sTavazobda
saqarTvelos gawevrianebis perspeqtivas, xolo samezoblo politika
da asocirebis SeTanxmeba ar warmoadgenen etapebs evrokavSirSi sab­
olood SesvlisTvis. magram mosaxleobas sWirdeboda politikuri
perspeqtivis Cveneba da is daarwmunes am procesebis identurobaSi im
donemde, rom 2012 wels xelisuflebis cvlilebis Semdegac, diskursi
SenarCunda. dResdReobiT qveynis ganviTarebis perpeqtivad dasaxele­
bulia 2024 wels gawevrianebisTvis mzaoba da es im fonze, rodesac am
gawevrianebis SeTavazeba an minimaluri waxalisebac ki ar modis evro­
kavSiridan.
evropeizaciis da evrokavSirSi integraciis diskursulma gai­
givebam Tavisi Sedegi gamoiRo. sociologiuri kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom
evroatlantikuri integraciis ganzomileba warmoadgens yvelaze
mdgrad da gavlenian politikur faqtors, romelic didwilad gana­

110
pirobebs amomrCevelTa qcevas. evroatlantikur integracias meti
momxre yavs da es momxreebi upirobod dominireben sajaro sivrceSi. 10
amdenad, evrointegraciam, rogorc qveynis winsvlis ualternati­
vo mimarTulebam, Caanacvla wina epoqebis miznebi – komunizmi da Semd­
gom demokratia. is, marTalia, Sinaarsobrivad gansxvavebulia maTgan,
magram struqturulad imave funqcias asrulebs – saxavs ganviTarebis
Soreul mizans, romelic sazogadoebam erToblivi ZalisxmeviT unda
miaRwios, kompetenturi liderebis xelmZRvanelobiT. es ualter­
nativoba qmnis vertikalurobis fenomenis myar dasayrdens. uTanas­
worobebi da konfliqtebi, romlebic arsebobs sxvadasxva socialur
jgufebs Soris da SesaZloa, warmoqmnides momavlis gansxvavebul xe­
dvebs, ukana planze gadadis. politikuri Sefasebebis pluralizmisgan
rCeba mxolod erTi kriteriumi – xelisuflebis kompetenturoba da
efeqtianoba ganisazRvreba evroatlantikuri integraciis miznis miR­
wevis gzaze warmateba-warumatelobiT. es gansja ki eyrdnoba retro­
speqtulad politikosebisa da politikuri Zalebis warsuli warmate­
bebis Tu danaSaulebebis Sefasebas da gardaiqmneba ndoba-undoblobis
faqtorSi, romelic, evrointegraciasTan erTad, politikuri ganwyo­
bis meore umniSvnelovanesi faqtoria.11
niSandoblivia, rom 2017 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Ta­
naxmad, konstituciis gardamaval debulebebSi Caiwera, rom saxel­
mwifom unda imoqmedos „evropis kavSirsa da Crdiloatlantikuri
xelSekrulebis organizaciaSi saqarTvelos sruli integraciis uz­
runvelsayofad“. politikuri xedvebis konstituciaSi Cawera popu­
lizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli kidev erTi niSan-Tvisebaa.

proceduruli Tanasworoba da Suamavali institutebi

am statiaSi ZiriTadad aqcenti gakeTebulia politikuri procesis

Sinaarsze da mis Sedegebze. magram, cxadia, yvelaze idealur demokra­
tiaSic ki arsebobs problemebi, romlebic procedurul Tanasworobas
Seexeba. aqvs Tu ara yvela moqalaqes Tanabari Sansi da SesaZlebloba,
gavlena moaxdinos imaze, Tu ra xdeba mmarTvelobaSi?

111
 rogorc wesi, es problema ganixileba saarCevno procesis konteqst­
Si. msjeloba exeba arCevnebis gamarTul funqcionirebas, maT konkuren­
tulobas, SesaZlo gayalbebas, politikur diskriminacias, mosyidvas,
motyuebas da a. S. – mokled imas, rasac SeiZleba, arakeTilsindisieri
an arasrulyofili politikuri konkurencia davarqvaT. is adamiane­
bi, vinc aq xedaven qarTuli demokratiis mTavar problemas, dRevan­
del viTarebas interpretireben, rogorc tranzituls – demokratiis
mSenebloba, romelic 30 wlis win daiwyo, bolomde ver iqna miyvani­
li. mTavari gamowveva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom kidev meti gakeTdes am
mimarTulebiT, raTa sistema dalagdes, xolo ZiriTadi aRmosafxvre­
li problemebi SesaZloa ori didi kategoriis qveS dajgufdes: arCev­
nebSi administraciuli resursisa da fulis arakeTilsindisieri ga­
moyeneba. arsebiTad orive es kategoria daiyvaneba erTze: fuladi
resursebis floba, iqneba es kerZo fuli, saxelmwifo saxsrebi Tu ara­
legaluri (ucxouri) daxmareba, warmoadgens gadamwyvet upiratesobas
arCevnebSi gamarjvebis mosapoveblad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sefaseba argumentirebulia, is arasakmari­
sad JRers. imisTvis, rom fuli gaxdes politikurad relevanturi, is
saWiroebs translirebas sazogadoebriv azrSi da amomrCevelTa qcev­
aSi, rac garantirebuli ar aris. am procesSi CarTulia media, sazoga­
doeba, arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da sxva institutebi, romlebic
arCevnebs Soris funqcionireben. maT aqvT gavlenebi, romlebic unda
„rezonirebdes“ politikaze gaweul xarjebTan imisTvis, rom am xar­
jebma “imuSaon“. am qveTavSi am institutebze, anu, zogadad, samoqa­
laqo sazogadoebaze iqneba saubari.
rogorc amas aleqsis de tokvili aRniSnavda, TanasworobisTvis
brZola amerikelebis yvelaze did ltolvas warmoadgens. Tanaswo­
robisken es midrekileba ar aris specifiurad amerikuli – qarTuli
sazogadoebis magaliTze SegviZlia, davinaxoT analogiuri ganwyoba.
ra aris is Tanasworoba, romelsac eswrafvian qarTvelebi da ramdenad
ganxorcielebadia is vertikaluri demokratiis pirobebSi?
jer kidev sabWoTa droidan erovnuli identobiT siamayis gancda
ukavSirdeboda damoukideblobisken ltolvas; erovnul-gamaTavisu­
flebeli moZraobiT daiwyo samoqalaqo aqtivoba. damoukideblobis

112
mopovebis kvaldakval, saqarTvelom ruseTTan Tanasworuflebi­
ani urTierTobebs ver miaRwia, xolo ruseTi ar wavida daTmobaze
saqarTvelos teritoriebTan mimarTebiT. am faqtorebis gaTval­
iswinebiT dRis wesrigSi darCa ruseTis gavlenisgan Tavis daRwevis
swrafva, Tumca am yovelives axali uTanasworobebic daemata. patara
da Raribi saqarTvelo globalizaciis pirobebSi aRmoCnda Zlieri
gare gavlenebis qveS, romlebic iqcnen uTanasworobis bevrad ufro
aqtualur wyaroebad, rogorc individualuri da jgufuri winsvli­
sa da socialuri mobilobis ganpirobebaSi, ise individualuri da
erovnuli identobis gancdaSi.
aSkaraa, rom gare samyarosadmi gaxsniloba da neoliberaluri
globalizaciiT Seqmnili Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi qmnian uTa­
nasworobis im axal vertikals, romelTanac dakavSirebulia TiToeu­
li adamianis cxovreba. es uTanasworoba vertikaluria imdenad, ram­
denadac gavlenis centrebi, maT Soris ekonomikuri, kulturuli da
politikuri, qveynis gareT imyofeba da moqalaqeTa kontrols ar eqve­
mdebareba. am axal garemoSi mosaxleobam mimarTa ufro adaftaciur
strategias, romlis warmateba-warumatebloba aseve araTanabradaa
gadanawilebuli.
aq, savaraudod, unda veZeboT mTavari sxvaoba tokviliseul sazo­
gadoebriv aqtiurobasa da saqarTvelos realobas Soris. tokviliseu­
li moqalaqeebi qmnian mravalricxovan da Wrel gaerTianebebs, raTa
miaRwion saerTo miznebs da gadaWran koleqtiuri problemebi saxel­
mwifos Carevis gareSe. amis sapirispirod, qarTvelebi erTiandebi­
an ZiriTadad maSin, rodesac an saxelmwifos unda mosTxovon rame, an
aicilon is, rac saxelmwifosgan modis. TviTmmarTveloba, socialuri
konfliqtebis kontraqtuli regulireba da koleqtiuri moqmedebis
sxva formebi iSviaTi praqtikaa.
nebismieri socialuri problemis adresati yovelTvis aris xelisu­
fleba, romelmac unda daareguliros viTareba kanonis ZaliT, aRkve­
Tos danaSauli da sxva. moqalaqeebi ar artikulireben Tavis interesebs
(romlebic subieqturia), aramed moiTxoven uflebebs. ase magaliTad,
SromiTi urTierTobebi ar aRiqmeba, rogorc konfliqti dasaqmebulsa
da damsaqmebels Soris, aramed interpretirdeba, rogorc konfliqti

113
saxelmwifosa da xalxs Soris. Jurnalistebi ar erTiandebian Tavisi
profesiuli uflebebis dasacavad damsaqmeblebis winaaRmdeg maSinac
ki, rodesac maT sicocxlisTvis saSiS pirobebSi uwevT muSaoba; isi­
ni damsaqmeblebTan erTad xelisuflebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxs
ayeneben. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adamianebi SedarebiT advilad eg­
uebian ekonomikur uTanasworobas, rogorc legitimurs, an eridebian
mdidar da gavlenian adamianebTan dapirispirebas. mdidrebsa da Rari­
bebs Soris politikuri dapirispireba SesaZloa erT-erTi is mizezia,
ris gamoc qarTuli samoqalaqo sazogadoeba, marTalia, gaTavisufl­
da saxelmwifos kontrolisgan, samagierod politizirebul msxvil
dafinansebaze damokidebulebis aSkara niSnebs atarebs.
ekonomikuri da socialuri uTanasworoba gavlenas axdens samo­
qalaqo aqtivobaze ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed damkvidrebul
demokratiebSic. es yvelaze kargad amerikis magaliTzea gamokvleu­
li. miuxedavad imisa, rom dabali socialuri fenebi mets saWiroeben,
zeda socialuri fenebi gacilebiT metad aqtiuroben da meti gavlen­
iTac sargebloben.12 gaWirvebaSi myof adamianebs ara aqvT sakmarisi
Tavisufali dro da materialuri resursebi, raTa sakuTari inter­
esebi politikis dRis wesrigSi daayenon. Sesabamisad, iqmneba garkveu­
li disproporcia gansxvavebuli klasebis Rirebulebebis sajaro
reprezentaciaSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sivrces aqvs amerikulisgan odnav gansx­
vavebuli struqtura. mTavari sxvaoba am struqturis ekonomikaSi md­
gomareobs. saqarTveloSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs tokviliseuli maso­
briv nebayoflobiT aqtivobaze da sawevro Senatanebze dafuZnebuli
gaerTianebebi. xolo mravalricxovani arasamTavrobo organizacie­
bi arseboben ucxouri grantebiTa da asaqmeben profesiul kadrebs.
warmoadgenen ra dasaqmebis formas maTTvis, vinc dainteresebulia
politikuri da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT, isini ara zeda social­
uri fenebisgan Sedgebian, aramed qmnian socialur liftebs, gansa­
kuTrebiT dabalSemosavliani axalgazrdebisTvis. am struqturidan
gamomdinare, arasamTavrobo seqtori aris ufro globaluri da ara
lokalurad warmoqmnili samoqalaqo sivrcis nawili. Sesabamisad, is
pretenzias gamoTqvams eqspertobaze, vidre romelime jgufis war­

114
momadgenlobiTobaze. diskursulad es organizaciebi, rogorc wesi,
laparakoben adamianTa uflebebze da ara calkeuli jgufebis inter­
esebze. miuxedavad maTSi arsebuli ideologiuri siWrelisa, arasam­
Tavroboebi ver axerxeben horizontaluri pluralizmis Seqmnas da
metwilad protestul samoqalaqo aqtivobasa da xelisuflebis ma­
kontrolebel undoblobas aZliereben.
mravalricxovani politikuri partiebi TiTqos unda sTavazobd­
nen amomrCevlebs pluralistur arCevans, Tumca aqac Tavs iCens didi
fulis dominireba moqalaqeTa masobriv Senatanebze da demokratiuli
centralizmis sabWouri tradicia, romelic partiis wevrobas gavle­
nas ukargavs. gaxsnili da inkluziuri organizaciebis nacvlad, isi­
ni emsgavsebian eqskluziur, daxurul da viwro erTobebs, romlebic
Sekrulia erTgulebis da ara principebis logikiT. sajaro diskurs­
Si partiebis aRmniSvnelad dominirebs termini „gundi“ – personifi­
cirebuli elitaruli jgufi, romlidanac gasvla Ralatis tolfasia,
xolo erTguleba – gaumWvirvaleobas moiTxovs.
sajaro sivrcis mTavar institutebs warmoadgenen televiziebi,
romlebidanac sazogadoeba ZiriTadad Rebulobs informacias. gansx­
vavebiT arasamTavrobo organizaciebisgan, sadac proeqtebis umrav­
lesoba mcire odenobis dafinansebiT keTdeba, televiziebi saWiroe­
ben msxvil investiciebs. es investiciebi adgilobrivi biznesmenebis
mier xorcieldeba. aq ikveTeba politikisa da ekonomikis Sezrdis
oligarqiuli, klientalizmisTvis damaxasiTebeli struqtura. kerZo
da politikuri interesebis Serwymis am variantSi televiziebi iZenen
mkveTrad politizirebul xasiaTs da ewevian politikur propagan­
das. mxolod is politikuri partiebi, romlebsac emsaxureba esa Tu
is satelevizio arxi, axerxeben arCevnebSi warmatebas da parlamentSi
moxvedras. niSandoblivia, rom mauwyeblobis amgvari struqtura da­
maxasiaTebelia swored im qveynebisTvis, sadac populizmi batonobs
(magaliTad, laTinuli amerika).13
rogorc politikuri, aseve ekonomikuri interesebi televiziebs
ubiZgeben ibrZolon reitingebisTvis da gauwion erTmaneTs konkuren­
cia. zedmetia laparaki imaze, rom es xels uwyobs polarizebis zrdas.
skandalebi, personaliebs Soris dapirispirebebi da xelisuflebis

115
mimarT mxilebiTi poziciis dakaveba tipuri midgomaa yurebadobis
uzrunvelsayofad.14 satelevizio Toq-SouebSi monawileoben e.w.
„eqspertebi“ da TiTqmis ar Canan ubralo adamianebi anu „xalxi“, rome­
lic ekrans miRma moiazreba.
swored televiziebis politizireba ganapirobebs imas, rom did
fuls ganuzomlad meti politikuri gavlena moaqvs. mas mere, rac
saxelmwifo aRar da veRar zRudavs axali telearxebis warmoqmnas, es
sfero TiTqmis mTlianad kerZo mesakuTreebiT imarTeba.
gansxvavebiT masificirebuli satelevizio sivrcisgan, socialuri
qselebi, TiTqos, unda yofiliyo politikuri da ekonomikuri zegav­
lenebisgan Tavisufali komunikaciis adgili, romelsac flobs sazo­
gadoeba an, rogorc minimum, misi zeda fena. moqalaqeTa politikuri
aqtivobis didi nawili swored am sivrceSi iyris Tavs jer kidev saak­
aSvilis mmarTvelobis droidan. Tumca es sivrcec iqca dafinansebu­
li Setyobinebebis adgilad, romelic, sateleviziosTan SedarebiT,
bevrad saSiSia, radgan yalbi informaciis, bulingisa da pirdapiri
pirovnuli Seuracxyofisgan aranairi eTikuri damcavi qmediTi in­
strumenti ar gaaCnia. socialur mediaSi warmoebuli politikuri kam­
paniebi wmindad populisturia, maTi daniSnulebaa undoblobis gaR­
viveba da realobis konspirologiuri suraTis Seqmna.
mediisgan da arasamTavroboebisgan gansxvavebiT, politikurad
motivirebuli dafinanseba TiTqmis ar miedineba iseT dawesebulebeb­
Si, rogorebicaa universitetebi da kvleviTi centrebi. finansirebis
disbalansi codnis warmoebasa da politikur interpretaciebs Soris
am ukanasknelis sasargeblod ixreba, rac kidev ufro aZlierebs popu­
lizmis gavlenas mosaxleobaze.

informaciuli ekonomika da kovid 19-is pandemia

populisturi demokratiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli undobloba

mmarTvelobis mimarT SesaZloa sulac ar aris iracionaluri emo­
cia. neoliberalizmis batonobis Sedegad saxelmwifom ukana planze
daixia, SeikumSa da didwilad dakarga sayovelTao sikeTis warmoebis

116
unari. neoliberaluri kapitalizmi moqmedebs rogorc socializmi
umciresobisTvis da veluri kapitalizmi – yvela danarCenisTvis. am
dros ki axali, Tanamedrove gamowvevebi, romelTa winaSec dadga kaco­
brioba, moiTxovs mmarTvelobas yvelasTvis da ara marto calkeuli
nawilisTvis. metic, isini saWiroeben mTeli kacobriobis solidarul,
transnacionalur Zalisxmevas saerTo, ganuyofeli keTildReobis
misaRwevad. amgvari gamowvevebia globaluri daTboba da kovid 19-is
pandemia. arc erTi da arc meore ar SeiZleba daZleul iqnas individ­
ualuri miswrafebebis dakmayofilebis agregirebiT. klimatis cvli­
lebis problemaze zrunva da pandemiis daZleva koleqtiur Rirebule­
bebs eyrdnoba – isini miRwevadia an yvelasTvis an aravisTvis.
rogorc globalur daTbobas, aseve pandemias aqvT erTi saerTo
Tviseba – isini uxilavia Cveni praqtikuli yoveldRiuri uSualo da­
kvirvebisTvis. saWiroa mecnierebis mier warmoebuli codna, raTa da­
vijeroT, rom, magaliTad, daTboba da ara diversia iwvevs gaxSirebul
gvalvebsa da tyis xanZrebs, an rom pirbadis tareba amcirebs kovidiT
daavadebis Sansebs. gansxvavebiT umuSevrobisgan an siRaribisgan, rom­
lebsac mosaxleoba uSualo cxovrebaSi aRiqvams da individualuri
gamocdilebiT afasebs, aq adamians saqme aqvs uxilav mtrebTan, siTbur
gazebTan da virusTan, romelTa arsebobis an warmomavlobis dadas­
turebas sWirdeba specializebuli codna da kvleva.
Sesabamisad, moqalaqesa da mis racionalur qcevasa Tu gansjas So­
ris dgeba Suamavali – specialistis saxiT, romlis mimarT mas SeiZleba
hqondes ndoba an undobloba. es specialisti dasayrdenia ara marto mo­
qalaqisTvis, aramed saxelmwifosTvisac, sadac unda gadawydes prob­
lemis daZlevis strategia. politikur uTanasworobas, romelic adre
warmomadgenlobas eyrdnoboda, anacvlebs vertikaluri ierarqia, sa­
dac maRla dgas specializebuli codniT aRWurvili teqnokrati, rac
gansxvavebulad ayenebs am ierarqiis legitimaciis sakiTxs.
pandemiam gansakuTrebiT TvalnaTliv gamoaaSkarava is axali re­
aloba, romelic ukve karga xania momwifda axali teqnologiuri miR­
wevebis fonze. es realoba ukavSirdeba uTanasworobis legitimacias,
romelic axal, informaciul kapitalizms axasiaTebs – mimarTeba cod­
nasa da informacias Soris.

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 codnas – aq Cven ganvmartavT, rogorc im informacias, romelmac
gaiara dasabuTebis instituciuri procesi. instituciuri procesi
moicavs rogorc meTodebs (argumentacia, eqsperimenti, SerCeva da
sxva...), aseve specializebul institutebs (akademiuri dawesebulebe­
bi, sasamarTlo procesi) da mravalricxovan individebs, vinc codnis
verifikaciasa da legitimacias eweva. sasamarTlos ganaCeni, samedici­
no daskvna, dapatentebuli gamogoneba Tu sxva – im informaciis mag­
aliTebia, romelsac aqvs pretenzia, imsaxurebdes ndobas imitom, rom
is sworia.
iseve, rogorc demokratiis SemTxvevaSi, institutebi (anu Tama­
Sis wesebi), romlebiTac iqmneba codna, unda akmayofilebdes proce­
duruli Tanasworobis kriteriums – yvelas unda hqondes Tanabari
SesaZlebloba, miiRos monawileoba mis SeqmnaSi. es Tanamonawileoba
SeiZleba iyos gaSualebuli ganaTlebis sistemiT da moiTxovdes spe­
cializebuli codnis miRebis SesaZleblobas, magram aseve is uSvebs
individualur da koleqtiur kritikas faqtebze da argumentebze
dayrdnobiT. Tanamonawileobis es meore forma aqtualurs xdis ndo­
ba-undoblobis sakiTxebs da cru informaciis fenomens, romlebmac
gansakuTrebiT Tavi iCines masobrivi vaqcinaciis procesSi.
magram, iseve rogorc politikur Tanasworobis problemis SemTx­
vevaSi, aq dgeba meore sakiTxic: arsebiTia ara marto is, Tu vin awar­
moebs codnas, aramed isic, Tu visTvis iwarmoeba is? ramdenad aris es
codna da misi Sedegebi Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi da sasargeblo yve­
lasTvis? es kiTxva aqtualuri xdeba sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi,
vinaidan informaciul kapitalizmSi codna iZens wamyvan rols, ro­
gorc warmoebis saSualeba, romelic bevrad ufro momgebiania, vidre
materialuri warmoebis tradiciuli resursebi. amdenad, codnis
flobasa da mis warmoebaSi sul ufro metad ebmis erTmaneTs politi­
kuri da ekonomikuri Sinaarsebi.
problemis arsi kargadaa aRwerili robert raixis wignSi Saving Cap-
italism: For the Many, Not the Few (2016). raixi aRniSnavs, rom TamaSis is wese­
bi, romlebic marTaven ekonomikas, Seqmnilia adamianebis mier, maTSi
araferia arc bunebrivi da arc ueWveli. TiToeul sakuTrebas, monop­
olias, tranzaqciasa Tu sxva ekonomikur movlenas amyarebs kanoni,

118
norma, romelsac awesebs da aRasrulebs politikuri sistema da poli­
tikuri neba, romelic am sistemas amoZravebs. Tuki ZiriTadi politi­
kuri da ekonomikuri gavlenebi Tavmoyrilia viwro jgufis xelSi (rac
bolo aTwleulebis tendencias warmoadgenda), sistema iwyebs moq­
medebas am jgufis sasargeblod. is qmnis da aRasrulebs iseT wesebsa
da kanonebs, romlebic am jgufis interesebs emsaxureba. Sedegad ka­
pitalizmi veRar uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdas,
aramed xdeba mzardi uTanasworobisa da usamarTlobis wyaro. amdenad,
problema mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu ramdeni regulireba an dereg­
ulireba sWirdeba bazars – rac, tradiciulad, memarjvene-memarcxene
debatebis sagans warmoadgens, aramed imaSi, rom es debatebi ararele­
vanturia: bazris yvela parametri ukve warmoadgens saxelmwifos mier
dadgenili wesebis Sedegs.

„problemis gadawyveta ar mdgomareobs mcire an did mTavrobaSi.

problema mTavrobis zoma ki ar aris, aramed is, Tu visTvis aris es
mTavroba. gamosavali is iqneba, rom didma umravlesobam moaxerxos
gavlenis dabruneba bazris mowyobaze.“ – wers raixi Tavis naSromSi.15

informaciuli ekonomikis ganviTareba kidev ufro amwvavebs am

problemas da gansakuTrebiT arTulebs bazris wesebis regulirebis
sakiTxebs. materialuri sakuTrebisgan gansxvavebiT, inteleqtualu­
ri sakuTreba rTulad eqvemdebareba dakvirvebas da xSirad rTulad
gasagebia farTo sazogadoebisTvis. sazogadoeba xedavs Sedegebs,
romlebic moyveba maTTvis uxilav wesebs da regulirebebs, magram ar
icis ra qnas da ra gaaprotestos, rodesac sistema mis winaaRmdeg iw­
yebs funqcionirebas.
kovidis pandemiam naTlad dagvanaxa is problema, romelsac aR­
wers raixi. im pirobebSi, rodesac gadamdebi infeqcia koleqtiuri
usafrTxoebisa da individualuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebs win
wevs, saxelmwifo xdeba valdebuli zomebi miiRos. erT-erTi pirveli
zoma, rac ganaxorcieles ganviTarebulma ekonomikebma, iyo kovidis
vaqcinis SemuSavebis dafinanseba sabiujeto fulis gamoyenebiT. Ses­
abamisad, maT miiRes privilegia, daewyoT sakuTari mosaxleobis acra

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sxvebze adre. vaqcinebi, maTi SezRuduli raodenobis gamo, aRmoCn­
da sazogadoebrivi da ara sabazro produqti. miuxedavad imisa, rom
farmacevtul sferoSi arsebuli codna msoflios sxvadasxva qvey­
nis mecnierebis TanamonawileobiT iwarmoeba, globaluri solidar­
obis principma, romelsac propagandirebda am periodSi msoflio
jandacvis organizacia (usamarTlobaa aicran axalgazrdebi mdidar
qveynebSi, sanam Raribi qveynebis riskjgufebi ar arian acrili), ver
imuSava. trampiseuli lozungi „amerika upirveles yovlisa,“ romel­
mac simbolurad moniSna neoliberaluri globalizaciis universal­
isturi principebis dasasruli, gagrZeleba hpova baidenis politi­
kaSi, romelic amerikis mosaxleobisTvis maqsimalurad swrafi acris
uzrunvelyofaze iyo mimarTuli.
saqarTvelom SedarebiT gvian miiRo vaqcinebis sakmarisi raode­
noba, raTa masobrivi vaqcinacia daewyo. magram aman ar gamoiwvia
raime cxadi protesti globaluri uTanasworobis winaaRmdeg. es
aSkarad miuTiTebs imaze, rom qarTvelebi uTanasworobas, rogorc
aseTs, Seguebulebi arian. uTanasworobis gaprotestebis nacvlad,
vaqcinebis gamoCenasTan erTad Tavi iCina sazogadoebrivma undob­
lobam. vaqcinaciam sazogadoebrivi azri dayo acris momxreebad da
mowinaaRmdegeebad.
kovid pandemiis marTvam saqarTveloSi pirveli talRidan – meoTx­
emde saocari evolucia ganicada. Tuki dasawyisSi qveyana msoflioSi
erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli iyo virusis gavrcelebis SezRudvaSi,
meoTxe talRis dros is ukve sikvdilianiobiTa da inficirebiT msof­
lios erT-erT pirvel adgilze gavida. am evoluciis mTavari mizezi,
savaraudod, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da politikuri resursis amow­
urva aRmoCnda. pirveli talRis dros dawesebuli mkacri SezRudvebi,
sagangebo mdgomareoba da xelgaSlili finansuri kompensaciebis gace­
ma mxolod erTjeradad moxerxda da Semdgomi talRebis dros veRar
ganmeorda. mkacri SezRudvebis daweseba saWiroebda 2020 wlis sapar­
lamento da 2021 wlis adgilobrivi arCevnebis gadadebas, rac poli­
tikur sisusted iqneboda aRqmuli da gamoiwvevda turizmze orien­
tirebuli ekonomikis kidev ufro dacemas. Sesabamisad, dainficirebis
acilebaze pasuxismgeblobam saxelmwifodan didwilad sazogadoebaze
120
gadainacvla. sazogadoebis ganwyobebis da undoblobis problemeb­
ma ki gansakuTrebiT iCines Tavi mas mere, rac 2021 zafxulSi qveyanaSi
Semovida didi odenobiT vaqcina da sayovelTao vaqcinacia daiwyo.
virusis delta variantis gavrcelebiT da avadobisa da sikvdilia­
nobis maRali maCvenebliT abstraqtuli safrTxis kategoriidan kovi­
di TiToeuli ojaxisTvis praqtikul realobad aqca, ramac, garkveul­
wilad, Seuwyo xeli sazogadoebrivi azris gadaxras vaqcinaciis
sasargeblod, miuxedavad socialur qselebSi mravlad gavrcelebuli
antivaqseruli Sinaarsebisa. SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom is adamianebi,
visac hqonda meti gaxsniloba da ndoba xarisxiani informaciisa da
codnis Semqmneli institutebis mimarT, aRmoCdnen privilegirebul
mdgomareobaSi. maT ufro adre gaiares vaqcinacia da amiT sakuTari
gadarCenis Sansi gazardes. amdenad, kovidma faqtobrivad informaci­
uli sistemis mimarT ndoba-undoblobis sakiTxi virtualuri sivr­
cidan empiriul realobaSi gadaitana.
sociologiuri kvlevebi adastureben, rom saqarTveloSi, analo­
giurad sxva qveynebisa, ganaTlebis done korelirebs individis gan­
wyobasTan – gaiaros vaqcinacia Tu ara,16 Sesabamisad, Cndeba miswrafe­
ba vaqcinaciis mimarT winaaRmdegoba daZleul iqnas swori da farTo
propagandiT, axsniTa da informaciis mitaniT TiToeul adamianamde.
magram iseve, rogorc sxva uTanasworobebi, informaciul uTanas­
worobasac aqvs politikuri mdgeneli, magaliTad, aSS-Si vaqcinaci­
is mimarT ganwyoba aseve Zlier korelaciaSia respondentis parti­
ul preferenciebTan.17 saqarTveloSic mmarTveli partiis momxreebi
ufro metad arian ganwyobilebi aicran, rac sakiTxis politizirebaze
miuTiTebs.18 politikur komponents ki sakiTxi gadaaqvs Tanasworobis
(izonomiis), da ara ierarqiis WrilSi.
problemis teqnokratiuli gadaWra mdgomareobs vaqcinaciis
savaldebuloobis dadgenaSi. aris Tu ara es gza erTaderTi alter­
nativa imisa, rom mosaxleobis nawili Tavad ar dazaraldes da danar­
Cenebic safrTxis qveS daayenos sistemis mimarT undoblobis gamo? Tu
piriqiT, individualuri Tavisufleba, saboloo jamSi, gvTavazobs
raRac Rirebuls, rasac codnis arsebuli ierarqia ver uzrunvely­
ofs? calsaxa pasuxi am kiTxvaze ar arsebobs, magram cxadia, rom brZo­

121
la informaciuli uTanasworobis politizirebis (anu horizontal­
ur WrilSi gadayvanis) da depolitizirebis (vertikalur ierarqiaSi
moqcevis) Taobaze ar exeba mxolod pandemiis sakiTxs. pandemiam mas
ubralod TvalnaTlivi da sayovelTao xasiaTi SesZina.

daskvna

am statiaSi qarTuli demokratia daxasiaTebulia rogorc pop­

ulisturi, vertikaluri dapirispireba, romelSic polarizebuli
politikuri moralizmi eswrafvis oponentebis samudamo gariyvas
politikuri velidan. vinaidan populizmi, rogorc termini, xSirad
gansxvavebulad interpretirdeba, saWiroa, kidev erTxel gavimeoroT
da davazustoT, Tu ra mniSvneloba eniWeba mas aq.
Tanamedrove mediaSi yvelaze xSirad termini „populizmi“ gamoi­
yeneba calkeuli liderebis da ara mTlianad sistemis aRsawerad. am­
boben, rom donald trampi an viqtor orbani populistebi arian da,
rom calkeuli evropuli partiebi misdeven populistur ritorikas,
romelic memarjvene eqstremizmiT xasiaTdeba. am midgomisgan gansx­
vavebiT, mocemul naSromSi „populizmi“ gamoiyeneba ara calkeuli
politikuri liderebis maxasiaTeblad, aramed mTliani politikuri
sivrcis logikis, demokratiis funqcionirebis garkveuli stilisa
da suliskveTebis aRmniSvnelad. am mxriv, vertikaluri populisturi
demokratia aris termini, romelic ufro migvaniSnebs TamaSis wesebze
da sazogadoebis qcevaze, vidre calkeul liderebze.
garda amisa, mniSvnelovania ganvasxvaoT populizmi da popularo­
ba. arsebobs cduneba, populistis saxeli mieniWos yvela im politikur
liders, vinc cdilobs, umravlesoba miimxros da amisTvis ar erideba
demagogias Tu emociebiT manipulirebas. Tumca es aramarTebulia da
populizmi politikuri liderobis sxva stilebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT.
pirvel rigSi, misi niSania mtris xatis Seqmna da oponentebis mimarT
xalxis siZulvilis gaRviveba im donemde, rac mis ukidures gamovline­
bebSi demokratiis marcxamde da faSizmis damkvidrebamde SeiZleba mi­
vides (rogorc amas araerTi istoriuli magaliTi gviCvenebs).

122
 populizmi, rogorc ukve iTqva, ar aris igive, rac xalxosnoba.
demokratizaciis procesSi myofi postsabWoTa qveynebisTvis damax­
asiaTebelia am oris gaigiveba liberaluri elitizmis mxridan. am in­
terpretaciaSi yvela araliberaluri politikuri ganwyoba stigmati­
zebulia populistur reaqciad, romelic liberaluri demokratiis
damkvidrebas safrTxes uqmnian. sinamdvileSi, liberaluri elitizmi
warmoqmnis xalxosnobas rogorc Tavis antipods, xolo populizmi Cn­
deba rogorc am ori dapirispirebuli mxaris vertikaluri SeWidebis
maxasiaTebeli orive mxridan.
am ganwyobebiT ganmsWvaluli vertikaluri populisturi demokra­
tia warmoadgens Sualedur warmonaqmns demokratiasa da avtori­
tarizms Soris. is, erTi mxriv, aRiarebs pluralisturi arCevnebiT
formirebuli umravlesobis mmarTvelobas, xolo, meore mxriv, poli­
tikuri brZolis mTavar miswrafebad itovebs oponentis samudamo
delegitimacias da politikuri velidan gandevnas.
am miswrafebaSi, sinamdvileSi, araferia axali an gansakuTrebuli.
liberaluri konstituciuri demokratiis gamarTuli funqcionireba
yovelTvis efuZneba „politikuris“ velis garkveul Semofargvlas,
problemebisa da xedvebis nawilis politikidan gariyviT, maTi margin­
alizebiTa da kriminalizebiTac ki. ase magaliTad, ori saukunis win
amerikaSi arsebobda monoba, erTi saukunis win – ku-kluqs klani, rome­
lic milionobiT amerikels aerTianebda, xolo dResdReobiT amerikis
sajaro sivrceSi monobis mowoneba warmoudgenelia ara mxolod ro­
melime politikosisgan, aramed rigiTi moqalaqisganac. es xedva gaqra
politikis velidan politikuri procesis Sedegad, romlis erT-erT
etaps samoqalaqo omi warmoadgenda.
sapirispirod, erT dros marginalizebuli da politikidan gari­
yuli xedvebi SesaZloa, axali dRis wesrigis meSveobiT brundebodnen,
rogorc es xdeba evropaSi ultramemarjvneobasTan dakavSirebiT. amg­
vari dabruneba swored populizmis gziT, „politikuris“ adre dam­
kvidrebuli sazRvrebis gadaxedviT xdeba. amdenad, populizmisgan
demokratiis dacvis problema, mdgomareobs ara usazRvro plural­
izmis dacvaSi (rac SesaZloa iwvevdes qaoss) da arc damkvidrebuli
„politikuris“ ucvlelobaSi (elitisturi da avtoritaruli gadagva­

123
rebis riskiT), aramed politikuri konkurenciis iseTi saxiT SenarCu­
nebaSi, romelic ar gadadis samoqalaqo omSi da sistemis kraxSi.
vertikaluri demokratia SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT qviSis saaTs –
zeviT mmarTveloba, dabla xalxi da SuaSi viwro yeli, romelSic
nel-nela iyreba qviSa – rogorc ndoba, romelsac kargavs mmarTvelo­
ba. droebiT ndobis aRdgena SesaZlebelia saaTis gadayiravebiT, ma­
gram gadayiravebis momentiT dawyebuli ndoba – qviSa – isev iwureba,
da ase usasrulod.
demokratia, romelic qviSis saaTis msgavsad moqmedebs, Sorsaa im
idealisgan, romelic, linkolnis mixedviT, aris xalxis mmarTveloba
xalxis mier da xalxisTvis. bevri avtoris azriT, am problemis sawyisi
is viwro yelia, romelic gaCnda zeda da qveda nawils Soris. demokrati­
is gaZliereba saWiroebs Suamavali institutebis reformas amomrCev­
lebsa da saxelmwifos Soris. arasamTavroboebi, media, partiebi. es
aris is meqanizmebi, romlebic aniWeben legitimacias uTanasworobebis
sxvadasxva saxeobebs da imavdroulad sazRvrebs uweseben maT: saxel­
mwifosa da moqalaqes, codnasa da informacias, mdidrebsa da Rari­
bebs Soris (am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria axal teqnologiebTan
dakavSirebuli regulaciebi). saqarTvelos magaliTze TvalnaTliv
aSkaraa, rom am institutebze dominirebs kerZo interesebi da finans­
uri berketebi. samoqalaqo sivrcis dacva, ara marto saxelmwifo, ar­
amed finansuri wnexisgan, aSkarad wingadadgmuli nabiji iqneboda.
Suamavali institutebis gaZliereba da reformireba aucilebeli,
magram arasakmarisi pirobaa imisTvis, rom demokratiam efeqturad
imuSaos. mTavari, rac am reformirebis Sedegad unda gaCndes, aris ise­
Ti politikuri SeTavazebebi sazogadoebis mimarT, romlebic mimzid­
veli iqneba umravlesobisTvis, maT Soris moklevadian perspeqtivaSi
da ara Soreul momavalSi. manam, sanam ganviTarebis yvela strategia
orientirebulia sazogadoebis mxolod mcire nawilis winsvlaze, ab­
straqtuli „xalxis“ imijiT manipulirebis gziT, sistema SeinarCunebs
myife vertikalurobas.19

1. Schumpeter, J. (2003) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, London: Routledge., gv.:

284-285.

124
 2. Dalton, R. J. (1966) Political Cleavages, Issues and Electoral Change. In: Ledue L., Niemi
R.G., and Norris P., Thousand Oaks (eds), Camparing Democracies: Elections.
3. Rosanvallon, P. (2008) Counter-Democracy. Politics in the Age of Distrust. Cambridge
University Press.
4. Mény, Y. and Yves Surel (2002) The Constitutive Ambiguity of Populism. In: Mény,
Yves and Yves Surel (eds), Democracies and the populist challenge. Palgrave gv.12.
5. Urbinati, Nadia. (2019). Me The People: How Populism Transforms Democracy. Harvard
University Press.
6. Pain E.A., Fediunin S.Yu. Populism and Elitism in Contemporary Russia. – Polis. Political
Studies. 2019. No. 1. gv.: 33-48. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2019.01.04
7. ernst laklo, citirebuli wignSi Pierre Rosanvallon, Le siècle du populisme :
histoire, théorie, critique. Paris, Seuil, 2020, gv. 275.
8. Laclau, E. (2005) On Populist Reason. Verso.
9. meti am Temaze statiaSi Марина Мусхелишвили (2018). Грузия-2017: политика в
эпоху взаимной ненависти. КАВКАЗ-2017. Ежегодник Института Кавказа / Ред. А.Исканда-
рян. – Ер.: Институт Кавказа,– 144 с. 39-51. https://c-i.am/ru/yearbooks-ru/#pll_switcher
10. Marina Muskhelishvili, Lia Mezvrishvili, Ivane Kechakhmadze, Mariam Iakobidze, 2015.
The Choice. CSS, ASCN, Universali, Tbilisi 2015.
11. iqve.
12. Russell J. Dalton. The Participation Gap. Social Status and Political Inequality. Oxford
University Press 2017.
13. Hallin, Daniel C. and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos (2002). “Political Clientelism and
the Media: Southern Europe and Latin America in Comparative Perspective.” Media Culture &
Society 24(2): 175–95.
14. ufro dawvrilebiT am Temaze: m. musxeliSvili, l.mezvriSvili, i.keWay­
maZe, m.iakobiZe. arCevani CSS, ASCN, universali, Tbilisi 2015. http://cssge.ge/
wp-content/uploads/2015/12/The_Choice_geo.pdf
15. Robert B. Reich. Saving Capitalism: For the Many, Not the Few. Vintage books 2016.
16. NDI-s dakveTiT 2021 wlis ivlisSi Catarebul kvlevaSi pasuxi kiTxvaze
„gaikeTebdiT Tu ara vaqcinas/acras?“ korelirebs respodentis ganaTlebis
donesTan, koeficientiT 0.2033.
17. https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/dashboard/kff-covid-19-vaccine-monitor-
dashboard/
18. NDI-s imave kvlevis Tanaxmad, qarTuli ocnebis momxreebis 55% apirebs
acras an ukve aicra, maSin rodesac opoziciis momxreebSi da danarCen mosax­
leobaSi acris momxreTa wili 42-40%-ia. https://www.ndi.org/georgia-polls

125
 რომელ სკოლელი და რომელ „კლასში“ ხარ?
ალექსანდრე ცაგარელი

Sesavali
mSoblebisa da mTlianad ojaxis gavlena moswavleTa Sedegebsa da
Semdgom maT cxovrebiseul warmatebaze ar axalia (Erola, J., Jalonen, S.,
& Lehti, H. , 2016), (Breen, 2004), (Buis, 2013). metic, rTulad Tu moiZebneba
socialur mecnierebebSi sxva sakiTxi, romelzec, am disciplinisTvis
Seusabamod, „mtkicebiTi“ formiTac ki SegviZlia saubari.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdeni calkeuli magaliTi viciT, rodesac
Cveni SeWirvebuli nacnobis „gogo an biWi moewyo umaRlesSi“, calsax­
aa martivi daSveba, rom maRali Semosavlis da ganaTlebis donis mqone
mSoblebis Svilebi ukeTess Sedegebs aRweven rogorc ganaTlebis for­
malur SefasebebSi, aseve karieraSi (Erola, 2012), (Mayer, S. E., & Leone, M.
P., 1997), (Heckman, 2006). amis damamtkicebel faqtebs ki am naSromSic Sex­
vdebiT. es simarTlea ara mxolod saqarTvelosTvis, aramed dedamiwis
nebismier wertilSic.
ganaTlebis universalizaciasTan erTad me-19 saukunis bolos da
me-20 saukunis dasawyisidan arsebobda rwmena, rom codnis saSualebiT
bevrad samarTlian sazogadoebebs miviRebdiT, anu winaswar arsebul
klasobriv gansxvavebebs ganaTlebis saSualebiT aRmovfxvridiT da
yvela adamians eqneboda Tanabari, meritokratiuli, socialuri mobi­
lobis Sansi.
arada, mSoblebis socialur-ekonomikuri warmomavlobis gavlena
sakuTar Svilebze saganmanaTleblo uTanasworobis 2 dones (Boudon,
1974) warmoSobs:
• pirveladi efeqti (ganaTlebaSi): gansxvaveba bavSvebis sagan­
manaTleblo Sedegebs Soris, maTi socialur-ekonomikuri warmo­
mavlobis mixedviT, rac ojaxis mdgomareobidan gamomdinareobs,
rogoricaa: kveba, saxlSi codnis damatebiT resursebze wvdoma,
ojaxSi kiTxvis da Semecnebis kultura, kognituri unarebi da sxva;

126
 • meoradi efeqti (ganaTlebidan): gansxvaveba saganmanaTleb­
lo arCevansa da saganmanaTleblo gzaSi maTi socialur-ekono­
mikuri warmomavlobis mixedviT, raSic ojaxebis finansuri
SesaZleblobebidan, kulturuli da socialuri kapitalidan ga­
mowveuli gansxvavebuli profesiuli Tu cxovrebiseuli arCevani
igulisxmeba. martivad rom vTqvaT, ra sferos da ratom irCeven,
ramdenad Sors midian swavlaSi da, sabolood, rogoria maTi pozi­
cia samuSao bazarze.

mxolod klasikuri kvleviTi midgomebi, rac gulisxmobs skolis

damTavrebis Tu wera-kiTxvis codnis donis gansazRvriT qveynebis
Sefasebas, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi ar iqneba sakmarisi, radgan rTu­
lad Tu moiZebneba qveyana, romelSic mosaxleobis amxela wili iyos
soflis meurneobiT dakavebuli da amavdroulad amxela „literacy rate“
hqondes.* es II msoflio omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi ramdenime aTwleu­
lis ganmavlobaSi SeZlebuli sazogadoebis arsebobisgan memkvidreo­
bad SemorCenili kulturuli Cvevaa.
Sesabamisad, statiis saTqmeli saganmanaTleblo pirobebSi pirve-
ladi efeqtis uTanasworobis kvlevasTan erTad minda, iyos is, rac gac-
ilebiT naklebad Seswavlili da arsebiTia saqarTveloSi ganaTlebis
uTanasworobis sruli suraTisTvis, raSic igulisxmeba saqarTvelos
saganmanaTleblo uTanasworobaSi socialuri kavSirebis, kulturu-
li kapitalisa da klasobrivi urTierTobebis mniSvneloba.
Tu evropaSi ismeva kiTxva, Tu „ramdeni xani iswavle?“, rac ganaT­
lebis saSualo donis mravalsafexurian sistemaze miuTiTebs, sad­
ac mSobels da skolas uwevT gadawyviton, sad gaagrZelebs moswavle
swavlas – praqtikul xelobebze Tu pirdapir umaRlesi ganaTlebisken
mimaval gzaze, amerikaSi ufro relevanturia kiTxva – „sad iswavle?“
ucnauria, Tumca saqarTvelos SemTxveva bevrad axlos aris amerikul
realobasTan.
aSS-Si saganmanaTleblo uTanasworobis yvelaze adeqvatur indikato­

*
Knoema – Georgia – Adult (15+) literacy rate. ix.: https://knoema.com/atlas/Georgia/topics/Educa-
tion/Literacy/Adult-literacy-rate

127
rad zip code-s,* anu safosto misamarTs iyeneben, radgan amiT sacxovrebeli
raioni, Sesabamisad, ojaxis miaxloebiTi Semosavali, eTnikur-rasobrivi
Semadgenloba da adgilobrivi skolis donis gansazRvrac ki SeiZleba
(Frankel, D. M., & Volij, O., 2011). Cveni zip code ki Cveni saswavleblebia. baRidan
dawyebuli – skoliT da umaRlesiT damTavrebuli.
albaT, saqarTveloSi erTxel mainc gsmeniaT: „romel skoleli
xar?“, „romeli skola daamTavre?“ an „ra da sad gaqvs damTavrebuli?“,
Tu kiTxva umaRles saswavlebels exeba sruli suraTis Sesaqmnelad –
„ucxoeTSi Tu saqarTveloSi?“, razec, xSirad erTgvari fsiqo-seman­
tikuri kompleqsis gamo, ara mSobliur enaze gvpasuxoben: „piisiat
piati“, „Sistoi“, „piisiat trewi“, „tricaw pervi“, „alasania“, universi­
teti (anu Tsu) da a.S.. maT es saxelebi numeraciaSi mdgomi sxva skolebis
da universitetebisgan gamoarCevs.
saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemaSi kerZo skolebis gaCenis
Semdeg ki TavisTavad dasaxelebebma: „baqsvudi“, „amerikuli akademia“,
„niutoni“, „briTiS akademia“, „friuni“, „agruni“ „gau“ da sxva, es saqme
metad gaamartiva da ufro didi zRvari gaavlo, erTi mxriv, kerZo eli­
tarul da, meore mxriv, sajaro skolebs Soris.
am kiTxvebis, „romel skoleli xar?“ an „romeli skola daamTavre?“
da maTze pasuxis ukan ki mTeli socialuri sxeulis dadgenis survili
dgas. skolis gansazRvriT SesaZloa warmodgena Seiqmnas pirovnebis
socialuri poziciebis, kavSirebisa da mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, miaxloe-
biTi Semosavlebis da saqmianobis gansazRvris donezec ki.
erTi SexedviT, ra unda iyos ukeTesi, Tu ganaTlebaa warmatebis da
mobilobis mTavari ganmsazRvreli? magram aq daismis kiTxvebi, rom­
lebzec es statia cdilobs pasuxis gacemas:
• ramdenad Tanasworia ganaTlebis Sedegebi sazogadoebis sxva­
dasxva nawilisTvis?
• da saqarTveloSi ganaTleba asrulebs uTanasworobis Semcire­
bis Tu gaRrmavebis efeqts?

*
Lary Kelley – NYT (2020) ix.: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/05/14/opinion/inequali-
ty-schools-teachers.html

128
 ramdenadac ucnaurad ar unda JRerdes, xom ar xdeba ganaTebis
sistemiT uTanasworobis ara Tu Semcireba, aramed zrda? xom ar Cnde­
ba sazogadoebaSi dauZleveli uxilavi kedlebi sxvadasxva socialur
wres Soris imis mixedviT, Tu sad da ra iswavles?

amis gasagebad naSromSi gamoyenebuli iqneba monacemTa analizis

sxvadasxva parametri. amasTanave, arsebuli socialuri kavSirebisa da
klasobrivi struqturis efeqtis Sesafaseblad aucilebelia, mivmar­
ToT socialuri komunikaciis Teorias.

Teoriuli CarCo
Cveulebriv ganaTlebis sociologiaSi moswavlis akademiur Tu
karierul moswrebaze misi ojaxis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomare­
obis efeqtis gasazomad e.w. „OED samkuTxeds“ iyeneben (Bukodi, E., &
Goldthorpe, J. H., 2018), romelsac am statiis sabaziso konceptualuri
CarCoc eyrdnoba.

suraTi №1. socialuri mobilobis samkuTxedi

sadac O aris ojaxuri warmomavloba, romelSic igulisxmeba

­mSoblebis ganaTlebis done, dasaqmebis statusi, Semosavali da sxva. E
– ganaTlebis done/sfero da Sedegebi. D-Si ki igulisxmeba zrdasruli
adamianis socialuri mdgomareoba, rac moicavs: dasaqmebis statuss,
Semosavals, klasobriv kuTvnilebas da sxva niSnebs, romlebic erTad
gansazRvraven adamianis pozicias sazogadoebaSi.

129
 O-dan gamomavali orive xazi sabolood D niSnulamde midis. Tu qvey­
anaSi saboloo poziciis dasakaveblad ganaTlebis roli Zlieria, maSin
warmomavlobis efeqti jer gadis ganaTlebis sferos da aq miRebuli
SedegebiT ikavebs misTvis Sesaferiss adgils sazogadoebaSi, xolo
rac ufro Zlieria adamianebis Semdgom warmatebaSi warmomavlobis
efeqti, is ufro axlos aris qveda xazTan, anu pirdapir efeqtTan.
arasworia is warmodgena, rom TiTqos samkuTxedis zeda wverze, anu
ganaTlebaze gamavali socialuri mobiloba ufro meritokratiulia,
xolo pirdapiri kavSiri warmomavlobasa da sazogadoebaSi dakavebul
adgils Soris ara. mizezi ki kvlav saganmanaTleblo uTanasworobis
orive donea, radgan ojaxis statusi da SesaZleblobebi Tavidanve gan­
sazRvravs Svilebis potenciur Sedegebs da miRebul benefitebs ga­
naTlebaSi.
magaliTad, Tu mSoblebs dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusi
aqvT, es ukve Tavidanve gansazRvravs ganaTlebidan savaraudo dabal
amonagebs da Semdgom sust (dabal klasobriv safexurze) adgils sazo­
gadoebaSi iseve, rogorc maRali socialuri warmomavlobis Sedegad
SeZenili saWiro kontaqtebi da kavSirebi SesaZloa, samuSao bazarze
adamianis dabali akademiuri Sedegebis sruli kompensatori gamodges
(Erola, 2012). es gamovlindeba kontaqtebis daxmarebiT kargad SerCeul
profesiaSi an Semdgom samuSao bazarze warmatebis misaRwevad saWiro
kontaqtebis gamoyenebaSi.
imis ukeT gasagebad, Tu rogor muSaobs socialuri kavSirebi, unda
vnaxoT socialuri moqmedebis komunikaciis sqema (Coleman, The Demand
for Effective Norms, 1990), e.w. „kolemanis kidobani“ ganaTlebaSi.
es OED-s amobrunebuli versiaa da kargad gamoxatavs, Tu rogor mo­
qmedebs makro socialuri faqtorebi pirad saganmanaTleblo gzaze da
ra sqemiT aisaxeba adamianebis individualuri saganmanaTleblo arCev­
ani Tu qceva isev makro doneze socialur uTanasworobaze. sqema moce­
mulia suraT 2-ze.

130
 suraTi №2. Coleman-is socialuri qmedebis makro-mikro sqema (navi)

II
ხა
ზი
I ხაზი

wyaro: (Lucelle Collamat, Maurenee, Salagada el, 2020).

marcxena zeda kuTxeSi, makro-doneze, klasobrivi garemoa. aq igu­

lisxmeba socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebi da rols sazogadoe­
baSi, romelic, erTi mxriv, gansazRvravs individualur maxasiaTe-
blebs – rogoricaa damokidebulebebi swavlisa da saqmis mimarT, aseve
saswavlo materialur da kulturul pirobebs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, gav­
lenas axdens uSualod swavlis donis mikro-Sedegebze, anu individua-
lur saganmanaTleblo Sedegebze. I xazis daniSnulebis bolo wertili
sazogadoebaSi adgilis gansazRvraa. martivad rom vTqvaT, kargi Sede­
gebi = karg samsaxurSi muSaobis dawyebas = karg Semosavals = presti­
Jul poziciebs sazogadoebaSi.

131
 igive bolo gaCerebamde midis sqemis Sua II xazic, klasobrivi kuTv­
nileba gansazRvravs Sens sakomunikacio wres, anu visTan gaqvT urTier­
Toba da vin arian Seni kontaqtebi, socialur interaqcias. is, Tu visTan
vurTierTobT, erTi mxriv, damokidebulia Cvens wreze, ra adgili gvika­
via sazogadoebaSi, sad vcxovrobT, ras vsaqmianobT, vin arian Cveni nac­
nobebi Tu megobrebi da a.S., meore mxriv, socialuri struqturac, anu
igive parametrebi, kvlav Cveni wris msgavs xalxTan gvakavSirebs. Cveni
nacnobebis saSualebiT axal damatebiT kavSirebze gavdivarT, es ori
faqtori ki urTierTdamokidebulia. socialurma wrem SesaZloa gav­
lena moaxdinos Sens saganmanaTleblo gzazec, magaliTad: ra profe­
sias airCev. meore mxriv, aseve „saWiro“ kontaqtebis gavliT socialuri
struqtura pirdapirac gansazRvravs Sens klasobriv adgils sazoga-
doebaSi. es yvelaferi ki socialuri kapitalis, anu urTierTobebis da
kavSirebis saSualebiT xdeba, rac adamianebs Soris ndobas, ganWvretad
molodinebs, anu movaleobebs erTmaneTis mimarT, informaciis gacvlas,
msgavsi cxovrebiseuli Rirebulebebisa da qcevis wesebisadmi erTgule­
bas gulisxmobs (Coleman, The Demand for Effective Norms, 1990).
albaT, yvelas gagigiaT fraza „ar mina, Cemi Svili cud wreSi mox­
vdes“ an piriqiT „minda, kargi samegobro wre hyavdes“. rogorc viciT,
adamianebi maTi socialuri poziciis mqone msgavs adamianebs endobi­
an da maT msgavsad iqcevian (McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., and Cook, J. M.,
2001), (Raabe, 2018). Sesabamisad, SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom ganaTlebaSic
ase iqcevian. anu msgavsi socialuri mdgomareobis mqone mSoblebs
Svilebic msgavs skolebSi, wreebze da aqtivobebze dahyavT.
logikuria, rom rac ufro daxuruli da mWidroa kavSirebi, miT
metia ndobac da Rirebulebebis saerTo gaziareba. aseTi mWidro ka­
vSiris saukeTeso magaliTia mafia an klani, sadac yvela wevri erT­
maneTis mimarT pasuxismgebelia da msgavsi Rirebulebebis matarebe­
lia. ase iqmneba Caketili socialuri wreebi, sadac adamianebi Tavisi
„wris“ xalxTan urTierToben da Semdgom maTi Svilebic igive wreSi
izrdebian. amis kargi ilustracia kolemanis TaobaTa Sorisi SeWid­
ulobis sqemaa.

132
 suraTi №3. Coleman-is TaobaTa Sorisi socialuri SeWidulobis Ria/Ca­
ketili sqema

wyaro: (Coleman, Social capital in the creation of human capital., 1988).

am suraTze B da C ori klaselia, xolo A da D – maTi mSoblebia. Tu

maT mSoblebs Soris ar arsebobs „Tanxmoba“, saerTo Rirebulebebis
gaziareba, maSin „dasja“ da waxaliseba, anu is, rom Svilebs msgavsi Ri­
rebulebebi da qcevebi aswavlon, araefeqturia, radgan Zalisxmeva
cal-calke ifanteba E mimarTulebiT. xolo Tu mSoblebs Sorisac arse­
bobs kavSiri, zeda A da D xazidan momdinare aRmzrdelobiTi Zalisxme­
va efeqturia, radgan maT SeuZliaT msgavsi qcevis standartebi dauwe­

133
son Svilebs, maT Soris erTmaneTis Svilebic maTi wrisTvis Sesaferisi
qcevis da Rirebulebebis erTgulebaSi gaakontrolon, mTlianobaSi
Svilebs erTmaneTis msgavsi cxovrebis stili Seuqmnan.
Tumca, imisTvis, rom orive mSoblis ojaxi met-nalebad erT Rire­
bulebebs iziarebdnen, saWiroa msgavsi socialuri poziciebis qona.
Sesabamisad, erTi socialuri poziciis mqone mSoblebis Svilebic
imave klasobriv garemoSi trialeben. amas TaobaTa Sorisi SeWiduloba
hqvia. es ki usasrulod grZeldeba Taobidan Taobamde. martivad rom
vTqvaT, mSoblebis sakomunikacio wre aris maTi Svilebis samegobro
wris mSoblebi an piriqiT, Svilebis wre aris mSoblebis wris Svilebi.
Sesabamisad, es Caketili wre Semdgom TaobebSi kvlavwarmoebaSia da
gadaecema Svilidan – Svilze, ra drosac „ucxos“ SeRweva Caketil wre­
Si ufro da ufro Zneldeba, anu xdeba sazogadoebis SigniT segregacia.
vuSveb varauds, rom rogorc amerikisTvis zip-code aris mTavari ind-
ikatori, CvenTan aseTi wreebis Seqmnis mTavari mediumi saswavleblebia,
sadac prestiJuli skolis moswavleTa mSoblebic SeiZleba imave sas-
wavleblebis kursdamTavrebulebi iyvnen, gansakuTrebiT skolebis
SemTxvevaSi, radgan isinic imave ubanSi daibadnen da gaizardnen. mi-
Tumetes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT saqarTvelos urbanuli ganviTare-
bis gzas, sadac romelime erT ubanSi ZiriTadad e.w. „inteligenciis
STamomavlebi“ cxovroben, meoreSi ki – regionebidan emigrirebulebi.
es politika saqarTveloSi urbanizaciasTan erTad damkvidrda, rode­
sac sabWoTa xelisufleba axal gaSenebul ubnebSi binebs profesiuli
niSniT anawilebda. Sesabamisad, erT ukve warmatebul wres mudam hyavs
saWiro kontaqtebi, meore ki ver axerxebs maT mopovebas, anu am moja­
doebuli wris garRvevas.
es uTanasworoba kidev ufro mZafrdeba Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sas­
wavlo sistemis privatizacias, rodesac saWiro kontaqtebs da poziciebs
emateba axali, dauZleveli barieri, finansuri saSualebebi. axla yvela-
ferTan erTad „maRal“ wreSi SesaRwevad axali viza, fulia saWiro.
imisTvis, rom gavzomoT uTanasworobis orive done, unda vnaxoT
saswavlo garemo-pirobebi, mSoblebis socialur-ekonomikuri md­
gomareoba, unda davakvirdeT mSoblebis CarTulobas da zedamxedv­

134
elobas, ojaxebs Tu moswavleebs Soris SeWidulobas da msgavsebebs.
aseve es monacemebi SevafasoT kerZo-sajaro da centri-periferiis
diqotomiis WrilSi.

monacemTa aRwera

baRi
daviwyoT yvelaze adreuli saswavlo rgoliT – es aris skolamdeli
aRzrdis centri, an, rogorc yoveldRiur enaSi gamoiyeneba, sabavSvo
baRi. iyo dro, rodesac baRis mniSvneloba ganaTlebis uTanasworoba­
Si kvlevis da interesis miRma iyo, magram ukanasknel or aTwleulSi
ganaTlebis sociologia da fsiqologia absoluturad sapirispiro
mimarTulebiT wavida. axla am rgolis mniSvneloba aSkaraa Semdgom
saganmanaTleblo safexurebze warmatebaSi. sabolood ki baRi sazo­
gadoebaSi kargi poziciis mosapoveblad kritikulad mniSvnelovnad
miiCneva (Meyers, M. K., & Gornick, J. C., 2003), (Gracia, P., & Esping-Andersen, G.,
2015), (Duncan, 2010).
gasakviri ar aris, rom pedagogebisa da bavSvebis msgavsad, sabavS­
vo baRebis raodenoba TbilisSi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre danarCen
saqarTveloSi.* sabavSvo baRi is etapia, rodesac ganaTlebaSi uTanas­
woroba, anu I donis uTanasworoba ara Sedegebis mixedviT, aramed das­
wrebis doniT SegviZlia davTvaloT. miuxedavad skolamdeli aRzrdis
dawesebulebebSi ukanasknel wlebSi bavSvebis CarTulobis stabiluri
zrdisa, is kvlav CamorCeba saerTo evropul niSnuls – 95%-s (UNICEF,
2018) da 2019 wlis MICs-is (Geostat; Mics; Tavi #7. swavla) monacemebiT,
mTel saqarTveloSi Seadgens 77.9%-s. Tumca didia uTanasworoba qa­
laqsa da sofels Soris, sadac sxvaoba 17%-mdea. monacemebi regionebis
mixedviT kidev ufro mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba, gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia azerbaijanulenovani dasaxlebebi. Tu Sinameurneobis
ufrosi azerbaijanuli erovnebisaa, Sansi imisa, rom am ojaxidan bavS-
vi ivlis sabavSvo baRSi – 50%-iT naklebia saSualo erovnul Sedegze.
*
saqstatis monacemebi adreuli da skolamdeli aRzrdisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb.
xelmisawvdomia: https://www.geostat.ge/ka/modules/categories/58/adreuli-da-skolamdeli-aghzr-
da-da-ganatleba

135
savaraudod, am regionSi kidev ufro didia gansxvaveba skolamdeli
aRzrdis dawesebulebebSi gogoebisa da biWebis siaruls Soris.
rogorc TavSi aRvniSneT, zogadad mSoblebs, am asakis bavSvisTvis
ki gansakuTrebiT dedas (Erola, J., Jalonen, S., & Lehti, H. , 2016), gadamwyveti
roli aqvs bavSvis Semdgom saganmanaTleblo gzaze.

cxrili №1.1. bavSvebis baRSi siarulis maCvenebeli saqarTveloSi, dedis

ganaTlebis mixedviT

dedis ganaTlebis done Svilis baRSi siarulis %

dawyebiTi an arasruli
51.2%
saSualo (sabazo)

sruli saSualo 73.7%

profesiuli ganaTleba 83%

umaRlesi 84.1%
wyaro: saqstati; Mics; Tavi #7; cxrili LN.1.1..

rogorc am grafaze vxedavT, rac ufro izrdeba dedis saganmanaT­

leblo done, miT maRalia misi Svilis baRSi siarulis maCvenebeli, rac,
erTi mxriv, ganpirobebulia imiT, rom ganaTlebul ojaxebs aqvT gac­
nobierebuli, ramdenad mniSvnelovania bavSvis kognituri da komunik­
aciuri unarebisTvis skolamdeli ganaTleba, meore mxirv, ki SegviZlia
vivaraudoT, rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone deda dasaqmebulic aris
da bavSvis saxlSi meurveobis dro ar aqvs.
Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT ojaxis socialur-ekonomikur statuss,
maSin gansxvavebebi kidev ufro izrdeba ara mxolod daswrebis kuTxiT,
romelic sazogadoebis umdidresi mexuTedis bavSvebisTvis 86% Sead-
gens, xolo uRaribesi kvintilisTvis ki ­­­– mxolod 61%-s, aramed ufro
sayuradReboa gansxvaveba, Tu ra tipis baRSi dadian socialur-ekono­
mikuri statusiT gansxvavebuli ojaxebis Svilebi, kerZoSi Tu saja­
roSi. rogorc MICs-is reprezentatuli kvleva gvaZlevs informacias,
keTildReobis matebasTan erTad ojaxebi upiratesobas kerZo baRebs
aniWeben. amas isic unda davumatoT, rom, ganaTlebis statusis mixed­

136
viT, kerZo baRSi yvelaze metad umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone dedis (sa­
varaudod mamisa) Svilebi dadian.

cxrili №1.2. keTildReobis indeqsis mixedviT bavSvebis sxvadasxva tipis

baRSi siarulis gadanawileba saqarTveloSi

kvintilebi dadian sajaroSi dadian kerZoSi ar dadian

1 60.5% 0.5% 39.0%

2 73.5% 0.9% 25.6%

3 78.0% 2.8% 19.2%

4 76.5% 7.5% 16.0%

5 76.0% 10.8% 13.3%

wyaro: saqstati; Mics; Tavi 7; cxrili LN.1.1. SeniSvna: kvintili keTildReobis indeqsi:
1 uRaribesi 20%, 5 umdidresi 20%.

garda skolamdel saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi bavSvebis

si­a­­rulisa, Semdgomi winsvlisTvis kritikulad mniSvnelovania mSo­
blebis CarTuloba maT ganviTarebaSi (Honig, 1979). CarTulobas 2 naw­
ilad yofen (Lavrijsen, J., & Nicaise, I., (2015)).

1. mxardaWera – gulisxmobs mSoblebTan gatarebul dros, dax­

marebas ganaTlebasa da kognituri unarebis ganviTarebaSi. so­
cialuri kapitali, genetikac ki da sxva;

2. investicia – igulisxmeba materialuri saswavlo pirobebi, fu­

ladi danaxarji maT ganaTlebaze da sxva.

marTalia, maT Soris mkafio wyalgamyofi ar arsebobs, magram mainc,

pirveli faqtoris gamosakvlevad gamodgeba isev MICs-is 2018 wlis kv­
leva, romlis mixedviTac 2-4 wlis bavSvTan Sinameurneobidan zrdas­
ruli wevris mier 4 an met aqtivobaSi CarTvas iTvlian.

137
 cxrili №1.3. Sinameurneobis srulwlovani wevris 2-4 wlis bavSvTan 4 an
met aqtivobaSi CarTuloba bolo 3 dRis ganmavlobaSi

keTildReobis indeqsi
erovneba dedis ganaTleba
kvintili

dawyebiTi
an
qarTveli azerbaijaneli arasruli umaRlesi uRaribesi umdidresi
saSualo
(sabazo)

81.2% 44.4% 58.8% 85.6% 67.7% 84.5%

wyaro: saqstati; Mics; Tavi #6; cxrili TC.10.1. SeniSvna: CarTuloba aqtivobaSi, romelic
xels uwyobs bavSvis ganaTlebas da skolisTvis mzaobas.

am monacemebis mixedviT, ar dgindeba biWebsa da gogoebs an qalaqsa

da sofels Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaoba, magram kvlav didia gansxvaveba
qarTulenovan da azerbaijanulenovan ojaxebs Soris. maT Soris gansx-
vaveba TiTqmis ormagia – 81% qarTulenovani da 44% – azerbaijanule-
novani ojaxisTvis. anu yoveli meore eTnikurad azerbaijaneli bavSvi
moklebulia ojaxis wevrisgan zedamxedvelobas da CarTulobas, rome­
lic mis gonebriv da emociur ganviTarebas gulisxmobs.

rogorc cxrilze xedavT, mniSvnelovania sxvaoba socialur-ekono­

mikuri statusis da kidev ufro metad mSoblebis (dedis) ganaTlebis
donis mixedviT, romelTa Soris gansxvaveba 27% Seadgens.

meore indikatori, romelic gulisxmobs kulturul kapitals, anu

ojaxSi Semecnebisadmi damokidebulebas, SegviZlia Sinameurneoba­
Si sabavSvo wignebis raodenobis mixedviT SevafasoT. sabavSvo wignis
qona, erTi mxriv, gulisxmobs garkveul danaxarjs bavSvis unarebis
gasaviTareblad da, meores mxriv, kulturul kapitals, Tu ramdenad
mniSvnelovnad miaCnia ojaxs bavSvis gazrdaSi SemecnebiTi aqtivobe­
bi da resursebi. aq sxvaoba kidev ufro dramatulia rogorc social­
ur-ekonomikuri kuTxiT, ise tradiciuli uTanasworobiT qalaqad Tu
soflad, Tu eTnikuri maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.

138
 cxrili №1.4. bavSvebis procentuli wili, romlebic cxovroben Sinameur­
neobebSi, sadac bavSvebisTvis aqvT 3 an meti sabavSvo wigni

keTildReobis indeqsi
dasaxlebis tipi erovneba
kvintilSi

qalaqi sofeli qarTveli azerbaijaneli uRaribesi umdidresi

68.30% 37.80% 61.50% 11.60% 26.20% 75.40%

wyaro: saqstati; Mics; Tavi #6; cxrili TC.10.2..

azerbaijanulenovan ojaxebSi katastrofulad dabali, reprezen­

tatulad gamokiTxuli ojaxebis 11%-ia, sadac 3 an meti sabavSvo wigni
aqvT. anu, uxeSad rom vTqvaT, mxolod yovel me-10 eTnikurad azerbai­
janel bavSvs aqvs 3 an met wignze wvdoma. aseve, rogorc Cans, uRaribes
kvintilSi myofi ojaxebisTvis msgavsi xarjis gaweva did sirTules
warmoadgens da keTildReobiT umdidres mexuTed mosaxleobasTan am
maxasiaTebliT maTi gansxvaveba TiTqmis 50% Seadgens.
rogorc baRSi siarulis, ise mSoblebis CarTulobis kuTxiT vxe­
davT, rom ukve isedac socialur-ekonomikurad da kulturulad daw­
inaurebuli ojaxis Svilebi damatebiT benefitebs iZenen, erTi mxriv,
kerZo, maRal xarisxiani baRis aRzrdiT, meore mxriv, ki ojaxis wevre­
bis aqtiuri CarTulobiT maT SemecnebiT ganviTarebaSi da es bavSvebi
ukeT momzadebulebi xvdebian saskolo ganaTlebas.
amas imasac Tu davumatebT, rom kerZo baRebis umravlesoba Tbilis­
Si, kerZod ki marjvena sanapirozea ganlagebuli,* romelSic rogorc
Cveni urbanuli ganviTarebidan vnaxeT, ufro metad maRali ganaT­
lebis da keTildReobis mqone ojaxis Svilebi dadian. amiT advilia vi­
varaudoT, rom miviRebT damatebiT upiratesobas, rasac socialuri
kapitali, anu saWiro da gamosadegi kavSirebi vuwodeT. rogorc zeviT
aRvniSneT, qalaqebSi urbanuli ganawileba klasobriv safuZvels ey­
rdnoba. anu erTi dawinaurebuli klasis Svilebi erTi da igive baRSi
dadian, rac rogorc mSoblebs, ise bavSvebs Soris adreuli asakidan
*
„kerZo sabavSvo baRebis pirobebi da fasebi“, netgazeTi, 2017 weli. ix.: https://net-
gazeti.ge/life/206633/

139
nacnobobas, megobrobas da socialur SeWidulobas aCens, rac Semdgom
skolis da umaRlesi saswavleblis periodSic grZeldeba. mSoblebis
aqtiuri CarTuloba bavSvTa adreuli asakidan maT aRmzrdelobiT da
saganmanaTleblo cxovrebaSi ki am wris bavSvebis msgavsi Rirebule­
bebiT da qcevis wesebiT aRzrdas uwyobs xels.
mTlianobaSi es yvela garemoeba qmnis e.w. Matthew effect-s,* romelic
socialur mecnierebebSi robert mertonis naSromTan “The Matthew Ef-
fect in Science” (Merton, 1968) aris dakavSirebuli, rac gulisxmobs adreul
etapze warmatebulTa Semdgomac mudam upirates mdgomareobaSi yof­
nas, rac sabolood kidev ufro zrdis maT Soris gansxvavebebs. saxeli
da idea maTes saxarebaSi talantebis (fulis erTeulis) darigebis am­
bis** aluziidan momdinareobs.

skola
baRisgan gansxvavebiT skola is saganmanaTleblo rgolia, romlis
kavSiri socialur garemosTan kargad da Rrmad aris Seswavlili so­
cialuri mecnierebebis mier ((Breen, 2004), (Erikson, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H.,
2002). skolaSi ukve SesaZlebelia moswavlis saganmanaTleblo miRweve­
bis daTvla da mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgena, (Breen, R., & Jons-
son, J. O., 2005), (Erikson, R., & Jonsson, J. (Eds.)., 1996) Tu ra pirobebSi da
socialur garemoebebSi aRweven erTni warmatebas, meoreni ki – waru­
mateblobas. gasakviri ar aris, rom moswavleTa didi koncentracia
TbilisSia. saqstatis monacemebiT*** skolis mowafeTa 1/3 Tbilisis
skolebSia 2/3 ki – danarCen saqarTveloSi. rogorc am cxrilze xedavT,
skolebis ricxovnoba TbilisSi 13%-s ar aRemateba, Tumca praqtiku­
lad yvela maTgani did skolad**** miiCneva. Tbilisis skolebis 60% sa­
jaroa, xolo 40% kerZo maSin, rodesac radikalurad sxva suraTia da­
narCeni saqarTvelosTvis.

*
Matthew effect, Wikipedia. ix.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_effect
**
maTe. 25:13-30. ix.: http://www.orthodoxy.ge/tserili/diachenko/11kvira.htm
***
saqstatis monacemebi – skolebisa da moswavleebis raodenoba municipalitetebis
mixedviT. xelmisawvdomia: http://pc-axis.geostat.ge/PXweb/pxweb/ka/Database/Database__So-
cial%20Statistics__Education__School/Number_of_schools_and_Pupils_by_Regions.px/?rxid=10f743e8-
2295-448f-8e38-133b2c3679a6
****
ganaTlebis saministros kategorizacia didi, saSualo da patara skola.

140
 cxrili №2.1. kerZo da sajaro skolebis geografiuli ganawileba

sajaro kerZo
skolebis ganawileba skolebi, skolebi,
sul ↡ sul ↡
saqarTvelo,
skolebis
sul 2 313 2086 227
raodenoba
↠
skolebis
291
Tbilisi raodenoba
8% 51%
↠ kerZo 40%
sajaro 60%
skolebis
danarCeni 2022
raodenoba
saqarTvelo 92% 49%
kerZo 5%
↠
sajaro 95%
wyaro: Unicef bavSvebi da mozardebi saqarTveloSi 2015-2020.

metic, mTeli kerZo skolebis 51% TbilisSia Tavmoyrili maSin,

rodesac sajaro skolebis mxolod 8%-ia dedaqalaqSi. es metyvelebs
ramdenad upirates mdgomareobaSi imyofeba Tbilisi danarCen saqa­
rTvelosTan SedarebiT, ramdenad didi arCevanis saSualeba aqvT mS­
oblebs survilis SemTxvevaSi SearCion skola.
ufro sainteresoa, Tu rogor Seicvala bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi
kerZo da sajaro skolebis moswavleTa Tanafardoba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kerZo da sajaro skolis moswavleebis raodenobas Soris sxvaoba
dResac TiTqmis aTmagia, tendencia kerZo skolis mowafeebis zrdas
gviCvenebs. 2000 wlis Semdeg, zogadad, skolis asakis bavSvebis raode­
nobis SemcirebasTan erTad, 5-jer gaizarda kerZo skolis moswavlee­
bis raodenoba, 12 aTasidan – 60 aTasamde.

141
 grafa №1. saqarTveloSi moswavleebis gadanawileba skolis tipis mixedviT

wyaro: saqstati.

cxadia, metad mniSvnelovania vnaxoT regionul, socialur-ekono­

mikur Tu sxva WrilSi, ra saganmanaTleblo SedegebTan aris dakav­
Sirebuli aseTi garemoebebi. rogorc OECD-is (atarebs PISA tests)
2019 wlis daskvnaSi vkiTxulobT, „saqarTveloSi ukanasknel wlebSi
swavlis Sedegebi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda. Tumca saqarTveloSi
miRweuli progresi mosaxleobis yvela jgufs Tanabrad ar Seexo. mos­
wavleebi qalaqad uswreben Tanatolebs soflad; socialur-ekonomi­
kurad privilegirebuli moswavleebi uswreben TavianT socialurad
daucvel Tanatolebs; xolo, is moswavleebi, romlebic Sin qarTulad
laparakoben, uswreben TavianT Tanatolebs, romelTa mSobliuri ena
qarTuli ar aris. samwuxarod, swavlis xarisxSi es uTanasworoba 2009-
2015ww. periodSi kidev ufro gaizarda.“*

Sesabamisad, sainteresoa, ra tipis uTanasworobebzea saubari da

romeli faqtorebi axdenen swavlis Sedegebze gansakuTrebul gav­
lenas?
*
moswavleTa Sefasebis saerTaSoriso programa PISA 2018: saqarTvelos angariSi.
xelmisawvdomia: https://naec.ge/uploads/postData/20-21/kvlevebi/PISA2018-Georgia%20(1).pdf

142
 cxrili №2.2. PIRLS-is monacemebi privilegirebuli da SeWirvebuli sko­
lebis Sesaxeb

skolebis kompozicia moswavleTa

socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mixedviT
(PIRLS 2016)
qveyana SeZlebuli skolebi, Tanabrad – SeWirvebuli
sadac moswavleTa arc ekonomikurad skolebi, sadac
25% an meti mo­ privilegirebuli moswavleTa
dis ekonomikurad da 25% modis
privilegirebuli arc SeWirvebuli ekonomikurad
ojaxidan da SeWirvebuli
moswavleTa 25% ojaxidan da
an naklebi modis moswavleTa
ekonomikurad Se­ 25% an naklebi
Wirvebuli modis ekonomi­
ojaxidan kurad privi­
legirebuli
ojaxidan

moswavle­ kiTxvis moswavleTa k i T x ­ moswav­ k i T ­

Ta % saS. % vis saS. leTa xvis
qula qula % saS.
qula

azerbaijani 11 502 23 469 66 471

dania 63 554 29 538 7 538
safrangeTi 41 524 30 517 29 489
saqarTvelo 23 507 31 484 46 486
germania 22 560 48 547 30 504
latvia 21 562 69 560 10 533
lietuva 65 560 23 539 13 503
singapuri 42 597 44 568 13 536
moskovi
80 615 18 600 1 ~
(rus. fed)
SvedeTi 78 562 18 539 4 508
aSS 15 588 21 566 63 532
saerTaSoriso
38 530 33 513 29 487
saSualo
wyaro: PIRLS 2016; SeniSvna: azerbaijanis monacemebi srulad ar aris daTvlili.

143
 rogorc kiTxvis unarebis saerTaSoriso kvlevis (PIRLS 2016) mo­
nacemebze dayrdnobiT vxedavT, saqarTveloSi iseTi skolebis ricxvi,
sadac moswavleebis ZiriTadi nawili ekonomikurad SeWirvebuli ojax­
ebidan modian, Zalian maRalia. TiTqmis yoveli meore mowafe – 46%
dadis skolaSi, romelic ZiriTadad SeWirvebuli ojaxis Svilebisgan
Sedgeba. savaraudod, es skolebi ZiriTadad soflad aris ganlage­
buli. aseve, saerTaSoriso saSualosTan SedarebiT, sakmaod dabali
da 23%-s Seadgens moswavleTa ricxvi, romelic umetesad SeZlebuli
ojaxis Svilebisgan Semdgar skolaSi dadis da, savaraudod, isini Zir­
iTadad qalaqebSi, miTumetes TbilisSi unda iyvnen Tavmoyrilni.
ekonomikurad susti skolis mowafeebis ricxvi 2-jer aRemateba
pirvel jgufs, rac kidev erTxel gvafiqrebs, Tu ramxela segregaciaa
privilegirebulebsa da ekonomikurad daucvel mosaxleobis jgufebs
Soris, maT Soris skolis doneze. arsebobs socialurad da materialu-
rad Zlieri patara umciresoba da didi nawili gaWirvebuli ojaxebisa,
Tumca sainteresoa, rom am jgufebis kiTxvis unars Soris sxvaoba saer-
TaSoriso saSualo 43-qulian maCvenebelTan SedarebiT sakmaod daba-
lia da 21 qulas Seadgens (NAEC, 2020).

riT SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli es gansxvaveba?

PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, qveda grafaze,

Sua xazze datanilia kiTxvaSi saSualo qula, xolo diapazonis zeda da
qveda nawilebi aRniSnavs socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli para­
metrebiT (ESCS*) umaRlesi da umdablesi 25%-is kiTxvis saSualo Sede­
gebs.

*
OECD PISA-s socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli indikatori.

144
 grafa №2. PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT, saSualo erovnuli qula
kiTxvaSi; socalur-ekonomikuri parametrebiT zeda da qveda meoTxedis saSu­
alo qula kiTxvaSi saqarTvelo da OECD saS.

wyaro: OECD, PISA 2018 monacemTa baza; Student performance in reading (mean score); Ta-
ble I.B1.4. SeniSvna: saqarTvelos 2012 wlis monacemebisTvis aRebulia im droisTvis
ukanaskneli, 2009 wlis monacemebi xelaxla, radgan 2012 wels saqarTveloSi PISA-s
testi ar Catarebula.

gansxvaveba socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebiT yvelaze maRal

25%-sa da yvelaze dabal 25%-s Soris saqarTveloSi 68 qulas Sead-
gens maSin, rodesac OECD saS. – 89, lietuva – 89; TurqeTi – 76; mxolod
ruseTSia 2018 wlis monacemebiT 1 quliT dabali uTanasworoba – 67
qula. meore mxriv, saqarTvelo sagrZnoblad CamorCeba rogorc aR-
niSnul qveynebs, ise OECD-is yvela qveyanas kiTxvis saSualo erovnu-
li SedegiT, sul 380 qula, rodesac OECD saS. Seadgens 487 (lietuva
– 476; TurqeTi – 466; ruseTi – 479) (Table II.B1.2.1…6).

145
 SesaZloa es saqarTveloSi skolis ganaTlebis dabali donidan mom­
dinareobdes. Sedegad, miuxedavad skolis mowafeTa socialur-ekono­
mikuri kompoziciisa, skolebSi swavlebis done da unarebi sakmaod
axloa erTmaneTTan. rogorc vxedav, saqarTvelodan socialur-ekono­
mikuri parametrebiT umaRlesi 25%-Si myofi moswavleTa Sedegebic ki
verasdros aRwevs OECD moswavleebis yvelaze Raribi meoTxedis saSu­
alo Sedegs.
am Sedegebis fonze gasakviri arc is unda iyos, rom akademiuri miR-
wevebiT Top 10%-s da Bottom 10%-s Soris qulebSi sxvaoba saqarTvelo-
Si gacilebiT dabalia, 88 qula, vidre, magaliTad, ruseTSi 99 qula da
OECD 140 (Table II.B1.2.1…6).

magram, maSin vubrundebiT mTavar kiTxvas, ra iseT upiratesobas

floben erTni meoreze, rac saboloo jamSi sazogadoebaSi erTi jgu­
fis mier sxvebze ukeTesi poziciebis dakavebas uzrunvelyofs?

Tu kolemanis sqemis I xazs gavyvebiT, unda vnaxoT didi aRmniS­

vnelebidan ra faqtorebis mixedviT aris maRali uTanasworoba. am
mxriv mniSvnelovania geografiuli uTanasworoba. soflad mcxovreb
moswavleTa CamorCena qalaqSi mcxovrebTagan 44 qulas Seadgens, rac
miaxloebiT 1,5 srul akademiur wels udris. Teoriulad, amdeni xani
sWirdebaT damatebiT soflis skolis moswavleebs igive Sedegebis mis­
aRwevad, rac qalaqSi mcxovreb skolis mowafeebs aqvT. gansakuTrebu­
li CamorCena aRiniSneba azerbaijanulenovani eTnikuri umciresobis
warmomadgenel moswavleebsa da danarCen saqarTvelos Soris (NAEC,
2020).

146
 grafa №3. PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT genderuli gansxvaveba
maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisa da kiTxvis saSualo qulaSi; saqa­
rTvelo, OECD saS.

wyaro: OECD, PISA 2018 monacemTa baza, Gender differences in (math; science; reading); GPSEduca-
tion SeniSvna: wiTeli xazi saqarTvelo; lurji xazi OECD saS..

samwuxarod, kidev erTi gamokveTili adgili ukavia genderul

uTanasworobas. rogorc PISA 2018-is monacemebze dayrdnobiT vxe­
davT, gogo da biW mowafeTa gansxvaveba kiTxvas, maTematikasa da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi saqarTveloSi gacilebiT maRalia,
vidre OECD-is saSualo maCvenebeli. saqarTveloSi, kiTxvaSi 38 qulaa
gansxvaveba gogoebis sasargeblod, rac 8 quliT metia, vidre saSua-
lo qula OECD-s qveynebisTvis. rac ufro gasakviria, maTematikaSi,
sadac yvela qveyanaSi tradiciulad biWebi ukeTes Sedegebs aCvenebs,
saqarTveloSi kvlav gogoebi jobnian iseve, rogorc sabunebismetyve­
lo mecnierebebSi, sadac 14 quliani gansxvavebaa OECD-s saSualo 2
qulasTan SedarebiT.
am mxriv saqarTvelo erT-erTi antirekordsmenia ara mxolod ev­
ropul qveynebs, aramed PISA-s testis yvela monawile qveyanaTa Sori­
sac ki.
147
 magram sakmarisia ki demografiuli faqtorebi saqarTveloSi sko­
lis doneze uTanasworobis amosaxsnelad?

kolemanis sqemis II xazs rom gavyveT, aucilebelia vnaxoT, rogor

aisaxeba skolaSi socialuri kavSirebi da socialuri struqtura Sem­
dgom cxovrebiseul uTanasworobaze da Tavad skola awarmoebs Tu ara
damatebiT uTanasworobebs.
aSS-Si 1954 wels umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier saqmeze „brauni ga­
naTlebis sabWos winaaRmdeg“* gamotanili ganaCenis Semdeg segregaci­
is Tema skolebSi ganaTlebis mkvlevarTaTvisac saintereso sakiTxi
gaxda (Reardon, Sean F., and Ann Owens, 2014). marTalia, am sasamarTlo
ganCinebis msgavsad saskolo segregaciis kvlevis mTavari obieqti
rasobrivi niSniT dayofa iyo, Tumca segregaciis gageba ganaTlebis
sferoSi etapobrivad gafarTovda da is sxvadasxva socialur-ekono­
mikuri mdgomareobis mqone moswavleebisa Tu studentebis kvlevaze
gaxda fokusirebuli (Jenkins, S. P., Micklewright, J., & Schnepf, S. V., 2008).
naTeli gaxda, rom mxolod maRali an dabali Semosavlis mqone ojax-
ebis Svilebis koncentracia skolebSi sabolood gavlenas axdens mos-
wavleebis Sedegebze da saboloo did sxvaobs aCens skolebs Soris
(klaselebis efeqti, Peer Effect), (Lavy, V., Silva, O., & Weinhardt, F, (2012)).
es efeqti gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dabali moswrebis mqone stu­
dentebisTvis, radgan isini ufro metad ganicdian „kargi Tu cudi“
garemos da klaselebis gavlenas, rac bunebrivia, radgan maT ojaxuri
da piradi Zalisxmeva arasakmarisia saskolo warmatebisTvis (Mendolia,
S., Paloyo, A. R., & Walker, I, (2018)).
iqidan gamomdinare, rom rogorc vnaxeT, saqarTveloSi akademiuri
SedegebiT moswavleebi erTmaneTisgan didad ar gansxvavdebian, ufro
sainteresoa vnaxoT socialur-ekonomikurad gansxvavebuli mowafee­
bi skolebSi ramdenad gadaikveTebian erTmaneTTan.
amis gasarkvevad PISA-s kvlevaSi mocemulia ramdenime indikato­
ri, romlis saSualebiTac SegviZlia gavzomoT socialuri da akade­
miuri segregacia da izolacia, rac gulisxmobs, Tu ra doniT arian

*
TeTri da Savkaniani moswavleebisTvis erT saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebSi
swavlis uflebis Sesaxeb.

148
gancalkevebuli moswavleebi erTmaneTisgan, anu, Sesabamisad, ramde­
nad sxvadasxva „socialur buStebSi“ imyofebian. amis gasagebad naS­
romi iyenebs PISA-s izolirebis (isolation) indeqss, romelic adgens, Tu
skolebSi ramdenad iqmneba moswavleTa klasterebi, romelic erTi ti­
pis, magaliTad, SeZlebuli ojaxis Svilebs aZlevs/ar aZlevs saSuale­
bas, kontaqtSi iyvnen sxva maxasiaTeblebis mqone bavSvebTan. maRali
isolation indeqsi niSnavs, rom erTnairi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgo­
mareobis an akademiuri miRwevebis mqone moswavleebi dajgufebule­
bi arian msgavs skolebSi, anu segregirebulebi arian erTmaneTisgan
(OECD, 2019). 0 aris, rodesac orive klasteri erT skolaSia moqceu­
li, 1 – rodesac orive jgufi absoluturad sxvadasxva skolebSia
Tavmoyrili.

grafa №4. PISAA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT skolebSi moswavleebis

erTmaneTisgan distancirebuli klasterebi, SeZlebuli da Raribi warmomav­
lobis mixedviT

25

20

wyaro: (OECD, 2019); Chapter 3, Figure 3.3* SeniSvna: 1. privilegirebuli da ara privile­
girebuli moswavleebi daTvlilia ESCS-is mixedviT. 2. p-s-g-J (pekini; Sanxai; jiangsu;
JeSiangi).

*
kvleva xelmisawvdomia Semdeg bmulze: https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/f16ac394-en/in-
dex.html?itemId=/content/component/f16ac394-en

149
 rogorc am grafaze vxedavT, saqarTveloSi orive jgufis, rogorc
mdidari, ise SeWirvebuli socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli
ojaxuri fonis mqone moswavleebis erTmaneTisgan socialuri izola-
cia OECD saSualoze maRalia, rac niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi saSual­
od nebismier skolaSi, ZiriTadad, dadian an mxolod ESCS-is mixedviT
SeZlebuli ojaxuri mdgomareobis mqone moswavleebi, an SeWirvebu­
li warmomavlobis bavSvebi. mcirediT socialuri izolaciis Sedege­
bi ufro maRalia pirveli jgufisTvis iseve, rogorc ZiriTadad sxva
qveynebSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom evropuli qveynebidan orive jgufisTvis
saqarTveloze ufro maRali socialuri gaucxoeba mxolod 5 qveyana-
Sia, rac kargad gvaCvenebs am situaciis simwvaves.
am monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi ufro sagrZnobia Raribi
ojaxis warmomavlobis mqone moswavleebis erTad Sejgufeba, rac, sa-
varaudod, ufro metad mkveTrad Raribi regionebis efeqtia, radgan
soflebSi iSviaTad arsebobs alternativebi skolebs Soris arCevanis
gasakeTeblad.
xazgasasmelia is, rom saqarTveloSi ufro mcirea gansxvaveba
mdidari ojaxis Svilebis izolaciis sasargeblod, arada es trendia
umetes OECD qveynebSi. es SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos imiT, rom kerZo
skolebi saqarTveloSi jer isev araa mravlad. aseve mizezi SesaZloa
iyos isic, rom saqarTveloSi pirvel klasel bavSvTa unarebis mixed­
viT SerCevis sistema praqtikulad ar arsebobs.
saqarTveloSi Zalian iSviaTad Tu SexvdebiT skolaSi Caricxvis
msurvel bavSvs, romelsac kognitur da ara kognitur unarebze amow­
mebdnen, an mSoblebs intervius utarebdnen da mxolod amis Semdeg
iRebdnen bavSvis miReba ar miRebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebas. es ki
mraval qveyanaSi Cveuli praqtikaa. skolis arCevas, garda finansuri
SesaZleblobebisa, skolaSi nacnobi maswavleblis arseboba da skolis
saxlTan axlos yofna ganapirobebs – „Sors ar minda vataro bavSvi yov­
el diliT“ – argumentiT.
cxadia, skolebis kompozicia xSirad imiTaa ganpirobebuli, Tu sad
mdebareobs is, ra tipis ubanSi (Epple, D. N., & Romano, R. , 2003). meore mx­
riv, ki prestiJuli skola erT-erTi mniSvnelovani faqtoria ojaxebi­
sTvis imis gadasawyvetad, Tu sad icxovreben, amitom es ori faqtori

150
mudam erTmaneTs ganapirobebs. PISA-s mixedviT, OECD qveynebis, kerZo
skolis moswavleebSi mxolod 10-dan 1-sTvis aris skolis mdebareoba
gadamwyveti maSin, rodesac sajaro skolaSi mosiarule yoveli meore
bavSvis ojaxisTvis es skolis asarCevad mniSvnelovani kriteriumia.
xSirad sxvadasxva qveyanaSi skolis da sacxovreblis mimarTeba reg­
ulirebulic aris (Peña-López, 2019).
mTlianobaSi es monacemebi migvaniSnebs, rom orive jgufi erT­
maneTisgan socialurad mniSvnelovnad segregirebulia da sxva so­
cialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli niSnebis mqone bavSvebTan Zalian
naklebad aqvT urTierToba, rogorc minimum skolis farglebSi.
msgavsi Sedegebi SeiZleba kidev imiTac aixsnas, rom qalaqebSi saSu­
alo (Cven SemTxvevaSi – maRali. avt.) klasis ojaxebi cdiloben, saku­
Tari Svilebi „karg“, prestiJul skolebSi ataron, romelic presti­
Jul ubnebSia ganlagebuli (Frankel, D. M., & Volij, O., 2011). erT an meore
skolaSi Svilis Seyvanis da gadayvanis gadawyvetilebas ki iq arsebuli
kontingentis mixedviT iReben – dadian Tu ara ojaxisTvis „misabaZi
sxvebi“ iq. es kidev ufro xazs usvams uTanasworobas, radgan igive ub­
nebSia koncentrirebuli sxva yvelanairi kapitalic, Sesabamisad, qar­
Tul „maRal sazogadoebaSi“ advilad dgeba kolemanis AD-BC Caketili
oTxkuTxedi, sadac mSoblebic da Svilebic erT socialur buStSi ar­
ian. isini iq swavloben, sadac cxovroben da es skolebi, iseve rogorc
ubnebi, ukve privilegirebulia. es kidev ufro asustebs Raribi ojaxu­
ri mdgomareobis mqone axalgazrdebs, radgan saWiro kontaqtebs mud­
mivad mowyvetilni arian. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, orive klasteri
sakuTar Caketil wreSi trialebs, Tumca erTgan es kavSirebi „momgebi-
ania“, meoregan ki – ara.
garda amisa, aRniSnuli susti materialuri fonis mqone klasel(eb)-
is yola SeZlebul bavSvebs metad prosocialurs, Tanasworobis momx­
res da guluxvs xdis cxovrebaSi (Rao, 2019), rac SemdgomSi sazogadoe­
baSi solidarobasa da nakleb konfliqts gulisxmobs.

sainteresoa vnaxoT, sad vlindeba skolebSi es segregacia da ra ti­

pis skolebSia is maRali?

151
 am miznisTvis naSromSi gamoyenebulia PISA­s socialurad aram­
ravalferovnebis (no diversity) indeqsic. izolaciis indeqsisgan gansx­
vavebiT, is socialur segregacias zomavs imis mixedviT, Tu qveynis do­
neze arsebul moswavleTa gansxvavebebi ramdenad zustad aris asaxuli
skolebSi SES­is mravalferovnebaSi. anu skolis mikro done ramdenad
zustad asaxavs makro doneze arsebul realobas, sadac 0 aRniSnavs
Tanabar gadanawilebas, miuxedavad socialur­ekonomikuri mdgomare­
obisa, xolo 1 aRniSnavs mdgomareobas, rodesac skolebi arasdros
iReben erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli socialur­ekonomikuri statusis
mqone moswavleebs. (OECD, 2019)

grafa №5. PISA­s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT skolebSi socialuri seg­

regaciis mTliani done da segregaciaSi kerZo da sajaros skolebis wili

სოციალური სეგრეგაცია საჯარო სკოლებში (შეწონილი თავის ზომასთან)

aramravalferovnebis
(No Social Diversity) სოციალური სეგრეგაცია კერძო სკოლებში (შეწონილი თავის ზომასთან)
ndeqsi
სოციალური სეგრეგაცია კერძო და საჯარო სკოლებს შორის

wyaro: (Peña-López, 2019); Chapter 4; Figure 4.7.

ra Tqma unda, segregacia gansxvavdeba skolis tipebis mixedviT. al­

baT, gasakviri ar aris, rom kerZo skolebSi socialuri mravalferovne­
ba ufro dabalia, vidre sajaroSi, es simarTlea praqtikulad yvela

152
qveynisTvis. Sesabamisad, SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rodesac britaneTis lei­
boristulma partiam 2019 wlis saparalamento arCevnebze wamoayena
idea, aekrZalaT kerZo skolebi,* romlebic iwveven did socialur xid­
Catexilobas da uTanasworobas sazogadoebaSi. Tumca sajaro da ker­
Zo skolebs sxvadasxva wona aqvT mTlianad qveynis masStabiT skolebis
segregaciaSi. am grafaze orive tipis skola srul segregaciaSi saku­
Tari simZimis mixedviT arian Sefasebulni.
skolebSi saerTo aramravalferovnebis monacemebiT, 0.16 quliT
saqarTvelo, samwuxarod, evropis kontinentze me-5 adgilzea. Cven
mxolod lietuva, latvia, ungreTi da slovakeTi gviswreben, sadac
skolebSi sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone
bavSvebis gadanawileba kidev ufro metad aris acdenili qveynis
masStabiT moswavleTa Sesabamiss proporciebs. aseve, sajaro da kerZo
skolebs Soris segregacia saqarTveloSi ormagia imisa, rac OECD-is
qveynebisTvis saSualoa. es niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi finansuri, kul­
turuli Tu sxva barieri sajaro da kerZo skolis moswavleebs Soris
ufro didia, vidre nebismier evropul qveyanaSi, garda espaneTis da
maltisa. Tumca, igive britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac kerZo skole­
bi zogadsaganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis did nawils Seadgens, saqa­
rTvelos saskolo sistemis saerTo segregaciaSi kerZo skolebis Se­
wonili** wvlili OECD-is saSualoze dabalia, xolo sajaro skolebis
ki ufro maRalia 0.13, 0.10-Tan SedarebiT. am monacemis paralelurad,
ormagi gansxvaveba sajarosa da kerZos Soris kidev ufro xazs usvams
imas, rom ukiduresad mcire moswavleTa nawili imyofeba privilegire­
bul mdgomareobaSi da mTlianad dakompleqtebulia msgavsi social­
ur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone ojaxis Svilebisgan, meore didi
nawili ki yvela danarCenia.
amasTan, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, saqarTveloSi social­
ur-ekonomikuri niSniT, kiTxvisa da weris SedegebSi rogorc skolebs
Soris an skolis SigniT, aseve kerZo da sajaro skolas Soris gansxvave­
bebi ufro dabalia, vidre OECD-is saSualo maCvenebeli. magaliTad,

*
Richard Adams and Kate Proctor, Labour delegates vote for plan that would abolish private schools;
The Guardian; 2019. xelmisawvdomia: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/sep/22/labour-dele-
gates-vote-in-favour-of-abolishing-private-schools
**
misi wili saerTo moculobaSi.

153
saqarTveloSi kiTxvaSi saSualo gansxvaveba skolebs Soris 19%-ia ma-
Sin, rodesac OECD-Si 30%-ia, iseve rogorc skolis SigniT 53% da 69%
SedarebiT (PISA-s indikatorebi, Table II.B1.4.12, chapter 4). es monaceme­
bi gvafiqrebinebs, rom materialuri garemoebebi ar, an jer kidev ar
gadaiTargmneba aSkara saganmanaTleblo upiratesobebSi. es ucnauri
fenomenia, rac zogadad skolis saaRmzrdelo da saganmanaTleblo
funqciebis sisusteze metyvelebs, iseve rogorc ojaxebis mxridan
Svilebis saswavlo ganviTarebaSi SesaZlo dabal intervenciaze. amave
dros es ufro usamarTlo garemoze migviTiTebs, radgan skolis asakSi
erTmaneTis msgavsi saswavlo Sedegebis miuxedavad, saboloo uTanas­
woroba mosaxleobaSi Zalian maRalia.*
rogorc vnaxeT, skolebs Soris socialuri niSniT segregacia
maRalia, akademiuri gansxvavebebi ki ara. niSnavs Tu ara es, rom sus­
ti socialur-ekonomikuri maxasiaTeblebis mqone da akademiurad
warmatebul moswavleebs Soris socialuri daSoreba, izolacia ar
arsebobs?

grafa №6. PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT gaWirvebuli ojaxuri

fonis mqone moswavleebis kiTxvaSi erovnuli umaRlesi Sefasebis mqone mos­
wavleebisgan izolaciis (skolebSi ar gadakveTis) maCvenebeli

wyaro: (OECD, 2019); Chapter 3, Figure 3.4.

* Georgia - GINI Index. ix.: https://tradingeconomics.com/georgia/gini-index-wb-data.html

154
 rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi miaxloebiT 6-dan erTia imis San-
si, rom dabali socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone moswav-
les maRali akademiuri Sedegebis mqone klaseli/skoleli hyavdes, anu
umetesi moswavleebi Raribi ojaxebidan koncentrirebulebi arian im
skolebSi, romlebsac ar hyavT arc erTi moswavle, romelmac PISA-s
kiTxvis testSi erovnuli maRali Sedegebi aCvena. klaselebis gavle­
na ki (Burke, M. A., & Sass, T. R., 2013), rogorc viciT, dabali Sedegebis
mqoneebisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre warmatebuli moswavleebi­
sTvis (Lavy, V., Silva, O., & Weinhardt, F. , 2012).
rogorc Cans, mcire akademiuri gansxvavebebi imiT aixsneba, rom Se­
Zlebul moswavleebs Sorisac mravalia dabali akademiuri moswrebis
mqone. socialuri maxasiaTebeli ki pirdapir akademiur miRwevebSi jer
ar gadaTargmnila.
es Sedegebi sxva rameze metyvelebs susti socialur-ekonomikuri
garemos mqone moswavleebisTvis. isini ormag uTanasworobas ganicdian
(grafa№5). erTi mxriv, SeWirvebuli ojaxis Svilebi isedac mowyvlade­
bi arian susti saganmanaTleblo pirobebisTvis rogorc ojaxSi, ise
skolebSi – msgavs segregaciaSi isini ganicdian kontaqtebis naklebo­
bas maRal socialur wresTan, rac maT momavali cxovrebis ganmavloba­
Sic saWiro kavSirebis naklebobisTvis swiravs. meore mxriv ki, rogorc
zemoT aRvniSneT, dabali moswrebis mqone klaselebis yola maT Sede­
gebs kidev ufro asustebs (Peer Effect).
am SemTxvevaSi gamodis, rom skola ara Tu aTanabrebs Sansebs, aramed
kidev ufro aRrmavebs da aZlierebs uTanasworobas da sazogadoebis
momaval Taobas mudmiv segregaciaSi aqcevs. orma mkvlevarma, bela­
rinom da bernardim, (Ballarino, G., & Bernardi, F., (2016)) 14 ganviTarebuli
qveyana gamoikvlies da aRmoaCines, rom ganaTleba yvelaze stabiluri
gzaa uTanasworo SES-is mSoblebisgan Svilebze gadasacemad, DESO (Di-
rect Effect of Social Origin), maT Soris ara kognituri (non-cognitive) unarebis
gadasacemad.

SeiZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom gamorCeulad maRali socialuri

segregacia, romelic saqarTvelos skolebSi vnaxeT, urTierTkavSirSi
iyos qveynis aseT dabal erovnul moswrebasTan?

155
 amisTvis unda vnaxoT grafa, romelic gviCvenebs, ra korelaciaSia
erTmaneTTan kiTxvaSi erovnuli saSualo qula da am qveynis skolebSi
aramravalferovnebis (socialuri segregaciis) done.

grafa №7. PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT skolebSi socialu­

ri segregaciisa da qveynis kiTxvaSi saS. erovnuli qulis urTierTkavSiri
­(korelacia)
მეტი სეგრეგაცია

wyaro: (Peña-López, 2019); Chapter 4; Figure 4.10. SeniSvna: 1. ruseTi 2. italia 3. niderlande­
bi 4. fineTi 5. dania 6. SvedeTi 7. korea 8. axali zelandia 9. Cinuri taivani 10. slovenia
11. aSS 12. gaerTianebuli samefo 13. poloneTi 14. estoneTi. SeniSvna 2: p-S-j-J (pekinii;
Sanxai; jiangsu; JenSiangi).

marTalia, korelacia ar aris Zlieri, Tumca aSkaraa, rom rac ufro

matulobs saSualo erovnuli qula, miT iklebs segregaciis xarisxi da
piriqiT. saqarTvelo zeda marcxena kuTxeSia, rac imas gvaCvenebs, rom
Cven moswavleebs kiTxvis saSualo SedegebSi erT-erTi yvelaze dabali
qula aqvT. am mxriv saqarTvelo bolodan me-6 adgilzea da danarCen 6-s

156
Soris arc erTi evropuli qveyana araa. amavdroulad, rogorc zeviTac
vnaxeT da am grafazec dasturdeba, evropul qveynebSi me-5 adgilze
varT skolebSi sxvadasxva socialur-ekonomikuri warmomavlobis mos­
wavleebis araTanabari gadanawilebiT, anu maTi segregaciiT. aqedan
gamomdinare, logikurad SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom socialuri seg­
regaciis daweva skolebSi xels Seuwyobs susti moswrebis moswavlee­
bis Sedegebis gaumjobesebasac.

momavalis Wvreta da gza umaRlesisken

Rational Theory-is (Breen, R., & Goldthorpe, J. H., 1997) mixedviT, ojaxebi
Svilebis umaRles saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaSi swavlis gagr­
Zelebas 3 racionaluri principiT uyureben da amiT xelmZRvaneloben,
Rirs Tu ara msgavsi „riskis“ gaReba:
1. saWiro xarjebi – swavlis da cxovrebis safasuri (saqarTvelos
SemTxvevaSi swavlis safasuris garda es regionebis warmomadgen­
lebisTvis ZiriTadad gulisxmobs sacxovreblis qiris fuls (sum­
baZe, 2015));
2. ramdenad realuria warmatebis miRweva ganaTlebaSi Sedegebis
mixedviT;
3. wina Sedegebis awon-dawonviT – ramdenad sjeraT, rom maTi
Svilebi miaRweven cxovrebiseul warmatebas da sasurvel klasSi
moipoveben an gaimyareben poziciebs.

anu adgili aqvs saganmanaTleblo uTanasworobis II dones, rode­

sac socialur-ekonomikuri niSniT gansxvavebuli ojaxebi sxvadasxva
profesiul arCevans akeTeben. magaliTad, ojaxebi, romlebsac dabali
socialur-ekonomikuri statusi aqvT, an ar SeuZliaT msgavsi nabijis
gadadgma finansuri barierebis gamo, radgan saxelmwifo programebis,
grantebis efeqti minimaluria (Gugushvili, 2013), an ar sjeraT maTi Svi­
lis realuri warmatebis, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa, maT Svils
igive an ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondes, vidre mdidari da maRali social­
uri kapitalis mqone ojaxis Svils (Erola, J., Jalonen, S., & Lehti, H. , 2016).
Sesabamisad, aqedan modis Cvens realobaSi fraza „rame xeloba iswavle,
sjobs“, „rame xeloba mainc geswavla“, „Zaan dafrinavs“.
157
 PISA-s monacemebiT, ICT* profesiebis garda yvela sxva maRal kval­
ificiur profesiebSi, rogoricaa medicina, mecniereba da inJineria,
samecniero teqnikosebi da profesionalebi, dasaqmebis molodini qa­
rTvel moswavleebs ufro dabali aqvT, vidre saSualod OECD 37 qvey­
naSi. aseTi molodini ar SeimCneva maT Soris maRali moswrebis mqone
moswavleebSic ki (PISA-s indikatorebi, Table II.B1.8.20/21, chapter 8), es
rogorc zogadad qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dabali doniT,
aseve ganaTlebasa da dasaqmebas Soris susti kavSirebiT unda iyos
gamowveuli. Tumca gansxvaveba 2018 da 2015 wlebs Soris saqarTvelo­
Si ufro pozitiuri da zrdadia yvela mimarTulebiT, vidre OECD-is
qveynebSi saSualod (PISA-s indikatorebi, Table II.B1.8.22, chapter 8), rac,
savaraudod, saqarTveloSi OECD qveynebTan SedarebiT aqamde arse­
buli maRali umuSevrobiT da Sromis bazris axlad dawyebuli polar­
izaciiT** SeiZleba iyos gamowveuli.
arsebobs 2 didi gansxvaveba jgufebs Soris sakuTar saganmanaTleb­
lo momavalze Wvretisas. isini umaRlesi ganaTlebis gzis arCevisas 2
Semdegi principiT xvdebian gansxvavebul mdgomareobaSi.:
1. vertikaluri (pozicia, adgili...);
2. horizontaluri (sfero).
xSirad, saswavlo sferos arCeva TavisTavad gulisxmobs Semdgom
vertikalur pozicias imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad kvalificiuri pro­
fesia airCia moswavlem*** (Raabe, 2018).
metic, araTu mSoblebis/ojaxis sayofacxovrebo done gansaz­
Rvravs Svilebis vertikalur (pozicia) dones samuSao bazarze, aramed
mamebis profesia gansazRvravs Svilebis profesiul arCevansac ki, rac
kidev ufro metad amyarebs klasobriv struqturas (Van de Werfhorst,
H. G., & Luijkx, R., 2010), radgan aseTi gavlenis Sedegad Svilebis mier
profesiebis SesaZlo SezRuduli CamonaTvali Taobidan Taobas ga­
daecema. Sesabamisad, horizontaluri (sfero) arCevani, is Tu ramde­
nad kvalificiur profesias airCeven, saboloo jamSi, samuSao bazarze

*
sainformacio-sakomunikacio teqnologiebi.
**
samuSao bazris polarizacia, rodesac mxolod maRali da dabali kvlaificiuri
profesiebi arsebobs.
***
International Standard Classification of Occupations, Wikipedia. ix.: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
International_Standard_Classification_of_Occupations

158
vertikalur poziciaze moqmedebs, radgan bavSvebic Tavis Tavs xedaven
da cxovrebiseul prognozebs svamen qcevebis, rwmenebis da sakuTari
demografiuli niSnebis mixedviT. es niSnebi ki ZiriTadad ojaxuri
garemodan gamomdinareobs. Sesabamisad, miuxedavad imisa, rom Raribi
ojaxis moswavles SeiZleba kargi saswavlo Sedegebic ki hqondeT, Tum­
ca bevrad naklebad ambiciuri interesebs avlenen.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania imis damateba, rom jgufuri identobis
principiT, erTnairi socialur-kulturuli maxasiaTeblebis mqone
axalgazrdebi erTmaneTs baZaven da msgavs profesiebsac ki irCeven.
magaliTad, qalebs ainteresebT is sferoebi, rac sxva qalebsac aint­
eresebT da a.S. (McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., and Cook, J. M., 2001).

grafa №8. PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT 15 wlis moswavleebis %,

romlebsac ar aqvT mkafio xedva maTi momavali samsaxuris Sesaxeb, mdidari da
Raribi ojaxebis mixedviT

wyaro: OECD, PISA 2018 monacemTa baza, Students who have no clear idea about their future job
among disadvantaged/advantaged students, GPSEducation.

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTveloSi 15 wlis moswavleTa miaxloebiT me-

samedisTvis naTeli ar aris sakuTari momavali samsaxuri, rac sagrZno-
blad metia OECD-is saSualo maCvenebelze, miTumetes 10%-iani

159
gansxvaveba susti socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mqone mos-
wavleTaTvis sakmaod didia. es niSnavs, rom, sinamdvileSi, kavSiri ga­
naTlebasa da Semdgom cxovrebiseul warmatebas Soris sakmaod sustia
da is ufro metad damokidebulia arasaganmanaTleblo faqtorebze,
miTumetes Rarib ojaxebSi. amas adasturebs isic, rom saqarTveloSi,
OECD saSualosTan SedarebiT, TiTqmis 2-jer nakleb moswavles utar-
deba karieruli konsultacia skolebSi da, gansxvavebiT warmatebuli
qveynebisgan, saqarTveloSi amiTac ufro metad SeZlebuli moswavlee­
bisgan dakompleqtebuli skolebi sargebloben, vidre isini, visac es
realurad sWirdebaT, vinaidan SeZlebuli maRali socialur-ekono­
mikuri da kulturuli fonis mqone ojaxebisTvis samomavlo perspeq­
tivebi isedac ufro naTelia.

cxrili №3.1. PISA-s saerTaSoriso testis mixedviT karieruli kon­

sultaciis mqone skolebi moswavleebis socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareo­
bis mixedviT

moswavleTa % raodenoba skolebSi, sadac karieruli konsultacia

oficialurad Seyvanilia moswavleze gamoyofil droSi

yvela Raribi mdidari

qveynebi gansxvaveba
moswavle skolebi skolebi

OECD saSualo 67.6% 71.6% 63% -8.6%

saqarTvelo 36.5% 31.5% 37.8% 6.3%

wyaro: OECD. PISA 2018 monacemTa baza; Table II.B1.6.10; chapter 6, How school systems prepare
students for their future; SeniSvna: mdidari da Raribi skola gamoTvlilia skolis saSualo
ESCS.

es yvelaferi ki xdeba imis fonze, rom saqarTveloSi moswavleTa

74% sjera, rom miiRebs umaRles ganaTlebas, rac 5%-iT metia OECD-is
saSualo maCvenebelze (PISA-s indikatorebi, Table II B1.6.5; chapter 6).
imis garda, rom gaWirvebul moswavleebSi procentulad ufro me­
tia momavlis samuSaoze bundovaneba, es maTTvis ufro mZime tvir­
Tia, radgan rogorc teqstSi araerTxel aRiniSna, SeZlebuli ojaxis
Svilebs finansuri Tu socialuri kapitaliT aqvT Sansi, daabalanson
160
da gaaneitralon es efeqti, xolo pirvel jgufs arsenalSi sxva iara­
Ri ar gaaCnia. swored maT ar aqvT konkretuli xedva sakuTari samomav­
lo cxovrebiseuli warmatebis Sesaxeb. isini, gansxvavebiT SeZlebuli
Tanatolebisgan, cxovrebiseuli warmatebisTvis saWiro kontaqtebis
qonis imedsac ki ver CaeWidebian.

daskvna
rogorc am statiaSi irkveva, saganmanaTleblo uTanasworobaSi,
garda Cveuli socialur-ekonomikur fons Soris gansxvavebebisa, ar­
sebobs kidev damatebiTi socialuri kavSirebis uTanasworoba, romel­
ic maT Soris akademiur miRwevebzec axdens gavlenas. rogorc teqstSi
vxedavT, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda erTgvari kastebi, erTi mxriv, Se­
Zlebuli umciresoba da, meore mxriv, gaWirvebuli umravlesoba. aseTma
diferenciaciam araTu SeaRwia mxolod saganmanaTleblo dawesebule­
bebSi, aramed Tavad baRebi da gansakuTrebiT skolebi aqcia arsebuli
klasobrivi struqturis mwarmoeblebad. rogorc vxedavT, saqarTve­
loSi skolis doneze mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia dedis ganaTlebis
donis, keTildReobis mdgomareobis da eTnikuri warmomavlobis
mixedviT. aSkaraa, rom azerbaijanulenovani mosaxleoba dramatulad
CamorCeba rogorc bavSvebis kognitur ganviTarebaSi xelSewyobis, ise
ojaxis aqtiurobis Tu danaxarjebis mxriv. am donezec ukve SesamCnevia
mzardi tendencia socialuri foniT mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebisa,
rac arsebuli regionuli da Sida urbanuli ganviTarebis gziT gadai­
Targmneba damatebiT socialuri kapitalis uTanasworobaSi.
es tendenciebi kidev ufro aSkaraa saskolo ganaTlebis doneze, sa­
dac sagrZnobi geografiuli uTanasworobaa saswavleblebze wvdomaSi,
miTumetes skolis arCevanis SesaZleblobaSi. sagangaSoa is, rom Zalian
maRalia socialuri mdgomareobis mixedviT erTmaneTTan segregaci­
is maCvenebeli „mdidar“ da „Rarib“ moswavleebs Soris, gansakuTreb­
ulad aRsaniSnavia kerZo skolisa da sajaro skolis mowafeebs Soris
socialuri distancia, romelic OECD saSualos ormagi odenobisaa.
aseve uTanabrobaa akademiurad warmatebul moswavleebsa da social­
ur-ekonomikurad dabal safexurze mdgom maT Tanatolebs Soris, rac

161
maT ormag uTanasworobaSi amyofebs, erTi mxriv, ojaxuri fonis gamo,
meore mxriv, ki susti akademiuri garemos, Tanatolebis gamo. es ki imis
fonze, rom saqarTveloSi OECD saSualoze gacilebiT dabali gansx­
vavebebia realur akademiur moswrebaSi socialuri warmomavlobis Tu
sxva niSnebis mixedviT (garda genderulisa), rac SesaZloa qarTveli
moswavleebis dramatulad dabali SefasebiT ixsnebodes.
teqstSi naCvenebia, rom aseTi dabali akademiuri moswrebis erT-er­
Ti amxsneli swored socialuri segregacia SeiZleba iyos, radgan am or
fenomens Soris arsebobs korelaciuri kavSiri, rodesac maRali so­
cialuri segregacia TanxvedraSia dabal saSualo erovnul qulasTan.
mTlianobaSi aSkaraa, rom ukve privilegirebuli socialuri klasi
Tavis mdgomareobas gadascems sakuTar Svilebs d skola araTu aTanas­
worebs am mdgomareobas, aramed xels uwyobs, rom saWiro kavSirebis
mqoneebma (maRali socialuri kapitali) erTi, saerTo socialuri wre
Seqmnan, romelSi SeRwevac sul ufro da ufro rTuli iqneba sxvebisT­
vis. amis mizezi ki klasebSi erTmaneTisadmi dagrovebadi gaucxoeba da
axla ukve damatebiT, finansuri (kerZo baRi, skola, ucxouri umaRlesi
ganaTleba) barierebi iqneba.
amaves adasturebs momavlis xedva 15 wlis moswavleebSi. molod­
inebSi socialuri warmomavlobis mixedviT gansxvavebebis garda,
aSkaraa, rom skolebi ar uzrunvelyofen araTu upiratesad, aramed
Tanabradac ki gaWirvebuli moswavleebisTvis samomavlo, karierul da
informaciul xelSewyobas.

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