APPLICATION NOTE
Multiplexed target fragment analysis for detection
of viral pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2
In this application note, we show:
• Strategies for designing fragment analysis–based target
multiplexing solutions
• How fragment analysis by capillary electrophoresis (CE)
can provide a sensitive method for detecting pathogens
• A simple method for detecting SARS-CoV-2
viral sequences
Introduction
Infectious diseases can present significant global problems.
The recent SARS-CoV-2 crisis has disrupted economic
and personal activities, and continues to pose a serious
risk to certain populations, including the elderly and those
with underlying conditions. It is therefore critical to rapidly
study individuals who might be infected so that appropriate
control and containment procedures can be determined.
A wide variety of genetic analysis techniques can be
used to detect pathogenic organisms, including viruses.
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is ideal for discovering
new organisms and new variants of known strains.
However, NGS technologies require sophisticated sample
preparation and data analysis protocols. As a result, they
are more suited for discovery and epidemiological studies.
On the other hand, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR)
methods utilize simplified workflows that yield clear results
when identity of the pathogens needs to be confirmed.
Fragment analysis
Multiplexed qPCR solutions have been developed that
screen for small numbers of relevant pathogens (for
example, see Ramanan et al. [1]). Nevertheless, the
relatively small capacity of multiplexed qPCR reactions can
limit throughput when large numbers of target sequences
or pathogens need to be detected. A rapid, simple, and
sensitive method is needed in which multiple targets can
be processed and analyzed at the same time.
Fragment analysis by CE provides an attractive method
for rapid analysis of multiple targets (Figure 1A). For target
multiplexing, PCR amplicons can be designed such that
the length and 5´-terminal fluorophore of the amplicon are
unique to a given target. A single PCR reaction can be set
up with a pool of fluorescently labeled primer sets, and the
resulting differently sized PCR fragments can be separated
and detected by CE. High resolution of target fragment
lengths is achieved in CE by running a size standard in the
same injection, ensuring confidence in results.
Here we describe a simple workflow in which multiple
amplicons from a pathogenic virus can be analyzed using
fragment analysis (Figure 1B). To illustrate this approach,
we analyze targets derived from SARS-CoV-2. We show
how positive-control synthetic DNA sequences can be
used to define and resolve the fragment sizes of the target
amplicons. We illustrate the sensitivity of the method using
known quantities of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. For
details on the protocol, see “Detection of RNA from
SARS-CoV-2 using fragment analysis” [2].
A * * *
orf1-ab Spike (S) Nucleocapsid (N)

* VetMAX Xeno IPC RNA

*
* PCR
*
Capillary electrophoresis
*
Primer Sample
pool

B Capillary
Collect sample Extract RNA PCR Analyze results
electrophoresis

MagMAX Viral/Pathogen Veriti Fast or ProFlex SeqStudio or 3500 GeneMapper

Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit thermal cycler Series Genetic Analyzer Software

Figure 1. Workflow for a fragment analysis–based pathogen detection solution. (A) Primers are designed to target regions of pathogens and a
spike-in control (e.g., Applied Biosystems™ VetMAX™ Xeno™ Internal Positive Control (IPC) RNA). As an example, we show the primer pairs for SARS-
CoV-2. For each primer pair, the forward primer is labeled with a fluorophore (*). The primers are pooled and mixed with a sample, which is then amplified
and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. The targets are distinguished by the different sizes of the amplicons. (B) Thermo Fisher Scientific has all the
tools needed to perform the analysis. Once the sample is collected, data can be obtained in as little as 2 hours.
Description of method
The analysis of multiple amplicons using CE-based
fragment analysis is a widely used strategy in many
different applications, from human identification to research
on infectious and inherited diseases to oncology research.
Briefly, for this application, after identifying suitable
target sequences, amplicons should be designed to be
150–500 nucleotides long. Each amplicon should have a
unique length, differing from other amplicons by at least 5
nucleotides. The forward primer should be labeled at the
5´ end with the fluorescent dye, and the reverse primer
should be unlabeled. Reverse transcription polymerase
chain reactions (RT-PCR) are then set up using a system
that allows for cDNA synthesis followed by endpoint PCR
in a single tube (e.g., Applied Biosystems™ TaqMan® Fast
Virus 1-Step Master Mix). The nucleic acid samples are
subjected to PCR and the resulting fragments separated
by CE. The appearance or absence of pathogen-specific
fragments of the expected sizes determines the presence
or absence of the pathogen in the sample (Table 1). The
height of the peaks can be a semi-quantitative indicator of
the abundance of the targets in a sample. The principles
and applications of fluorescent DNA fragment analysis
using high-resolution CE are explained in our Fragment
Analysis User Guide [3].
Table 1. Suggestion for interpreting peaks arising from analysis
of SARS-CoV-2 sequences by fragment analysis. Similar guidelines
have been used to define detection in a qPCR-based SARS-CoV-2 test.
Parameters for other detection assays may be defined according to the
specific testing needs and characteristics of the pathogens of interest.
Xeno RNA SARS-CoV-2
control peak RNA peaks Interpretation of results
Present None Negative—no SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected
Present 3 peaks Positive–SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected
Present 2 peaks Positive–SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected
Present 1 peak Indeterminate—retest the same purified sample
Invalid—no SARS-CoV-2 RNA detected; retest
No peak No peak
the same purified sample
Here we illustrate this method using SARS-CoV-2 as
an example. For redundancy, we designed primers that
target three different regions of the viral genome: the
nucleocapsid protein (N) gene, the spike protein (S) gene,
and orf1-ab. Examples of the primers that were used in
this study to amplify SARS-CoV-2 sequences are shown in
Figure 2. For development of the method, we synthesized
the target amplicons (see ref. 2). In addition, we obtained
purified viral RNA from commercial sources (BEI). As a
control for cDNA synthesis and detection, we used the
VetMAX Xeno IPC RNA. RT-PCR was performed using
samples with viral nucleic acid sequences mixed with the
pool of primers (final concentration 80 pM each), TaqMan
Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix, 0.5 µL VetMAX Xeno IPC
RNA, and 1 ng human genomic DNA (optional to help
prevent stochastic loss of small amounts of target) in a
10 µL reaction. Amplicons were generated on either an
Applied Biosystems™ Veriti™ Fast or ProFlex™ thermal cycler
and analyzed on either a SeqStudio™ or 3500 Genetic
Analyzer. Results were analyzed using Applied Biosystems™
GeneMapper™ Software. For more details on the method,
see ref. 2.
Primer name Sequence
Polyprotein orf1-ab forward 5�-TGCCTGGAATATTGGTGAA-3�
Polyprotein orf1-ab reverse 5�-ACAATTTCACAAGCACAGGTTGAG-3�
S gene forward 5�-TCGAAGACCCAGTCCCTACTTATT-3�
S gene reverse 5�-CTGAAGAAGAATCACCAGGAGTCAA-3�
N gene forward 5�-GGACCAGGAACTAATCAGACAAGGA-3�
N gene reverse 5�-TTAGGCCTGAGTTGAGTCAGC-3�
VetMAX Xeno RNA control forward 5�-GCTGACTCCAGTGGTGAAAC-3�
VetMAX Xeno RNA control reverse 5�-ACCCTTGCTAGTAGGTGTAGATTCTC-3�
Figure 2. Primer sequences used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in this study.
Forward primers were labeled with the VIC™ fluorophore, and the reverse
primers were unlabeled. Oligos can be ordered desalted and dried.
Results
Demonstration of method
We illustrate how to develop and characterize this method
by utilizing noninfectious synthetic DNA fragments and
purified RNA genomes from SARS-CoV-2. Initially, we
analyzed different dilutions of a pool of DNA fragments
and a synthetic RNA control. In the presence of the viral
RNA sequences, three distinct SARS-CoV-2 amplicons
were generated (Figure 3). As expected, the level of
fluorescence decreases with decreasing amounts of
template input, with one fragment (orf1-ab) dropping
below detectable levels at 2 copies per reaction. Two
controls verified the successful outcome of the assay:
the no-template control (NTC) did not produce any
peaks in the range of SARS-CoV-2 fragment sizes, and
the VetMAX Xeno RNA control was reverse-transcribed
and detected in all samples. Other results (not shown)
have demonstrated that detecting the VetMAX Xeno
RNA control depends on reverse transcriptase activity
in the 1-step RT master mix. Thus, this combination of
primers can amplify SARS-CoV-2 fragments in a multiplex
reaction. Since multiple pathogen-specific fragments
may be detectable in an assay, it is necessary to define
what constitutes a pathogen-positive sample versus a
pathogen-negative sample early in the design process.
For the SARS-CoV-2 test, we utilized the guidelines set
forth in Table 1. Similar rules can be defined for any other
pathogen test, depending on the number of sequences
chosen, the pathogen being analyzed, and the needs of
the researchers.

Figure 3. Electropherogram traces of analysis of SARS-CoV-2 target concentrations. (A) Synthetic DNA targets corresponding to the nucleocapsid
protein (N), spike protein (S), and orf1-ab genes, along with a spiked-in VetMAX Xeno RNA control, were amplified using fluorescent primers and
separated by capillary electrophoresis. Note the clear size separation of the chosen sequences and the presence of the amplicon from the VetMAX Xeno
RNA control in the same capillary. The numbers in the boxes indicate the measured size of the peak in nucleotides. (B) Viral RNA analyzed at 50 copies/
reaction. Note that the amplicon of the N gene transcript is the most abundant, followed by those of orf1-ab and the S gene transcript. The y-axis was
magnified to focus on the SARS-CoV-2 peaks.
In silico inclusivity/exclusivity
To help ensure optimal performance of an assay, candidate
primer sequences should be chosen to maximize detection
of target organisms/strains and minimize detection of
off-target sequences. Typically, this is done by performing
a BLAST search of candidate primer sequences against
sequences deposited in databases. To illustrate an
example, we performed a BLAST search of the NCBI
Genbank viral database and complete bacterial and fungal
genome database using the forward and reverse primers
for SARS-CoV-2. Some of the sequence homologies are
shown in Table 2. For simplicity, we show only a portion of
all the results returned but illustrate the highest homologies
that were detected. Two of the reverse primers showed
high homology with other pathogens, while the forward
primer for the N gene had high homology with other
coronavirus sequences. Importantly, because there was
no homology with the corresponding reverse primer, no
off-target amplification product would be expected. In other
cases, there was lower homology for both primers of a
pair. However, the PCR annealing conditions are such that
any homologies less than 80% should not bind, so no off-
target amplification product would be expected. And even
if the organism was present and anomalous priming did
occur, it is highly unlikely that the 425 nt amplicon would be
produced by the orf1-ab primers.

Table 2. In silico analysis of potential cross-reactivity with other pathogens. Results of a BLAST search of the NCBI Genbank viral database and
complete genomes of selected bacteria and fungi using the primers designed for SARS-CoV-2. Only the highest homologies are shown. Note that
although some primers have >80% homology, the partner primer is either not homologous or has low enough homology to be predicted to not bind in the
PCR reaction. FP = forward primer, RP = reverse primer.
Genbank
Organism Strain Assay % Homology test FP % Homology test RP
accession No.
Bat coronavirus 16B0133 KY938558.1 Nprot_r 95 0
Bat SARS coronavirus HKU3-1 HKU3-1 DQ022305.2 Nprot_r 95 0
Bat SARS coronavirus HKU3-12 HKU3-12 GQ153547.1 Nprot_r 95 0
Bat SARS coronavirus HKU3-2 NA DQ084199.1 Nprot_r 95 0
Bat SARS coronavirus HKU3-3 NA DQ084200.1 Nprot_r 95 0

Bat SARS-like coronavirus NA KF294457.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96

Neisseria animalis strain = Neisseria meningitidis OQEK01000203.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96
Neisseria canis strain = Neisseria meningitidis OAEQ01000164.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96
Neisseria macacae strain = Neisseria meningitidis OAEH01000146.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96
Neisseria meningitidis strain = DE10444 CP012392.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96
Neisseria meningitidis strain = FDAARGOS_212 CP020423.2 Orf1ab_r 0 96
Neisseria meningitidis strain = M22425 CP031329.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96
Neisseria meningitidis strain = M21955 CP031330.1 Orf1ab_r 0 96

Leptospira interrogans strain = RCA CP022538.1 Sprot_r 0 92

Leptospira interrogans strain = ATCC 43642 FTNA01000026.1 Sprot_r 0 92
Leptospira interrogans strain = 401 JMDJ01000175.1 Sprot_r 0 92
Leptospira interrogans strain = H78Shuang4 JQOL01000072.1 Sprot_r 0 92
Leptospira interrogans strain = 56662 JQOM01000004.1 Sprot_r 0 92
Leptospira interrogans strain = 56666 JQON01000188.1 Sprot_r 0 92
Leptospira interrogans strain = 56673 JQOO01000240.1 Sprot_r 0 92

Chlamydia psittaci strain = GIMC 2005:CpsCP1 CP024451.1 Orf1ab_r 89 63

Chlamydia psittaci strain = GIMC 2003:Cps25SM CP024453.1 Orf1ab_r 89 63
Chlamydia psittaci strain = GIMC 2004:CpsAP23 CP024455.1 Orf1ab_r 89 63

Another aspect of a successful pathogen detection test is to ensure maximal strain

coverage. Databases dedicated to the pathogen of interest are likely to exist and can
be checked to make sure the primers detect the desired family of strains. To illustrate
this, we queried the database of SARS-CoV-2 sequences deposited at GISAID using
the fragment analysis test primer pairs. We found that the designed primers cover
100% of the SARS-CoV-2 S gene and orf1-ab sequences, and 99.68% of the N gene
sequences, that were deposited at the time of the query (n = 5,377). Performing
similar checks on other pathogens is therefore recommended.
Cross-reactivity
Although examining sequence similarity in silico is an
important quality check and provides information on
potential cross-reactivity, it is equally important to verify
that the assay produces no cross-reactivity in vitro using
samples that are genetically similar. To test the specificity
of the SARS-CoV-2 primers, we obtained commercial
preparations of respiratory pathogens (ZeptoMetrix). These
are either pools of inactivated pathogens of humans,
including related coronaviruses, or single-organism isolates
of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronaviruses.
Purified viral RNA from aliquots of the pools or single
isolates were prepared using the Applied Biosystems™
MagMAX™ Viral/Pathogen Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit
and analyzed with the SARS-CoV-2 fragment analysis
primers. We analyzed 5 ng of purified RNA from these
samples and found no peaks specific to SARS-CoV-2
in any of the samples, illustrating the specificity of the
assay (Figure 4). The identity of related organisms that
should be checked will vary depending on the assay
and needs of the investigator. Thus, although the in silico
analysis is an important step, in vitro verification that the
assay lacks cross-reactivity against either pathologically
or genetically related organisms provides additional
confidence that positive results are due to the presence of
the intended target.

A Organism Result Organism Result

Influenza A H1N1 No positive call Coronavirus HKU-1 No positive call
Influenza A H1 (New Caledonia) No positive call Coronavirus NL63 No positive call
Influenza A H3 (Brisbane) No positive call Coronavirus OC43 No positive call
Influenza B (Florida) No positive call Coronavirus 229E No positive call
Parainfluenza type 1 No positive call Metapneumovirus (Peru 2003) No positive call
Parainfluenza type 2 No positive call Rhinovirus (1A) No positive call
Parainfluenza type 3 No positive call Adenovirus type 3 No positive call
Parainfluenza type 4A No positive call Legionella pneumophila (Philadelphia) No positive call
Parainfluenza type 4b No positive call Human bocavirus No positive call
Respiratory syncytial virus A No positive call Negative pool No positive call
Respiratory syncytial virus B No positive call SARS No positive call
Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129 No positive call MERS No positive call
Chlamydia pneumoniae No positive call

Figure 4. Cross-reactivity with other pathogens. (A) List of organisms in ZeptoMetrix™ NATtrol™ respiratory pathogen panel pools and individual
NATtrol preparations (SARS and MERS) analyzed using the SARS-CoV-2 sequences described above. No positive calls were made on organisms in any of
the pools or individual preparations. (B) Representative electropherogram traces of analysis of RNA purified from MERS (top), SARS-CoV-2 (middle), and
no-template control (bottom) samples.
Limit of detection
Establishing the limit of detection (LOD) is an important way
to evaluate performance of an assay. Although this can
be defined in many ways, a commonly used metric is to
define the concentration for which a true positive detection
can be made in at least 95% of samples. A straightforward
way to determine the LOD is to analyze serial dilutions of
the sample to find an approximate LOD, then verify that
concentration with multiple replicates of concentrations
above and below that approximation. For example, initial
experiments using SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA genomes
suggested we could detect around 5–10 copies per
reaction. To verify that result, we set up technical replicates
of 24 reactions, using 0, 2, 5, and 10 copies/reaction
(Table 3). These results demonstrated that we could detect
10 viral RNA genome copies in ~95% of the reactions.
Although it was possible to detect 2 and 5 copies in some
of the samples, other samples in the same concentration
range were indeterminate or negative. This dropped the
percentage that scored positive below the 95% threshold.
Thus, even though the assay may be capable of detecting
2–5 copies/reaction, 10 copies/reaction is achievable 95%
of the time and is therefore an accurate measurement of
the LOD for this assay. Of course, other pathogens and
primer sets may produce different results; therefore it is
necessary to determine LOD for the specific assay system
that will be used.
pathogen is present or absent in a sample. To illustrate
how to determine the dynamic range of a fragment
analysis–based method, we made a dilution series
of 12 replicate concentrations of SARS-CoV-2, from
2 x 106 copies/reaction to 2 copies/reaction. To get an
approximation of the abundance of targets, we measured
the peak heights of the target amplicons at each
concentration (Figure 5A). Note that for the concentration
range between 2 and 2 x 103 copies/reaction, there is a
strong correlation between the input copy number and
peak height (R2 averaged 0.96). For input amounts higher
than 2 x 103 copies/reaction, however, the fluorescence
detector became saturated, and signal level measured
was not correlated with the number of copies present.
Nevertheless, it was clear that viral target sequences
were present in those samples and they could therefore
be scored positive based on the criteria described above
(Figure 5B).
A
Xeno
N
orf1-ab
S

Table 3. Limit of detection for the SARS-CoV-2 assay. Limit of

detection was determined by analyzing the indicated number of viral
RNA genomes in 23 of 24 replicate reactions for each input amount.
Percentages of negative, indeterminate, and positive, as well as
false-negative (FN%) and false-positive (FP%), are shown. Note that
10 copies/reaction can be detected 95% of the time.
B Positive Indeterm. Negative % Positive
Negative Indeterm. Positive FN% FP%
2,000,000 12 0 0 100
0 copies 78.3 21.7 0.0 NA 0 200,000 12 0 0 100
2 copies 8.7 56.5 34.8 20.0 NA 20,000 12 0 0 100
2,000 12 0 0 100
5 copies 8.7 43.5 47.8 15.4 NA
200 12 0 0 100
10 copies 4.3 0.0 95.7 4.3 NA 20 12 0 0 100
2 1 5 6 8.33
0 0 0 12 0

Dynamic range
Another consideration in designing a pathogen detection
test is the target concentration range at which a positive
signal can be detected. This could be determined
in one of two ways, depending on the needs of the
assay. One way is to determine the concentrations at
which a positive signal can be quantifiably detected.
However, in pathogen detection research assays, it is
not always necessary to determine exact quantities of
the pathogen; it may be sufficient to know whether the
Figure 5. Dynamic range of assay that uses SARS-CoV-2 primers.
(A) Plot of peak height versus copy number. Above 2,000 copies/
reaction, the detector measures positive signal but is not quantitative. At
2,000 copies and below, there is a strong correlation between peak height
and copy number. Regression (red line on graph) can define a relationship
of y = axb, where y = peak height, x = input copy number, and a and b are
amplicon-specific constants. Overall, the correlation average R2 is 0.96
for all SARS-CoV-2 peaks. Note that the blue markers are the VetMAX
Xeno RNA control, spiked in at a constant concentration across all input
ranges. (B) Using the criteria described in Table 1, positive samples can be
detected over at least 6 orders of magnitude of input.
If a quantitative determination for highly concentrated
samples is required, there are several options. The easiest
method is to dilute the samples in a buffer such as TE and
repeat the assay. If the peak height of the diluted sample
falls within the previously determined quantitative range,
then the approximate copy number in the undiluted sample
can be determined. Another method is to attenuate peak
heights by limiting the amount of primers. For example,
one of the highest-expressed targets during SARS-CoV-2
infection is the gene encoding the nucleocapsid protein
(N) [4]. This can be seen in the peak heights relative to
orf1-ab and the spike protein (S) gene in SARS-CoV-2
viral RNA preps (Figure 3). To attenuate the N gene signal,
we made a primer mix where the concentrations of the
N gene and VetMAX Xeno RNA fluorescent primers
were reduced, for a concentration ratio of 0.3:0.3:1:1 for
VetMAX Xeno RNA:N gene:orf1-ab:S gene. The reverse
primer concentrations were not altered in either mix. In
a sample containing 2 x 104 copies of RNA targets, the
unattenuated primer set produced detector saturation of
all peaks (Figure 6). However, the same concentration of
targets analyzed by the attenuated primer set had VetMAX
Xeno RNA control and N gene peaks reduced to below
saturation, while leaving the orf1-ab and S gene peaks
unaffected. Thus, primer attenuation may be an effective
strategy for analyzing highly concentrated samples.
However, doing so may affect the LOD, since low levels
of target may not get amplified using attenuated primers.
Determining whether or not to use attenuated primers will
therefore depend on the relative concentrations of targets
and will require balancing the need for sensitivity vs.
high-concentration quantification.

Figure 6. Primer attenuation can reduce very high signals. 20,000 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA targets were analyzed using either (top) unattenuated
primers (1:1:1:1 ratio of fluorescent forward primers for VetMAX Xeno RNA control, N gene, orf1-ab, and S gene) or (bottom) attenuated primers
(0.3:0.3:1:1). Note that when unattenuated primers were used, all the peaks were saturated (pink lines). However, attenuating the primers for the VetMAX
Xeno RNA and N gene reduced their amplicons’ overall signal to below saturation, while not affecting the other two peaks. This strategy may be used to
reduce signals from samples that have very high concentrations of target sequences.
Summary References
In this application note, we have outlined a general strategy 1. Ramanan P et al. (2017) Syndromic Panel-based Testing in Clinical Microbiology.
Clin Microbiol Rev 15:31(1):e00024-17. doi:10.1128/CMR.00024-17.
for designing a multiplexed target fragment analysis 2. Detection of RNA from SARS-CoV-2 using fragment analysis. https://assets.
solution for detecting pathogenic sequences. We suggest thermofisher.com/TFS-Assets/GSD/Scientific%C2%A0Guides/detection-
designing amplicons for target sequences that are between sarscov2-fragment-analysis-protocol.pdf
3. DNA fragment analysis by capillary electrophoresis. https://www.thermofisher.com/
150 and 500 nucleotides long and including a process us/en/home/life-science/sequencing/fragment-analysis.html
control target that can be spiked into reactions at the 4. Kim D et al. (2020) The architecture of SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome. Cell 181:914-921.
beginning of the protocol and analyzed along with the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.011.
specific targets. We suggest performing in silico analyses
to characterize the potential cross-reactivity with other
pathogens and strains that will be covered by the assay.
We illustrate how the LOD and dynamic range may be
analyzed and adjusted, if needed. Finally, we show how
all these suggestions can be implemented by defining
a protocol that may be used to detect SARS-CoV-2
sequences in research samples. In general, a fragment
analysis–based, multiplexed target approach using CE
gives investigators another tool for analyzing the presence
of genomic sequences of pathogenic organisms using a
method that is rapid, simple, and sensitive.

Ordering information
Product Quantity Cat. No.
MagMAX Viral/Pathogen Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit 1 kit A42352
TaqMan Fast Virus 1-Step Master Mix 1 mL 4444432
MicroAmp Clear Adhesive Film 100 films 4306311
5´-labeled/unlabeled primer pairs 10 nmol 450056
VetMAX Xeno Internal Positive Control RNA 100 reactions A29763
Veriti 96-Well Fast Thermal Cycler 1 instrument 4375305
Hi-Di Formamide 25 mL 4311320
DS-33 Matrix Standard Kit (Dye Set G5) 8 runs 4345833
GeneScan 600 LIZ Dye Size Standard v2.0 800 reactions 4408399
SeqStudio Genetic Analyzer 1 system A35644
3500 Genetic Analyzer for Fragment Analysis 1 system A30468
GeneMapper Software 6, full installation 1 license 4475073

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