THE EFFICACY OF ELEUSINE INDICA (PARAGIS) AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT TO

TREAT URINARY TRACT INFECTION

A THESIS

Submitted to

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGES, INC.

For the Degree in

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Researchers:

AYCO, JUSTINE ADRIAN N.

AMIR, SITTIE HUDDAH M.

YUSOF, WELHELMENA E.

FLORES, MARK KIAN B.

MASTURA, ALAISSA L.

JUNE 2023
 THE EFFICACY OF ELEUSINE INDICA (PARAGIS)

AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT TO TREAT

URINARY TRACT INFECTION

A Research Proposal Presented to the Research Committee of Dr. P. Ocampo

Colleges, Inc., De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Medical

Technology

Researchers:

AYCO, JUSTINE ADRIAN N.

AMIR, SITTIE HUDDAH M.

YUSOF, WELHELMENA E.

FLORES, MARK KIAN B.

MASTURA, ALAISSA L.

JUNE 2023
 DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGES, INC.
De Mazenod Avenue Extension, 9600 Cotabato City, Philippines
Tel No. (064) 421-6548/421-5697 Dax NO: (064) - 6549

APPROVAL SHEET

In Partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Medical
Technology ----- this RESEARCH PAPER entitled

THE EFFICACY OF ELEUSINE INDICA (PARAGIS) AS ANTIBACTERIAL AGENT TO

TREAT URINARY TRACT INFECTION

Has been prepared and submitted by: AYCO, JUSTINE ADRIAN N., AMIR, SITTIE

HUDDAH M., YUSOF, WELHELMENA E., FLORES, MARK KIAN B., and MASTURA,

ALAISSA L. who were recommended for corresponding Oral defense.

PAHMIE S. ABDULLAH, RMT, MLS (ASCPi)

Thesis Adviser

APPROVED by: the tribunal of the ORAL DEFENSE COMMITTEE with a grade of

SITTIE AIZA M. RAYHAN, Ph.D. HERMIE M. NAWAL, LPT

Panelist Panelist

DATU RAFSAJANEI G. AKWA, LPT, MAEd

Panelist

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of

Science in Medical Technology:

PAHMIE S. ABDULLAH, RMT, MLS (ASCPi)

Head, Medical Technology Department

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude and appreciation for the efforts

and contribution of the following people who assisted us in finishing the research study.

To our research adviser, MR. PAHMIE S. ABDULLAH, RMT, MLS (ASCPi),

research instructor, MR. DATU RAFSAJANEI G. AKWA, LPT, MAEd and to our

research panel, MR. HERMIE NAWAL, and MRS. SITTIE AIZA M. RAYHAN, PH. D. for

providing intellectual suggestion, guidance, valuable contribution and recommendation

leading to the inspiration of the researchers to work in improving the paper.

We would like to give special thanks to the Salimbao, Sultan Kudarat,

Maguindanao where we conducted our study for their active participation in contributing

hugely into completing it.

We would also like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our cherished parents,

who provided all of the resources, particularly for financial needs, and are always there

to support and encourage us. They were the ones that inspired and motivated us to

keep going with our research study. Without them, this would not have been possible.

Our special thanks to our friends and classmates for their strong motivation and

support in conducting the study.

Lastly, we thank the Almighty God for the strength and wisdom He has given us

and His guidance in finishing this study.

Researchers:

AYCO, JUSTINE ADRIAN N.

AMIR, SITTIE HUDDAH M.

YUSOF, WELHELMENA E.

FLORES, MARK KIAN B.

MASTURA, ALAISSA L.

(BSMT III B GROUP XVIII)

 ABSTRACT

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are a common health concern affecting millions of

individuals worldwide most specially in developing nations like the Philippines. The

emergence of antibiotic resistance and the associated side effects of conventional

treatments have lead to a growing interest in exploring alternative therapeutic options.

This study aims to determine the efficacy of Eleusine indica or paragis as an

antibacterial agent as well as its curative properties in treating Urinary Tract Infection.

From the selected ten (10) random respondents with UTI from Salimbao, Sultan

Kudarat, Maguindanao, which were then divided into two groups for the two different

dosages of Eleusine indica aqueous extracts given, ten (10) urine samples were

collected for this study after the intake of the said plant extract, and it was processed

and tested by Urinalysis. Result shows that three out of ten of the respondents showed

an improvement of symptoms after their intake of the Eleusine indica (Paragis).

Moreover, the findings revealed that two (2) of the respondents from the group

who took the 20mL dosage of the Eleusine indica aqueous extract had shown

symptoms improvement after their intake of the extract, while in the group of

respondents who took the 30mL dosage of the Eleusine indica aqueous extract, only

one (1) of the respondents showed improvement of symptoms. These results proved

that Eleusine indica (paragis) exhibited therapeutic effects, antibacterial and curative

properties that help treats Urinary Tract Infection (UTI). The overall purpose of this

study is to raise public awareness about the disease Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), and

to help the community of the less fortunate to be educated that there is an alternative

medicine such as the Eleusine indica plant that is inexpensive and easily accessible.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval Sheet

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Tables

Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Review of Related Literature

Statement of the Problem

Hypothesis

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitation

Definition of Terms

II. METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research Setting

Data Gathering Procedure

Ethical Issues

III. RESULTS
IV. DISCUSSION
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendation
Bibliography
Appendices

A. Letter of Intent
B. Documentation
C. Seminar Certificates
D. Curriculum Vitae
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of The Study

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is estimated to account for over 7 million office visits

per year and is one of the most common infections in the pediatric population.

Uncomplicated infections most commonly occur in otherwise healthy women when

uropathogenic bacteria, usually Escherichia coli, enter the bladder and overcome host

innate immunity while complicated infections occur in patients with an anatomical or

functional abnormality of the urinary tract (Sheerin et al., 2019). According to Gradwohl

et al. (2016), up to 40% of women will develop UTI at least once during their lives, and a

significant number of these women will have recurrent urinary tract infections. Moreover,

men are not immune to this kind of potentially dangerous infection. Most infections

involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.

According to the Urology Care Foundation, 12% of men will have symptoms of at

least one UTI during their lives. Urinary Tract Infection chooses no age and when it is

left untreated it may distress the patient, and can cause permanent kidney damage.

Among the universal infectious diseases which increases the economic burden on the

society, Urinary tract infection is the most common one (Sahu et al., 2019). By the

knowledge gained by the researchers, they have found a feasible and inexpensive

alternative medicine named commonly as “Paragis” and scientifically named as

Eleusine indica (EI). It is usually used in illnesses associated with liver and kidneys.

According to Scarlet Hudson (2018), Eleusine indica is declared to have antioxidant

properties, antibacterial and diuretic properties.

This study aims to test the effectiveness of Paragis or Eleusine indica’s treating

properties against Urinary Tract Infection. It also aims to produce and provide insights

into a potential natural, easily accessible, alternative medicine for the said disease that
can be used by everyone, regardless of their social classes. In order to get the

phytochemical products, screening of medicinal plants for biologically active compounds

has become an important source of antibiotic prototypes. With that information, the

researchers decided that the urinalysis and aqueous extraction will be done at Dr. P.

Ocampo Colleges, Incorporated laboratory with the help and assistance of their science

laboratory teachers.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the past-present studies of the written overview and other

sources on our selected topic. This review may consist of scholarly journal articles,

studies, government reports, websites etc. that could widely understand the curatic

properties of Eleusine indica in treating Urinary Tract Infection. This section discusses

different review of literature. The following sections are the: Background of Urinary Tract

Infection, Treatments, Statistics of UTI cases, Alternative Medicine and Eleusine indica.

The study provides informative context that would inform the readers in dealing the said

topic as well as the researchers in gathering and understanding the major findings of

the study.

A. Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection from microbes or organisms that can

only be seen using a microscope. Most UTIs are caused by bacteria, but some are

caused by fungi and in rare cases by viruses. UTIs are among the most common

infections in humans. According to Mclntosh (2018), UTIs are caused by microbes such

as Escherichia coli bacteria overcoming the body's defenses in the urinary tract.

Escherichia coli can affect the kidneys, bladder, and the tubes that run between them.

Also, UTI can happen anywhere in your urinary tract. Your urinary tract is made

up of your kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most UTIs only involve the urethra

and bladder, in the lower tract. However, UTIs can involve the ureters and kidneys, in

the upper tract. Although upper tract UTIs are least common than lower tract UTIs, they

are also usually more severe.

There are signs and symptoms of UTI and these common symptoms are; having

strong and frequent urge to urinate, cloudy, bloody, or strong-smelling urine, burning

sensation when urinating; and having nausea, vomiting, muscles aches and abdominal

pains. However, these can be prevented as UTIs are normally caused by bacteria; thus

they are most commonly treated with antibiotics or antimicrobials.

A.1 Statistics of Urinary Tract Infection

Historically, Urinary tract infections have been described since ancient

times with the first documented description in the Ebers Papyrus dated to c. 1550

BC. It was described by the Egyptians as "sending forth heat from the bladder".

Effective treatment did not occur until the development and availability of

antibiotics in the 1930s before which time herbs, bloodletting and rest were

recommended.

UTIs are one of the most common types of infections, accounting for over

10 million visits to health care providers each year. In accordance with Anderson

(2019), he addressed that roughly 40% of women experience a UTI at some

time, and in women, it is the most common infection. Moreover, about 60% of the

women and 12% of men will have at least UTI during their lifetime. In the

Philippines, Urinary Tract Infection leads the top 5 most leading diseases with a

total of 276,442 cases and mostly of this, women are said to be more prone than

in men that is reported by the Department of Health in 2013.

A.2 Most common Bacteria in UTI

According to Behzad, Payam et. al (2010), urinary tract is habitually

hygienic, but urinary tract infections can be caused by a variety of conditions.

They can cause complicated or uncomplicated, symptomatic or asymptomatic

infections. Anatomically, it can be divided into upper and lower tract infections.

Despite the presence of several antibacterial factors such as the pH, urea

concentration, various organic acids, salt content of the urine, urinary inhibitors to

bacterial adherence e.g. Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), bladder

mucopolysaccharide, low-molecular-weight oligosaccharides, secretory IgA and

lactoferrin, the uropathogenic bacteria are able to adhere, grow and resist

against host defenses that finally resulting in colonization and infection of the
 urinary tract. Several authors around the world have been reported the Gram

negative bacteria of E.coli and Klebsiella spp. being the most frequent organisms

causing UTIs. E.coli causes 70-95% upper and lower UTIs (Omran, Dzaafar,

2010). Also rendering from the articles of Arch Dis Child (2013), Seventy

episodes were caused by bacteria E coli. The non‐E. coli pathogens were

Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp.,

Enterobacter spp., coagulase‐negative staphylococci, and Acinobacter spp.

Thirty‐seven of 105 E. coli infections and 40 of 70 non‐E. coli infections were in

boys. Ten E. coli infections and 21 non‐E. coli infections followed antibiotic

therapy in the previous month.

B. Treatments

The type of medication and length of treatment will depend on the symptoms and

medical history of the individual. The full course of treatment should always be

completed for UTIs to make sure that the infection is fully clear, and to reduce the risk of

antibiotic resistance. UTI symptoms can disappear before the infection has completely

gone. Drinking antibiotics was usually recommended for people who have UTIs as this

helps to flush out the bacteria. A variety of pain relief medications may be prescribed to

alleviate pain.

B.1 Herbal Medicine

Urinary tract infections (UTI) both acute and chronic, can be effectively

treated with herbal medicine. Two strategies are essential in utilizing herbal

medicine. The choice of herbs, through their herbal actions, along with

appropriate therapeutic dosing strategies, will determine the effectiveness of

herbal treatment and prevent the need to intervene with antibiotics. This paper

will discuss urinary tract infections and botanical therapeutics through a case-

study presentation.
 In recent years, the use of medicinal herbs in the prevention and treatment

of various diseases has been increased. Complimentary therapy with medicinal

herbs is a research area that may be deserving of special attention. The

complementary therapy of antibiotics with medicinal herbs showed mainly

synergistic effects. In many studies, herbal medicines could reduce bacterial

resistance to antibiotics, remarkably. So, in many cases, patients may benefit

from this type of therapy. It was shown that herbal medicines could play an

important role in the treatment of a type of UTI. Since several plant antimicrobial

compounds contain various functional groups in their structure, the antimicrobial

activities are attributed to multiple mechanisms. The chemical compounds

presented in herbal medicines evolved to protect the plant from pathogenic

microorganisms and therefore could prevent or treat infections in animals. Many

of these compounds are renally excreted so that they are specifically useful as

urinary antiseptic agents. Two major mechanisms are involved in the

antimicrobial properties of these compounds. Some of them directly kill microbes

and some of them interfere with microbial adhesion to epithelial cells. These

herbs play an important role in assisting to resolve UTI. Here, we briefly review

the role of medicinal herbs and their variant in the treatment of infections.

C. Eleusine indica (Paragis)

Paragis is known by many names which include goose grass, wild grass,

carabao grass and dog’s tail. Its scientific name, however, is Eleusine indica. Paragis

generally is a tropical plant and can usually be found in river banks and along the roads.

It is actually a weed and was reportedly first used as an alternative medicine in Africa.

The Aetas of Zambales are known to use Paragis to lower fever, against inflammation

and a natural antihistamine or anti-allergy treatment. Burnt leaves of dried paragis can

also be used as insect repellant.

 Also known as miracle weed. It is the common weed that grows almost

everywhere, thrives sometimes at the side of the road along with ordinary grass. Young

youth have gotten wrong about thinking that Paragis is just some sort of weird grass

that can be seen almost everywhere. Never did they thought, the weed claimed to have

a curative power. Been using by those different people particularly in rural state areas

as they home remedy because it was then believed that it is effective to cure fever and

other health condition. It was also stated by the source that drinking stewed paragis

everyday can free you from any disease complication and lessen the risk of getting

disease. Paragis is an erect, tufted, and glabrous grass with long and tapered leaves.

Paragis is declared to have protein and its leaves have silicon monoxide, calcium oxide,

and chlorine compounds. It is known to have a numerous property such as anti-

inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-histamine, natural diuretic and cytotoxic

properties.

According to Scarlet Hudson (2018), Paragis is declared to have antioxidant

properties and diuretic property which increases the amount of water in your body,

flushing out toxins, bacteria and expelling the salt content through urine.

C.1 Benefits of Eleusine indica (Paragis)

According to a number of testimonials, Paragis is a powerful diuretic and

can be used to cure cystitis, urinary infections, gallstone, bladder, kidney stone,

high blood pressure, spleen dysentery, heart, lung and liver problems. It can also

be used in deworming.

Moreover, Paragis leaves reportedly can be used for sprains, dislocation

of bones and lumbago or discomfort in the lower back area. It is also allegedly

best for coughs, flu, asthma and the common colds. Because of Paragis’ alleged

anti-oxidant properties, it can lower the risk of growing cancer cell in the body.

Eleusine indica is a better solution in lowering Urinary Tract Infection

levels because it manifested therapeutic properties specifically the antimicrobial

and diuretic property. Its stem, roots, and leaves are used as herbal medicine

through the process of boiling. The chloroform and methanol extracts of Eleusine

indica showed activity against Escherichia coli and other bacteria. The decoction

of the fresh plant is used as diuretics.

Based on the recent studies of Amoah, Pareja & Joson (2017), Eleusine

indica has the potential in exterminating Escherichia coli of Urinary Tract

Infection. E. indica root extract thus possess antiurolithiathic potentials and can

be used to prevent and cure nephrolithiasis. The study was mainly aimed to

determine the antiurolithiathic potential of different concentrations of E. indica

root extract on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasis.

To conclude, Eleusine indica can be an alternative medicine as treatment

for urinary Tract Infection. It shows that, it has the potential for alleviating bacteria

such as E.coli that causes the infection in the whole urinary tract because of its

antibiotic and diuretic properties. In fact, it can also lower the Creatine Level in

urine. However, we have to prove that Eleusine indica has the curatic properties

that could also help in treating the infection which will benefit the people. This

study aims to gather more information and conduct experiments to establish

results and conclusions for the benefits not just in the researchers, but also in the

society.

C.2 Commercial Value of Eleusine indica (Paragis)

The information collected from the websites reveals that local people of

Philippines have been producing E. indica based product. E. indica or known as

Paragis in the Philippines is been used in a variety of products such as herbal

dried powder, tea sachet, and capsule food supplements. About 130 items in the

name of Paragis are commercially available online, where the prices are vary

depending on the product formulation and the selling brand. The products are

sold under the categories of immunity, pregnancy care, herbs and traditional
medicine, multivitamins, traditional medicine, nutritional foods and drinks, herbal

tea, women's health, and detoxification. Most of the consumer’s gave positive

reviews and satisfied with the product’s performance. The commercial product

sold on the plant, nevertheless needs to be scientifically evaluated to verify the

product’s claim. A standardized extract needs to be considered to ensure the

product’s efficacy.

C.5 Medical Perspective of Eleusine indica (Paragis)

A perusal of literature reveals that E. indica is widely used by traditional

practitioners in many parts of the world to treat various ailments. In Brazil, the

aerial part of this plant is used against airway inflammatory diseases, including

pneumonia. The Sri Lankan bandaging a paste made of the plant’s root or the

whole plant mixed with scraped coconut or turmeric paste to recover from a

sprained muscle and dislocation (Abdul et al., 2015). This plant is also used in

China for trauma, rheumatism, and childish indigestion (Hong et al. 2015).

In Nigeria, the decoction of the leaves is used to treat malaria-related

fever, infections, stomach disorders, and diabetes, while the decoction from the

seeds is used to treat infants suffering from black jaundice. Also the whole plant

decoction is used as an anti-inflammatory agent. The Ibibios people of South

Nigeria used a decoction of leave juice to treat malaria-related fever, stomach

disorders, diabetes, and any infections (Okokon et al., 2014). The local people of

southeastern Nigeria are using the root part of this plant to treat skin infection of

ringworm by applying scrub on the affected area (Oyedemi et al., 2018).

The Vietnamese applied the whole parts of this plant to treat influenza,

hypertension, urine retention, and oliguria (Abdul et al., 2015). The decoction of

the whole plant is used to treat blood coughing and the leaves decoction is used

for the treatment of arthritis and kidney problems in the Philippines (Balangcod &

Balangcod, 2015; Abdul et al., 2015). In addition, the juice of the entire plant
including the flowers is used in the Philippines to treat blood coughing (Abdul et

al., 2015) and leaves are used as diuretic after boiling for leaves juice (Gruyal et

al. 2014). The whole plant mixed with gogo was used for dandruff and hair loss

prevention (Stuart, 2014). Moreover, the fresh root is fed by tribal people to treat

Gonorrhea (Chowdhury et al. 2014). The plant has long been used for alcohol

drinking in Thailand to treat fever, dysure, jaundice, inflammatory, centipede, or

scorpion poisoning.

In Indonesia, the plant is used as a stomachic to treat worms and liver

complaints (Marita et al.). It is also used for malaria treatment in Africa and Asia,

among other medicinal applications. This plant has been used in Trinidad and

Tobago for kidney problems (Lans, 2006). In Peninsular Malaysia, traditionally

the leaves of the plant are pounded to extract juices and used to hasten placenta

delivery for women after childbirth. The infusion of the leaves has also been used

to relieve pain during vaginal bleeding. The plant is also considered sudorific and

used to treat fever. The decoction of the roots is useful in treating asthma, while

the decoction of the whole plant is used to treat urinary infection due to its

diuretic property (Burkill; Abdul et al., 2015). In Sabah, people of Kadazandusun

boiled roots mixture of E.indica and Capsicum sp. (Solanacae) to treat piles.

They also used the aerial part of E. indica by infusing with rice to F G H 73 treat

symptoms related to flu viral infection (Piah, 2020). The young and tender leaves

of E. indica are eaten by cattle, goat, dogs, cats, rats, and chicken for abdominal

disorder and also used as antipyretic for herbivores (Morah & Otuk, 2015;

Pattanayak & Mailty, 2017).

C.4 Eleusine indica (Paragis) in Local

Throughout the different parts of the world, especially in Asia, Paragis is

used by many people, especially those in rural communities, to cure diseases or

ailments. In a review article entitled “Paragis: What can you get from it?” (Eslit,

2018), Paragis is said to have curative powers, and it contains many important
 properties, with it being anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic,

etc. Paragis is also said to offer a lot of health benefits to mankind, but the

country’s Department of Health (DOH) is hesitant to declare it as a recognized

medicinal plant as exhaustive research and testing should be done first.

C.5 Eleusine indica (Paragis) in Foreign

A study conducted by Odomena, Effirong, and Udobang from the

International Journal of Drug Development and Research entitled

“Antiplasmodium and Antidiabetic Activities of Eleusine indica”, was also able to

give a review about the phychemicals or Paragis, and how its many properties,

with an emphasis on it being antibacterial, antiplasmodial, and antidiabetic, helps

in curing many ailments along the different parts of the world.

D. History of Antibacterial

Antibacterial medicine has revolutionized modern medicine and saved countless

lives since its discovery. The history of antibacterial medicine can be traced back to

ancient times when people used moldy bread to treat infections. However, it wasn't until

the 20th century that the first antibiotics were discovered. In the late 1800s, Louis

Pasteur and Robert Koch discovered that bacteria caused disease, leading to the

development of antiseptics and disinfectants to kill bacteria on surfaces and prevent

infection. In the early 1900s, researchers began exploring the use of chemicals to kill

bacteria inside the body. The first breakthrough in antibacterial medicine came in 1928

when Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. Fleming, a Scottish microbiologist, was

studying the Staphylococcus bacteria when he noticed that a mold called Penicillium

notatum was inhibiting its growth. He isolated the active ingredient in the mold and

named it penicillin. Penicillin was found to be highly effective in treating bacterial

infections, including pneumonia, syphilis, and sepsis.

However, it wasn't until the 1940s that penicillin was produced in large quantities

and made available to the public. During World War II, the US government invested

heavily in the production of penicillin to treat soldiers' infections, which saved countless

lives. Following the success of penicillin, other antibiotics were discovered, including

streptomycin and tetracycline. Streptomycin was discovered in 1943 by Selman

Waksman, a microbiologist who was studying soil bacteria. It was effective against

tuberculosis, which at the time was a major cause of death. Tetracycline was

discovered in 1948 by Benjamin Duggar, a botanist who was studying soil microbes. It

was effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, including acne, Lyme disease,

and cholera. The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medicine, allowing doctors to

treat bacterial infections that were once deadly. However, their overuse has led to the

development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant threat to public

health. The World Health Organization has listed antibiotic resistance as one of the top

ten global public health threats facing humanity today.

In conclusion, the history of antibacterial medicine began with the discovery of

antiseptics and disinfectants in the late 1800s. The first breakthrough came in 1928 with

the discovery of penicillin, followed by the discovery of streptomycin and tetracycline in

the 1940s. Antibiotics have saved countless lives and revolutionized modern medicine.
However, their overuse has led to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which

is a significant public health threat.

D.1 Significance of Antibacterial

Antibacterial medicines are a crucial component of modern medicine,

playing a vital role in the treatment of bacterial infections. These medicines have

significantly improved the health and well-being of millions of people around the

world. However, the overuse and misuse of these drugs have led to the

emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant threat to

global health. This essay will explore the significance of antibacterial medicine,

including their discovery, mechanism of action, clinical applications, and the

challenges associated with their use. Antibacterial medicines were first

discovered in the early 20th century, following the isolation of the antibacterial

compound penicillin from the fungus Penicillium notatum by Alexander Fleming in

1928. This discovery revolutionized medicine and led to the development of a

wide range of antibacterial drugs, including tetracyclines, aminoglycosides,

macrolides, cephalosporins, and fluoroquinolones. These drugs work by

inhibiting the growth and multiplication of bacteria, either by disrupting their cell

walls or interfering with their protein synthesis or DNA replication. The clinical

applications of antibacterial medicines are vast, ranging from the treatment of

minor infections, such as acne and urinary tract infections, to life-threatening

diseases, such as pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis. Antibacterial medicines

are also used in surgical prophylaxis to prevent infections after surgery and in the

management of chronic bacterial infections, such as tuberculosis and leprosy.

Antibacterial medicines have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality

associated with bacterial infections, leading to improved quality of life and

increased life expectancy. For example, the introduction of antibiotics in the

1940s led to a dramatic decline in the incidence and mortality rates of infectious

diseases such as pneumonia and tuberculosis.

However, the overuse and misuse of antibacterial medicines have led to

the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which have become a significant

public health threat. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified

antibiotic resistance as one of the most significant global health challenges of the

21st century, with an estimated 700,000 deaths per year attributed to resistant

infections. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are able to withstand the effects of

antibiotics, making them difficult or impossible to treat, and can lead to longer

hospital stays, higher healthcare costs, and increased mortality rates. There are

several factors contributing to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria,

including the inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and animal health, the

lack of development of new antibiotics, and the globalization of antibiotic

resistance through international travel and trade. To address this issue, there is a

need for a coordinated global response, including measures to reduce the

inappropriate use of antibiotics, support the development of new antibiotics, and

strengthen healthcare systems to improve infection prevention and control.

In conclusion, antibacterial medicines have played a significant role in

modern medicine, leading to improved health outcomes and increased life

expectancy. However, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a

significant global health threat that requires urgent action. The appropriate use of

antibiotics and the development of new antibiotics are essential to combat this

issue and ensure that these life-saving drugs remain effective for future

generations.
D.2 Side Effects of Antibacterial

Antibacterial medications are widely used to treat and prevent bacterial

infections. However, the excessive and unnecessary use of these drugs can lead

to adverse effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the side effects of

using too much antibacterial medicine and their impact on public health.

Antibacterial medications work by targeting and destroying bacteria.

Unfortunately, these drugs do not differentiate between harmful and beneficial

bacteria in our bodies. Overuse of antibacterial medications can lead to the

development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are not responsive to

treatment with common antibiotics. This can lead to the spread of infections and

increase the risk of serious complications.

A study conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) found that

antibiotic-resistant bacteria are responsible for at least 700,000 deaths globally

each year. Moreover, this number is expected to rise to 10 million deaths by

2050 if steps are not taken to address the issue. The misuse and overuse of

antibiotics are the leading causes of antibiotic resistance.

In addition to promoting antibiotic resistance, the overuse of antibacterial

medications can also cause side effects. Antibacterial medications can damage

the digestive system, leading to diarrhea and other gastrointestinal problems.

These drugs can also cause skin rashes, allergic reactions, and breathing

difficulties.

Furthermore, the excessive use of antibacterial medications can lead to

the depletion of beneficial bacteria in our bodies, which play an essential role in

maintaining our immune system and overall health. This can lead to the

development of various health conditions, including autoimmune diseases and

allergies.
 A study published in the Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy found that

the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which target a wide range of bacteria, can

increase the risk of developing allergies. The study analyzed data from over 1

million patients and found that those who had been prescribed broad-spectrum

antibiotics were 15% more likely to develop allergies than those who had not.

Moreover, the overuse of antibacterial medications can have an impact on

the environment. Antibacterial medications can enter the water supply through

human waste, which can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

in the environment. This can have a significant impact on wildlife, including fish

and other aquatic animals.

To address the issue of overuse of antibacterial medications, healthcare

professionals and patients must work together. Healthcare professionals must

educate their patients about the appropriate use of antibiotics and avoid

prescribing these drugs unnecessarily. Patients must follow their healthcare

provider's instructions and only take antibiotics when necessary.

Moreover, there are alternative ways to prevent infections that do not

involve the use of antibiotics. For example, proper hand hygiene, including

handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitizers, can help prevent the

spread of bacteria. In addition, vaccines can help prevent bacterial infections,

such as pneumococcal disease and meningitis.

In conclusion, the overuse of antibacterial medications can have

significant adverse effects on public health. It can lead to the development of

antibiotic-resistant bacteria, cause side effects, and impact the environment.

Healthcare professionals and patients must work together to address this issue

by promoting appropriate use of antibiotics and exploring alternative methods of

preventing infections.
E. Related Studies

The prevalence and the resistance pattern of the main bacteria responsible for

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) are Escherichia coli. As stated by Alanazi et al (2010),

Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen contributing to UTIS representing

93.55, 60.24, and 45.83% of all pathogen isolated from urine culture of pediatric, adult,

and elderly, respectively. Majority of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli bacteria,

followed by Proteus spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Klebsiella spp. and other

Enterobacteriaceae. However, among bacteria causing UTIs, E. coli is considered as

the most predominant cause of both community and nosocomial UTIs. Antibiotics or

antimicrobials are commonly recommended for treatments of UTIs include co-

trimoxazole, nitrofuratoin, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin. They can kill bacteria such as

Escherichia coli species, which cause up to 90% percent of all bladder infections,

Staphylococcus epidermis and Staphylococcus aureus and Klebseilla pneumonieae.

Eleusine indica can be an alternative medicine because it possesses

antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, anthelmintic against E. coli. Therefore, it can be a good

herbal medicine for treating UTI because of its effects in the growth of E. coli. The entire

parts of the plant can be made out of specific sorts of chemicals and substances that

provide good advantage to your health. Its leaves contain silicon monoxide, calcium

oxide, and chlorine that will help treat any illnesses. Based on the findings of Punzalan

(2014), the researcher concludes that Eleusine indica and Pandanus specie leaves

extract have an antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. Moreover, phytochemical

screening and antibacterial activity of medicinal plants specifically, the Eleusine indica

attributed to the presence of alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and glycosides.

Balangcod, P. et al (2014). Another study claimed by Bassey and Ettebong (2017),

shown results that the extracts of Eleusine indica has antimicrobial activity against

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E. coli, and B. subtilis in which the activity was tested in the

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration for each fungal sample.

Paragis, also known as Cynodondactylon, is a type of grass commonly found in

tropical regions. There is limited scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of

paragis in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs), and more research is needed to

establish its safety and efficacy.

One study published in the Journal of Medicinal Plants Research in 2018

investigated the antimicrobial activity of paragis extract against various bacterial strains,

including those that cause UTIs. The results of the study showed that the paragis

extract exhibited antibacterial activity against all of the tested strains, including

Escherichia coli, which is a common cause of UTIs.

Another study published in the Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine in

2020 evaluated the effects of a herbal combination containing paragis on patients with

recurrent UTIs. The study found that the herbal combination was effective in reducing

the frequency of UTIs and improving urinary symptoms in the patients.

While these studies suggest that paragis may have potential in the treatment of

UTIs, more rigorous clinical trials are needed to confirm its safety and efficacy. It is

important to note that natural remedies, including paragis, should not be used as a

substitute for medical treatment prescribed by a healthcare professional. If you suspect

you have a UTI, it is important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and

treatment.

There is limited scientific evidence on the effectiveness of paragis in treating

UTIs. Most of the available studies on paragis and its potential health benefits have

been conducted in vitro or on animal models. More rigorous clinical trials are needed to

establish its safety and efficacy in humans.

 A study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology in 2017 investigated the

potential of paragis extract as a natural remedy for UTIs. The study found that paragis

extract exhibited antibacterial activity against several strains of bacteria commonly

associated with UTIs, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and

Staphylococcus aureus.

Another study published in the International Journal of Applied Research in

Natural Products in 2018 evaluated the antimicrobial activity of paragis leaf extract

against several strains of bacteria, including those that cause UTIs. The study found

that the extract exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all of the tested strains.

In addition to its potential antibacterial activity, paragis has also been studied for

its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. These properties may help reduce

inflammation and oxidative stress associated with UTIs, which can contribute to urinary

symptoms.

While paragis may have potential in the treatment of UTIs, more research is

needed to determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment, as well as any

potential side effects or interactions with other medications. It is important to consult a

healthcare professional before using paragis or any other natural remedy for UTIs or

other medical conditions.

Paragis, also known as goosegrass or Eleusine indica, is a plant commonly

found in Southeast Asia and Africa. While there are some anecdotal claims about the

antibacterial properties of paragis in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs), there is

currently no scientific evidence to support these claims.

A study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International in

2018 evaluated the antibacterial activity of paragis extracts against several bacterial

strains, including Escherichia coli, which is one of the most common bacteria causing

UTIs. The study found that the paragis extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity
against E. coli, but the activity was lower compared to some other bacterial strains

tested.

While there is limited scientific research on the potential antibacterial properties

of paragis in treating UTIs, some studies have evaluated the antibacterial activity of

paragis extracts against other bacterial strains.

A study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International in

2018 evaluated the antibacterial activity of paragis extracts against several bacterial

strains, including Escherichia coli, which is one of the most common bacteria causing

UTIs. The study found that the paragis extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity

against E. coli, but the activity was lower compared to some other bacterial strains

tested. The researchers suggested that further studies are needed to determine the

active components of paragis extracts responsible for its antibacterial activity and to

evaluate its potential as an antimicrobial agent.

Another study published in the International Journal of Current Microbiology and

Applied Sciences in 2017 investigated the antibacterial activity of paragis extracts

against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial that can cause skin and respiratory

infections. The study found that the paragis extracts showed strong antibacterial activity

against S. aureus, which suggests that paragis may have potential as an antimicrobial

agent.

However, it is important to note that these studies were conducted in vitro,

meaning in a laboratory setting, and more research is needed to determine the potential

antibacterial properties of paragis in treating UTIs in humans. As mentioned earlier,

UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics, and delaying or avoiding proper medical

treatment can lead to serious complications.

There is limited scientific evidence on the potential antibacterial properties of

paragis (Eleusine indica) in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs). While some studies
suggest that paragis may have antimicrobial effects against certain bacteria, more

rigorous research is needed to determine its effectiveness as a treatment for UTIs.

One study published in the Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research in

2017 found that extracts of paragis exhibited significant antibacterial activity against a

range of gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, which is a common cause of UTIs.

However, this study was conducted in a laboratory setting, and further research is

needed to evaluate the efficacy of paragis in clinical trials.

Another study published in the Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and

Pharmacology in 2019 evaluated the effects of a paragis extract on rats with induced

UTIs. The study found that the paragis extract reduced the bacterial load in the rats'

urine and improved their kidney function, suggesting a potential therapeutic benefit.

However, this study was conducted on animals and further research is needed to

determine whether paragis is effective in treating UTIs in humans.

Overall, while there is some preliminary evidence to suggest that paragis may

have antibacterial properties and could be a potential treatment for UTIs, more robust

clinical studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety in humans. It is important to

consult a healthcare provider before using paragis or any other herbal remedies for

UTIs or other health conditions.

Other study conducted by Iqbal and Gnanaraj from the Environmental Health and

Preventive Medicine entitled “Eleusine indica possesses antioxidant activity and

presumes carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated oxidative hepatic damage in rats”, was

also able to evaluate the aqueous extract of paragis to protect rats from hepatic-injuries

with the use of its many properties.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Eleusine indica aqueous

extract as an antibacterial agent in treating Urinary Tract Infection in the patient and this

will be conducted in Cotabato City during the second semester of School Year 2022-

2023.

The researchers further sought to answer the following questions:

1. Which dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract is more effective in treating

Urinary Tract Infection?

1. 20 mL of Eleusine indica aqueous extract

2. 30 mL of Eleusine indica aqueous extract

2. What are the properties of Eleusine indica extract that can help treat Urinary

Tract Infection?

3. How effective is the Eleusine indica aqueous extract in treating Urinary Tract

Infection?
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The findings of this study will be beneficial to the persons who treat, and

experience Urinary tract infections considering that kidneys being affected in the long

run if left untreated play an important role in the body in flushing out harmful toxins.

Ministry of Health (MOH). The findings of this study can help the ministry provide

important information regarding the antibiotic properties of Paragis and it gives data on

significant relationship of alternative and commercial topical antibiotics which is

essential to determine their potential effectiveness. Furthermore, it can also help them

to have enough information for giving awareness and information to people who live in

different areas by introducing Paragis as an alternative antibacterial agent for UTI and

can also create programs using the said plant.

Medical Technology Department. This study provides a learning opportunity for

Medical Technology Students to understand the concept of detecting diseases via

analysis of non-blood body fluids.

Dr. P. Ocampo Colleges Inc. The study can enhance the reputation and credibility of

the school as an institution in conducting research in the field of microbiology and

urinalysis and body fluids.

UTI Patients. The result of the study can help patients with UTI who are in need of

alternative medicine for the disease most especially for those who lives in rural places

since the plant Paragis can be found or grown anywhere, rich or poor farmlands. It can

also help those patients who cannot afford commercial medicines which sometimes has

many factors of side effects to it.

Researchers. This research gives opportunity to the researchers to apply their

knowledge on analysing non-blood body fluids and bacteria which give them deeper

understanding. Further, it enhances their credibility as Medical Technology Students in

performing research in the field of Urinalysis and Body Fluids and Microbiology.

Future Researchers. The findings of this study may serve as the foundation for

additional research and relevant literature.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INDEPENDENT VARIABLES DEPENDENT VARIABLES

(1) Urinalysis Efficacy of Eleusine
(a) Physical examination indica as an effective
(b) Chemical alternative medicine for
Examination urinary tract infection.
(c) Microscopic
examination

INTERVENING VARIABLES
(1) Gender
(2) Specimen
(a) Fasting Time
(b) Contamination
(c) Turnaround Time
(d) Temperature
(3) Dosage
(a) 20mL of Eleusine indica
aqueous extract
(b) 30mL of Eleusine indica
aqueous extract
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the efficacy of Eleusine indica as an

Antibacterial agent in treating Urinary Tract Infection

This study aims to know the efficacy of Eleusine indica as antibacterial agent in

treating Urinary Tract Infection. Below is the figure 1 mapping out the actions required in

the course of the study given the researchers’ previous knowledge of other researchers’

viewpoints in the subject of the research.

A conceptual paradigm of this study is shown in Figure 1 above. The

independent variables are placed in the left box, the middle box is where the intervening

variable are, and on the right box are the dependent variables. In the independent

variable, there is urinalysis and under urinalysis are the physical, chemical, and

microscopic examination. Under the dependent variable is the efficacy of Eleusine

indica as an alternative medicine for Urinary Tract Infection. Lastly, the intervening

variables are (1) Gender, (2) Specimen; (a) Fasting time, (b) Contamination, (c)

Turnaround time, and (d) Temperature which may cause false-positive, false-negative,

or inaccurate results to the test.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This current study relies on established theory as the foundation for the various

concepts used in the study, namely the Integrative theories of medicine.

The integrative theory of medicine was formulated by Kathryn B. Forestal on her

theses, "Integrative Theories of Medicine: A (W)Holistic Vision" published in 1994. This

theory's basic principle were health, accessibility, and poverty. In this theory Forestal

described how herbal medicine pave its way to treat diseases in far-flung places.

Moreover, according to this theory, Health must be understood through an

interdisciplinary approach, encompassing the disciplines of philosophy, religion,

medicine, economics, and sociology, and the integration of two medical theories,
traditional (a word derived by W.H.O. for medical practices utilizing herbs) and scientific,

(an orthodox method of modern medical practices used today).

Since this research is all about the accessibility of medicine in the far-flung

places with the use of herbal medicine the aforementioned theory is relevant upon

discussing how can the herbal medicine help diagnose and to treat diseases in the

areas where expensive medicines are hard to access.

HYPOTHESIS

Ho: Eleusine indica aqueous extract has no effect in alleviating Urinary Tract Infection.

Ha: Eleusine indica aqueous extract has a significant effect in alleviating Urinary Tract

Infection.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study focuses on the effectiveness of using Eleusine indica extract as an

antibacterial agent in treating Urinary Tract Infection. The study is limited only to the

urine sample collected by the researchers from the participation of the chosen UTI

patients as respondents. The study is to be conducted during the 2nd semester of the

school year 2022-2023.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Technical Definition of Terms

Anatomical – relating to anatomy or the body structure of organisms.

Antibiotic – a drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other

microorganisms.

Antimicrobial – a substance that kills microorganisms such as bacteria or mold, stops

them from growing and causing disease.

Antioxidant – a substance that protects cells from the damage caused by free

radicals (unstable molecules made by the process of oxidation during normal

metabolism).

Bloodletting – the withdrawal of blood from a patient to prevent or cure illness and

disease.

Diuretic – refers to the ability of a particular substance to cause frequent urination to

flush out toxins.

Escherichia coli – refer to the bacteria that grow inside the urinary tract.
Feasible – possible to do easily or conveniently.

Microbe – tiny living things that are found all around us and are too small to be seen by

the naked eye.

Organism – an individual form of life that is capable of growing, metabolizing nutrients,

and usually reproducing

Phytochemicals – these substances are found in plant-based foods such as fruits,

vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and legumes.

Prototype – is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or

process.

Therapeutic – having to do with treating disease and helping healing take place.

Operational Definition of Terms

Antibacterial – a substance that kills bacteria or stops them from growing and causing

disease.

Aqueous extracts – refer to the extracted substances from eleusine indica to be

examined in the research.

Efficacy – effectiveness; capacity for producing a desired result or effect.

Maceration process – a procedure of extraction wherein the coarsely powdered leaves

is placed inside a container with water as the extracting solvent.

Midstream urine sample – a method of urine specimen collection wherein you don’t

collect the first or last part of the urine that comes out (this reduces the risk of the

sample being contaminated).

Urinary tract infection – refers to a disease caused by bacteria affecting the urinary

tract; in severe can lead to an increase in creatinine levels and eventually kidney

damage.
 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the details of how the study will be conducted. Included

herein are the research design, research setting, research respondents, data gathering

procedure, statistical treatment of data, and ethical issues.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The research design use in this study is experimental in which one or more

variables and measures change other variables. The independent variable is the

Eleusine indica aqueous extract. The dependent variable in this study is the efficacy of

Eleusine indica as an antibacterial agent in treating Urinary Tract Infection.

RESEARCH RESPONDENTS
 The respondents of the study are patients that are suspected to have or has

been diagnosed with Urinary Tract Infection. The respondents will be selected after

urine samples will be collected from the respondents for the researcher’s confirmation of

the said disease.

RESEARCH SETTING

This study will be conducted at Dr. P. Ocampo Colleges, Inc. Laboratory. The

researchers chose this setting as the locale of the study because of the ability to supply

the appropriate, complete and functional laboratory apparatus that can be used in the

experimentation.

DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

The researchers will begin the data gathering for the study by first securing a

letter of permission to be submitted to the school administration to conduct a research

on “The Efficacy of Eleusine Indica (Paragis) as Antibacterial Agent to Treat Urinary

Tract Infection”. After the school administration signed the letter, the researchers will

then start the preparation of the aqueous mixture of Eleusine indica.

1. Materials and Equipment

The researchers used Eleusine Indica (Paragis) leaves, Mortar and Pestle,

Water, Beakers, Stirring rods, Filter papers, Containers, Laboratory Gowns, Gloves,

Hairnet, and Face Masks.

2. Procedure

2.1. Preparation of the Aqueous mixture of Eleusine indica

 The first thing the researchers did was to gather Eleusine indica plants

which had to undergo a maceration process. Eleusine indica leaves were sun

dried from 8:00 A.M until 4:00 P.M for 3 days. When the leaves became

thoroughly dried, the researchers crushed them down into finer pieces.

Subsequently, there was 1 teaspoon of Eleusine indica and a 20mL/30mL of

distilled water boiled above 175°C mix together to form the so-called aqueous

extract. Finally, the aqueous extract was filtered for 1 minute and kept at 4°C.

2.2. Specimen Collection and Preparation of Experimental Analysis

Ten (10) respondents that were diagnosed with UTI were formally asked

for their permissions to participate in the data gathering for this research. The

researchers first identified and confirmed each of the respondents by asking their

names, age, and gender. After identifying the respondents, the researchers

explained the procedure of the tests and its significance for them. The

researchers respectfully asked the respondents to submit a midstream catch

urine sample for the Urinalysis. The respondents were the ones who collected

their samples for their own convenience so the researchers just instructed them

on how to properly collect the specimen. After collection of specimens, the

researchers performed urinalysis of the respondents’ specimens and noted the

results that served as the control whether the Eleusine indica mixture was

effective after administration and performing another test.

2.3. Oral Administration of Eleusine indica

After the first test of urinalysis, the first 5 respondents was given a total

dose of 100mL of Eleusine indica extract to take 20mL each day for 5 days, and the

second 5 respondents was given a total dose of 150mL of Eleusine indica extract to

take each day for 5 days.

3. Laboratory Test
 Letters of permission were given to the office of the President for the approval to

perform and conduct the experiment in the school premise. Thereafter, the urine

samples from the respondents before and after taking the extract was brought to Dr.

P. Ocampo Colleges, Inc. laboratory for Urinalysis and examination of the Efficacy of

Eleusine indica.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

1. Informed Consent

The cornerstone of ethical research is ‘informed consent’ (Denzin & Lincoln,

2011). The words "informed" and "consent" are the two key components of the term,

and each one demands careful considerations. Participants must be fully informed of

what will be asked of them, how the data will be used, and what consequences there

could be. They must also provide clear, active, written, and signed consent before

taking part with the research, that includes their rights to access to their information and

the right to withdraw their participation at any time. The informed consent process is the

contract between researcher and participants.

The aspects of ‘informed’ should include clear explanation on:

 Who the researcher(s) are,

 What the intent of the research is,

  What data will be collected from participants,

 How the data will be collected from participants,

 What level of commitment is required from participants

 How this data will be used and reported, and

 What are the potential risks of taking part in the research.

2. Confidentiality and privacy

All the participants have the right to privacy hence, you should keep their private and

personal information as secured as possible as long as you use it. That's confidentiality,

it indicates that you know the identities of your participants but you do not include their

identity information to your study to keep it private unless a consent to release those

information is provided by the patients themselves. Take precautions to protect the

datas and to avoid any threats to data privacy in order to keep them confidential.

3. Following protocols

When conducting research, good and ethical practices should be followed, such

as good manners when dealing with participants, adherence to ethical principles and

guidelines to protect participants, compliance with institutional review board

requirements, refraining from academic dishonesty, etc. Protocol in research refers to

the written procedures or guidelines that serve as the study's blueprint. A strong

procedure is crucial to conducting top-notch research.

4. Potential for harm

You must consider all potential factors that could put participants at danger as a

researcher. Numerous ways in which harm can appear include:

 Psychological harm: Uncomfortable tasks or queries may cause unfavorable

feelings like humiliation or concern.

 Social harm: Participation may lead to social risks, embarrassment in public, or

stigma.

 Physical harm: The study's methods could hurt or harm participants physically.

 Legal repercussions: Disclose sensitive information could have legal repercussions

or violate privacy.

5. Communication of results

There are three general issues that you need to be aware of when completing

your research project report and communicating results with your lecturer/

professor/supervisor and with clients, should they exist: plagiarism and research

misconduct.

 Plagiarism

First, you must be extremely careful not to pass off someone else's work as your own;

this is a problem with all student work. In the chapter on literature reviews, the proper

methods for citing other people's ideas are covered. It could be tempting to "cut and

paste" ideas from other people's writing to create your own. Unfortunately, using

electronic databases and accessing information online is making this easier. Avoid the

temptation to just cut and paste paragraphs (or more) from other documents. If you do,

be careful to properly credit this source. Plagiarism is a violation of the student code of

conduct in the majority of colleges, and it can lead to failure in the subject or class or

possibly expulsion from the institution.

 Research Misconduct

The intentional misrepresenting of what has been done constitutes research

misconduct. This would involve fabricating data and/or results from the data or

knowingly drawing false conclusions. For a variety of reasons, students may be drawn

to engage in unethical behaviour in their research. For instance, they might have trouble

getting in touch with the right people to interview, so they might fabricate data. In other

instances, students might discover that their findings are ambiguous and feel that they
must discover something in order to get a high score. It's important to resist the urge to

engage in scientific misconduct. You must understand that most research initiatives

experience "hiccups," and many academic journal publications even contain a limitation

section that lists unforeseen issues. Consider the project in advance and plan for

eventual issues to ensure that you will be able to obtain the required data.

CHAPTER III

RESULTS

This chapter presents the analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data. It

answers the questions and objectives found in the earlier part of this paper. Tables and

pictures are also included to support the results of the experiment.

1. Findings

Table 1

Physical examination of each respondents taking the 20mL dosage of Eleusine indica

aqueous extract.
 Urine physical Urine physical

Respondents appearance before appearance after Interpretation

aqueous extract aqueous extract

intake intake

A Dark yellow/Hazy Yellow/Clear EFFECTIVE

B Yellow/Hazy Yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

C Yellow/Hazy Dark yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

D Dark yellow/Turbid Yellow/Clear EFFECTIVE

E Yellow/Hazy Dark yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

With UTI: Dark yellow/Turbid, Hazy, Cloudy

Table 1 shows the urine physical examination of the first respondent group

before taking the 20mL dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract as well as the urine

physical examination of the same group of respondents after taking the 20mL dosage of

Eleusine indica aqueous extract. Based on the table, the Eleusine indica aqueous

extract performed better and showed effectiveness only on respondents A and D. In this

dosage, the medicine was able to improve the symptoms.

Table 2

Physical examination of each respondents taking the 30mL dosage of Eleusine indica

aqueous extract.

Urine physical Urine physical

Respondents appearance before appearance after Interpretation

aqueous extract aqueous extract

intake intake
 F Yellow/Cloudy Yellow/Clear EFFECTIVE

G Dark yellow/Turbid Dark yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

H Yellow/Hazy Yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

I Yellow/Hazy Yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

J Yellow/Hazy Yellow/Hazy INEFFECTIVE

With UTI: Dark yellow/Turbid, Hazy, Cloudy

Table 2 shows the urine physical examination of the first respondent group

before taking the 30mL dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract as well as the urine

physical examination of the same group of respondents after taking the 30mL dosage of

Eleusine indica aqueous extract. Based on the table, the Eleusine indica aqueous

extract performed better and showed effectiveness only on respondents F. In this

dosage, the medicine was able to improve the symptoms.

Urine physical appearance (before) Urine physical appearance (after)

Table 3

Chemical examination of each respondents taking the 20mL dosage of Eleusine indica

aqueous extract using reagent strip.

 Urine in reagent
Urine in reagent
Respondents strip before Interpretation
strip after aqueous
aqueous extract
extract intake
intake

Leukocyte Leukocyte

A Esterase: Positive Esterase: Negative EFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Negative

Leukocyte Leukocyte

B Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Leukocyte Leukocyte

C Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Leukocyte Leukocyte

D Esterase: Positive Esterase: Negative EFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Negative

Leukocyte Leukocyte

E Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Normal: Negative in Leukocyte esterase and Negative in Nitrite

Table 3 shows the chemical examination of the respondent group taking before

taking the 20mL dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract using reagent strips as well

as the chemical examination of the same respondent group after taking the same

dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract. Based on the table, the Eleusine indica

aqueous extract performed better and showed effectiveness only on respondents A and

D. In this dosage, the medicine was able to improve the symptoms.

Table 4

Chemical examination of each respondents taking the 30mL dosage of Eleusine indica

aqueous extract using reagent strip.

Urine in reagent
Urine in reagent
Respondents strip before Interpretation
strip after aqueous
aqueous extract
extract intake
intake

Leukocyte Leukocyte

F Esterase: Positive Esterase: Negative EFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Negative

Leukocyte Leukocyte

G Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Leukocyte Leukocyte

H Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Leukocyte Leukocyte

I Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Leukocyte Leukocyte

J Esterase: Positive Esterase: Positive INEFFECTIVE

Nitrite: Positive Nitrite: Positive

Normal: Negative in Leukocyte esterase and Negative in Nitrite

Table 4 shows the chemical examination of the respondent group taking before

taking the 30mL dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract using reagent strips as well
as the chemical examination of the same respondent group after taking the same

dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract. Based on the table, the Eleusine indica

aqueous extract performed better and showed effectiveness only on respondent F. In

this dosage, the medicine was able to improve the symptoms.

Urine in reagent strip (before) Urine in reagent strip (after)

Table 5

Microscopic examination of respondent group taking the 20mL dosage of Eleusine

indica aqueous extract.

Abnormal crystals Abnormal crystals

Respondents observed under observed under Interpretation

microscope before microscope after

intake of extract intake of extract

A Moderate Few EFFECTIVE

B Moderate Moderate INEFFECTIVE

C Moderate Moderate INEFFECTIVE

 D Many Few EFFECTIVE

E Moderate Moderate INEFFECTIVE

Table 5 shows the microscopic examination of the respondent group taking the

20mL dosage before their intake of the Eleusine indica aqueous extract as well as the

microscopic examination of the same respondent group after taking the Eleusine indica

aqueous extract in the same dosage. Based on the table, the Eleusine indica aqueous

extract performed better and showed effectiveness only on respondents A and D. In this

dosage, the medicine was able to improve the symptoms

Table 6

Microscopic examination of respondent group taking the 30mL dosage of Eleusine

indica aqueous extract.

Abnormal crystals Abnormal crystals

Respondents observed under observed under Interpretation

microscope before microscope after

intake of extract intake of extract

F Moderate Few EFFECTIVE

G Moderate Moderate INEFFECTIVE

H Many Moderate INEFFECTIVE

I Moderate Moderate INEFFECTIVE

J Many Moderate INEFFECTIVE

Table 6 shows the microscopic examination of the respondent group taking the

30mL dosage before their intake of the Eleusine indica aqueous extract as well as the

microscopic examination of the same respondent group after taking the Eleusine indica
aqueous extract in the same dosage. Based on the table, the Eleusine indica aqueous

extract performed better and showed effectiveness only on respondent F. In this

dosage, the medicine was able to improve the symptoms

The following illustration shows each of all of the respondents’ microscopic

examinations before and after their intake of the Eleusine indica aqueous extract in their

respective dosages.

Respondent A (before) Respondent A (after)

Respondent B (before) Respondent B (after)

Respondent C (before) Respondent C (after)

Respondent D (before) Respondent D (after)

Respondent E (before) Respondent E (after)

Respondent F (before) Respondent F (after)

Respondent G (before) Respondent G (after)

Respondent H (before) Respondent H (after)

Respondent I (before) Respondent I (after)

Respondent J (before) Respondent J (after)
 CHAPTER IV

DISCUSSION

This study focuses true experimental research design using aqueous of Eleusine

indica (Paragis) to demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of treating Urinary Tract

Infection. The Researchers studied the effectiveness of aqueous extract of Eleusine

indica using samples from ten random people from Salimbao, Sultan Kudarat,

Maguindanao, 3 males and 7 females. The aqueous extract of Eleusine indica has

administrated to the respondents to see the results of before and after intake. As for the

statement of the problem number one, which dosage of Eleusine indica aqueous extract

is more effective in treating Urinary Tract Infection in accordance to the experimental

dosages. The table show the results of urinalysis before and after taking the aqueous

extract of Eleusine indica. As what was being discussed in our Review of Related

Literature, we would like to dwell on the significance and the antibacterial characteristics

of the paragis to treat UTI.

Determination of the efficacy of aqueous extract of Eleusine indica as an

antibacterial agent to treat Urinary Tract Infection.

Urine samples were obtained from ten random respondents, three males and

seven females that were tested positive for Urinary Tract Infection using urinalysis

through physical examination, chemical examination and microscopic examination. The

respondents were divided into two (2) groups wherein the first group took 20mL dosage

of Eleusine indica aqueous extract, while the second group took 30mL dosage of

Eleusine indica aqueous extract. Based on what was discussed in Shukla, S., Mehta,

A., John, J., Singh, S., & Mehta, P. (2019). Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn: A review on its

ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological aspects. Biomedicine &

Pharmacotherapy, 109, 130-146.

 In the 20mL dosage respondent group, they were all tested for urinalysis on

using all of the three examinations that showed variety of results but are not far apart

with each other. The group was given exactly 100mL of Eleusine indica extract for each

of them to take 20mL every 24 hours for five days duration. In the last chapter, we can

observe the significant changes of the examination results of the urinalysis from before

and after the intake of the Eleusine indica extract. Based on those results, 40% of the

20mL respondent group showed huge improvement of symptoms before and after the

Eleusine indica extract intake. It only means that the Eleusine indica (Paragis) is

effective is treating Urinary Tract Infection in this dosage.

On the other hand, the group of respondents that took 30mL dosage of Eleusine

indica aqueous extract was given exactly 150mL of Eleusine indica extract for each of

them to take 30mL every 24 hours for five days duration. It can be observed from the

examination results in the last chapter, only one respondent out of five showed

effectiveness which would mean only 20% of the 30mL respondent group had showed

symptoms improvement from the intake of the Eleusine indica extract. As stated in the

study of Garcia, R.M., Santos, A. B., & Cruz, L. B. (2020). Comparative studies of

Paragis (Eleusine Indica) dosage forms in the management of common ailments.

The reason why Eleusine indica was able to effectively improve the respondents’

symptom conditions is because the plant contained various bioactive compounds such

as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins, which this study proves to have shown

antibacterial properties against a wide range of bacterial pathogens like this of in

Urinary Tract Infection. This is based on the theory and hypothesis that Eleusine indica

possesses antibacterial properties that could be used to treat UTIs caused by UPEC, K.

pneumoniae, and P. mirabilis as stated in the article by Ettenbong E., Ubulom P., and

Obot D. (2020).
 CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the conclusion and recommendation of the study,

Conclusion

Based on the findings, Eleusine indica (Paragis) is effective in treating Urinary

Tract Infection. Although the results showed difference in their effectivity based on the

different dosages of the two divided respondent groups. But in overall, three out of 10,

which means 25% showed an improvement of symptoms that proves that Eleusine

indica (Paragis) is effective in treating Urinary Tract Infection.

Recommendations

From then conclusions drawn, the study recommends the following:

1. Since the researchers only got to test samples from 10 UTI patients, the

researchers recommend to added more respondents to make the study even

stronger.

2. Increase the dosage of the Eleusine indica extract to provide more evidence that

at a higher dosage, the higher rate of effectiveness in treating urinary tract

infection.

3. Seek advice from professionals and base them from past related studies.

4. That next researchers continue to conduct and develop the study to know more

of the beneficial effects of Eleusine indica.

5. Additional reading and further studies advised to improve and enhance the

curatic properties of paragis extracts.

6. Use other statistical tools in determining the significance of the results.

For further studies, the researchers suggest:

1. To compare the potency of Eleusine indica extract to other commercial medicine.

2. To conduct phytochemical screening to determine the medically active

substances found in Eleusine indica.

3. To test the potency of Eleusine indica in treating other diseases.

4. To try other extraction processes other than using the filtration method.

5. To undergo culture and sensitivity testing.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Eleusine indica

Abdelwahab, et al (2011) Eleucine indica Possesses Antioxidant, Antibacterial and

Cytotoxic Properties. Retrieved on 15 August 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/965370/.

Aguila, et al (2015) Antiurolithiatic activity of ethanolic extract of Eleusine indica Linn.

(Poaceae) leaves in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in male Sprague Dawley rats.

Retrieved on 15 August 2019. Retrieved from https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2019/06/Steth-2018-004

Britton, N. L. and Brown, A. (2013). Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Retrieved on 22 August

2019. Retrieved from https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELIN3

Chin, H. F., et al (2019). Invasive Species Compendium. Retrieved on 22 August 2019.

Retrieved from https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/20675

Gruyal, Palmes and Roasario (2014). Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Residents in

Northern Surigao del Sur, Philippines. 2, 4. Retrieved on 21 August 2019. Retrieved

from https://www.longdom.org/open-access/ethnomedicinal-plants-used-by-residents-in-

northern-surigao-del-sur-philippines-2329-6836.1000140.

Hall, Lowe and Zhang (2017). Complete plastid genome sequence

of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and comparison with other Poaceae. Retrieved on 21

August 2019. Retrieved from

https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/g/goosegrass+eleusine+indica

Heuz, V., et al (2019). Goose Grass (Eleusine indica). Date retrieved on 15 Agust 2019.

Retrieved from https://www.feedipedia.org/node/446

Iqbal and Gnanaraj (2012). Eleusine indica L. possesses antioxidant activity and

precludes carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-mediated oxidative hepatic damage in rats. 4,

307–315. Retrieved on 21 August 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3390565/.

Ivens (2011). Eleusine indica. Date retrieved on 19 September 2019. Retrieved from

http://publish.plantnet-project.org/project/riceweeds_en/collection/collection/

information/details/ELEIN

Escherichia coli

Mayo Clinic (2013) E. Coli. Date retrieved on 15 September 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/e-coli/symptoms-causes/syc-20372058

Mayo Clinic (2013). Escherechia Coli Infections. Date retrieved on 21 September 2019.

Retrieved from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217485-overview

Escherechia Coli and Urinary Track Infection

Alanazi, M., Aleanizy, F., Alqhatani, F. (2018). An evaluation of E. coli in urinary tract

infection in emergency department at KAMC in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: retrospective

study. Date Retrieved on 21 September 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5806437/

Harvard Health Publishing (2015). When urinary track infections keep coming back.

Date retrieved on 21 September 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.health.harvard.edu/bladder-and-bowel/when-urinary-tract-infections-keep-

coming-back

Lee, S. D., et al (2018) Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infection by Escherichia

coli in the Era of Antibiotic Resistance. Date retrieved on 21 September 2019. Retrieved

from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6178185/
Mayo Clinic (2013) Urinary Track Infection. Date retrieved on 21 September 2019.

Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/

symptoms-causes/syc-20353447

UCSF Health (2012). Urinary Track Infections. Date retrieved on 21 September 2019.

Retrieved from https://www.ucsfhealth.org/conditions/urinary-tract-infections

Escherichia coli and Eleusine indica

Al-Zubairi, A. et al (2011). Eleucine indica Possesses Antioxidant, Antibacterial and

Cytotoxic Properties. Date retrieved on 2 October 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/965370/

Lindain, J. M., et al (2018). Antibacterial and teratogenic activity of Eleusine indica leaf

extracts. Date retrieved on 2 October 2019. Retrieved from

https://innspub.net/jbes/antibacterial-teratogenic-activity-eleusine-indica-leaf-extracts

Morah, F. (2015). Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic activity of Eleusine indica. Date

Retrieved on 21 September 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/go.GetApp.html?_sg=9a1Pi0Wy4q4dn-

aRLLfufZQ_vEloYinCljUfFLlwTpRH4D5gZIIwSrLWZWpMoYrwuycgXibExLjwnftTj8osuM

b7-zF4bS6ax-

Vn1edCQn8&originCh=bannerStatsCopy&relativePath=publicationLoggedOut&intereste

d=true

Sagnia, B., et al (2014). Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Extracts

from Cassia alata, Eleusine indica, Eremomastax speciosa, Carica

papaya and Polyscias fulva Medicinal Plants Collected in Cameroon. Date retrieved on

2 October 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4121200

Review of Related Literature

Agbafor, Andrew, Dasofunjo ,Kingsley, Nnaemeka, Nwaka and Ugwu. (2017).

CREATININE, UREA AND URIC ACID LEVELS IN ALBINO RATS TREATED WITH

LEAF EXTRACT OF CANJANUS CAJAN (PIGEON PEA). Retrieved on 15 August

2019. Retrieved from

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330025606_CREATININE_UREA_AND_URIC

_ACID_LEVELS_IN_ALBINO_RATS_TREATED_WITH_LEAF_EXTRACT_OF_CANJA

NUS_CAJAN_PIGEON_PEA.

Balangcod, T., et al (2012). Phytocemical screening and Antibactrial activity of selected

medicinal plants of bayabas, Sablan, Benguet Province, Cordillera Administrative

Region, Luzon, Philippines. Date retrieved on 23 October 2019. Retrieved from

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0f32/bce38fe012bc5722eee273b9807312812937.pdf

Da Silva, L. A., et al (2017). ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF

SELECTED PLANTS USED BY POPULATIONS FROM JURUENA VALLEY, LEGAL

AMAZON, BRAZIL. Date retrieved on 12 November 2019. Retrieved from

https://innovareacademics.in/journals/index.php/ijpps/article/view/17086/10907

Davis (2010). Creatinine(low, High, Blood Test Results) Retrieved on 13 August 2019.

Retrieved from https://www.medicinenet.com/creatinine_blood_test/article.htm.

Demirkan & Melli (2011). A simple and inexpensive device for collecting urine samples

from rats. Retrieved on 13 August 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.nature.com/articles/laban0207-39.

Diva., K. D. (2018). Antibacterial Activity of Wiregrass (Eleusine indica) and Pandanus

Specie Leaves Extract Against Escherichia coli. Date retrieved on 17 November 2019.

Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/document/370044269/Antibacterial-Activity-of-

Wiregrass-Eleusine-Indica-and-Pandanus-Specie-Leaves-Extract-Against-Escherichia-

Coli

Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies (2017). In vitro antimicrobial evaluation of whole-

plant extracts of Eleucine indica. Date retrieved on 20 October 2019. Retrieved from

http://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2017/vol5issue4/PartB/5-4-7-989.pdf

Kesavan, Parasuraman, Raveendran (2010). Blood sample collection in small

laboratory animals. Retrieved on 13 August 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3043327/.

Lepschy. Palme, Rettenbacher and Touma (2010). Excretion of catecholamines in rats,

mice and chicken. Retrieved on 15 August 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755763/.

Philippine Medical Plants (2017). Paragis. Date retrieved on 12 November 2019.

Retrieved from http://www.stuartxchange.com/Paragis.html

University of Minnesota Research Services (2013). Anaesthesia Guidelines: Rats.

Retrieved on 15 August 2019. Retrieved from

https://www.researchservices.umn.edu/services-name/research-animal-resources/

research-support/guidelines/anesthesia-rats.
 DOCUMENTATION

LABORATORY (URINALYSIS TEST)

MAKING THE PARAGIS EXTRACT
 CURRICULUM VITAE

AYCO, JUSTINE ADRIAN N.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Address: RH – 6 Rosales St., Purok Pinnen, Cotabato City

Mobile no.: 09163348578

Email: aycojustine20@gmail.com

Nationality: Filipino

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Justine Adrian Nicor Ayco

Nickname: Jus/Tin

Age: 21

Birthdate: March 20, 2002

Address: RH – 6 Rosales St., Purok Pinnen, Cotabato City

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS

College:

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGE, INC.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

2020-Present

Senior High School:

NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY– SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Notre Dame Avenue, RH – 3, Cotabato City

2018-2020
Junior High School:

NOTRE DAME VILLAGE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

San Herminigildo St., RH – 8, Cotabato City

2014-2018

Elementary School:

SERO CENTRAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Don E. Sero St., Cotabato City

2007-2014
AMIR, SITTIE HUDDAH M.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Address: #128 Bagua 1, Cotabato City

Mobile no.: 09954965268

Email: sittieamir@gmail.com

Nationality: Filipino

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Sittie Huddah Malang Amir

Nickname: Sittie

Age: 21

Birthdate: May 15, 2002

Address: #128 Bagua 1, Cotabato City

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS

College:

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGE, INC.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

2020-Present

Senior High School:

NOTRE DAME OF COTABATO

#63 Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

2018-2020
Junior High School:

NOTRE DAME OF COTABATO

#63 Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

2014-2018

Elementary School:

A.R. PACHECO COLLEGE, INC.

Destiny Road, RH – 12, Bagua II, Cotabato City

2007-2011

SHARIFF KABUNSUAN COLLEGE INC.

Bagua I, Lugay-Lugay St., Cotabato City

2011-2014
YUSOF, WELHELMENA E.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Address: Gang, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao

Mobile no.: 09363164132

Email: welhelmenaembingyusof@gmail.com

Nationality: Filipino

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Welhelmena Embing Yusof

Nickname: Bai

Age: 22

Birthdate: March 25, 2001

Address: Gang, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS

College:

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGE, INC.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

2020-Present

Senior High School:

SULTAN KUDARAT ISLAMIC ACADEMY

Bulalo, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao

2018-2020
Junior High School:

SULTAN KUDARAT ISLAMIC ACADEMY

Bulalo, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao

2014-2018

Elementary School:

COTABATO CITY CENTRAL PILOT SCHOOL

Sinsuat Avenue, Cotabato City

FLORES, MARK KIAN B.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Address: #53 Krislamville, Santos St. RH - 6 Cotabato City

Mobile no.: 09355255268

Email: kianmark612@gmail.com

Nationality: Filipino

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Mark Kian Bathan Flores

Nickname: Yan/K

Age: 21

Birthdate: December 10, 2001

Address: #53 Krislamville, Santos St. RH - 6 Cotabato City

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS

College:

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGE, INC.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

2020-Present

Senior High School:

NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY– SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Notre Dame Avenue, RH – 3, Cotabato City

2018-2020
Junior High School:

SAN VICENTE ACADEMY

Gov. Gutierrez Avenue, RH – 9, Cotabato City

2014-2018

Elementary School:

SERO CENTRAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Don E. Sero St., Cotabato City

2008-2014
MASTURA, ALAISSA L.

Course: Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

Address: Crossing Pinaring, Ibotigen Road, Sultan Kudarat

Maguindanao

Mobile no.: 09051463586

Email: laizmastura@gmail.com

Nationality: Filipino

I. PERSONAL INFORMATION

Name: Alaissa Latada Mastura

Nickname: Bai/Chuchay

Age: 21

Birthdate: December 20, 2001

Address: Crossing Pinaring, Ibotigen Road, Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao

II. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENTS

College:

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGE, INC.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

2020-Present

Senior High School:

NOTRE DAME UNIVERSITY– SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Notre Dame Avenue, RH – 3, Cotabato City

2018-2020
Junior High School:

DR. P. OCAMPO COLLEGE, INC.

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology

De Mazenod Avenue Extension, Cotabato City

2014-2018

Elementary School:

VILO CENTRAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Notre Dame Avenue, Cotabato City

2011-2014