,A!

`ò
1. Ÿö *ÍÀ
3 4
| i= |ui + i |di
5 5
• (8⌃) °ó Ö<h |ˆx | i åh |ˆy | i
• (10⌃) °ó ˆx2 å ˆy2 ÉÏ·≥ I✏ ˆx2 + ˆy2 1⌫

2. ⇤Q≤I-œÑÍÀå+Ñ ˚fl ÉÏ €*œP |u, alivei |d, alivei

|u, deadiå|d, deadi. Àˆ; Ÿ*˚fl⌅éÇ↵œP
p ! p
3 1 3 1
| 0i = |ui i |di ⌦ |alivei = |u, alivei i |d, alivei
2 2 2 2

∞(+˘ÍÀ€LKœ. g⇢ L⌃∫ ˚fl⇢ÿ⇣

p
3 1
| 1i = |u, alivei i |d, deadi
2 2
gÂ,»9„ ÇúKœ”ú/ÍÀ⌘↵ ‚⇧L):

| 2i = |d, deadi

∞(ä|u, alivei |d, alivei |u, deadi å|d, deadiô⇣Ç↵⌫⌘œ

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0
B0 C B1C B0 C B0 C
|u, alivei = B C B C B C B C
@0A , |d, alivei = @0A , |u, deadi = @1A , |d, deadi = @0A .
0 0 0 1

(a) 4⌃ ˜å¡| 1i =U| 0i v-

0 1
1 0 0 0
B0 0 0 1C
U =B
@0
C
0 1 0A
0 1 0 0

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 (b) 4⌃ ˜å¡| 2i = A| 1 i, v-
0 1
0 0 0 0
B0 0 0 0C
A=B
@0
C
0 0 0A
0 0 0 2i

(c) 4⌃ ¡ U / *zcÈ5 , A / *zcÈ5⇥

3. 10⌃ J∫lßA— !Ö∞ ⌃∏ >˙Ñ *ÿ˝5Pfi

⌘Ü0⇤. ùnœPõf€LÑ0óJ…⌘Ï œŸ*5PÑ‚˝
pÑJÑ⌃æ0109 1024 s ‹‹'é0⇤ÑÙÑ107 s. Ÿ*5P
0æ0⇤ ⇢å0⇤⌦ÑDNA¯í\( ¸Ù–*˙‡— Åÿ⇥
¯í\(— M ⌘Ïs√Ñ˚flÑ‚˝p'ÙÔÂô⇣
0
| 0i = (a | 1i + b| 2 i) ⌦| DNA i

ŸÃ| 1 ih:åDNA(zÙ⌦° Õ‡ÑíP‚˝p | 2 ih:åDNAÕ

‡ÑíP‚˝p; | 0DN A i/œ° DNAÅÿÑ‚˝p⇥1éíPÑ
‚˝p^8Ω ÉåDNAÑÕ‡Ë⌃à✏ @Â|a|2 |b|2 ⇥íP
åDNA¯í\( ‚˝p⇢ÿ⇣
0 m
| fi = a| 1i ⌦| DNA i + b| 2i ⌦| DNA i

1é| 1 iåDNA(zÙ⌦° Õ‡ É ⇢©DNA— ˚Uÿ | 2 iåDNA(

zÙ⌦Õ‡ É⇢¸ÙDNA— Åÿ⇥GæŸ*ÅÿÑ˙‡⇢©–
Í{®i˙“e⇥ ⌃+(‚⇧L)⌃∫å⇢ L⌃∫eœŸ
*eÍJ∫lßAÑ5PåDNA\(Ñ ú⇥

12