290 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 13. Figure 14-8 illustrates the longitudinal section of a tooth. the crown, gingiva, and root of the tooth (leader lines) (B) Add leader lines to the figure and use the key choices to label them. (©) Select different colors to represent the key choices and use them to color in the coding circles and corresponding structures in the figure (D) Choose terms from the key choices to match the descriptions below the figure, Key Choices OA. Cement OC Enamel OF. Pulp OB. Dentin O D. Periodontal membrane (ligament) 1, Material covering the tooth root 2, Forms the bulk of tooth structure A collection of blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerve fibers 4, Cells that produce this substance degenerate after tooth eruptionChapter 14. The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 291 PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 14, Match the descriptions in Column B with the appropriate terms referring to digestive processes in Column A. Letters or terms may be used more than once. Column A Column B 1. Ingestion A. Transport of nutrients from lumen to blood 2. Propulsion B. Enzymatic breakdown 3. Mechanical digestion . Elimination of feces 4, Chemical digestion D. Eating 5. Absorption B. Chewing. 6, Defecation, F, Churning: G. Includes swallowing H. Segmentation and peristalsis 15. Identify the pathological conditions described below by using terms from the key choices. Insert the correct term or letter in the answer blanks, Key Choices A. Appendicitis C. Diarrhea E, Heartburn G. Petitonitis B. Constipation D. Gallstones F. Jaundice H. Ulcer 1, Inflammation of the abdominal serosa 2, Condition resulting from the reflux of acidic gastric juice into the esophagus 3, Usually indicates liver problems or blockage of the biliary ducts 4, An erosion of the stomach or duodenal mucosa 5. Passage of watery stools 6. Causes severe epigastric pain; associated with prolonged storage of bile in the gallbladder Inability to pass feces; often a result of poor bowel habits 8. Inflammation of the wormlike extension of the large intestine.292 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 16. This section relates to food breakdown in the digestive tract. Using the key choices, select the appropriate terms to complete the following statements. Insert the correct letter or term in the answer blanks. Key Choices ‘A. Bicarbonate-rich fluid B. Bile C. Brush border enzymes D. Chewing. E, Churning, 9. 10, ul 12, 3, F, HCl K. Mucus G. Hormonal stimulus L. Pepsin H. Lipases M. Psychological stimulus 1. Mechanical stimulus. Renin J. Mouth) O, Salivary amylase Starch digestion begins in the mouth when _G) _ is ducted in by the salivary glands. Gasirin, which prods the stomach glands to produce more enzymes and HCl, represents a_@) ‘The fact that the mere thought of a relished food can make your mouth water is an example of _G) Many people chew gum to increase saliva formation when their mouths are dry. This type of stimulus is a_@® Protein foods are largely acted on in the stomach by _C For the stomach protein-digesting enzymes to become active, (6)_ is needed. Considering living cells of the stomach (and everywhere) are largely protein, it is amazing that they are not digested by the activity of stomach enzymes. The most important means of stomach protection is the _()__ it produces. ‘A milk protein-digesting enzyme found in children but uncom- ‘mon in adults is _@) ‘The third layer of smooth muscle found in the stomach wall allows mixing and mechanical breakdown by _() Important intestinal enzymes are the (10) ‘The small intestine is protected from the corrosive action of hydrochloric acid in chyme by G1)_, which is ducted in by the pancreas. ‘The pancreas produces protein-digesting enzymes, amylase, and nucleases. It is the only important source of (2) A nonenzyme substance that causes fat to be dispersed into smaller globules is 3)Chapter 14. ‘The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 293 17. Hormonal stimuli are important in digestive activities that occur in the stomach and small intestine. Using the key choices, identify the hormones that function as described in the following statements. Insert the correct term or letter response in the answer blanks, Letters or terms may be used more than once. Key Choices A. Cholecystokinin 3 4, B, Gastrin , Secretin These two hormones stimulate the pancreas to release its secretions. ‘This hormone stimulates increased production of gastric juice This hormone causes the gallbladder to release stored bile ‘This hormone causes the liver to increase its output of bile. 18. Various types of foods are ingested in the diet and broken down to their build- ing blocks, Use the key choices to complete the following statements according, to these understandings. Insert the correct term or letter in the answer blanks. Key Choices A. Amino 3 D. B. Fatty acids E ©. Fructose F. 1 2. 3. 4 5. Galactose G. Maltose Glucose H, Starch Lactose I. Sucrose ‘The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or simple sugars. The three common simple sugars in our diet are__, _, and Disaccharides include _, _, and Protein foods must be digested to__ before they can be absorbed, Fats are broken down to two types of building blocks, __ and glycerol. Of the simple sugars, referred to as “blood sugar. most important; it the sugar294 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 19. Dietary substances capable of being absorbed are listed next, (A) If the substance is most offen absorbed from the digestive tract by active transport processes, put an 4 in the blank. If it is usually absorbed passively (by diffusion or osmosis), put a P in the blank. (B) Circle the substance that is most likely to be absorbed into a lacteal rather than into the capillary bed of the villus. 1, Water 3. Simple sugars 5, Electrolytes 2. Amino acids 4, Fatty acids 20. Complete the following statements that describe mechanisms of food mixing and movement. Insert your responses in the answer blanks 1. Swallowing, or _@)__, occurs in two major phases—the _@ and _G)_- During the voluntary phase, the _@_ is used to 2, push the food into the throat, and the _G)_ “rises to close off the nasal passageways. As food is moved involuntarily 3. through the pharynx, the _(6)__ rises to ensure that its pas- sageway is covered by the _ (7) _ so that ingested substances do not enter respiratory passages. It is possible to swallow ‘water while standing on your head because the water is 5. cattied along the esophagus involuntarily by the process of (® _. The pressure exerted by food on the _@)_ valve 6, Gauses it to open so that food can enter the stomach. 7. The two major types of movements that occur in the small intestine are _C0)_and _GD_. One of these movements, the 8 _{12)_, acts 16 continually mix the food with digestive juices, and (Gtrangely) also plays a major role in propelling foods 9, along the tract. Still another type of movement seen only in the large intestine, _(3)_ occurs infrequently and acts to 10, move feces over relatively long distances toward the anus. Presence of feces in the _(14) excites stretch receptors so 11, that the _(15)_ reflex is initiated, Invitation of the gastrointesti- nal tract by drugs ot bacteria might stimulate the _(16)_cen- 12, ter in the medulla, causing _(7)_, which is essentially a reverse peristalsis 13, 14, 15. 16.Chapter 14. ‘The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 295 NUTRITION AND METABOLISM Nutrients Used by Body Cells 21. Using the key choices, identify the foodstuffs used by cells in the cellular functions described below. Insert the correct term or key letter in the answer blanks, Key Choices A. Amino acids B. Carbohydrates C. Fats 1. The most used substance for producing the energy-rich ATP 2. Important in building myelin sheaths and cell membranes 3, Tend to be conserved by cells 4, The second most important food source for making cellular energy 5. Form insulating deposits around body organs and beneath the skin 6. Used to make the bulk of cell structure and functional substances such as enzymes 22. Identify the nutrients described by using the key choices. Insert the correct, letter(s) in the answer blanks. Items may have more than one answer. Key Choices A. Bread/pasta D. Fruits G. Starch B. Cheese/cream FE, Meat/fish H. Vegetables ©. Cellulose F. Minerals 1. Vitamins 1. Examples of carhobydrate-rich foods in the diet. 2, Fatty foods ingested in the normal diet include 3. The only important digestible polysaccharide, 4, An indigestible polysaccharide that aids elimination because it adds bulk to the diet is 5. Protein-rich foods include and __. 6. Most examples of these nutrients, which are found largely in vegetables and fruits, are used as coenzymes. Include copper, iron, and sodium,296 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook Metabolic Processes 23. Figure 14-9 depicts the three stages of cellular respiration (A) Label the figure by placing the following terms on the appropriate answer blanks, (B) Answer the questions below the figure. Note: Terms may be used more than once. ATP Glucose Mitochondrion Carbon dioxide Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Chemical energy Electron transport chain Water cytosol Krebs cycle (high-energy eleatron) (high-energy 3. (phase) electron) 4 Ses — (cabaraie) (product) (ohase) 8 (callular site) (ealllar site) 8 (product) 12 (product) (Product) (product) (produet) Figure 14-9 1. Which of the oxidative phases does not require oxygen? 2. Which phases do require oxygen? 3. In what form is chemical energy transferred from the first two phases to the third phase? 4, Which of the phases produces the largest amount of ATP? 5. Which phase combines energetic H atoms with molecular oxygen?Chapter 14. ‘The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 297 24. This section considers the process of cellular metabolism, Insert the correct word(s) from the key choices in the answer blanks, Key Choices AL ATP G. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)—-M, Ketosis B, Acetic acid H, Carbon dioxide N. Monosaccharides C. Acetoacetic acid 1, Essential ©. Oxygen D. Acetone J. Fatty acids P. Total metabolic rate (TMR) E, Amino K. Glucose Q Urea F, Ammonia 1. Glycogen R. Water 1. The key “fuel” used by body cells is_()_. The cells break this fuel molecule apart piece by piece. The hydrogen 2, removed is combined with (2) to form _G)_, while its car- bon leaves the body in the form of _(@ gas. The 3. importance of this process is that it provides _(3)_ a form of energy that the cells can use to power all their activities. For 4, carbohydrates to be oxidized, or bumed for energy, they must first be broken down to _@)_. When carbohydrates are 5. unavailable to prime the metabolic pump, intermediate prod- ucts of fat metabolism such as_(@)_ and _(8)_ accumulate in 6. the blood, causing _( and Tow blood pH. Amino acids are actively accumulated by cells because protein cannot be made 7. unless all amino acid types are present. The amino acids that must be taken in the diet are called _(10)_ amino acids. 8, When amino acids are oxidized to form cellular energy, their amino groups are removed and liberated as_G1) . In the 9. liver, this is combined with carbon dioxide t6 form _(2) , which is removed from the body by the kidneys. 0. 11 es v7 25. Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. ‘Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name. 1, Breathing TMR — Rest__Essential life activities. Group: 2. Thyroxine Iodine | Metabolic rate Metabolic rate. Group: 3. Obese person Flder_- Women Child Group: 4, 4kcal/gram — Fats Carbohydrates Proteins Group: 5. Radiation Vasoconstriction Evaporation —_Vasodilation Group:298 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook 26. The liver has many functions in addition to its digestive function. Complete the following statements that elaborate on the liver’ function by inserting the correct terms in the answer blanks. 1 2 18. 19. The liver is the most important metabolic organ in the body. In its metabolic role, the liver uses amino acids from the nutrient-rich hepatic portal blood to make many blood pro- teins such as _@)__, which helps to hold water in the blood- stream, and @)_, which prevent blood loss when blood vessels are damaged. ‘The liver also makes a steroid substance that is released to the blood. This steroid, @)_, has been implicated in high blood pressure and heart disease, Addition- ally, the liver acts to maintain homeostatic blood glucose lev- cls. It removes glucose from the blood when blood glucose levels are high, a condition called _@)__, and stores it as (5). Then, when blood glucose levels are low, a condition called _)_, liver cells break down the stored carbohydrate and release glucose to the blood once again. This latter process is termed _@)_, When the liver makes glucose from noncarbohydrate substances such as fats or proteins, the pro- cess is termed _(8)_ In addition to its processing of amino acids and sugars, the liver plays an important role in the pro- cessing of fats. Other functions of the liver include the _() of drugs and alcohol. Its _G0)__cells protect the body by ingesting bacteria and other debris. ‘The liver forms small complexes called GD_, which are needed to transport fatty acids, fats, and cholesterol in the blood because lipids are (2) in a watery medium. The function of _G3)_ is transport of cholesterol to peripheral tissues, where cells use it to construct their plasma G4) ot to synthesize _(5)_hormones. The function of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) is transport of cholesterol to the 6), where it is degraded and secreted as _GD_, which are eventually excreted, ‘Two other important functions of the liver are the storage of vitamins (such as vitamin (8) needed for vision) and of the metal U9) (as ferritin),Chapter 14. ‘The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 299 27. Using the key choices, select the terms identified in the following descriptions. Insert the appropriate term(s) or letter(s) in each answer blank. Items may have more than one answer. Key Choices A. Blood E. Hyperthermia 1. Radiation B, Constriction of skin blood vessels -F. Hypothalamus ‘J. Pyrogens C. Frostbite G. Hypothermia K. Shivering D. Heat H. Perspiration —_— By-product of cell metabolism Means of conserving/increasing body heat Means by which heat is distributed to all body tissues Site of the body's thermostat Chemicals released by injured tissue cells and bacteria, causing resetting of the thermostat Death of cells deprived of oxygen and nutrients, resulting from withdrawal of blood from the skin circulation when the external temperature is low Means of liberating excess body heat Extremely low body temperature Fever300 Anatomy & Physiology ‘oloring Workbook DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS. OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 28. Using the key choices, select the te identified in the following descriptions, Insert the correct term(s) of letter(s) in each answer blank, Items may have more than one answer. Key Choices A B, c D, E. Accessory organs Alimentary canal Appendicitis Cleft palate/lip Cystic fibrosis wero Gallbladder problems K. Rooting stritis L. Sucking PKU (phenylketonuria) M. Stomach. Periodontal disease N. Tracheoesophageal fistula Peristalsis O. Ulcers Internal tubelike cavity of the embryo Glands formed by branching from the digestive mucosa Most common congenital defect; aspiration of feeding common Congenital condition characterized by a connection between digestive and respiratory passageways Congenital condition in which large amounts of mucus are produced, clogging respiratory passageways and pancreatic ducts, Metabolic disorder characterized by an inability to properly us the amino acid phenylalanine Reflex aiding the newborn baby to find the nipple ‘Vomiting is common in infants because this structure is small Most common adolescent digestive system problem Inflammations of the gastrointestinal tract, Condition of loose teeth and inflamed gums; generally seen in elderly people