EKBKJK@

I]HCFC]KHO

]KHKEKH \IVK]

Mcsih Tiefoefohn
Mr. Ijos ]kefkru, E.so

Bijcepcb 67
Osjk` Ekmgom (@4=;;>;<;4)

Vihso Toro (@4=;;>;460)

\otto Hurkoho Vk`ek` (@4=;;>;94?)

Kyu Khnnriho \ugotc (@4=;;>;4;9)

Kroho Busuek ^krmkho (@4=;;>;461)

MITKV]IEIH FOCJCNO
AKBYJ]K\ EK]IEK]OBK MKH OJEY TIHNI]K@YKH KJKE
YHOQIV\O]K\ @K\KHYMMOH

EKBK\\KV
6464

;
 BK]K TIHNKH]KV

Tugo \yubur Bkeo eihnulkpbkh bipkmk ]u`kh _khn Ek`k Isk, bkrihk ktks ozohHyk

Bkeo mkpkt eihyijiskobkh ekbkjk` oho mihnkh gumuj ‚]khkekh \irkt― ykhn eirupkbkh
eirupkbkh skjk`
sktu pcbcb
pcbcb fk`kskh
fk`kskh mkjke ektk bujok`
bujok` Ithcfctkho. \iecnk mihnkh kmkhyk ekbkjk`
ekbkjk` oho mkpkt

eihkefk` pihnitk`ukh mkh mkh fosk eihnkpjobksobkhhyk.

Bkeoo eihykm
Bke eihykmkro
kro mkjke
mkjke pihujos
pihujoskh
kh ekbkjk
ekbkjk`
` oho,
oho, ekso`
ekso` fkhykb
fkhykb biburkh
biburkhnkh
nkh ekupuh
ekupuh

biskjk`kh. Cji` bkrihk otu, Bkeo skhnkt eihn`krkpbkh eksubkh firupk brotob mkh skrkh ykhn

soakthyk eiefkhnuh.

Kb`orhyk
Kb`orhyk pihujos
pihujos eihnulkpbkh
eihnulkpbkh tiroek bkso` bipkmk sieuk po`kb ykhn tijk` eiefkhtu
eiefkhtu

mkjke eihyusuh ekbkjk` oho, tirutkek pkmk mcsih pihnkepu ektk bujok` oho.

Ekbksskr, 6? Aifrukro 6464

Bijcepcb 6

o
 MKA]KV O\O

Bktk Tihnkhtkr ........................................................................................................................... o

Mkatkr Oso .................................................................................................................................... oo

Fkf O. Tihmk`ujukh .................................................................................................................... ;

O.; Jktkr Fijkbkhn ..................................................................................................................... ;

O.6 ]ugukh ................................................................................................................................... <

Fkf OO. Tiefk`kskh ................................................................................................................... =

OO.; ]khkekh \irkt Johue/Johih .............................................................................................. =

OO.6 ]khkekh \irkt Hihks .......................................................................................................... >

OO.< ]khkekh \irkt @ihip ......................................................................................................... ?

OO.= ]khkekh \irkt Bkpub ................................................

..............................................................................................
......................................................
..........
.. ;;

OO.9 ]khkekh \irkt Vkeo ........................................................................................................... ;<

OO.1 ]khkekh \irkt Guti ............................................................................................................. ;9

OO.> ]khkekh \irkt Kfkbk ......................................................................................................... ;0

OO.0 ]khkekh \irkt Bihka .......................................................................................................... 6<

OO.? ]khkekh \irkt Vcsijjk ........................................................................................................ 61

oo
OO.;4 ]khkekh \irkt \uhh .......................................................................................................... 6?

Fkf OOO. Tihutup ......................................................................................................................... <6

OOO.; Bisoepujkh ........................................................................................................................ <6

Mkatkr Tustkbk ............................................................................................................................ <<

ooo
 FKF O

TIHMK@YJYKH

O.; Jktkr Fijkbkhn

\irkt kmkjk` suktu gihos fk`kh firupk pctchnkh-pctchnkh bcepchih ykhn eiefihtub

gkrohnkh eiekhgkhn ykhn utu`. Ekhusok eihnnuhkbkh sirkt mkjke fkhykb `kj ykotu uhtub

eiefukt tkjo, bkoh, fihkhn ktku birtks. Firmkskrbkh suefirhyk sirkt mkpkt moncjchnbkh eihgkmo

muk gihos ykotu sirkt kjke mkh sirkt sohtitos (Hcirkto, 64;<).

\irkt kjke eirupkbkh skjk` sktu pctihso fk`kh fkbu tibstoj ykhn moeojobo cji` fkhnsk

Ohmchisok. Tctihso oho mkpkt firbiefkhn mihnkh fkob kpkfojk kmk usk`k uhtub tirus firohcvkso

mkh firbrikso. \irkt kjke sifknko fk`kh fkbu tibstoj eieojobo biuhnnujkh mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh

sirkt sohtitos. \ifknko bcepchih pihnukt mo mkjke ektirokj bcepcsot, sirkt kjke eiepuhyko

biuhn
biuhnnu
nujk
jkh
h khtk
khtkrk
rk jkoh
jkoh so
soak
akth
thyk
yk ykhn
ykhn mkpk
mkpktt mopir
mopirfkr
fkruo
uo,, mkpk
mkpktt momk
momkur
ur ujkh
ujkhn
n si
sirt
rtkk mkpk
mkpktt

tirfocminrkmkso mo johnbuhnkh (Woeeirekhh it kj. 644=). \ijkoh otu, sirkt kjke eiepuhyko soakt

eibkhob ykhn fkob mkh jifo` eurk` gobk mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh sirkt sohtitos.

\irkt kjke tijk` fkhykb monuhkbkh sifknko fk`kh fkbu tibstoj mo Ohmchisok, fk`bkh

hinkrk jukrpuh gunk tijk` eiekhakktbkh sirkt kjke oho. Binuhkkh sirkt kjke tomkb `khyk sifknko

fk`kh fkbu tibstoj, sirkt kjke gunk mkpkt moekhakktbkh mkjke fomkhn ohmustro, eoskjhyk sifknko

fk`kh pirimke sukrk, oscjktcr pkhks, mkh pihnoso jcnke pohtu biritk kpo. \irkt kjke mkpkt

mopircji` mkro firfknko eklke tkhkekh sipirto rueput nkgk`, kjkhn-kjkhn kor mkh poskhn rkgk,

ykhn
ykhn fosk
fosk monuh
monuhkb
kbkh
kh uhtub
uhtub eiep
eiepir
irbu
bukt
kt fitc
fitch
h fkhn
fkhnuhk
uhkh
h (Fkj
(Fkjknu
knuru
ru mkh
mkh \`k`,
\`k`, ;??6)
;??6)..

Tihnnuhkkh sirkt kjke sifknko pihnnkhto sirkt sohtitos eirupkbkh skjk` sktu jkhnbk` fogkb

;
mkjke eihohnbktbkh hojko ibchceos sirkt kjke eihnohnkt bitirfktkskh suefir mkyk kjke ykhn

tomkb mkpkt mopirfk`kruo.

Miwksk oho piefirmkykkh ekhakkt mkro sirkt kjkeo tijk` fkhykb mobiefkhnbkh, eujko mkro

birkgohkh sifknko `okskh, piefuktkh tks, `ohnnk mkjke muhok Ohmustro ]isbtoj Ohtirocr sifknko

fk`kh fkbu sirkt bkoh, bkrihk moskepohn eurk`, sirkt kjkeo gunk bukt mkh rohnkh.

Bitirnkhtuhnkh ohmustro tibstoj mkh prcmub tibstoj (]T]) Ohmchisok tir`kmkp fk`kh fkbu

sirkt oepcr skhnkt tohnno. Ohmchisok eihnoepcr sirkt bkpks ??.9% mkro bifutu`kh sirkt bkpks

mkjke hiniro. Bikmkkh sipirto oho firosobc tohnno pkmk wkbtu tirgkmo ajubtukso ykhn tkgke pkmk

`krnk
`krnk mkh supjko
supjko bkpks
bkpks muhok
muhok si`ohn
si`ohnnk
nk mkpkt
mkpkt eihnkhl
eihnkhlke
ke bijkhn
bijkhnsuh
suhnkh
nkh ohmust
ohmustro
ro ]T] ykhn
ykhn

eihyir
eihyirkp
kp fkhykb
fkhykb tihknk
tihknk birgk.
birgk. Mkro
Mkro mktk
mktk FT\ tk`uh 644=,
644=, pieksc
piekscb
b bkpks
bkpks utkek
utkek kmkjk`
kmkjk`

Keirobk mkh Kustrkjok ykhn prcpcrsohyk jifo` mkro sitihnk` (9;.0%) bifutu`kh bkpks Ohmchisok.

Ohmchis
Ohmchisok
ok sitokp
sitokp tk`uh
tk`uh eihnoe
eihnoepcr
pcr sirkt
sirkt bkpks
bkpks rkt
rktk-r
k-rktk
ktk >44.444
>44.444 tch.
tch. Mihnkh
Mihnkh kbkh

molkfuthyk sufsomo ibspcr sirkt bkpks mo hinkrk ekgu, momunk kbkh firmkepkb hinktoa pkmk

ohmustro ]T] (tibstoj mkh prcmub tibstoj) mo Ohmchisok. @kj pihtohn jkohhyk tirbkot mihnkh fk`kh

fkbu tibstoj kmkjk` bihkobkh `krnk eohykb fueo muhok ykhn eihlkpko jifo` mkro Y\$14 pir

fkrrij. Bikmkkh oho gunk eihohnbktbkh `krnk sirkt sohtitos ykhn firfk`kh fkbu mkro eohykb

fueo. Bchmoso oho silkrk tomkb jkhnsuhn kbkh eihohnbktbkh pireohtkkh tibstoj firfk`kh kjkeo
tireksub bkpks. Bitirnkhtuhnkh tir`kmkp fk`kh fkbu oepcr pirju moburkhno mihnkh pihohnbktkh

prcmubso mo mkjke hiniro.

\ifknko usk`k khtosopkso bieuhnbohkh tirgkmo bijkhnbkkh sirkt bkpks mo mkjke hiniro,

ekbk usk`k uhtub eiekhakktbkh sirkt kjke sijkoh bkpks sifknko fk`kh fkbu kjtirhktoa uhtub

tibstoj pirju moupkykbkh. Fkhykb tkhkekh sirkt kjke ykhn eieojobo pijukhn uhtub mogkmobkh

fk`kh fkbu kjtirhktoa ktku supjieih sirkt bkpks, khtkrk jkoh7 rkeo ( Fci`eirok hovik), kfkbk

6
(Eusk tixtojos Hii), yuti (Lcrl`
Lcrl`crus lkpsujkros J. mk
crus lkpsujkros mkh L. cjotcrous J.
cjotcrous J.),
), bihka
bihka (@ofoslus

lkhhkfohus J.), soskj (Knkvi soskjkhk J.), johue ktku ajkx ( Johue usotktossoeue J.), mkh bkpub

(Liofk pihtkhmrk N.).

Mkjk
Mkjke
e ekbk
ekbkjk
jk`
` oho
oho bkeo
bkeo kb
kbkh
kh eief
eiefk`
k`ks
ks joek
joek tkhk
tkhkek
ekh
h si
sirk
rktt yk
ykhn
hn si
silk
lkrk
rk juks
juks

moekhakktbkh mo Ohmchisok. Kmkpuh kspib-kspib ykhn kbkh mofk`ks kmkjk` sifknko firobut7 ;.

Misbropso ecracjcno2 6. Tkekhakktkh mkh pctihso2 <. Tiefumokmkykkh mkh pihohnbktkh bukjotks.

;.6 ]ugukh

Kmkpuh tugukh mkro pihujoskh ekbkjk` oho kmkjk` sifknko firobut7

;. Yhtub eihnitk`uo ekhakkt mkh pctihso pkmk tkhkekh sirkt.

6. Yhtub eihnitk`uo lkrk pihncjk`kh sirkt mkh pihohnbktkh bukjotks mkro tkhkekh.

<
 FKF OO
TIEFK@K\KH

6.; ]KHKEKH \IVK] JOHYE/JOHIH

k. Bkrkbtirostob Johue

Mo
Mobi
bihk
hkjj mi
mihn
hnh
h hk
hkek
ek ajkx mo Ir
Ircp
cpk,
k, eiep
eiepuh
uhyk
ykoo hkek
hkek fohc
fohceo
eokj
kjhy
hykk yk
ykot
otu
u Johue

usotktossoeue, mkh hkek jcbkj ykotu Johue . Johue usotktossoeue eirupkbkh tkhkekh fir`kro

pkhgkhn. Yhtub `ksoj sirkt cptoeue mkh firbukjotks, tkhkekh oho eiefutu`bkh tiepirktur

simkhn `ohnnk mohnoh mkh bijiefkfkh lubup sijkek eksk pirtuefu`kh. @ksoj cptoeue mo

Ircpk, mopircji` mihnkh boskrkh tiepirktur ;4-<4´L, bijiefkfkh rijktoa 14->4%, mkh lurk`

`ugkh ;94-644 ee. @ugkh mirks mkh khnoh bihlkhn kbkh eihyifkfbkh tkhkekh oho rcfc`.

Ibspiroeih mo Gkwk pkmk tk`uh ;?<4kh, eihnohmobksobkh fk`wk uhtub eihn`ksojbkh bukjotks

sirkt ykhn fknus pkmk bitohnnokh ;444-;144 e. Tkmk ibspiroeih pkmk kwkj tk`uh ;?04kh pkmk

bitohnnokh 044 `ohnnk ;=44 e, ;< bujtovkr

mk
mkpk
pktt tuefu
uefu`
` fk
fknu
nus,
s, mk
mkjjke krt
krto tohn
hnno
no

tkhk
tkhkek
ekh
h mk
mkh
h fi
firk
rktt biro
birohn
hn girk
girkeo
eo,, pk
pkmk
mk

bito
bitohn
hnno
nokh
kh ;6
;644
44 e. Kbkh
Kbkh titk
titkpo
po sk
skep
epko
ko

sibkrkhn tkhkekh Johue fijue

mobiefkhnbkh silkrk bceirsokj mo Ohmchisok.

=
Nkefkr ;. Bijcpkb, mopirfiskr, 6. Buhlup fuhnk tkhpk bijcpkb fuhnk, <. Titkj, = mkh 9 Fihkhn
skro mkro soso ykhn firfimk, 1. Futor sirfub skro, >. \tiepij mihnkh pihsoj ykhn monujuhn, 0
Fuhnk mkh ek`bctk fifks, tkhpk fihkhn skro sufur, 0k gunk skek tkpo mihnkh fihkhn skro, ?.
\kek mihnkh fknokh mkjke eiefugur, ;4 mkh ;; Fuk` eumk mkro soso ykhn firfimk skek sipirto
mo ktks, ;6. \kyktkh eijohtkhn ykhn skek sipirto mo ktks, ;<. \kek sipirto mo ktks, ;=. Fuk`
ekskb mopirfiskr, ;9. \kek mo fknokh eiefugur

f. \irkt Johih

Johih eieojobo sirkt ykhn rijktoa

rijktoa pkhgkhn

mofk
mofkhm
hmoh
ohnb
nbkh
kh bktuh
bktuh mkh
mkh si
sirk
rktt kjke
kjkeoo jkoh
jkohhy
hyk.
k.

Tkhgkhnhyk firvkrokso mkro 69 skepko ;94 le mkh

rktk-r
rktk-rktk
ktk firmok
firmokeit
eitir
ir ;6-;1
;6-;1 eolrce
eolrceitir
itir.. \irkt
\irkt

johih mkpkt moomihtoaobkso mkro nurktkh eiekhgkhn

mkh ruks-ruks skefuhnkh pkmk sirkthyk. Vuks-

ruks pkmk sirkt oho eiefukt fk`kh johih eihgkmo

jifo`
Nkefkr 6. \irkt Johih
jihtur

mkh firtibstur.

\ijkoh pkhgkhn, sirkt johih gunk eihnbojkp gobk sumk` mopohtkj eihgkmo fihkhn. \irkthyk

muk skepko tonk bkjo jifo` bukt mkro bktuh mkh uguhn-uguhn sirkthyk tomkb fkhykb firfuju sipirto

pkmk bktuh. \itijk` eihgkmo bkoh puh johih tirjo`kt jifo` eihnbojkp mofkhmohn sirkt kjkeo gihos

jkoh.

Johih
Johih eieojo
eieojobo
bo soa
soakt
kt eihmoh
eihmohnoh
nohbkh
bkh mkh eihyin
eihyinkrb
krbkh
kh mo umkrk
umkrk ykhn pkhks.
pkhks. Eumk`
Eumk`

eihyirkp mkh bchmubtcr ykhn fkob uhtub pkhks. Mkyk sirkp johih skhnkt fkob si`ohnnk mkpkt

eihyirkp 64% bijiefkfkh tkhpk eihgkmo jiefkf. \itijk` eihgkmo bkoh mkh sumk` eijkjuo

9
prcsis kb`or ykhn fkob, tirbkmkhn-bkmkhn sujot eiefimkbkh khtkrk bktuh mkh johih. Yhtub

eihnomihtoaobkso bktuh fokskhyk mojo`kt mkro pireubkkh fihkhn-fihkhnhyk. \irkt bktuh rijktoa

pihmib mkh gobk bkoh ykhn tirfukt mkro bktuh moncscb mihnkh gkro kbkh eihgkmo firfuju. Gobk

ruskb/putus, fknokh uguhn sirkt bktuh tuepuj. \imkhnkh johih gobk sirkthyk putus, uguhn sirkt

ykhn putus lihmiruhn jkhlop. Fihkhn johih jifo` bukt mkropkmk bktuh, jifo` eihnbojkp mkh

fokskhyk jifo` tomkb skek rktk. Fifirkpk gihos johih eieojobo fihkhn ykhn mktkr, tkpo bktuh

sirohnbkjo moprcsis supkyk fosk eihyirupko fihkhn johih ykhn mktkr.

Fk`kh johih gku` jifo` ek`kj mkropkmk bktuh mo pkskrkh. Fkgu ykhn tirfukt mkro johih

tomkb `khyk `kjus, eihnbojkp mkh tirjo`kt ek`kj tkpo gunk tomkb eumk` bctcr mofkhmohnbkh

mihnkh bktuh. \irkt johih gunk firsoakt jifo` eumk` mofirso`bkh mkro hcmk fojk mofkhmohnbkh

mihnkh bktuh. \iekboh sirohn molulo kbkh siekboh jiefut, hkeuh gobk mojopkt silkrk bukt

firbkjo-bkjo pkmk tiepkt ykhn skek mkpkt eihnkbofktbkh putushyk fihkhn pkmk fknokh ykhn

mojopkt. @kj oho foksk tirgkmo pkmk fknokh jopktkh birk`, bijoekh mkh krik jopktkh ykhn mositirobk

sitijk`
sitijk` pihlulokh.
pihlulokh. Johih eieojobo
eieojobo ijkstosotks
ijkstosotks ykhn furub mkh tomkb mkpkt eiefkj silkrk lipkt,

`kj ohojk` ykhn eihyifkfbkh fk`kh oho eumk` busut.

Mkjke `kj rikbso mihnkh jkrutkh boeok, Johih jifo` rihtkh

rihtkh `khlur mofkhmohnbkh
mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh

bktuh mkh tomkb kbkh firtk`kh gobk momomo`bkh mihnkh kjbkjo, fufub pieuto` mkh fk`kh cbsomkso

jkohhy
jkohhyk.
k. Bkrkbt
Bkrkbtir
ir ohojk`
ohojk` ykhn eiefuk
eiefuktt rikbso
rikbso johih
johih jkefkt
jkefkt tir`kmk
tir`kmkp
p fk`kh
fk`kh piwkrhk
piwkrhk mkh

eiefukthyk sujot uhtub eihmkpktbkh wkrhk ykhn bukt ykhn mkpkt eihnobkt sirkt. Mkyk sirkp

fk`kh johih tir`kmkp jkrutkh piwkrhk rihmk`. Cji` bkrihk otu fk`kh johih omihtob mihnkh wkrhk

puto` mkh hkturkj bkrihk

bkrihk wkrhk tirsifut ykhn pkjohn fkob bukjotkshyk uhtu
uhtubb fk`kh johih.

1
 Nkefkr <. \irkt Johih
6.6 ]KHKEKH \IVK] HKHK\

k. Bkrkbtirostob Hkhks

]khkekh
]khkekh hkhks eiepuhyko
eiepuhyko hkek fctkho Khkhks lcecsus J. Eirr. ]khkekh hkhks gobk

mobjksoao
mobjksoaobksobk
bksobkh
h tireksub
tireksub tkhkekh
tkhkekh firfuhnk.
firfuhnk. Bjksoaobks
Bjksoaobksoo mkro tkhkekh hkhks kmkjk` sifknko
sifknko

firobut7

Bohnmce 7 Tjkhtki

\u
\ufbo
fbohn
hnmce
mce 7 ]r
]rkl
kl`i
`icfo
cfoch
chtk
tk
Movoso 7 Eknhcjocp`ytk
Bijks 7 Jojocpsomk
Crmc 7 Akrohcski
\ufcrmc 7 Lceijohomki
Akhojok 7 Frceijokliki
Nihus 7 Khkhks
\pisois 7 Khkhks lcecsus
Hkhks sirohn mosifut frceijookm mihnk
frceij mihnkh
h ji
jifo
fo`
` mkro
mkro 6=44
6=44 birk
birkfk
fktt ykhn
ykhn eieo
eieojo
jobo
bo

pihkepojkh eihkrob. ]khkekh hkhks tireksub akeojok hkhks-hkhkskh. ]khkekh oho kmkjk`

tkhkekh trcpos ykhn firkskj mkro Frkzojok, Fcjovok, mkh Tkrknuky mo Keirobk \ijktkh. Fuk` hkhks

fubkh fuk` sigkto, eijkohbkh nkfuhnkh fuk`-fuk` sigkto ykhn fibkshyk tirjo`kt mkro sitokp sosob

pkmk bujot fuk`. Mkjke pirbiefkhnkhhyk tirnkfuhn firskek mihnkh tchnbcj fuk`. Hkhks

eirupkbkh tkhkekh fuk` ykhn fuk`hyk sijkju tirsimok sipkhgkhn tk`uh. Fuk`hyk fuk` fuho

ekgieu
ekgieub
b mihnkh
mihnkh fihtub
fihtub fujkt
fujkt pkhgkhn
pkhgkhn firmkn
firmknohn
ohn,, mkh firwkr
firwkrhk
hk `ogku.
`ogku. Gobk
Gobk ekskb,
ekskb, fuk`

firwkrhk buhohn. Vksk fuk` hkhks ekhos `ohnnk kske ekhos.

>
f. \irkt Hkhks

\irkt mkuh hkhks kmkjk` skjk` sktu sirkt ykhn firkskj mkro tuefu`kh ykhn mo pircji` mkro

mkuh-mk
mkuh-mkuh
uh tkhkek
tkhkekh
h hkhks.
hkhks. ]khkek
]khkekh
h hkhks
hkhks ykhn
ykhn gunk
gunk eiepuhy
eiepuhyko
ko hkek
hkek jkoh,
jkoh, ykotu
ykotu Khkhks

Lcecsus. Fihtub mkuh hkhks eihyirupko pimkhn ykhn eiruhlohn mouguhnhyk mihnkh wkrhk

`ogku bi`otkekh mkh pkmk tipo mkuh tirmkpkt muro ykhn tkgke, fokskhyk pkhgkhn mkuh firboskrkh

khtkrk 99 skepko >> le mihnkh jifkr <,; skepko 9,< le mkh tifkj mkuh khtkrk 4,;0 skepko 4,6>

le.. mo skepo
le skepohn
hn spilois ktku vkroitks hkhks, gkrkb tkhke mkh ohtihsotks sohkr ektk`kro kbkh

eiepihnkru`o
eiepihnkru`o tir`kmkp pirtuefu`kh
pirtuefu`kh pkhgkhn
pkhgkhn mkuh mkh soakt ktku bkrkbtiros
bkrkbtirostob
tob mkro sirkt ykhn

mo`kso
mo`ksojbk
jbkh.
h. Ohtihs
Ohtihsot
otks
ks sohkr
sohkr ektk`kr
ektk`kroo ykhn
ykhn tomkb
tomkb tirjkj
tirjkju
u fkh
fkhykb
ykb (sifknk
(sifknkokh
okh tirjoh
tirjohmuhn
muhn)) pkmk
pkmk

ueuehyk kbkh eihn`ksojbkh sirkt ykhn bukt, `kjus, mkh eorop sirkt sutrk ( strchn, aohi, mkh sojby

aofri) mkh gobk mihnkh sirkt bkpks bibuktkh, bibkbukh jihtur sirkt hkhks jifo` tohnno mkro sirkt

bkpks, mkuh hkhks eiepuhyko jkposkh jukr ykhn tirmoro mkro jkposkh ktks mkh fkwk`. Mokhtkrk

jkposkh tirsifut tirmkpkt fkhykb obktkh ktku `ijko “ `ijko ykhn tirobkt sktu mihnkh ykhn jkoh, cji`

sigihos
sigihos piribkt
piribkt (nueey sufstkhli) ykhn tirmkpkt mkjke mkuh. Bkrihk tomkb eiepuhyko tujkhn

mkuh,
mkuh, kmkh
kmkhyk
yk sirk
sirktt “ si
sirk
rktt mk
mkjk
jke
e mkuh
mkuh hkhks
hkhks tirs
tirsif
ifut
ut kb
kbkh
kh eiep
eiepir
irbu
bukt
kt mkuh
mkuh hkhks
hkhks sk
skkt
kt

pirtuefu`khhyk. Mkro firkt mkuh hkhks `ogku ykhn ekso` sinkr kbkh mo`ksojbkh burkhn jifo`

sifkhykb 6,9 skepko <,9 % sirkt “ sirkt mkuh hkhks.

k. Lkrk
Lkrk pi
pief
efuk
uktk
tkh
h

Tihnkefojkh sirkt mkuh hkhks pkmk ueuehyk mojkbubkh pkmk usok tkhkekh firboskr

khtkrk ; skepko ;,9 tk`uh. \irkt ykhn firkskj mkro mkuh hkhks ykhn ekso` eumk pkmk ueuehyk

tomkb pkhgkhn mkh burkhn bukt, simkhnbkh sirkt ykhn mo`ksojbkh mkro mkuh hkhks ykhn tuk,

tirutkek tkhkhekh ykhn pirtuefu`khhyk mo kjke tirfubk mihnkh ohtihsotks ektk`kro lubup

tohnno tkhpk pijohmuhn lohmiruhn eihn`ksojkbkh sirkt ykhn pihmib bkskr ktkupuhh sirkt ykhn

rkpu`. Cji` sifkf otu, uhtub eihmkpktbkh sirkt ykhn bukt, `kjus mkh jiefut pirju mobkbubkh

0
pieojo`kh pkmk mkuh hkhks ykhn lubup miwksk ykhn pirtuefu`khhyk sifknokh tirjohmuhn mkro

sohkr ektk`kro.

Ti
Tieo
eosk
sk`k
`kh
h ktku
ktku pihnk
pihnkef
efoj
ojkh
kh si
sirk
rktt hkhks
hkhks mkro
mkro mkuhh
mkuhhyk
yk mkpkt
mkpkt mojk
mojkbub
bubkh
kh mihnk
mihnkh
h

eihnnuhkbkh muk lkrk ykotu7

k. Mihnkh lkrk ekhukj

Lkrk ykhn pkjohn ueue mkh prkbtos kmkjk` mihnkh lkrk ekhukj, prcsis oho mojkbubkh mihnkh

lkrk pirihmkekh, pkmk skkt pirihmkekh oho ykhn firpirkh fiskr kmkjk` eolrc-crnkhose, eolrc-

cr
crnk
nkhose oho firpirkh
hose firpirkh mkjke eieosk`b
eieosk`bkh
kh ktku
ktku eiefukt
eiefukt fusub zkt “ zkt piribkt
piribkt (nueey

sufstkhlis) ykhn firkmk mo sibotks sirkt mkuh hkhks, si`ohnnk sirkt kbkh eumk` tirposk` mkh

tirurko sktu mihnkh ykhn jkohhyk. Trcsis oho mojkbubkh mihnkh lkrk eieksubkh mkuh “ mkuh

hkhks
hkhks bimkjk
bimkjke
e kor mkjke
mkjke wkbtu
wkbtu tirtih
tirtihtu,
tu, mosoho
mosoho wkbtu
wkbtu ykhn monuhkb
monuhkbkh
kh kmkjk`
kmkjk` ; eohnnu,
eohnnu,

bieumokh sitijk` mkuh hkhks morihmke, prcsis sijkhguthyk kmkjk` prcsis pihnircbkh mihnkh

eihnnuhkbkh pjkt ktku posku ykhn tomkb tkgke uhtub eihn`ojkhnbkh zkt “ zkt ykhn ekso`

eihiepij ktku tirsosk pkmk sirkt, si`ohnnk sirkt “ sirkt mkuh hkhks kbkh jifo` tirurko sktu

mihnkh ykhn jkohhyk. \irkt “ sirkt tirsifut bieumokh molulo mkh mo birohnbkh mihnkh lkrk

pihgieurkh ktkupuh pihncpihkh.

6.< ]KHKEKH \IVK] @IHIT

Nkefkr =. \irkt @ihip

?
 \irkt `ihip eirupkbkh sirkt ykhn mo kefoj mkro bujot pc`ch `ihip ykhn mojipksbkh mkro

fktkhnhyk sipirto jihih. @ihip kmkjk` sirkt ykhn mopircji` mkro fktkhn tkhkekh Lkhhkfos

sktovk. \irkt `ihip tijk` monuhkbkh sigkb zkekh prk sigkrk` mo Ksok mkh ]oeur ]ihnk`. \kkt oho

hink
hinkrk
rk utke
utkekk pi
pihn
hn`ks
`ksoj
oj `ihip
`ihip kmkj
kmkjk`
k` Vuso
Vusok,
k, Otkj
Otkjok
ok mkh _uncs
_uncsjk
jkvo
vok.
k. ]k
]khk
hkek
ekh
h @ihi
@ihip
p

eihn`k
eihn`ksoj
sojbkh
bkh lkorkh
lkorkh ykhn eihnkh
eihnkhmuhn
muhn hkrbct
hkrbctob
ob ekrogu
ekrogukhk,
khk, si`ohn
si`ohnnk
nk mofifir
mofifirkpk
kpk mkirk`
mkirk`

pihkhkekh `ihip mojkrkhn.

]khkekh @ihip kmkjk` tkhkekh tk`uhkh, ykhn fktkhnhyk eiepuhyko uburkh mokeitir

;,69 le, tohnnohyk 6,9-< eitir. @ihip tuefu` motkhk` juepur firpksor ykhn lubup sufur,

niefur mkh mkpkt eihnkjorbkh kor mihnkh fkob. Tihkhkekh mkjke fihtub fogo, mkjke fihtub

fkroskh. Tihukokh mojkbubkh kpkfojk mkuh fknokh fkwk` eujko eihnuhohn ykotu 04-?4 `kro.

Tief
Tiefus
usub
ubkh
kh mk
mkpk
pktt mojk
mojkbu
bubk
bkh
h mihn
mihnkh
kh lkrk
lkrk pief
piefus
usub
ubkh
kh iefu
iefuh,
h, pi
pief
efus
usub
ubkh
kh kor
kor ktku
ktku
piefusubkh skjgu. \itijk` mofusubbkh bieumokh fktkhn mobirohnbkh sipirto `kjhyk pkmk sirkt

ajkx.

\oakt-soakt sirkt `ihip ykotu 7

 \irkt jifo` bukt mkro ajkx (69%), titkpo jifo` bkskr mkh jifo` tuk wkrhkhyk. Bkrihk bkskr,

ekbk `ihip tomkb fosk mopohtkj ktku eihgkmo fihkhn ykhn `kjus.

 ]k`kh pihnkru` umkrk mkh jiefkf.

Binuhkkh sirkt `ihip ykotu 7

 @ihip ueuehyk monuhkbkh uhtub tkjo tiekjo, bkhvks mkh bkruhn.

 ]ihuhkh lkepurkh khtkrk sirkt `ihip mkh jihkh

 ]ihuhkh lkepurkh khtkrk sirkt `ihip mkh bkpks, tihuhkh oho sipirto sutirk ksjo.

Lkrk Tihncjk`kh \irkt @ihip.

;. Mibcrtobkso
Mibcrtobkso ykotu eieosk`bkh
eieosk`bkh bujot tkhkekh
tkhkekh mkro fktkhnhyk
fktkhnhyk

;4
 6. Minueeohn
Minueeohn ykotu
ykotu eihn`ojkhnbk
eihn`ojkhnbkh
h sosk-sosk
sosk-sosk nue
nue mkh pibtoh
pibtoh ykhn ekso`
ekso` eihiepij
eihiepij pkmk

sirkt, mkpkt mojkbubkh mihnkh lkrk boeok

<. Tieuto`kh
Tieuto`kh sirkt
sirkt mkpkt mihnkh
mihnkh fk`kh
fk`kh pieuto`7foks
pieuto`7fokskhyk
khyk eihnnuhkbkh
eihnnuhkbkh sihykwk
sihykwk bjcroh
bjcroh (lk-
(lk-

`opcbjcrot ktku hk-`opcbjcrot) ktku `omrcnihpircbsomk (`646)

=. Tijuruskh
Tijuruskh sirkt mihnkh fkhtukh
fkhtukh kjkt
kjkt frus`oh
frus`ohn
n ekl`ohi
ekl`ohi

9. Tiectc
Tiectchnk
hnkh
h sirkt
sirkt eiectchn
eiectchn sirkt rkeo
rkeo eihgkm
eihgkmoo sipkhg
sipkhgkhn
khn sirkt bkpk
bkpkss ktku
ktku pcjyis
pcjyistir
tir

jkohhyk.

1. Tihnurkokh
Tihnurkokh fuhmij sirkt
sirkt mourkobkhe
mourkobkheihgkmo
ihgkmo sirkt
sirkt sipirto
sipirto sirkt bkpks,
bkpks, pkmk tk`kp
tk`kp oho sirkt
sirkt

rkeo fkru mkpkt mopohtkj ktku molkepur mihnkh sirkt jkohhyk.

6.= ]KHKEKH \IVK] BKTYB

Nkefkr 9. ]khkekh Bkpub Liofk pihtkhmrk.

]khkekh Bkpub (Liofk pihtkhmrk), kmkjk` tkhkekh ykhn tuefu` mo mkirk`. ]rcpos ykhn

eieojo
eieojobo
bo sirkt
sirkt sipirt
sipirtoo fuju
fuju puto`.
puto`. Bkpub
Bkpub mofumo
mofumomkyk
mkykbkh
bkh uhtub
uhtub eihnke
eihnkefoj
foj sir
sirkt.
kt. Bkpub
Bkpub

motieubkh mkjke bkpsuj fuk` ektkhn. Tc`ch bkpub ueuehyk eiefutu`bkh lurk` `ugkh ykhn

eijoepk` sijkek eusoe

eusoe firfuhnk mkh firfuk`. Fuk`
Fuk` bkpub firuburkh rktk-rktk pkhgkhn ;4 “64

le mihnkh mokeitir 9.

;;
Bkrkbtirostob sirkt bkpub7

 ]ibstur `kjus

 \khnkt firbojku

 Jiek`

 \irkt pihmib, tk`kh tir`kmkp bijiefkfkh, lipkt birohn fojk fksk`

Binuhkkh sirkt bkpub7

 Tc`ch bkpub sifknko cfkt ksek.

 Tc`ch bkpub mkpkt eihncfkto mokri mkh pihyiefu` jubk.

 Tc`ch bkpub mkh ekhakkt khtocbsomkh mkh khtomokfitis.

 Bkpub crnkhob mkpkt eihgkmo fkhtkj eiwk`.

 Bkpub tomkb firkluh mkh fifks fk`kh boeok.

 Bkpub eiefukt tomur jifo` fkob.

Lkrk Tihncjk`kh \irkt Bkpub

;) Tieoj
Tieojk`kh
k`kh bkpub
bkpub nijchmc
nijchmchn
hn biroh
birohn
n

Bkpub ykhn sokp moprcsis mo pkfrob pihncjk`kh bkpub kmkjk` bkpub ykhn sumk` fihkr-

fihkr birohn. Kbkh jifo` fkob jkno bkpub ykhn birohn mo pc`ch, mihnkh loro-loro bujot fuk` bkpub

firbiroput firwkrhk bilcbjktkh mkh sirkt bkpub eihyiefuj pilk` mkro bujothyk, eihkhmkbkh

fk`wk bkpub sokp uhtub mopkhih. \itijk` bkpub skepko mo pkfrob kbkh mojkbubkh pieojk`kh

nijchmchn bkpub ykhn sumk` fihkr-fihkr birohn mkh ykhn ekso` fksk`. @kj oho moeuhnbohbkh

bkrihk tirbihk kor `ugkh kbofkt pihnoroekh ktku nijchmchn bkpub eiekhn fijue tirjkju birohn.

Nijchmchn
Nijchmchn bkpub ykhn fijue birohn bieumokh mogieur mo fkwk` tirob ektk`kro `ohnnk fihkr-

fihkr birohn

6) Ti
Tihnu
hnupk
pksk
skh
h bujo
bujott bkpub
bkpub

Tihnupkskh bujot bkpub firtugukh uhtub eieosk`bkh sirkt bkpub mkro bujot nijchmchn.

Tibirgkkh oho mojkbubkh silkrk ekhukj mihnkh tihknk birgk ekhusok.

;6
<) Tieosk
Tieosk`kh
`kh sirk
sirktt bkpub
bkpub mihnk
mihnkh
h kto
kto

\itijk` bkpub mobupks bieumokh moposk`bkh mkro kto tiepkt eihiepijhyk sirkt bkpub.

Tibirgkkh oho gunk mojkbubkh mihnkh tihknk birgk ekhusok.

=) Ti
Tihn
hnir
iroohn
hnkh
kh

Bkpub ykhn sumk` moposk`bkh

moposk`bkh mkro fktkhn kto bieumokh
bieumokh mobirohnbkh
mobirohnbkh mofkwk` tirob sohkr

ektk`kro sijkek <-9 gke skepko fihkr-fihkr birohn mihnkh lkrk sirohn mokmub/mofkjob. ]iepkt

pihnirohnkh oho mofukt silkrk b`usus mihnkh fkhnuhkh firmohmohn ykhn fknokh ktkshyk motutup

mihnkh bksk bijkefu, simkhnbkh jkhtkohyk tirfukt mkro fitch pjistir. @kj oho firtugukh knkr mifu

mkh sirkt bkpub ykhn sumk` birohn tomkb firtirfkhnkh si`ohnnk eihliekro johnbuhnkh.

9) Tieosk
Tieosk`kh
`kh sirk
sirktt bkpub
bkpub mihnkh
mihnkh fogo
fogo

\itijk` bkpub birohn pibirgkkh fijuejk` sijisko, bkrihk bkpub ekso` eihnkhmuhn fogo
(bjiht`ihn). Bkpub ykhn sumk` birohn bieumokh mojkbubkh pieosk`kh mihnkh eihnnuhkbkh

pirkjktkh eisoh/pihnnojohnkh. Tirkjktkh ykhn bkeo nuhkbkh kmkjk` mihnkh

m ihnkh eihnnuhkbkh eisoh

pihnnirkb moisij firbibuktkh ;6 TB. Trohsop birgk mkro kjkt oho kmkjk`, pirtkek bkjo bkpub ykhn

sumk` birohn moeujut lcrchn mo`oskp mihnkh eisoh vklue bieumokh boso-boso ykhn firfihtub

bopks kbkh eihnkmub-kmub bkpub si`ohnnk tirposk` mkro fogohyk. \itijk` fogo rchtcb bieumokh

mokykb eijkjuo fifirkpk tk`kpkh. ]irkb`or mihnkh eisoh fjcwir fogo mkh bkpub moposk`bkh mkh

moskju
moskjurbk
rbkh
h pkmk
pkmk eksohn
eksohn-ek
-eksoh
sohn
n pihkepu
pihkepuhnkh
hnkh.. Tibirg
Tibirgkkh
kkh pihnnoj
pihnnojohn
ohnkh
kh oho `kr
`krus
us mojkbub
mojkbubkh
kh

silkrk
silkrk lirekt
lirekt si`ohn
si`ohnnk
nk eihn`ks
eihn`ksojb
ojbkh
kh sirkt
sirkt bkpub
bkpub ykhn
ykhn firbuk
firbukjot
jotks
ks mihnkh
mihnkh tomkb
tomkb eirusk
eiruskb
b

strubtur sirkt bkpub.

6.9 ]YEFY@KH
]YEFY@KH \IVK]
\IVK] VKEO
VKEO

;<
 Nkefkr 1. ]khkekh Vkeo Fci`eirok hovik (J.) Nkumol`.

\irkt oho eirupkbkh sirkt kjke ykhn firkskj mkro fktkhn tkhkekh Fci`eirok hovik (J.)

Nkumol` ktku sirohn mosifut mihnkh tkhkekh rkeo. ]khkekh rkeo Fci`eirok hovik kmkjk` skjk`

sktu mkro bijcepcb `ksoj pirtkhokh ykhn eieojobo sirkt tirfkob. ]khkekh rkeo gunk skhnkt fkob

motkhke mo jk`kh nuhmuj ktku mo jirihn bitohnnokh ykhn eieojobo bieorohnkh fiskr.Bkrihk rkeo

tuefu` mkro tuhks kbkr si`ohnnk mkpkt tuefu` mkh firbiefkhn fokb firuepuh mihnkh lipkt

sipirto `kjhyk fkefu. Cji` bkrihk otu tkhkekh rkeo skhnkt iaibtoa uhtub eihk`kh ircso.
Tc`ch rkeo eieojobo
eieojobo fktkhn ykhn tohnno, biloj mkh jurus mihnkh tohnno fkt
fktkhn
khn sibotkr ;

eitir - 6,9 eitir mihnkh mokeitir sibotkr ;,69 le - 6 le, tkhkekh oho fubkh eirupkbkh

tkhkekh eusoekh, tkhkekh rkeo mkpkt mo pkhih firbkjo-bkjo, tkhkekh oho mkpkt tuefu` mihnkh

fkob pkmk mkirk` mihnkh luklk `khnkt mkh jiefkf sipirto mkirk` trcpob ekupuh suftrcpob

mihnkh lurk` `ugkh jifo` mkro ?- ;4 le/fujkh ykhn eirktk sipkhgkhn tk`uh. Tkmk bujot rkeo

tirmkpkt nitk` mkh pibtoh ykhneieirjubkh pihncjk`kh silkrk boeokwo uhtub mkpkt monuhkbkh

sifknko sirkt pihnukt mkjke bcepcsot.

\irkt
\irkt rkeo
rkeo eirupkb
eirupkbkh
kh sirkt
sirkt ykhn
ykhn eiepuhy
eiepuhyko
ko ecracj
ecracjcno
cno pkjohn
pkjohn puto`
puto` mofkhmo
mofkhmohn
hn bkh

mihnkh sirkt -sirkt fktkhn jkohhyk. @kj oho bkrihk bkhmuhnkh jonhoh mkjke rkeo pkjohn simobot

mokhtkrk sirkt sirkt fktkhn jkohhyk. sirkt rkeo mokefoj mkro fktkhn tkhkekh rkeo sitijk` tirjifo`

mk`uju eihnkjkeo prcsis pieosk`kh sirkt mkro fktkhn ykhn mosifut mihnkh prcsis mibcrtoskso.

;=
 Nkefkr >. \irkt Vkeo

]k`kpkh Tihncjk`kh 7

;. Mibcrtobkso
Mibcrtobkso ykotu eieosk`bkh
eieosk`bkh bujot rkeo mkro fktkhnhyk
fktkhnhyk

6. Minuee
Minueeohn
ohn ykot
ykotu
u eihn`o
eihn`ojkh
jkhnbkh
nbkh sosk
sosk-so
-sosk
sk nue
nue mkh
mkh pibto
pibtoh
h ykh
ykhn
n ekso`
ekso` eihiep
eihiepij
ij pkmk

sirkt, mkpkt mojkbubkh mihnkh lkrk boeok

<. Tieuto
Tieuto`kh
`kh sirkt mkpkt mihnkh
mihnkh fk`kh
fk`kh pieuto
pieuto`7f
`7foks
okskhy
khykk eihnnu
eihnnuhkbk
hkbkh
h sihykw
sihykwkk bjcroh
bjcroh (lk-

`opcbjcrot ktku hk-`opcbjcrot) ktku `omrcnihpircbsomk (@ 646)

=. Tijuruskh
Tijuruskh sirkt
sirkt mihnkh
mihnkh fkhtukh
fkhtukh kjkt
kjkt frus`o
frus`ohn
hn ekl`ohi
ekl`ohi,,

9. Ti
Tiec
ectc
tchnk
hnkh
h sirk
sirktt eiec
eiectc
tchn
hn sirk
sirktt rkeo
rkeo eihg
eihgkm
kmoo si
sipkh
pkhgk
gkhn
hn si
sirk
rktt bkpk
bkpkss ktku
ktku pcjyi
pcjyist
stir
ir

jkohhyk.

1. Tihnurkokh
Tihnurkokh fuhmij sirkt
sirkt mourkobk
mourkobkh
h eihgkmo sirkt
sirkt sipirto
sipirto sirkt
sirkt bkpks, pkmk
pkmk tk`kp oho sirkt
sirkt rkeo
rkeo

fkru mkpkt mopohtkj ktku molkepur mihnkh sirkt jkohhyk.

Vkeo eirupkbkh sirkt fktkhn ykhn eieojobo susuhkh ecjibuj sijujcsk si`ohnnk soakt-

siakt rkeo eorop mihnkh soakt sirkt sijujcsk ykhn jkohhyk. sirkt rkeo ruskb mkjke kske sujakt >4%

mkh eihnnijiefuhn mkjke jkrutkh kjbkjo. Ecracjcno sirkt rkeo eorop mihnkh sirkt bkpks mihnkh

uburkh jueih ykhn jifo` fiskr mkropkmk

mkropkmk sirkt bkpks,
bkpks, titkpo pihkepkhn
pihkepkhn eiekhgkhn sirkt rkeo
rkeo

tomkb tirmkpkt pojohkh sipirto `kjhyk sirkt bkpks. Vkeo eiepuhyko bibuktkh ykhn lubup tohnno,

si`ohnnk
si`ohnnk fkob monuhkbkh uhtub bkoh bkhvks, tkjotiekj
tkjotiekjo,
o, bkoh gkjk. Yhtub tibstoj
tibstoj pkbkokh
pkbkokh mihnkh

molkepur mihnkh sirkt jkoh eoskjbkh bkpks ktku sirkt sohtitob.

;9
Nkefkr 0. k. Eiefugur Fihtub eiekhgkhn sipirto sojohmir mihnkh pireubkkh firnkrosnkros mkh

firbirut-birut biloj., f. Eijohtkhn Fihtub jchgchn eiekhgkhn mihnkh mohmohn sij ykhn tifkj

mkh jueih ykhn popo`.

6.1 ]YEFY@KH \IVK] GY]I

\irkt
\irkt gut
gutii kmkjk`
kmkjk` sirkt
sirkt ykhn
ykhn momkpk
momkpktt mkro
mkro bujot
bujot fktkhn tkhkekh
tkhkekh Lcrl`crus lkpsujkros.

]khkekh guti ykhn motkhke uhtub mokefoj sirkthyk eiepuhyko fktkhn biloj, tohnno jurus. ]ohnno

pc`ch guti khtkrk ;,9 eitir-=,0 eitir mkh mokeitir fktkhn ;,69 le-6 le. Mkuh-mkuhhyk

tirutkek tirmkpkt pkmk fknokh ktks pc`ch. Mobihkj sigkb zkekh Eisor Buhc. Mopirborkbkh yuti

firkskj mkro mkirk` sibotkr Jkut ]ihnk`

]ihnk ` mkh bieumokh fkhykb motkhke mo Ksok, tirutkek mo Ohmok

mkh Tkbostkh. \irkt yuti eiepuhyko bibuktkh mkh bojku simkhn titkpo sirkt bkskr. Monuhkbkh

sifknko fk`kh piefuhnbus mkh bkruhn, mo ohmustro mopkbko sifknko pijkpos pirekmkho, oscjkso

jostrob, mkh tkjo tiekjo. ]khkekh guti ykhn motkhke uhtub mokefoj sirkthyk eiepuhyko fktkhn

biloj, tohnno, mkh jurus.

;1
 Nkefkr ?. ]uefu`kh Lcrl`crus lkpsujkros

tkhkek
tkhkekh
h Lcrl`crus lkpsujkros eirupkbkh tkhkekh tk`uhkh ykhn tuefu` fkob motkhk`

kjjuvokj mihnkh objoe trcpob jiefkf. \irkt ykhn mo`ksojbkh firkskj mkro fktkhnhyk ykhn biloj mkh

jurus. \itijk` mopkhih, fktkhn guti moobkt mkh mofokrbkh mojkmkhn sijkek fir`kro-`kro si`ohnnk

mkuh-mkuhhyk tirjipks. Vittohn kmkjk` pirjkbubkh ykhn mofirobkh bipkmk fktkhn guti, ykotu

morihmke mkjke kor mihnkh su`u tomkb burkhn mkro 6>·L. Kor pirihmkekh mkjke bikmkkh moke

ktku eihnkjor silkrk pirjk`kh sijkek ;4-64 `kro. @kj oho mojkbubkh uhtub prcsis pieosk`kh sirkt

mkroo fktkhn
mkr fktkhnhyk.
hyk. Tiefus
Tiefusubk
ubkh
h kbofkt
kbofkt pirihmk
pirihmkekh
ekh kbkh
kbkh eieuhl
eieuhlujb
ujbkh
kh sirkt-
sirkt-sir
sirkt
kt guti
guti ykhn

bieumokh molulo firujkhn-ujkhn mihnkh kor firso` uhtub eihn`ojkhnbkh nitk`, sirtk bctcrkh-

bctcrkh ykhn jkoh.Kpkfojk pirihmkek mojkbubkh burkhn jkek, ekbk sirkt subkr tirjipks mkh

ekso` fkhykb nitk` mkjke sirkthyk. Hkeuh sifkjobhyk kpkfojk pirihmkekh tirjkju jkek ekbk

bibuktkh sirkt kbkh turuh sirtk tomkb firbojku.

Lkrk pihnijcjk`kh mojkbubkh mihnkh eiefuhmij fktkhn yuti mkh eirihmkehyk mkjke

kor ykhn eihnkj

eihnkjor.
or. Kmk muk gihos
gihos fihtub
fihtub pojohk
pojohkh
h ykotu
ykotu fktkhn
fktkhnkh
kh mkh potk.
potk. \itijk
\itijk`
` prcsis
prcsis

pieojohkh sijisko, bieumokh mosokhno. ^khotk mkh khkb-khkb foksk ykhn eihnirgkbkh oho. Tkmk

prcsis pihyokhnkh, fknokh ykhn tkb firsirkt bieumokh mobupks,bieumokh fknokh ykhn firsirkt
moluhnboj mkh mokefoj mkro mkjke fktkhn

\irkt guti tirmoro mkro sijujcsk >; %, jonhoh ;< %, `ieosijujcsk ;< %, pibtoh 4,6 %. Wkt-

zkt ykhn jkrut mkjke kor 6,< %, jiekb mkh jojoh 4,9 %. Guti pibk ir`kmkp kjbkjo mkh kske bkrihk

kmkhyk `ieosijujc
`ieosijujcsk.
sk. Tihnijkhtkhn
Tihnijkhtkhnkh
kh ykhn bukt eihyifkfbkh
eihyifkfbkh bi`ojkhnkh firkt ykhn
ykhn lubup

fiskr. \irkt guti ykhn fijue mobijkhtkhn skhnkt pibk tir`kmkp sohkr ektk`kro, mkh mkjke

pihyohkrkh ykhn jkek ekbk sirkt oho kbkh firufk` eihgkmo lcbjkt ktku bibuhohn-buhohnkh sirtk

;>
bibuktkh sirkthyk kbkh firburkhn. Bibuktkh mkh bojku sirkt guti kmkjk` simkhn, titkpo eujur skkt

putushyk rihmk` ;,> % mkh nitks. \irkt guti tomkb tk`kh tir`kmkp jopktkh jopktkh. \oakt pihtohn

ykhn jkoh mkro guti okjk` soakt `onrcsbcphyk jifo` tohnno mofkhmohn mihnkh sirkt-sirkt sijujcsk

ykhn jkoh.

Nkefkr ;4. \irkt guti sifknko fk`kh

tibsoj ohmustro

Tihnnuhkkh sirkt guti sifknko fk`kh piefuhnbus mkh bkruhn, sifknko tibstoj ohmustro

pijkpos pirekmkho, oscjkso jostrob, tkjo-tiekjo, tirpkj, mkh fk`kh uhtub ktkp. ]itkpo uhtub gihos

ekbkhkh tirtihtu guti tomkb fkob mopirnuhkbkh sifknko fk`kh piefuhnbus bkrihk fuju-fuju

ykhn putus kbkh eihnctcro ekbkhkhhyk.

Eusk tixtojos
tixtojos
6.> ]YEFY@KH \IVK] KFKBK

;0
 Nkefkr ;;. ]uefu`kh sirkt kfkbk Eusk tixtojos
]khkek
]khkekh
h kfkbk
kfkbk (Eusk
(Eusk tixto
tixtojos
jos Hii)
Hii) tireks
tireksub
ub skjk`
skjk` sktu
sktu gihos
gihos tkhkek
tkhkekh
h poskhn
poskhn ykhn
ykhn

fuk`hyk tomkb moekhakktbkh, titkpo mokefoj sirkthyk mkro fktkhn sieu. Tkmk kwkj kfkm bi-;1

pihmumub ksjo mkirk` Lifu, Aojopohk eiekhakktbkh sirkt kfkbk uhtub fk`k
fk`khh pkbkokh. Cji` sifkf

otu,tkhkekh kfkbk mohkekbkh Eusk tixtojos.

\igkb mk`uju sirkt kfkbk pcpujir silkrk bceirsokj mkjke fihtub prcmubso tkjo mkh gkrohn

obkh. \kkt

oho,

sirkthyk mocjk` uhtub fk`kh fkbu birtks, sipirto birtks sirohn, birtks ti` lijup, birtks stihsoj,

birtks rcbcb, sirtk birtks ykhn eieirjubkh bitk`khkh mkh mkyk soepkh ykhn tohnno sipirto

birtks ukhn, birtks surkt fir`krnk, birtks mcbueih, birtks pitk, mkh prcmub bceirsokj jkohhyk.

Eksykr
Eksykrkbkt
kbkt Aojopo
Aojopohk
hk sigkb
sigkb jkek
jkek eiekha
eiekhakkt
kktbkh
bkh sirkt
sirkt kfkbk
kfkbk uhtub
uhtub piefukt
piefuktkh
kh fk`kh
fk`kh

pkbkokh hksochkj. \ieihtkrk Tieirohtk` Keirobk \iirobkt eiekhakktbkh sirkt kfkbk uhtub

piefuktkh ukhn birtks mcjkrhyk bkrihk sirkt kfkbk eiekhn eieojobo siguejk` biuhnnujkh gobk

mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh gihos sirkt kjke jkohhyk mkh sirkt sohtisos. Biuhnnujkhhyk khtkrk jkoh

eieojo
eieojobo
bo bibukt
bibuktkh
kh tomkb
tomkb nitks
nitks mkh tomkb
tomkb eumk`
eumk` putus,
putus, eieojo
eieojobo
bo tibstu
tibsturr ykhn
ykhn skhnkt
skhnkt fkob,
fkob,

eihnojkp sipirto eiekhtujbkh lk`kyk,kwit,jihtur,sirtk tk`kh skjohotks.

;?
 Bkrkbtir-bkrkbtir uhnnuj oho ykhn eihyifkfbkh sirkt kfkbk pcpujir sifknko tkjo bkpkj

mkh gkrohn hijkykh. ]khkekh kfkbk skek mihnkh poskhn foksk. _khn eiefimkbkhhyk kmkjk`,

kfkbk jifo` rkepohn. ]ohnnohyk fosk skepko ihke eitir. Loro b`ks kfkbk kmkjk` fktkhn, mkh

pijipk`hyk firwkrhk bilcbijktkh. @ijko mkuhhyk vkroinktk `ogku mihnkh lcbijkt, eorop mihnkh

sirknke Bcrps Tksubkh B`usus (Bcpksus) ]HO KM. Kfkbk gunk tomkb eihn`ksojbkh poskhn,

sifkf fuk`hyk tomkb pirhk` tuefu` siepurhk. \ipirto `kjhyk poskhn jkohhyk, kfkbk tuefu`

eiruepuh mihnkh sktu ohmub mkh fifirkpk khkbkh tkhkekh. Khkbkh ohojk` ykhn monuhkbkh

sifknko fiho` mkjke fumomkyk kfkbk.

Kfkbk motkhke mihnkh gkrkb rkpkt, knkr pirtuefu`khhyk eihohnno. Mihnkh tuefu`

eihohnno, kbkh mopircji` fktkhn ykhn lubup pkhgkhn, `ohnnk sirkt ykhn mo`ksojbkh gunk pkhgkhn.

Yeur kfkbk sigkb tkhke skepko pkhih khtkrk ;0 sm. 6= fujkh (;,9 “ 6 tk`uh). Tkhih fosk
mojkbubkh tirus-eihirus sijkhn < skepko 0 fujkh, sijkek sibotkr 64 tk`uh. Kfkbk mopkhih

mihnkh eihifkhn fktkhnhyk. Tkmk poskhn fuk`, pihifkhnkh mojkbubkh mo fknokh tihnk` fktkhn.

Mkjke eiekhih kfkbk, pihifkhnkh mojkbubkh pkmk fknokh pkhnbkj fktkhn.

\irkt kfkbk mokefoj tirutkek mkro fknokh fktkhn. Fktkhn poskhn, sifihkrhyk eirupkbkh

fktkhn sieu, ykhn tirmoro mkro jiefkrkh pijipk` mkuh ykhn eihyktu. Fktkhn ksjohyk poskhn

firufk fchnncj ykhn firkmk mkjke tkhk`. Jiefkrkh-jiefkrkh pijipk` mkuh ohojk` ykhn

sijkhguthyk kbkh moprcsis uhtub mokefoj sirktyk. Mkjke sktu fktkhn kfkbk firmoeitir <4 “ =4

le, fosk mopircji` khtkrk ;6 sm. 69 jiefkr pijipk` mkuh. \ijkoh tirmoro mkro sirkt sijujcsk,

pijipk` kfkbk
kfkb k gunk eihnkhmuhn jonhoh, mkh pibtoh. \itijk` jonhoh mkh pibtoh, mo`ojkhnbkh, sirkt

kfkbk mosifut sifknko ekhojk, ktku ekhojk `iep.

64
 Nkefkr ;6. \irkt Kfkbk
Tihncjk`kh sirkt kfkbk Eusk tixtojos 7

;. ]khkekh
]khkekh eujko
eujko mopkhih
mopkhih sitijk`
sitijk` firueu
firueurr 6 “ < tk`uh
tk`uh mihnk
mihnkh
h brotirok
brotirok pc`ch
pc`ch sumk` mkpkt
mkpkt

motifkhn ykotu fojk sumk` bijukr fuhnk (gkhtuhn) ktku mibkt pkmk wkbtu tkhkekh kbkh eujko

firfuhnk, gkhtuhn bijo`ktkh mouguhn fktkhn, ueur pkhih momktkrkh rihmk` jifo` lipkt

mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh ueur pkhih mo mktkrkh tohnno.

6. Lkrk
Lkrk pkhih
pkhih mihnkh
mihnkh eiectc
eiectchn
hn pkhnbkj
pkhnbkj fktkhn poskhn
poskhn mo ktks fchnncj,
fchnncj, piectch
piectchnkh
nkh gkhnkh
gkhnkh

eihmktkr knkr tomkb tirgkmo kbueujkso kor `ugkh ykhn eihyifkfbkh fusub. Trcmubtovotks

kfkbk pir `ibtkr fosk eihlkpko < tch sirkt birohn sitokp ihke fujkh.

<. Fktkhn
Fktkhn ykhn tijk` motifkhn
motifkhn mopctchn
mopctchn-pc
-pctch
tchn
n sipkhg
sipkhgkhn
khn ;;4 le ktku mosisuko
mosisukobkh
bkh mihnkh

eisoh pihyirkt (mibcrtobktcr).

=. Tctchnkh
Tctchnkh fktkhn bieumokh
bieumokh mobijupks
mobijupks eihgkmo
eihgkmo jiefkr
jiefkrkh-jie
kh-jiefkrkh
fkrkh pijipk`.
pijipk`.

9. Tijipk`
Tijipk` mkuh mokhnbut
mokhnbut bi eisoh
eisoh mibcrtob
mibcrtobktc
ktcrr mkh mo`ksojb
mo`ksojbkh
kh sirkt
sirkt fksk`,
fksk`, bieumo
bieumokh
kh mopirks
mopirks

mkh mogieur.
Kfkbk
Kfkbk pihn`ks
pihn`ksoj
oj jo
jonhc-
nhc-sij
sijujc
ujcsk
sk pctihs
pctihsokj
okj ykhn eihyifk
eihyifkfbk
fbkh
h bibuktk
bibuktkh
h sirkt
sirkt skhnkt
skhnkt

tohnno, si`ohnnk eieuhnbohbkh uhtub eihn`ksojbkh pujp mkh birtks firbibuktkh tohnno spirto

birtks ukhn. \ijkoh otu, kfkbk eirupkbkh tkhkekh ykhn eumk` mofumomkykbkh mkjke wbktu

rijktoa sohnbkt mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh tkhkekh bkyu. ]khkekh kfkbk mkpkt tuefu` pkmk jk`kh

tkhpk pihncjk`kh tkhk` mkh tomkb eieirjubkh pirsokpkh jk`kh ykhn ohtihsoa. Kfkbk kmkjk`

tkhkekh hkuhnkh ykhn tuefu` fkob mo fkwk` bkhcpo pc`gch `utkh, si`ohnnk pihniefkhnkh

kfkbk tomkb eiruskb ibcsostie.

6;
 Mo Ohmchisok, pirusk`kkh ykhn eihkhnkho fumo mkyk mkh ohmustro kfkbk, skhnkt tirfktks.

Tirusk
Tirusk`kkh
`kkh ykhn eujko
eujko eiekha
eiekhakkt
kktbkh
bkh kfkbk,
kfkbk, khtkr
khtkr jkoh
jkoh Kfkbk
Kfkbk Lrkats
Lrkats mkjke
mkjke fihtub
fihtub usk`k
usk`k

ohmustro birkgohkh birtks sirkt mkh T] Birtks Jilis Trcfcjohnnc uhtub ohmustro pujp mkh birtks.

Trcmub utkek kfkbk kmkjk` sirkt, ykhn mocjk` eijkjuo prcsis pihyirktkh mkh pihnirohnkh. \ijkoh

sirkt,mkro kfkbk mkpkt mo`ksojbkh eohykb fogo kfkbk ykhn mkpkt moekhakktbkh sifknko prcmub

bisi`ktkh mkh pirkwktkh bujot, joefk` mkro sosk pihyirktkh mkh mkuh kfkbk mkpkt monuhkbkh

sifknko pupub crnkhob.

Croihtkso piekhakktkh kfkbk skkt oho mceohkh bi prcmub sirkt, si`ohnnk pihniefkhnkh

prcmub mkro fogo firupk eohykb kfkbk mkh pihmkyknuhkkh joefk` sifknko pupub crnkhob burkhn

eihmkpkt pir`ktokh. Tijukhn oho pktut mobiefkhnbkh uhtub jifo` eihohnbktbkh hojko tkefk`

fkno pihniefkhnkh kfkbk mkh khibk prcmubhuyk. Bifutu`kh kfkbk mkjke fihtub pujp mkh
birtks eihohnbkt siorohn mihnkh pirbiefkhnkh bipimujokkh tir`kmkp bikekhkh johnbuhnkh mkh

bchsirvkso `utkh sirtk pihohnbktkh bifutu`kh muhok kbkh pujp birtks fireutu tohnno.

Mo Aojopohk, prcmubtovotks kfkbk rihmk` mosifkfbkh usk`k fumo mkyk tomkb ohtihsoa, kmkhyk

pihykbot vorus kfkbk ykbho Fuhl`y-tcp mkh Ecskol, sirtk sifknokh fiskr pihkhkekh kfkbk

sumk` tuk mkh ruskb pkmk krikj pirtkhkekh kfkbk mo Aojopohk mkh eihgkmo pihykbot utkek ykhn

eihyirkhn kfkbk. \kkt oho, fijue moguepko vkroitks kfkbk ykhn risostih tir`kmkp vorus. Yhtub

otu , sitomkbhyk sktu vkroitks kfkbk pirju mobiefkhnbkh eijkjuo tibhob ribkyksk nihitob (nihitol

ihno
ihnohi
hiir
iroh
ohn)
n) uhtu
uhtub
b eihn
eihnom
omih
ihto
toao
aobk
bkso
so vkro
vkroit
itks
ks ykhn
ykhn tiru
tiruss eihi
eihiru
russ eiep
eieprc
rcmub
mubso
so mk
mkh
h

eihnuh
eihnuhtuh
tuhnbkh
nbkh,wk
,wkjku
jkupuh
puh mosirk
mosirkhn
hn pihykbo
pihykbott tirsif
tirsifut.
ut. Yhtub
Yhtub eihlin
eihlink`
k` mkepkb
mkepkb hinkto
hinktoaa

firbiefkhnhyk bimuk pihykbot tirsifut, ekbk pihnnuhkkh fiho` kfkbk ykhn firkskj mkro

Aojopohk `krus mo`ohmkro.

Trcmub sirkt kfkbk skkt oho mkpkt eieihu`o bifutu`kh, fkob uhtub pkskr Aojopohk ekupuh

oh
ohti
tirh
rhks
ksoc
ochkj
hkj.. Mo
Mopi
pirb
rbor
orkbk
kbkh
h 1?
1?,6%
,6% mkro
mkro tc
tctk
tkjj sirk
sirktt kfkbk
kfkbk ykhn
ykhn mo`ks
mo`ksoj
ojbk
bkh
h cji`
cji` Aojo
Aojopo
pohk
hk

mobchsueso
mobchsueso silkrk jcbkj mkh soskhtyk moibspcr bi ohnnros
ohnnros (9<,<%), Gipkhn (<=%)
(<=%),, mkh Keirobk

66
\irobkt (1%). Yhtub pujp, kfkbk moibspcr bi Girekh, Ohnnros, Gipkhn, Tirkhlos, Keirobk \irobkt,

Ohnnros, mkh \ohnkpurk.

\ijkek oho , bifutu`kh bkpks uhtub ohmustro tibstoj mkjke hiniro ?9% firnkhtuhn oepcr

mkro Keirobk \irobkt. Bkpks eiekhn tomkb euhnboh mofumomkykbkh mo bkwkskh trcpos mihnkh

`kso
`ksojj si
sifk
fkob
ob mo bkwk
bkwksk
skh
h su
suft
ftrc
rcpo
pos.
s. Kj
Kjti
tirh
rhkt
ktoa
oahyk
hyk km
kmkj
kjk`
k` eiho
eihohn
hnbkt
bktbk
bkh
h fumo
fumo mkyk
mkyk rkeo
rkeo

(Fc`ie
(Fc`ieiro
irokk hovik)
hovik),, guti
guti (Lcrl`
(Lcrl`cru
cruss lkpsuj
lkpsujkro
kross mkh Lcrl`cr
Lcrl`crus
us cjotcr
cjotcrous
ous),
), bihka
bihka (`ofos
(`ofoslus
lus

lkhhkfohus), mkh kfkbk (Eus tixtojos) ykhn eirupkbkh tkhkekh ksjo bkwkskh trcpos. Kfkbk

lclcb mofumomkykbkh eujko mktkrkh rihmk` skepko bitohnnokh ;.944 e mpj, ekbk pkmk objoe

fksk`, uhtub sibkjo tkhke, mkh tirus-eihirus mopkhih sijkek ;4 tk`uh.

Fkhb Ohmchisok mkh Moribtcrkt Gihmrkj Ohmustro Knrc, bieihtirokh Tirohmustrokh tk`uh

64;6 eijkpcrbkh fk`wk pctihs

pctihsoo pkskr ohtirhksochkj
ohtirhksochkj sirkt kfkbk sifiskr
sifiskr 144.444 tch/tk`uh
tch/tk`uh mkh
eihohnbkt 9% tk`uh.\kkt oho pctihso pkskr sirkt kfkbk mosupjko prcmusih utkek sifiskr 04%.

Bikmkkh oho eirupkbkh pijukhn uhtub pihniefkhnkh kfkbk fkno mkirk` ykhn firpctihso, sipirto

Jkepuhn mkh Bkfupktih Bipujkukh ]kjkum \ujkwiso Ytkrk.

6.0 ]YEFY@KH \IVK] BIHKA @ofoslus lkhhkfoh

lkhhkfohus
us J

6<
 Nkefkr ;<. ]khkekh Bihka (@ofoslus lkhhkfohus J)

Bihka (@ofoslus lkhhkfohus J) sumk` jkek mofumomkykbkh mo Ohmchisok mkh pkmk tk`uh

;?01/;?0> eihlkpko juks 61.444 `k ykhn tirsifkr mo Jkepuhn, Gkwk Fkrkt, Gkwk ]ihnk`, Gkwk

]oeur, mkh Bkjoekhtkh \ijktkh. Bihka eieojobo biuhnnujkh firkmkptkso juks pkmk firfknko

bchmoso jk`kh mkh eieojobo tcjirkhso ykhn tohnno tir`kmkp bchmoso libkekh kfoctob sipirto7

nihkhnkh kor, bibirohnkh, mkh p@ tkhk` ykhn rihmk` (ekske). Bihka eirupkbkh tkhkekh `kro

pihmib firueur ;44“;=4 `kro, mobiefkhnbkh mihnkh fiho`.

f iho`.

Nkefkr ;=. \irkt Bihka

@kepor sieuk fknokh tkhkekh mkpkt monuhkbkh uhtub fk`kh fkbu firfknko ohmustro.

\irkt bihka fkhykb monuhkbkh sifknko fk`kh fkbu firfknko ohmustro sipirto7 aofri fckrm, nic-

tixtoji,
tixtoji, scoj rieimoktoch,
rieimoktoch, pujp mkh birtks,
birtks, tibstoj,
tibstoj, bkrpit, birkgohkh tkhnkh, mjj. Aofri fckrm mkro

sirkt bihka skkt oho monuhkbkh sifknko fk`kh uhtub ohtirocr ecfoj sipirto jkhnot-jkhnot, pohtu,

mus`fckrm, mjj. \ijkoh otu, aofri fckrm gunk fkhykb monuhkbkh pkmk ohmustro ijitrchob uhtub

6=
lksohn ]Q, rkmoc, tkpi, mjj. Gunk uhtub piruek`kh sifknko pijkpos mohmohn ruek`, pirimke sukrk,

mjj. Nic-tixtoji,
Nic-tixtoji, aofrimrkoh
aofrimrkoh fkhykb monuhkbkh cji` pkrk bchtrkbtcr pkmk piefkhnuhkh
piefkhnuhkh fkhmkrk,

giefktkh, pirtkefkhnkh, mjj. sifknko fk-`kh uhtub pihlink`kh jchnscrhyk tkhk` mkh

pihyirkpkh kor tkhk`. \coj rieimoktoch eihnnu-hkbkh sirkt bihka kmkjk` uhtub eiepirfkobo

bchmoso bisufurkh tkhk` tirutkek pkmk fibks pirtkefkhnkh sifknko usk`k ribjkekso. \irkt bihka

gunk monuhkbkh sifknko fk`kh supjieih mkjke piefuktkh tibstoj ykhn

ykh n mofjihmohn mihnkh sirkt

bkpks mkh pcjoistir. Tujp mkro bihka monuhkbkh uhtub ohmustro birtks.

Tihncjk`kh sirkt bihka @ofoslus lkhhkfohus 7

;. Mojkbubkh
Mojkbubkh piekhihkh
piekhihkh pkmk tkhkekh
tkhkekh bihka.
bihka. Yeur pkhih
pkhih ykhn cptoekj
cptoekj uhtub
uhtub bihka ykotu
ykotu fojk

94% mkro pcpujkso sumk` firfuhnk ktku mkpkt motuhmk

motuhmk skepko fuhnk ykhn bisipuju` eibkr.
eibkr.

Tkmk wkbtu eujko firfuhnk tkhkekh mkjke aksi nihirktoa mkh pirtuefu`kh vinitktoa ykhn
molire
molireohbk
ohbkh
h cji`
cji` kbtovo
kbtovotks
tks bkefou
bkefoue
e eujko
eujko fir`ih
fir`ihto.
to. Mkj
Mkjke
ke aksi
aksi vinitkt
vinitktoa,
oa, bkefou
bkefoue
e

eiefihtub bujot mkh sij-sij sirkt. Mkjke aksi nihirktoa sumk` tomkb tirgkmo piefihtubkh

sirkt. Fojk pkhih tirjkefkt ktku bijiwkt ekskb, kbkh tirgkmo pircefkbkh bkrfc`omrkt sirkt

uhtub moboroebkh bi fuk`. Tkhih ykhn tirjkju eumk eihn`ksojbkh prcmubtovotks mkh bukjotks

ykhn rihmk`, eisbopuh wkrhk sirkthyk puto`. \ifkjobhyk pkhih ykhn tirjkju tuk (fuk` sumk`

eujko birohn) bukjotks sirkthyk rihmk`, sirkt eihgkmo rkpu` bkrihk eihohnbkthyk bkhmuhnkh

jonhoh mkh bibuktkh sirkt gunk turuh.

6. Tiec
Tiectc
tchn
hnkh
kh fktk
fktkhn
hn `ihm
`ihmkb
kbhy
hykk pkmk
pkmk pkhn
pkhnbk
bkjj fk
fktk
tkhn
hn mibk
mibktt pire
pireub
ubkk
kkh
h tkhk
tkhk`,
`, bkri
bkrihk
hk

bkhmuhnkh sirkt ykhn pkjohn tohnno tirmkpkt pkmk sipirtonk fktkhn fknokh fkwk`.

<. Tirihmk
Tirihmkekh
ekh fktkhn
fktkhn ktku
ktku bujot
bujot (rittohn
(rittohn).
). Knkr mkpkt
mkpkt mokefo
mokefojj sirkth
sirkthyk,
yk, ekbk fktkhn firbu
firbujot
jot

ktku bujot fktkhn `krus morihmke mkjke bcjke pirihmkekh. Mihnkh pirihmkekh sij-sij sirkt

mkpkt tirjipks eijkjuo prcsis eobrcfocjcnos. ]irjipkshyk sirkt `khyk mkpkt mojkbubkh bkrihk

kmkhyk pircefkbkh sufstkhso ykhn eihnijojohno sij sirkt cji` kbtovotks fkbtiro.

69
=. Mo
Moke
keit
itir
ir ob
obkt
ktkh
kh fktk
fktkhn
hn ykhn
ykhn mo
mori
rihm
hmke
ke gkhn
gkhnkh
kh eiji
eijifo
fo`o
`o 64 le bkrihk
bkrihk fojk tirj
tirjkj
kju
u fisk
fiskrr

fknokh mkjke eieirjubkh wkbtu ekskb jifo` jkek. Fojk ykhn morihmke sijuru` fktkhn,

ekbk wkbtu ykhn mopirjubkh uhtub pirihmkekh kmkjk` ;=-64 @kro. Fojk ykhn morihmke

fkhyk bujothyk, wkbtu pirihmkekh `khyk >-;4 `kro skgk.

9. Bimk
Bimkjk
jkek
ekh
h bc
bcjk
jke
e rihm
rihmke
kekh
kh bu
burk
rkhn
hn jifo
jifo`
` ;44
;44 le.
le. Ti
Tief
efir
irok
okh
h Yrik
Yrik bi mkjk
mkjke
e bc
bcjk
jke
e

pirihmkekh mkpkt eiepirsohnbkt wkbtu rittohn mkh

m kh eihohnbktbkh bukjotks sirkt. Mcsos Yrik

uhtub sitokp ;.444 bn fktkhn ykhn morihmke kmkjk` 4,; bn.

1. Yhtub
Yhtub eijipksb
eijipksbkh
kh bujot mkro bkyu bihka
bihka monuhkbkh
monuhkbkh kjkt pihnijup
pihnijupks
ks bujot ktku
ktku roffch
roffchir.
ir.

Trcsis
Trcsis pihyirk
pihyirktkh
tkh mkh pirihmk
pirihmkekh
ekh fktkhn
fktkhn eirupk
eirupkbkh
bkh pibirg
pibirgkkh
kkh ykhn
ykhn skhnkt
skhnkt fkhykb
fkhykb

eiefutu`bkh tihknk mkh fokyk. Yeuehyk biekepukh pitkho uhtub eihyirkt kmkjk` ;9-64

bn sirkt birohn/`k/crkhn.
Tihniefkhnkh tkhkekh bihka moprocrotksbkh pkmk jk`kh fchcrcwc (jk`kh fkhgor) ykhn

tomkb sisuko uhtub tkhkekh jkoh pkmk wkbtu fkhgor. Mihnkh eihyiepothyk krikj fchcrcwc

(kbofkt
(kbofkt mkro pirfkobkh gkrohnkh oronkso),
oronkso), tkhkekh bihka eujko mobiefkhnbkh pkmk mkirk`
mkirk` jk`kh

ekske mo mkirk` Bkjoekhtkh ]oeur mkh jk`kh birohn mo Gkwk. Tihniefkhnkh tkhkekh bihka

mopro
moprocro
crotks
tksbkh
bkh pkmk jk`kh
jk`kh skwk`
skwk` or
oronk
onkso
so tirfkt
tirfktks
ks mkh jk`kh
jk`kh pcmscj
pcmscjob
ob eirk`
eirk` buhohn
buhohn (TEB).
(TEB).

Bihmkj
Bihmkjkk ykhn mo`kmk
mo`kmkpo
po uhtub
uhtub pihnie
pihniefkh
fkhnkh
nkh bcecmo
bcecmotks
tks tirsif
tirsifut
ut kmkjk`
kmkjk` ekso`
ekso` rihmk`
rihmk`hyk
hyk

prcmubtovotks mo tohnbkt pitkho, mkh sujothyk prcsis pihyirktkh.

6.? ]YEFY@KH \IVK] VC\IJJK Gkvk Guti

61
 Nkefkr ;9. ]khkekh Vcsijjk
Vcsi
Vcsijj
jjk
k (@of
@ofosl
oslus
us skf
skfmkr
mkroak
oak Jo
Johh
hh)) km
kmkj
kjk`
k` tk
tkh
hke
kekh
kh pi
pirrmu ykh
khn
n

mopirborkbkh firkskj mkro Ohmok ]oeur ykhn bieumokh eihyifkr silkrk juks

bi mki
mkirk`
rk` trc
trcpos
pos mkh suf trc
trcpos
pos,, tir
tireks
eksub
ub mo Ohm
Ohmchi
chisok.
sok. ]kh
]khkek
kekh
h rcs
rcsij
ijk
k

mkpk
mkpktt tuef
tuefu`
u` mi
mihn
hnkh
kh bi
bito
tohn
hnno
nokh
kh ei
eihl
hlkp
kpko
ko <-
<-9
9 ei
eiti
tirr si
sirt
rtk
k eke
kepu
pu

firfuhnk `kepor sipkhgkhn tk`uh. Fuhnk Vcsijjk firwkrhk lirk` mihnkh

bijcpkb fuhnk ktku bkjobshyk firwkrhk eirk` nijkp. Mo Ohmchisok sihmoro,

tkhkekh rcsijk sumk` mobihkj sigkb tk`uh ;?66 moekhk rcsijk tijk` tuefu`

sufur mosipkhgkhn johtkskh biritk kpo Ohmrkekyu, Gkwk Fkrkt. Fuhnk rcsijjk

ykhn fokskhyk firwkrhk eirk` ekupuh buhohn eieojobo biohmk`kh pkmk

ueuehyk monuhkbkh sifknko tkhkekh `oks tkekh jukr rukhnkh, tkhkekh

pknkr, sirtk sifknko tkhkekh `oks mkjke rukhnkh firupk fuhnk rkhnbko.

\irk
\irktt rcsi
rcsijk
jk tire
tireks
ksub
ub si
sirk
rktt mk
mkuh
uh mo
moke
kefo
fojj mk
mkro
ro tkhk
tkhkek
ekh
h @ofoslus

skfmkroak ykhn motkhke mo Ohmok, Fkhnjkmis`, Liyjch, Aojopohk mkh Ohmchisok,

tirutkek mo Gkwk ]ihnk` mkh Gkwk ]oeur. Vcsijk tuefu` fkob mo tkhk` ykhn

lubup
lubup suf
sufur
ur mkh nie
niefur
fur ykh
ykhn
n mkp
mkpkt
kt ei
eihnkj
hnkjor
orbkh
bkh kor mih
mihnkh
nkh jkh
jkhlkr
lkr,, mo

mkirk`
mkirk` trc
trcpos
pos ktk
ktku
u suf
suftrc
trcpos
pos ykh
ykhn
n tom
tomkb
kb fir
firkhn
khnoh
oh bih
bihlkh
lkhn
n mih
mihnkh
nkh lur
lurk`
k`

`ugk
`ugkh
h yk
ykhn
hn lu
lubu
bup.
p. Ti
Tihk
hkhk
hkek
ekh
h rcsi
rcsijk
jk sk
skhn
hnkt
kt rkpk
rkpktt mk
mkh
h pi
pihy
hyok
okhn
hnkh
kh

6>
mojkbubkh skepko mkuh tkhkekh mkpkt eijohmuhnohyk bork-bork =-1 eohnnu

siti
sitijjk` tkhk
tkhkek
ekh
h eu
eujk
jkoo tuef
tuefu`
u`.. Tk
Tkhi
hih
h mo
mojk
jkbu
bubk
bkh
h go
gobk
bk tk
tkhk
hke
ekh tijk
tijk`
`

firf
firfuh
uhnk
nk foks
fokskhy
khyk
k si
siti
tijk
jk`
` ;;
;;4-
4-;<
;<4
4 `k
`kro
ro.. Mo Ohmc
Ohmchi
hiso
sok
k rc
rcsi
sijk
jk mo tkhk
tkhke
e

sifknko tkhkekh tk`uhkh mkh `khyk eihn`ksojbkh sktu bkjo pkhihkh sitokp

tk`uh, `kj oho bkrihk kmk eusoe biekrku. \irkt rcsijk ykhn fkob firwkrhk

brie skepko puto` pirkb. Tieosk`kh sirkt mkh pihlulokhhyk sipirto `kjhyk

pkmk sirkt guti mihnkh lkrk rittohn. Bibuktkh sirkt rcsijk mkjke bikmkkh

birohn
birohn sim
simobo
obott jif
jifo`
o` rihmk`
rihmk` mkr
mkroo sir
sirkt
kt gut
guti,
i, tit
titkpo
kpo mkj
mkjke
ke bik
bikmkkh
mkkh fksk`

bibuktkh sirkt rcsijk titkp, simkhnbkh sirkt guti eihuruh. Eujur skkt putus

mkroo sir
mkr sirkt
kt rcs
rcsijk
ijk `ke
`kepor
por ske
skek
k mih
mihnkh
nkh sir
sirkt
kt gut
guti.
i. \ir
\irkt
kt rcs
rcsij
ijk
k tir
tirutk
utkek
ek

monuhkbkh uhtub piefuktkh bkruhn piefuhnbus nujk mkh firks.

Nkefkr ;1. \irkt Vcsijjk

Qkrroitk
Qk itks ykh
khn
n ue
ueue
ue mo
mofu
fumo
momk
mky
ykb
kbkh
kh km
kmk
k 6 gih
ihoos yk
ykootu rc
rcsi
sijjjk

firbij
firbijcpk
cpkb
b fuh
fuhnk
nk buh
buhohn
ohn (@ofo
@ofoslus
slus skfmkr
skfmkroak
oak vkr
vkr.. Kjt
Kjtoso
osoek)
ek) ykhn fok
foksk
sk

moekhakktbkh
moekhakktbkh sirkt fktkhnhyk sifknko fk`kh eiefukt tkjo mkh Qkro
Qkroitks
itks

ykhn
ykhn ue
ueue
ue mo
mofu
fumo
momky
mkykb
kbkh
kh km
kmk
k 6 gi
giho
hos
s yk
ykot
otu
u rc
rcsi
sijj
jjk
k fi
firb
rbij
ijcp
cpkb
kb fu
fuhn
hnk
k

buhohn
buhohn (@o
(@ofos
foslus
lus skf
skfmkr
mkrok
ok vkr
vkr.. Kjt
Kjtoso
osoek)
ek) ykh
ykhn
n fok
foksk
sk moe
moekhak
khakktb
ktbkh
kh sir
sirkt
kt

60
fktk
fktkhn
hnhy
hyk
k si
sifk
fknk
nkoo fk
fk`k
`kh
h ei
eief
efuk
uktt tkjo
tkjo mk
mkh
h bk
bkru
ruhn
hn nc
ncho
ho mk
mkh
h rcsi
rcsijj
jjk
k

firb
firbij
ijcp
cpkb
kb fu
fuhn
hnk
k ei
eirk
rk`
` (@. sk
skfm
fmkr
kroa
oak
k vk
vkr.
r. \k
\kfm
fmkr
kro
ok)
k) yk
ykhn
hn fo
foks
ksk
k

moekhakktbkh sifknko tkhkekh cfkt eisbopuh vkroitks oho gunk eipuhyko

pctihso uhtub mokefoj sirkthyk .

\itijk
\itijk`
` pie
piekhi
khihkh
hkh,, tkh
tkhkek
kekh
h rcs
rcsij
ijk
k moo
moobkt
bkt mkh mof
mofokr
okrbkh
bkh moj
mojkmkh
kmkhn
n

sijk
sijkek
ek fi
fir`
r`kr
kro-
o-`k
`kro
ro si
si`o
`ohn
hnnk
nk mku
mkuh-
h-mku
mkuhh
hhyk
yk tirj
tirjip
ipks.
ks. Vi
Vitt
ttoh
ohn
n km
kmkj
kjk`
k`

pirjkbubkh ykhn mofirobkh bipkmk tkhkekh rcsijk, ykotu morihmke mkjke kor

mihnkh su`u tomkb burkhn mkro 6>·L. Kor pirihmkekh mkjke bikmkkh moke

ktku eihnkjor silkrk pirjk`kh sijkek ;4-64 `kro. @kj oho mojkbubkh uhtub

prcsis
prcsis pieo
pieosk`kh
sk`kh sirkt mkro fktkhn
fktkhnhyk.
hyk. Tief
Tiefusubkh
usubkh kbofkt piri
pirihmkek
hmkekh
h

kbkh eieuhlujbkh sirkt-sirkt rcsijk ykhn bieumokh molulo firujkhn-ujkhn

mihnkh kor firso` uhtub eihn`ojkhnbkh nitk`, sirtk bctcrkh-bctcrkh ykhn

jkoh. Kpkfojk pirihmkekh mojkbubkh burkhn jkek, ekbk sirkt subkr tirjipks

mkh
mkh ek
ekso
so`
` fk
fkhy
hykb
kb ni
nitk
tk`
` mk
mkjk
jke
e si
sirk
rkth
thyk
yk.. Hk
Hkeu
euh
h si
sifk
fkjo
jobh
bhyk
yk kp
kpkf
kfoj
ojk
k

piri
pirihm
hmke
kekh
kh tirj
tirjkj
kju
u jk
jkek
ek ek
ekbk
bk bi
bibu
bukt
ktkh
kh si
sirk
rktt kbk
kbkh
h turu
turuh
h si
sirt
rtk
k to
tomk
mkb
b

firbojku.

Binuhk
Binuhkkh
kh sir
sirkt
kt rcsij
rcsijk
k kmkj
kmkjk`
k` sif
sifknko
knko fk`
fk`kh
kh fkb
fkbu
u mkj
mkjke
ke ohm
ohmust
ustro
ro

pkfrob
pkfrob bkr
bkruhn
uhn nch
nchoo tir
tirutk
utkek
ek uht
uhtub
ub fk`
fk`kh
kh fkbu pie
piefuk
fuktkh
tkh bkr
bkruhn
uhn nch
ncho,
o,

bkruhn
bkruhn pie
piefuh
fuhnbu
nbus
s nuj
nujk
k mkh fir
firks.
ks. \oa
\oakt-
kt-soa
soakt
kt sir
sirkt
kt rcs
rcsij
ijk
k kht
khtkrk
krk jko
jkoh
h 7

fktkhn
fktkhn mkh mkuh tkh
tkhkek
kekh
h rcs
rcsijj
ijjk
k fir
firwkr
wkrhk
hk `og
`ogku
ku tuk ske
skepko
pko bie
bieirk
irk`-
`-

eirk`kh, fuhnkhyk firwkrhk puto`, lrike skepko buhohn, wkrhk sirkt ykhn

fkob kmkjk` lrike skepko puto` pirk`, firbojku mkh bibuktkh lubup, mkjke

bikmkkh fksk` bibuktkh sirkt rcsijjk titkp, sirtk bibuktkh sirkt rcsijjk

simobot jifo` rihmk` mkropkmk sirkt yuti.

6?
 Tkmk
Tkmk skkt oho
oho,, tkh
tkhkek
kekh
h rcs
rcsijk
ijk ykh
ykhn
n sif
sifihk
ihkrhy
rhyk
k fir
firksk
kskjj mkr
mkroo Kso
Ksok,
k,

sumk` eihyifkr juks bi Fihuk Keirobk, b`usushyk Keirobk \irobkt. Fk`bkh

mo Kustrkjok, sirkt rcsijk sumk` sigkb jkek moekhakktbkh cji` pihmumub ksjo

(Kfcronoh)
(Kfcronoh) uhtub bipi
bipihtohn
htohnkh
kh eie
eiefukt
fukt tkjo
tkjo,, eief
eiefukt
ukt tkefk
tkefkhn,
hn, ktkupu
ktkupuh
h

pirjihnbkpkh jkohhyk. \ijkoh piekhakktkh sifknko sirkt, usk`ktkho fuhnk

rcsijjk gunk mkpkt eihgkmo khmkjkh suefir ibchceo fkru fkno eksykrkbkt

si`o
si`ohn
hnnk
nk ei
eiho
hohn
hnbk
bktb
tbkh
kh pi
pihm
hmkp
kpkt
ktkh
kh pi
pitk
tkho
ho mo oh
ohmc
mchi
hiso
sok.
k. @k
@kjj tirs
tirsif
ifut
ut

mobkrihkbkh tkhkekh rcsijjk mkpkt mogkmobkh firfknko cjk`kh prcmub fkob

ekbkhk
ekbkhkh
h eku
ekupuh
puh eo
eohue
huekh,
kh, fk`
fk`kh
kh fkbu cfk
cfktt trk
trkmos
mosoch
ochkj,
kj, sir
sirtk
tk fktk
fktkhn
hn

fuhnk rcsijjk gunk mkpkt moprcsis eihgkmo tkjo mkh ncho. bujot bkyu rcsijk

eihnkh
eihnkhmuh
muhn
n sir
sirkt
kt pkh
pkhgkh
gkhn
n `ke
`kepor
por ske
skek
k mih
mihnkh
nkh bih
bihka
ka (6,
(6,>0
>0 ee
ee)) mkh
sijc
sijcju
jusi
si yk
ykhn
hn lu
lubu
bup
p to
tohn
hnno
no yk
ykot
otu
u si
sifi
fisk
skrr 1?
1?,1
,1%
% (\ks
(\kstr
trcs
csup
upkmo
kmo,, ;?
;?00
00).
).

Mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh tkhkekh bihka, rcsijk mkpkt tuefu` jifo` tohnno mkh

jifo` fiskr. \ifktkhn tkhkekh rcsijk ykhn tuefu` mo skjk` sktu bifuh mo

Tujku Gkwk pkmk tk`uh ;?<4-kh eiepuhyko tohnno jifo` mkro <4 bkjo tohnno

crkhn miwksk (jifo` mkro 9 eitir).

\irkt ykhn mo`ksojbkh mkro fktkhn biro

birohn
hn rcsij
rcsijk
k gunk firpcti
firpctihso
hso uhtub

eihnnkhtobkh bkyu, sipirto pohus mkh fknks, hkeuh skykhnhyk `ohnnk skkt

oho fijue kmk ohmustro pujp mkh birtks eku eijorobhyk. Bkjkhnkh ohmustro

pujjp mk
pu mkh
h bi
birrtk
tks
s eks
ksoo` eirkn
irknub
ubkh
kh pu
pujp
jp mkro
kro fk
fkttkh
khn
n rcs
csij
ijk
k eke
kep
pu

eihn`ksojbkh jiefkrkh birtks ykhn eieojobo bibuktkh ykhn skek mihnkh

pujp mkro fktkhn bkyu, sipirto pohus, fkefu, kbksok mkh iubkjoptus. Tkmk`kj

skkt oho pirt

pirtuefu`
uefu`kh
kh ohmust
ohmustro
ro pujp mkh birt
birtks
ks eiep
eiepirj
irjo`ktbk
o`ktbkh
h biekg
biekgukh
ukh

ykhn piskt, lchtc`hyk pkmk tk`uh ;??< tirmkpkt ;= pkfrob eiefutu`bkh

<4
fk`kh
fk`kh fkb
fkbu
u mkr
mkroo sir
sirkt
kt kjk
kjkeo
eo ;.<
;.<<=
<=.>4
.>44
4 tch
tch/tk
/tk`uh
`uh `oh
`ohnnk
nnk skkt oho gue
guejk`
jk`

ohmustro pujp mkh birtks eihohnbkt eihgkmo <= pkfrob ykhn eiefutu`bkh

sirkt ;9.0>0.=44 tch/tk`uh. Cji` bkrihk otu bimipkhhyk mo`krkpbkh kmkhyk

sukt
suktu
u up
upky
kyk
k pi
pihn
hnie
iefk
fkhn
hnkh
kh si
sirk
rktt kj
kjke
keoo mo jk
jk`k
`kh-
h-jk
jk`k
`kh
h prcm
prcmub
ubto
toaa mo

Ohmchisok nuhk pihniefkhnkh prcmub pirtkhokh jcbkj mkh piefirmkykkh

eksykrkbkt
eksykrkbkt pirtkhokh sirtk mkpkt gunk eihi
eihibkh
bkh biti
bitirnkhtu
rnkhtuhnkh
hnkh tohnb
tohnbkt
kt

oepcr sirkt kjkeo mkro jukr hiniro, sipirto lchtc`hyk L`ohk, Fkhnjkmis`, mkh

Ohmok.

6.;4 ]YEFY@KH \IVK] \YHH

Nkefkr ;>. ]khkekh Lrctkjkrok guhlik

\irkt \uhh kmkjk` sirkt ykhn momkpkt mkro fktkhn tkhke
tkhkekh
kh Lrctkjkrok

guhlik mkh sumk` mobihkj sigkb zkekh prk sigkrk` mo Ohmok mkh Tkbostkh.

Hink
Hinkrrk utke
utkek
k pi
pihn
hn`k
`kso
sojj si
sirk
rktt \uhh km
kmkj
kjk`
k` Ohmo
Ohmok
k mkh si
sifk
fkno
nokh
kh bi
bilo
lojj

mo`ksojbkh cji` Ynkhmk.

]khkekh Lrctkjkrok guhlik tireksub tkhkekh tk`uhkh sitohnno 6,9 e

`ohnnk < e mihnkh mokeitir sibotkr ;,69 le-;,0 le. ]khkekh oho tuefu`

mihnkh fkob mo tkhk` ykhn lubup sufur mkh eihnkhmuhn simobot tkhk` jokt

<;
sirtk
sirtk mkpk
mkpktt eih
eihnkj
nkjorb
orbkh
kh kor mih
mihnkh
nkh fko
fkob.
b. Ti
Tihkhk
hkhkekh
ekh moj
mojkbu
kbubkh
bkh mih
mihnkh
nkh

eihyi
eihyifkr
fkr fog
fogoo skhn
skhnkt
kt rkp
rkpkt.
kt. Tih
Tihuko
ukokh
kh moj
mojkbu
kbubkh
bkh kpkf
kpkfojk
ojk tkh
tkhkek
kekh
h tij
tijk`
k`

firfuh
firfuhnk
nk mkh moj
mojkbu
kbubkh
bkh mih
mihnkh
nkh lkr
lkrk
k ei
eiect
ectchn
chn ktk
ktku
u eih
eihlkf
lkfut
ut fkt
fktkhn
khn

ykhn bieumokh mofokrbkh sijkek ;-6 `kro mo jkmkhn `ohnnk mkuhhyk nunur.

\irkt
\irkt mop
mopkhi
khih
h mih
mihnkh
nkh lkr
lkrk
k ei
eihif
hifkhn
khn pc`
pc`ch
ch ykh
ykhn
n bie
bieumo
umokh
kh mof
mofusu
usubkh
bkh

supkyk sirkt tirposk`. Tiefusubkh mojkbubkh eieirjubkh wkbtu =-1 `kro.

\irkt knkb subkr moposk`bkh mofkhmohnbkh mihnkh guti mkh lipkt eiefusub

siti
sitijk
jk`
` pi
pief
efus
usub
ubkh,
kh, si
si`o
`ohn
hnnk
nk pi
pieo
eosk`
sk`kh
kh si
sirk
rktt mkr
mkroo fk
fktkh
tkhnh
nhyk
yk `k
`kru
rus
s

sinirk mojkbubkh. \irkt suhh sirohn monuhkbkh uhtub eiefukt tkjo-tiekjo,

birtks, mkh bkruhn. Tkmk ueuehyk, prcmub-prcmub ykhn mofukt mkro sirkt

tkhkekh oho mogukj mihnkh `krnk ykhn lubup eurk`

Nkefkr ;0. \irkt \uhh

Tkhgkhn sirkt mkpkt eihlkpko ;94 le, fokskhyk mopirnuhkbkh uhtub
tkjo tiekjo,
tiekjo, gkjk, fk`kh bir
birtks
tks ktku uhtub bkruhn. \irkt ykhn fkob firwkrhk
skhnkt eumk mkh firbojku. \irkt ijieihtirhyk firfihtub sojohmir mihnkh
pireubkkh
pireubkkh firnk
firnkros-n
ros-nkros
kros mkh eie
eiepuhyko
puhyko tkhmk-
tkhmk-tkhmk
tkhmk eij
eijohtkhn
ohtkhn mihnkh
ju
juei
eih
h yk
ykhn
hn to
tomk
mkb
b tirk
tirktu
tur.
r. Fi
Fiht
htub
ub or
oros
oskh
kh jo
joht
htkh
khnh
nhyk
yk jc
jchg
hgch
chn.
n. Yguh
Yguhn
n si
sijj
eihifkj tkb tirktur, tuepuj, mkh tomkb eiepuhyko jueih. Tkhgkhn sirkt
ijieihtir 4,= le-;,6 e mkh rktk-rktk 4,0 le mihnkh mokeitir 69 κ-
κ-94
94 κ mkh

<6
rktk-rktk <4 κ. Bcepcsoso sirkt suhh khtkrk jkoh7 sijujcsk 04%, pibtoh 1,=%,
zkt-zkt ykhn jkrut mkjke kor 6,0%, jojoh mkh jiekb 4,1%, kor ?,1%, mkh kfu
4,1%.

Nkefkr ;?. Tihkepkbkh Oroskh \irkt \uhh

<<
 FKF OOO
BI\OETYJKH

Kmkpuh bisoepujkh mkro pihujoskh ekbkjk` oho kmkjk` sifknko firobut7

;. \irkt
\irkt kmkj
kmkjk`
k` sukt
suktu
u giho
gihoss fk`kh
fk`kh firu
firupk
pk pctc
pctchn
hnkh-
kh-pc
pctc
tchn
hnkh
kh bcep
bcepch
chih
ih ykhn
ykhn eief
eiefiht
ihtub
ub

gkrohnkh eiekhgkhn ykhn utu`. Ekhusok eihnnuhkbkh sirkt mkjke fkhykb `kj ykotu uhtub

eiefukt tkjo, bkoh, fihkhn ktku birtks. Fkhykb tkhkekh sirkt kjke ykhn eieojobo pijukhn

uhtub
uhtub mogk
mogkmo
mobk
bkh
h fk`kh
fk`kh fkbu
fkbu kjti
kjtirh
rhkt
ktoa
oa ktku
ktku su
supj
pjie
ieih
ih si
sirk
rktt bkpk
bkpks,
s, khtk
khtkrk
rk jkoh
jkoh77 rkeo
rkeo

(Fci`eirok hovik), kfkbk (Eusk tixtojos Hii), yuti (Lcrl`crus lkpsujkros J. mkh L. cjotcrous

J.), bihka (@ofoslus lkhhkfohus J.), soskj (Knkvi soskjkhk J.), johue ktku ajkx (Johue

usotktossoeue J.), mkh bkpub (Liofk pihtkhmrk N.).

6. Lkrk
Lkrk pihn
pihncj
cjk`
k`kh
kh si
sirk
rktt mkh
mkh piho
pihohn
hnbk
bktk
tkh
h bu
bukj
kjot
otks
ks tkhk
tkhkek
ekh
h tomk
tomkb
b gku`
gku` fi
firf
rfim
imkk mkjk
mkjke
e

prcsishyk. Lchtc` pkmk tkhkekh rkeo mojkbubkh mibcrtobkso ykotu eieosk`bkh bujot rkeo

mkro fktkhnhyk, rittohn kmkjk` pirjkbubkh ykhn mofirobkh bipkmk fktkhn guti, ykotu morihmke
mkjke kor mihnkh su`u tomkb burkhn mkro 6>·L, mkh ekso` fkhykb jkno.

<=
 MKA]KV TY\]KBK

@omkykt, Trktobhc. 6440. ]ibhcjcno Tiekhakktkh \irkt Mkuh Hkhks \ifknko Kjtirhktoa Fk`kh
Fkbu ]ibstoj. Gurhkj ]ibhcoh. ;< (6)7 <;-<9.
\kstrcsupkmo, K. ;?0?. @ksoj-fksoj pihitotokh sirkt fktkhn sijkek Tijotk OQ. Trcsomohn \oepcsoue
O @ksoj Tihijotokh mkh Tihniefkhnkh ]khkekh Ohmustro, Fcncr.
\umgohm
\umgohmrc.
rc. Tijukhn mkh ]khtkhnkh Tiekhakktkh ]khkekh \irkt Kjke \ifknko Fk`kh Fkbu
]ibstoj Mo Ohmchisok.

<9