READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1. Black Bears and Grizzlies in Canada Bleck bas and giz bet arth oud th Noah Anos, rd boas he ok ute ri cir hr crt, Ali dos hs havi, uo a aa eu ai of the contusion arises out of the fact thet hota specias are characterised by gonsidereble colour variations, and arate vara nat are weg. fo ing ose eer oe ena eyo aria Sebo: Ags Mert sl, cul De aaa Ec i ould ar paler ea Ble pseu lr ecornilarerae do ier ren kare huey Cann prove scr Pec cdr Tay giles ae urd one west an nor Coad ad sal podtersol he west Und State Blk on te pial dato roto areas nd er ees ane coarngs Aiteugh ojzsace mate substan ae fesed res, hey doo oke much ot tee cf ope, norfaratd meecors end alles hen aches do. Black bears hve shar, cured cons beter suited to climbing tees then digging. In contest, grizzly bears heve.loncer, less curved claws anda larger shoulder muscle mass more suited to digaing then cliibing, This enables grizzlies to forege efcenty Feo rt ett cv Sar, as bureving rodents, The pay afrocobeoe he Gta habs of 8k be's and aba 18 ars, a ato Sr de me MRT an ter ‘eat more plant material ‘bah tferarce between lack bars rd xin boars ho langth fina cbs aura te rather ct, Bla bea bs ef bam hte weer hioonaton dn, pene sane floeng tt with iether soy thera den agin nee hen seperate om ht et the nent our aevelinge, whetes i bw eubacon sand upiotvapend al yas unr hor mothers cr ete oan lick tsar ata ih BSS SB i a San on HM Hr eb ator rte at cubs cap res saxo asthe oa Cz barre reve Iota Svar aprons eb neater and wa stam preseorst et pened is Onelehaious ference between he two varies bee is Siar f you Hien he beckon Thre ere tapi obs ena, Gara spd uty oe Tote a when hikers are walking into the wir jat bears do not smell rs Wa or ws erate a ch hs ad tne ton You they react cefecay on on ork ur cone x posse st The epee half you sur reste rel see se bard ese ures MF tpe em tt pa ah This enforces the impression to the grizzly thet you are not a threat nd the beer most often walks away ence epee resis gove The predate one te han mos ot ane by Bk bears isis aratul metieg of hutna oma. Wie highly ntl peo lb ted by a creatr bat boar tay oe, the tecomrmaned responses jut the oposte tte fr a defrsve stack Shu! Wve your ato are byt soes es geo posse, Doran Heck ace, ton red them Alber prof rot shave fat rhea an ouput wp asveng enough defence they wi oe yu dono ACADEMIC READINGQuestions 1-8 Do the following statomants agra with the information given in Reading Passane 1? 'n boxes 1-8 on your answer sheer, write TRUE if tha statement agrees with the information eal FALSE if the statement contradicts the information not Part NOT GIVEN if there is n0 information on this ations rE 1. Incen be aificultt0 distinguish a lack baar from a grizly bear“ 1, and so 2. Grizzly bears have fewer colour variations than black bears. ref @ Black dears are generally Noavi then gay bears, © 4 Both types of beer can be found in forested evens. 5 Genoa back oars ar tor gang then ay bor. ZF 1 “Boil types of ber eat fish i referenod to ter foods. K pv) 7. The ce: Gk grzly bears includes a lager proportion of most. —T 8 Both types of beer build a hibernation den.» Questions 9-13, Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS froin the passage fo/ aach ansvver Vitite your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet, fhack boas Yo if threatened by predators? Clin frees lefts 10 What te of eeck.bn humans is move typical of grizaly bears? abfecch 41. What ae paopo advised todo if mother grizly bear defending cubs ctacks ahem? gaan os desl, 412, What shouldn't people do ita predatory block bear threatens them? Ae Cersrive—osbhete 13. What weeps shoul You use to counter blac bear anack? Phased — Puy) CD) ACADEMICREADING 69.‘ACADEMIC READING (© READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26 wiih are based on Reading Pass Questions 14-20 Reeding Passage 2 hos seven paragraphs, AG. Choose the comet heading for paragraphs AG from the fist of hesaings below. White the coriect number, bx, In boxes 14~20 an your answer sheet: || 1 Apossibie explanation for why = discovery was made in e parte ocstion | i recent sud casts doubt on an ascent interprotation of events iit Analysis reveals the origins of objects discovered by chanbe Iv. Documentary avidence that supports the study's initia ‘ndings How the current study is going to be organised _#¥ Bvidenae suggesting that waders once lied onthe Wessel Islends vii Alongstending susgeston that further discoveries are possible vii The significance of a chance discovery goes undetected (Tha aims of the eurrent study x Witten and anecdotal evidence of ear'y trad in the region Be 14 Paragraph A He | 15. Paregeph B ill 16 Paragranh 17 Paregraph DIMER >< 38. Paregraoh E i 49° Paragraph F Vii 20 ParagraahG eg VO= r Le é aay Coins Great Britain, ft soem ha, cntary to popu myth, he may not etal have been tne fst European 19 $a foot onthe conta snew oxpedton, lod by ah Avtar antropaops investing the posstilay hat ancient expeston cry nave taken dave ong before Coot ane tt Funes eer jurnyod 10 he continent Te expetion vl folow a seventy yearot reasute map toa andy boa vrs a cache of mysteraus ancient cons vas dscoveredin the TO4Ge, Tho researchers ar sti 10 discover how the coins ended up in the sand; whether they washed ashore following shipwrec ‘whether thay ean provide mare details about ancient trade routes, B The coins were originally found by an Australian soldier named Maurie Isenbere, whe was stationed ina remote area know 2s the Wosso! Islands. Tha Wosse! Islands are part of Anhern Lend, a region in Australia's vast Northem Temitory. Isenberg was assigned lo @ radar station locatad on the Wessel Island, and during his off-duty hours, he often went fishing along the idylic beaches. One day in 1944, 188.2 few old coins and put them in a tin. He marked the spot where he'd found the coin’ with an Xon a hane-drewn map, but did't think thai he'd unearthed anything of atest rote Indeed, it wesn't unt 1979 thet Isenberg sent the coins to be authenticated and learned that some her were estintied mba of aa ao ‘As it turned ou, five of them hed been oroduced inthe, sultanate of KilWa in East Africa and aré thought to date back to tha tweltth century. Kilwa wes @ josperaus trading centre in those days, located on an island that is part of present-day Tanzania Istfalian anthropologist Mike Owen, a heritage consultant in Darwin, is leacing the upcoming expedition, and he says that the coins, ‘have the capacity to radkalt Australian history’ The copper coins which were seldom usad outside of East Africa, arobably hold very lita monetary value in Kilwa: “Yet, there thay were on a baach ten thousand kilomatres-to the east! Along with the African coins, there were a number of seventeenth and aighteenth-century Dutch coins in the cache of tha type known as duits. The first record af European activity in the isiancs actually detes back to 1623, when sailors aboard 4 Dutch ship,called the Wese! gave the islands thoir current ‘ame, However, oral history fram the indiger nivha inhabit the islands suggests that they played hst to many visitors over the centuries. The expeditions main researcher is AUSTaTan” anthropalog)st Dr lan Mcintosh, who has spoken in depth with the Yolngu people, “There wes much talk of the Wessel Islands.as @ place of intense contact history, he ses, * !Meintosh points out that Northern Australia may have drawn early vistors because it lies close to the fermnus ofthe ancient indian oven wade route thet linked Africe’s east coast with Arabia, Persia, inca Gnd the Spice Islands (now part of Indonesia). "This trade route was already very active, a very long ime ‘aga, and this find exploration by peoples from East atiice of the Middle East’ Acconing to Meintosh, the shape ot the Weasel Islands serves as @ big catching army’ for any ships” ‘b.awn off course, which may point to the coins coming froma shipwreck, or even multiple shipwrecks iis dul to tell whether there was routine contact with the wuside weld ar whether there is any ‘arnecton hetween the Dutch coins and the far elder Aficen coms, which may simpy have andod sp ifthe some plece, but iis honed *het mere evidence may coms to light. Adding tothe sense of _anticpaion is @ persistent rumour thal, in one of tha many caves nthe lands, there are more coins and age oeopcr: a ‘The exoacition is sponsored by the Australian Geographic Society end intends to follow the hand-crawn ‘ay givon to therm by Isenberg. Included ithe team i a Georiorphologist, whese task iste examine Ho the coesiallanscape has. changed overtime, If shinwiracks a invahtd, how she coins woshea toa provide cues 10 1he location of « vac, say the experts. Meanwhile, a heritage spocilst has “ino ob of looking after the documentation and ensuring Hat the ste is pretected, endl anthrogologists ‘Workin with local ncigenus people hope to idantiy likely sites oF contact with foreign vistors, “There “is greet interest on the part of the Yolngu in this project, and in uncovering aspects of their awn past! {996 Mcintosh P ACADEMIC READING nR ‘ACADEMIC READING Questions 21-26 Complete the sentences below. (Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER from the passage for exc answer. White your answers in boxes 21-26 07 your answer sheet 21 Maurie Isenberg first discovered the coins in the year... P44). 22 The African coins which Isenberg found were made of .. i200 de century ae 24 The later coins Isenberg found are called dural of. <8 well 26 more coins on the ist 25 The islands where (senberg found the coins are named after a 26 Local people think there May bE wnepupnnnsnREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 6 for each When Tablet Turns Teacher |temember the day, years ayo, when | took sn iPed home fer the firs time. It was @ humbling experience. Within minutes, my two young daughters had seized on the device, and were handling it with far more ecterity than me. So much 50, in fact, that after thet, whenever | felt flummoxed by @ phone or computer, It ‘gi 1 straight to my kids to sort out. And if wa ware ever trapped in @ cer, train or anything else, | was act to hand over whatever device | was using at the time, and let them explore its functions ~ something people of Ini generation never seem to have the skill or patience ta ce, Bit does their dexterity arise because my children are ‘digitel natives’ kids who have grown up in a world a Se Re eee century, Around 1769, an Austrian Franklin. Franklin was: fescinated by AY’ inventor constructed one called the th rrachine and said it was the mest meee could play interesting game of chess he had F-Sirong game of chess against 2 pre ae ao human opponent and ibecame qlte Poewreman esa) expiag TOW. famous throughout Europe. In Paris, he thought the Chess Turk worked. the machine played a game against the though his theories proved to be incorrect, [Was not until the 1820s in London thatthe Chess Turk was reveled to a elaborate ard clever hax. It was. discovered that a living chess master was cored within the mechine, plotting the moves and operating the methinery. After that, the field ff mechanical chess research was neglected unt the development of digital computer in the 1950s. One ‘he frst games that cobld be played a computer was chess. Chess enthusiasts end computer engineats have gone on to develop chess playing computers and softwere with increasing degrees of sophistication, In 1997, a chess: supercomputer called Deep Blue the reigning world chess champion Camry Kasparov in two sh-gemie ‘matches. Kasparov won one of these ‘matches and the computer won the other. These days, free chess-playing ~ ‘programs can be downloaded from Roto Internet thet are cnalenging even for Ne dhaioninmntae tin yn neon ter Mesa ‘rend masters. @ Work in pairs. Do you have the same answers for Exercise 8? Disouss any answers are different. 10 Now look at the statements that you marked as ‘given’ Are the statements TAUEor FALSE 80 ACADEMIC READINGBurana dolghins share of two dolphins ceptured ir v government intands to put the Burrunan dolphin of the derefed Ist Read the passage about new dolphin species quickly and mark the relevant so: for each statement in Exercise 11, None of the statements is true, But are they FALSE or NOT GIVEN? Is there enough information to know? Next to each statement, write FALSE ifthe st NOT GIVEN ent contradicts the information there isno information on this in the p v Indc-Pacticbotlenose. The resuits were so surprising that . . the team ily thought there was a mistake and reran the DOIDNIN SPECIES ses ste ietert nebo es University says ‘The main focus of our research was 10 — figure out which of the two known battenose species these chojphns belonged to, But from the DNA sequences that we ot, iturnec out that they wre very diferent from either of them Sone The team also examined dolphin shuls collected and maintained by Austraan museums over the last century, and determined that Burrunan dejpins have sight cranial ditferences that ets the species apa. And tee are other observable sifferences too, suchas the Burrunan's more curved dorsal, stubbier beak, and unique colouring that induces dark grey, mé-grey and wfite. ‘So how did the doipins escape researchers! note for ‘so ong? Physical variations in dolphins in south-eastern 1 by DNA tests, thernew mammals were right Australia have been reported for decades, though the new erresearchers’ noses. study i the fist to use maliple lines of evidence to make efousl unknown species of doiphin hasbeen identied a strong case fora distinct specs. Infact, the Burrunan a. One of only three riew dlphin species found __dlphin was almost scovered as far back a 1915, when a the 1800s, the Burcunan daipin has been named “] biologist captured and examined two very diferent dolphins ‘an Australian Aboriginal phrase that means ‘large sea from Australian waters. Scientists at the time concluded that fe ol the porpose kind’ On two populations have > both the animals were common betterase dolphins, and ered sofa, oth of them in the state of Victoria. ~ that thelr dferences were due o one being male and the d a hundred have been located in Port Phillip Bay, ‘other female, After reviewing the female dolphin’s skeleton p area very cose to Melnourne, Australia’s second recent though, Chavton-Robb's team determined she as populous ct, while another fity are known to frequent “a Burranan, vatr coastal akes ofthe rural Gbesland region, Because so few invcuals belonging to the new doin ple of handed miles nay species have been dented the research team has 9 og been inn that cstnc lpn populations roam petione the Australan government to list the animals ff south-eastern Australia. But now DNA tests have shown as endangered. ‘Given the small size of the population," 3€ dolphins are genetically very Giferent from the Charlten-flobb says ‘i's really crucial that we make an ettort tw local species, the common bottlenose and the “® to protect them. @ ‘Work in pairs. Do you have the same answers for Exercise 137 Discuss any answers that are different. Then compare your answers with another pair of students. ACADEMIC READING Z ENG atIELTS PRACTICE TASK ‘What price fresh flowers? Flowers heve long been symbols of love and caring. People send them to express sympathy, to apologise, or just wish someone well, But today, floricuture ~ the growing and selling of flowers —is very big business, worth £2.2 billion a year in the UK alone. The majority of the cut-flowers sold there are imported, ‘these days mostly from countries such as Colombia andl Kenya. The Netherlands is the traditional contre of {lower production in Europe, and remains a maior supplier of flowers. In recent years, however, 2s labour and produetion costs have soared, attention there has shifted from flower production to fewer trading ‘Meanwhile, the Kenyan cutfiower industry nas grown rapidly, and now provides @ vital income for around ‘wo milion people. Itis the country’s largnst agricultural foreign exchange eamar after tea, producing £165 milion annusily For the environmentally conscious, it might seem wasteful that 8 commodity such as flowers should travel hattway around the world beore ariving at @ supermarket or florist shop. Just as some anvironmentalists say that i's better to buy uit and vegetables grown locally, some elso advocate the buying of locally crown ‘lowers. Thanks to globalisation, however, the UK cut flower industry now supplies just ten per cet of the country’s needs. Twenty years ago it was more like half, What's more, itis suggested that reversing this trend would actually have serious environmental consequences. Research published in 2006 by Crantield University in the UK showed that the produetion of Kenyan flowers, including delivery by air freight and truck, resuited in a carbon footprint nearly six times smaller then that caused by the production of Dutch flowers. Kenya has optimal growing conditions and the warm ‘Attican sun provides heat andl light, whereas growers in the Netherlands and other developed countries requite significant inputs of gas and electric 10 grow flowers ysaround in artical climaie-contrlled ‘environments, But there ata other environmental factors to consider. A vast range of pesticides, erilisers and furmigants Aare used in producing cut flowers. Lake Naivashe, the cent’e of Kenya's flower industry, is the deal place to {gfoW ose85, thanks to its high altitude and abundant sunlight and weter. However, environmental damage has resulted from the development that has followed in the wake of floriculture. Lake Naivasha itself has shrunk 10 hai its origina) size, with water lavels dropping by three metres, fish catches falling end the native hippopotamus feeling the effects of pollution Meanwhile, teensporting flowers over long distances poses its own set of challenges, Rosas, for exemple, have to he shipped by air rathar than soa because they require constant refrigeration and! wilt quickly Transporting other types of flowers by sea can elso be tricky compared to air freight. Demend is difficult to predict, which means entire shipping containars cen seldom be filed with a single species, but mixing flcwers is often inadvisable because some varieties emit gases that spol atners. One strategy isto opt {or heartier breeds suc as carnations and lilies which are easier to ship and require less refrigeration then roses.‘Questions 1-8 Do the following statements acres with the information given in tha Reading Passage? Next 10 each question, 1-8, write ™ TRUE if the statement agrees with the information pe FALSE If the statement contradicts the information a NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this - 1 In rocant years, cut flowers have become more expensive to grow in the Netherlands. 2 Mote people are employed in the cut-flower incustry in Kenya than in Europe, bour 3 Flowers represent Kenya's most valuable sgricuttural export, | 3. 4 The UK hes seen a marked decline in the proportion of localiy-erown cut flowers on sale, Hi 5 The Cranfield suay concentrated on the environmental effects of transporting cul flowers. i 8 The Lake Naivashe tegion procuces a rance of cut flowers including roses. | E165 7 Supplies of some lacal food items have bean affected by the impact of floricuzure around Lake esl confidant about doing Tue/FalseyNot Given tasks | did OK, nut | stl need to co more wark on True/FalseyNot Gwen tasks. I need more practice with True/False/Net Given tasks. | nead to foous on .. eee ACADEMIC READING 83TASKTYPE 2 Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion and Diagram Labelling Se mea ea ay nee ge A Read the information about the task type. Then look at the list of questions on page 85 that a classmate has emailed to you. Can you answer them? ‘The Note, Table, Flow-chart Completion end Diagram Labelling task taste your ability to locate and ecord specific Information from @ reading passage. I's often used to test your understeriding of factual passage about @ specific subject. You usually read facts about a subjeci. and you may naed to write wards er numoers. Some oF the information trom the passago is airaady writtan o7 the question peper, your job is to read the passace and find information to complete the gaps. On the questicn paper, you 98¢ 2 sat of notes that report the information ‘rom the passage. In the notes, some key words are missing, You ‘ead and write the missing words in the aep. The notes may take the ferm of a set af notes under heedings 1 assotof notes in a table a diagram or flaw chant with labels Here are the basic rules for these tasks: The instuctions tell you how many words to write in each gap, '@ The words you need to write in youranswors are found in the passage | The informetion in the notes is prosanted in s difierent way from the passage, but it usually comes in the same ordor (diagram taske may be in a different order) The words you write musi be spelled correctly, You write the words in the same form as you see them in the pessage (e.g. singular/plural|~ you dor't need to change them in any way. | Wate anly the missing words on the answer sheet. Its especially important to reed thraugh the notes before you read the passage, and thirk about the type of information you're-looking for. In the passage, you may see differant words that could ‘it logiealy inte each gep. You tiave to read carefully 10 choose the correct information, so thet the notes report the meaning of the passage exactly, 84 ACADEMIC READING;nswor neso questions about the Note, Table, Flow-chert Completion and Diagram Labeling tasks, please? mostly reacing for facts and figures? B Sample questions 2 Read the passage and complete the notes on page 86. Use the rules about the task from Section A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? LTS PRACTICE TASK ‘Types of Ports pang to the World Bank, there are five distinct types of seports: service povts, tool ports landlord ports, coxporatized Sant pavata ports. The basic ciflerence between the five madals is tho amount of government contra porisare mest often found in developing countries; the port of Dakar in Senegal, for example, isa service por. At one ine 170st of the ports the world ware servieo pons A service polis contralladley the central government, usually by the ij of Fangporiation or Communications, Tha government owns the land andl the port's assets ~ al the infrastructure feos. Apart’ essots nciude roads, docks, terminal bukiings, conteiner Fillies, vehicles end eergo handing ecpapenent schas cranes and foxcift tucks. The dock workers who lozd and uload the ships in service por's are all govern ment 9. Some suplemmentary services, such as food forthe workers, can be in the hends of private compenies, Econorric gencies have led 10 a dectina in the number of service ports in recent years. he oo/ cort mods an agency, usvally caled the Port Authority, owns and managss the land and assets on behalf ofthe Huiveve, the dock workers are empoyed by private companies. Ale patts in Porlugel, many in Bazi, and the Francs pnt Le Havre are tool pons, For many ports, the tool port medel represents e transitional stage on the wiay to becoming a eipar The transition generally requires that fundamental laws geverring pons be chanced, end that process often takes ime, bref port represents the dominant made! today ais the on recommenced by the World Bank. Lancord ports de te word lergest pon, Rotterdam, the port of New York nthe USA, and, since 1987 the porte Singazore. The ity gens ownerstip of the lad and the infastuctre, butlezses these 10a pvt comoary or companies which actully ats he por The workers eta employediby these prvata comperies. The mast cornman fim of taasa is # concession rt whete 3 pivot company is granted & long arm lease in exchange for rei. The ims that operate the pr fastias ‘nanan port equipment ane keg it upstate, zed porthaslbeen almost entirely pvatize The port authority is essenitily private enterprise which owns and pnboste por, However, pubic agencies ~ either lcel cr retinal ~own a majoity ofthe stockin the compeny managing {por and can use their controling interest to stoer ha develoomant ofthe por. As n't kancord mode, the privatized ext gulorty must keep up and improve te infestructure, but must agres only to develop port activites. It could na, for example, sna enter storage ya into a block of luxury apartments. Corporaizad pars car found in Poland, in Austra, and ithe pstized par mode, governments have no direct involvement in port activites. Tre land and al the assets are owned renaged by prkale companies, which ikewise employ the dock workers. The government oparates st na ragulatory foacty, raking sue lars are folowect, However, public erties can be shareholdess. This mode! is in use in various ports in United Kingdom, such as Felixstowe, anc in several ports n New Zeeiana, The Vier Bank does notin general approw of system The bank advises agains: completely giving up public owershia, espacial othe lend. ACADEMIC READINGQuestions 1-9 Complete the table below. Choase NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS tom the passage for each answer Type ofport | Role of govemment Role of private companies | Comments Servee port | -ownserd raneges al assets_| may ony prove fever ofthese todey ~employees are public workers | 1 due to 2, ©9, cating Joo) port an ageney known asa emplow the workers | actaasa 3 4 ws th and botwoon tees other models manages thenfascucnre | Landlo port |-government owns the nd | ~operatas the port ~ deminer rede today end assets rempioys ne werkers | -endorsed ay the Word Bank -leases themautiengteim | ~keeas6 STOCRNESB nn | goed Odor Comporatzed pare goverment agencies on | -wnsche and and asses | owner agrees to reset ise frost the portaumortys | ~manages the oor 8. 7 Privatized port government has a ‘owns the land and assets | not recommended by the 2 role management othe per_| Wed Bank C Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs. Read the tips and tacties and discuss these questions. a Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? b Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample qui in Section B? © Which tips will you use in the future? 1. Bofore you read the passage, [ook at the notes and think about wat you're going 104 2. Think about the type of information that’s missing to complate the information. For example, are you ‘ooking for a name, @ number, a specific teem or semeti 3. Look for elues in tha notes that tell you the tyne of information you're looking for, 8.9. headings oF the words already on the page. 4. Somatimes the wording of the notes tells you what to look for, 9g. iF"Year’ is a head you may s2e references to a number of years in the passage 5 Mosi of the missing information is facts about the topic, so the words you need to wi are mostly nouns. Check if the ward is singular or plural in the passage, 8 Remember that the notes follow the order of information in the passage. In tables, and down, In diagrams read the labels clockwise order — the question numbers follow the ordr of information in the pass 7 Go through the numberad questions in order. Read the rofavant saction of the passa again and find the words io complete the gaps ar answer the question, 8 The word(s) you need to wnite are in the passage. Don't put the information you read road the information from laf to right, not v ‘your own words; 9 Don’t just write down the first word you find that fits a gap ~ keep reading and think: ‘about the meaning, 10. Romamibor, the instructions tell you how many words to waite — if you write mare, answer will be marked wrong, 11 Write numbers as figuras, @.9. “104” — nat as words, ag. ‘one hundred and four" 12. If youarer‘t sure, always write something. No marks are taken off for wrong answers ACADEMIC READING4 Look at the words and phrases in the box. What does this vocabulary describe? assembly ine electronic t ustrel decanter ladders heavy stones hemmermil hitragen woaden spoons nas fans fibre dis large nets rilstones 5 Read the passage and underline the words from Exercise 4. 1 models aditional and commercial ways wor Rank | ‘can live to be hundreds of years old and _stirring causes the smaller croplets of oll released ‘amounts of uit in thelrlifetime, People ‘by the milling process to form larger ‘drops. The Bs making olive oil in countries around the _larger drops can be separated from the paste more an Sea for many centuries, and this easly. Heating the paste during the malaxation by simply crushing the olives. Modem Stage increases the yield of oll. However, the use ici extraction is a more complex process, Of higher Neat affects the taste and decreases shelf ihesame besic principle of crusning the uit _ fe. To compromise, commercial producers usully the ols in pla. hheat the paste to only about 27 fervest is the first step a degrees Centigrade. Oxidation ‘live cil. Traditional also reduces the flavour, so use a number of low. . commercial producers mey fil ns to gather the olive the malaxation chamber with common method is an inert gas such as nitrogen 50 ‘on ladders to simply the paste avoids contact with lives by hand and put oxygen. ‘Next, the oll must be separated ple questh iS. OF workers may beat from. the paste. Traditionally, ies with broomsticks, the paste is spread onto fibre the olives on the discs that are stacked! on top of “Commercial processors each other in a cylindrical press. ° coing %0 arc tongs to strip olives , Heavy stones are placed on top tion. For arches and. drop them of the discs, squeezing out the ng else? nets spread out below liquid. The oil thus produced is Sit § then important to a called first press or cold press il. The paste is then mixed with ‘hot water or steam and pressed Se oye moe. Te second press ol he favour of the oll, doesn't have such an intense arvested olives have been brought to the frou The monary comnmnes a avec cles hove been rout 9 the | meted af olve ol extraction ses a machine ced dirt leaves and twas. Commercial’ | af. MCustrial Cecanter to separate the oll from the tise cleaning machines to accomplish ee ae rece oe at Gage ot) ay : fevolstons ner minute. The paste and ol are e231 geal Fans Blow any the marty of | Cenaratac because of thelr afeent cartes T98 5 larger bis The cles are then tumed | essertilly the same method that is used to senarate ate a5 they pass through the mill Large | THK from cream. ‘ate Used for this purpose by traditional Alter the separation process, the oll is bottled, and the bottle is capped and labelled. Smell, traditionel Fa mechanised alternative, known asa | producers often do this by hand, while commercial ‘Once Milled, the clive pasto is ready | producers use assemaly line techniques. The leftover talled malexation. in this stage of the | paste Is sometimes used for enlmal feed or it can be ‘lied paste Is stired anc mixed for 20 | further chemically processed to extract more olive This Is done with waoden spoons by | oil, which is usually blended with other ails or used ducers, while commercial producers | for processes such as soap making, machine with a metal spiral blade. The ACADEMIC READING 87‘ACADEMIC READING ee Which of the words from Exercise 4 on page 87 are used to describe the traditional method? Which words are used to describe the modem commercial method? Look at th llow-chart below. Choose the correct words to complete the notes. the passage again to make sure you have reported the meaning exactly in the notes Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS trom the passego for each enswver —— HOW OLIVE OIL IS MADE TRADITIONAL METHOD Harvesting ‘Manual labourers climb 1... ‘each the olives. Picked by hand. to TI COMMERCIAL METHOD Harvesting 2 are used to 1 from the trees, move olives ‘on the grourd v | Cleaning | Dirt, leaves and twigs removed by hand. nn 2 Malaxation Paste stired with 7. 10 create larger drops of ail within the peste. Pressing Paste applied to ® cylindiicel press. 10 used to force the oil out of the paste a —— Final stages: Gil bottles, capped and labelled by hand, L_ Cleaning Mechanical methods. 4 remove most unwanted material, ee? Milling A machine called a 6 used Malaxation | Paste mixad in a machine. Pasta heated to about 27° C, 8 __.ig used to rerain flavour Pressing An tt from the paste. is used to 1emowol metriods ara used to bottle, cap and label the cil & Work in pairs. Look at this student's answers. Why were they marked wrong? 1 baskets 5 Miktenes Industry decantor 2 byhandIELTS PRACTICE TASK 1 (Note Completion) | in 1977 the Voyager 7 and Voyager 2 spacecrett photographed the outer planets of our solar system bafore ] erin ovordinersar spc. Bath are curentin the Heloshomth the exroma ctr ade f te si Sfslem. They are curtecty 2baut 1B billon kiometres from the sun, traveling at cout 66,000 kiomotres an hour Inadtion to the scientific equipment aboard these spacectet, both carry ‘Golden Records. These ere “phorvcyaph records containing sounds and images that portray life and culture on Earth, They are imended for | int gertextratarractria fe frrs who may fin them anciare kindof tme capsules intended to communicate | tee story of humans on earth | The Golion Records ave 1Zinch go¥t-plated copper cisks sozled in aluminum jackets, They ere accompanied by “asus and visual instructions on how to play the record and to convert some oF the information on the disk into neces The contents of the record were selected for NASA by a committee. This was chaired by the late Carl Sagan ot | Cerrall University. Dr Segen and his associates assembiad 115 images, greetings, musical selections and sounds, wal 2s printed messeges from the LIS President and the UN Sacretaty Generel | he 11 mages are encoded in anlog form. The remainder ofthe records an aucio recording, designed to be “dese et 16-26 revolutions por minute, 1077 wes long detore tne ete of OVDs, CD-ROMs, of MIPS fla.) Pe collection of images incluckes photographs and diagrams both in black and white and colour. The firstimases shovving mathematica and physical quantities, the solar system, UNA and humnen anatomy, Care was taken to include pictures nat only of humanity, but also of animals, insects, plants drdlenescanes. [meges of humanity depict a broad range of cultures, These images sow food, architecture end ‘humans going about their day-to-day lives. The audio partion begins with spoken greetings in 86 languages — six ip languages and 49 moder ones, begining with Akkacian, 2 lenguage spoken about 6,000 years ago, fi ending wih Wu, ¢ rrodemn Chinese dialect, These greatings tellus something cf the attitudes of the regions se hese languages ate epoken, The greeting in Farsi roads: ‘Hello to the residents of fer skies in Amoy (Chinese casa ‘Frencs of soace, haw ere you al? Have you eaten yot? Come visit us if you have time’ In rap ‘Let there be peace everywhere’ In English: ‘Hello from the children of planet Earth’ in French, simply is Halo everybody! bulk of the recorcing space is taken up by music. The records have the inscription To the makers of emu iy the space on the racord between the label end the playable re Musical selactions wete painstakingly chosen. Sagan's besic direct ve was that the music be ‘diverse Uapsgo0d Tho frst Eorth masic aliens will hear is the First Mavernent of Baci’s Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 Finedion to such classical pieces, rock is represented by Chuck Berry's Johnny B, Goode and jazz by @ Louis sstong Sang, Segen wanted to inchide the Beatles’ song Here Contes the Sun. Tre Beatles agreed 10 the os but for some reeson the'r publis"ing company refused fest the musical section is predominantly what we would call ‘world music tocay,Itis one of the most compiations af music ever put together itncludes Navajo Indien chants, panppe music from Peru, @ {Shouse song ‘Tem Nek Guinee, Australian aboriginal didgeridoo rrusie, and the intation song of Pyary gts the Condo. rl portion of the audio recording features s variety of sound from the plenet Earth, both netural and man te sounds of thunder and volcanoes; the sounds of wind and rain; tha songs of humpbeck wheles and Jéater of chimpanzees; of aunornobiles, vactors, horse-drawn carts, jet planes and rockers, The final sound is. ofa kiss hough nol aired at any particular stars, Voyager | will pass rolatvely close to Gliase 445, and Voyoger 2 wil drift past the star Ross 248 ~ in about 40,000 veers. Sore scientists estate that by that time, celisions with micro (es in tizep space will have cnede the Golden Record unplayabie. At any rate, since the probes are extremely rll compared to the vastness of interstellar spece, the probablity af an extraterrestrial cvlzation encountering Jsinintesimel, especially since the proves will stop emitting any kind of electromagnetic radiation by 2025. =ilS:oan noted thet, The spececraft willbe encountered and the recerd played only if thera are advanced Gasrg civlizetions in intersteliar space, But the launching of this "battle" into the easmic “ocgan" says linelinc very hopeful avout [fe on this plenet! Tus, the record is best seen 8s @ symizolic statement rathor 12 serous etternpt to communicete with extraterrestrial ie, ACADEMIC READING 9ae Questions 5-10 Completa the notes below, (Choase TWO WORDS AND/ORA NUMBER ‘701 the passage f 1 each answer The Golden Records Location on Voyager snaceetet ow bythe name 1 0 outer spac s image mosty of2 Content chosen oy 4 vided into four cea Section 1: Images + begins with images of a5... nenwe Section 2: Spoken Grestings + sroialof? Section 3: Wsie * beains with an example ofthe 8 jnty of amples canbe defines as 9 Final section 19d 10a vansty of sounds 4 ends wath a sound made by = 1. IELTS PRACTICE TASK 2 (Diagram Labelling) The giraffe towers above ell other mammals in the werd Floaming the Atncan grasslands on long, thir legs, an aduit mele can reach a maximum height of six matras ‘But oniy about half of that height comes from its lower body ~ the rest is accounted for by the neck. The giraffe Uses its heiant to fead on leaves and buds in treetons that few other arimals can reach. The leaves of acecia trees are a favourite; these traas typically Glow 10 bo sixor seven metres tall. And the gitafe has yet anotier 1001 to exoand its reach ~ its longue ven stretch as far as tony-six centimetres, A oratfe spends most ofits ime «eating, consuming hundreds of Klograms of leaves par long distances in search of food, The animes height also helps ite keep a sharp lookout for predators across the wide expanse of the Anca savannas, end it can moves head through 180 degrees in order to see what is behind t Butitis the girtfe's neck that is ts most noticeable feature, The neck hes seven bones called the cervical vertebrae, and these are joined tagether by wnal ore known as bal-and socket joints —of the sort that jon man ats and shoulders. These cints alow movements through 360 degrees, Another Key anatomical ‘eature is the girate's thorevic vertebrae — the ones that join the neck to the back. These have the seme typ ct joints as the cervical varabrae, which gives the cireffe greet flexblity, as well as explairing why it has is icleristic hump. These bones support muscles thet nol the neck upright, n the same way that cables holt pe crane on a construction site ‘The gitaffe has the highest known blood pressure ameng animals because it must pump blood, ageinst all the way up its lang nec to the brain. To pump blocd an that long joumay ta their heads, giraffes nave ‘enormous hears, 0 twelve kilograms. Their enlarged lungs compensate for the length af thair trachess. The giraffe also has 2 high concentration of red blood cells ard tight skin, especialy eraund the legs, ‘which prevents blood from pooling in tha lbs. It serves tho same purpose as the G-suit worn ey astronaurs ‘who ate subjected to excessive G forces, or tight elestic stockings wern ky psopla with leg circulation problemaeT } Wie ciratfes don't need to chink very often ~ they mastiy gat watar from the leaves that they eat ~they do ‘22d 10 do 80 evary few days. To do this, giraffes must splay out the logs an lone their heads. The extremely ‘igh dood pressure, coupled with gravity, could cause a potential thal rush of blood ta giraffes’ brains when “Bey bond tner heads. This coesr't happen beceuse of one-way valves that stop exsess blood fram flowing too ‘ply down their necks to ther heads. The aiafe's neck is a'so integral to the animal's mover ancl moves back and forth with its stide. That's ecsuse the weight and motion ofthe neck guides the animal's cante of gravity. The giraffe also tosses its neck and fro ta helo it se to standing position on its spinal legs. This is comparable tothe way people swaing tier ams up over the heeds to pul lnerselves out of bed in the roti Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for the passage fer each ensvver. ‘The Anatomy of Giraffes Ability to move head by 3s much as Bact nnn RIES ‘Keep the animal safe, o Bowes vonnactad ay what are cae Eanextend to lost 50 om, Faure joints, N\A im Lo adopt 3 8. — hens ood fom eoltectng in th legs alti ow 0 blood wien head ef | eel contident about doing these tasks, | did OK, but | stil need to do more work on these tasks | need more practice with these tasks. | need to focus on... For furthor practice, 806 the DVD-ROMMeas Ress are Visitor views Chugach Mountains A A About the task 1 Read the information about the task type. Then look at some notes two of your classmates made about the task. For each point, who is right: Classmate A or Classmate B? Choose the correct answer. sts your ability to answver questions on factual informetion using Words take 1vS often used to test your understanding of a factual passage about a spocific subject, You usually feed fact outa subject, and you may be asked to write words or nunibars. On the question paper, you sea. sot of questions ebeut tne passages. Your job is to recd the passage and lind information to answer the quest ons. Hore are the basic rules for the Short Answer Questions task: The questions follow the order of infermetion in the passage, The instructions tell you how many words to wwrte in each ensuer '§ The wording of the questions includes some words and ideas that you can find in the passage, The words you need to write in your answer are found in the passage. You write the words in the same form as you see them in the aassage (e.g. singular/plurel) - you dor't need 10 change them in any way Spelling counts! The words you write must’ce spelled correctiy les especialy important to read through the questions before you read the passaye, and think ebout the type of information yau're looking for. You have to read the passaga carefully fo find the eatect informa Short Answer Questions jassmate A ly reseng for facts ah Ae Classinate B You are reading co understand the writers phon Classmate A The mestore somitines low the order el he passage Classmate 8 Tha ai Ww the crdarof thepasca, Classmate A Youhas pstnictineta see how mary werd you can rte Inssmate B Youalivays have to write the nord Classmate A _Youhsse face your ovn Words te enplan the Keach the passage, Classmate 3 You luke te write che exact y Fain the pase Blassmate A Al awersrnust be sped correct ACADEMIC READING coast The su “meting plate i Scienti piste, ¢ the pes his resi project first co ‘subdue The evi “and cor the cor togathe ‘causing collisicrB Sample questions 2 Read the passage and answer the questions. Use the rules about the tesk from Soction A to help you. Then check your answers. Which questions did you find difficult? ELIS PRACTICE TASK A Crack in the Earth hers working off the coast af Portugel in western Eurone have discoverad what could be the birth of a new sibluction zone. Subcuction zones happen when the large tectonic plates that make up the Earth's crust crash into jeercther, and one slides, or subducts, below the other eertng to a renort published in the journal Geofagy, this new subduction zone could signal the start of an extended that {uses continents together into a single land mass - or supercontinent — and than forces them apert again, ib process has occured et least three times during Eorth’s approximately tourbillion-year history, with the mast Renl evidence coming from the spliting up of the single land mass called Pangaea about 200 milion years ago. Etentist at the University of Monash in Austra feeantly discavored subduction zona is located in the Allantic Ocgan about 200 klomatres off the southwest Esto Portugal, It is made up of six distinct segments that tegether spans distance of about 300 kilometres Sulbsuction zone is actually a newly formed crack in the Euresian plate, which is one of the main tectonic plates is breaking in two, says Duarte fats have long suspected theta new subduction zona was forming near the western margin af the Eurasian tf the coast of Portugal, Part of the reason is thet the region hes been the site of significant eanthquakes. Over 5120 years, several scientific tears from diferent countries have been mapping the region's saatloor. As part of esearch project while et the University of Lisbon, Duarte gathered! tocether the data from these different mapping sand combined tham to create @ new tectonic map of the sealloor olf the coast of Portugal. This provided the slusive ind cation that the ocean floor off the coast of Iberia is indeed beginning to fracture, and thet a new fon zone is starting to form. ‘It is nat a fully developed subduction, but an ambryanic one’ says Duarte. 09 collected by Duarte’s team suggests that the Eurasian plate could eventually split into separate ocoanic ortirental sections. If this hapoens, the oceanic section — which is mace of denser rock — wil dive beneath the questions below NNO MORE THAN THREE WORDS jvorn the passage for each answer “Wher term describas the situation in which a single land mass exists on Eerth? lora has it baen since the lest single land mass existed? itis the size ofthe aree otfocted by the new subduction zone? hat heppened to rake scientists think that the new subduction zone existed? it fame is used for the type of image Ovearie prosiuced of the region's seabed? Which wore does Duarte use to indicate the new subductian 2one’s stage of development? ding to Duerte, which section of the Eurasian plate js likely to move? onding to researchers, what might disapoeer as a result of the new subduction zone? ACADEMIC READINGC Tips and tactics 3 Work in pairs, Read the tips and tactics and discuss these questions. Which tips and tactics do you think are the most useful? Did you use any of these tips and tactics when you answered the sample que: in Section B? Which tips will you use in the future? Bofore you read the passage, look at the questions and think about whet you're goings read, Underline the most important words in the questions and think about the type information you're looking for For example, ere you looking fora name, a number, 8 ‘specific term ar something else? Most of the answers ere facts about the topic, so many of the words you need to ti fare nouns, Check if words are singular or plural nthe passage, Read the passage quickly. Remember that the questions follow the order of infarmatiag in the passage Then go through the questions one by one. Use the underlined words 10 help you find Felevant sections of the pessege. Read these sections in detail and find the informa answar the question, The word(s) you need to write are in the passage. Dov't put the informetion you reed your awn words. Copy the spalling of the words axactly and check i carefully, Ban't ust write down the first ward you find that fits the gap ~ keep reading and keep thinking ebour che meaning, Remember, the instructions tell you haw many words to write —if you write more, yo answer willbe marked wrong, ‘Write numbers as figures, ¢.9. “10¢" not as words, © 9. ‘one hundted and four’ If you aren't sure of an answer, always wnita something. No marks are taken off for wrong answers D Skills-building exercises Cpcarsan as 4. Read the questions and look at the underlined words, What type of information are. the Focus of Shart looking wnswer each Answer Questions ryasing Eg rocco question? ho discovared that white light breaks into component colours? ‘Which part of the human ays is sensitive to colour? How many colours is the human eye able to distinguish? Which eolours are dogs unable to perceive? What tye of light can baes see that humans can't see? Which animal has the mest complicated colour vision? Now underline the other important words in each question in Exercise 4. Work in pairs. Discuss what each question focuses on and what kind of information you would look for in the reading passage. {NB There is no reading passage for questions.) $4 ACADEMIC READINGyy we know exactly what features of their ‘al make-up allow animals to move at less well-known is the role of motion ggraphy in helping us to understand @ features. Before moving images could ‘captured on film, it was difficult to know how animals’ bodies moved at speed. is Was becuse the movements happened too erstanding of the processes involved only in the 1880s with the pioneering work of ad Muybridge (1830-1904), who was in the development of early motion phy. bridge was an Englishman who went to USA at the age of 20 in search of fame and iortine. By 1855, this search had taken him as far e land of opportunity. The region tad just N the rapid development associated with sGold Rush, which attracted many ambitious g men like Muybridge to the region, San joridge intially set himself up as a bookseller tity. He also took up photography, working J This led, in 1868, to his appointment to a ernment post 4s Director of Photographic AS part of his new role, Muybridge ied to Alaska, which had just become US mitory, to produce a photographic record, work for which Muybridge is best jenbered, however, began in 1872, the year araceforse owner, Leland Stanford, asked fridge to try and establish whether or not all Of racehorse’s hooves left the ground when as running. Muybridge rose to the challenge, that photography could provide the ary evidence. But his first efforts, using plate techniques, were not conclusive ause the images were not clear enough. As orked on the problem, however, Nuybridge's fascination with the idea of rapid motion photography grew and its further development now. became his main work. In his next experiment, he Positioned 50 cameras alongside the track before a horserace took place. Through the use of devices called electrically-controlled shutters, Muybricge was able to capture a split-second Image from each camera as the horse ran past. His findings answered Stanford's question definitively: all four hooves leave the ground at the same time, as could be seen from the photographic images. What's more, by projecting the images on to a screen, and showing them one after another at great speed, the horse's actual movements could be recreated, Muybridge's public demonstration of this technique in 1882, using a device called a Zoopraxiscope which he also invented, is crecited with being the birth of the moving picture industry Fortheremainder ofhislife, Muybridge concentrated on the further development of the techniques he had developed, and is regarded as having inspired Thomas Edison, who was to invent the cinecamera, Indeed, Muybridge’s groundbreaking work paved the way for a new art form, making it just as important as Josheph Niépce’s pioneering. stil photography had been back in 1825 ACADEMIC READING7 Read the passage on page 96 and the questions (1-8) below. Puta tick (/) next to Checking that answare ar Goren [ACADEMIC READING the correct answers. Put a cross (X) next to incorrect answers and write the correst answer. 1) What historical event had just ended when Muyoridge anived in San Frencisco? The Gold Rush What was Muybridge’s first job in Son Frencisca? commerclal photographer What type of photograahs did Muybridge originally become wellknown for? landscape, ‘Where did Muyisige serve as a government photogrepher? ‘method did Muybridge use to take his first photos of moving racehorses? clestrically-controled shuitiers What was the purpose of the zoopraxiscope? projecting the images When was the first moving picture en by the public? nie Whe was influenced by Muybiidge? Josheph Nigce Work in pairs. Discuss why you marked some answors incorrect.ITS PRACTICE TASK ‘Staying cool... naturally nheatwaves arcpina much ofthe plenet every summer, electricity companies wary thet they may not be able fe enough energy to meet demand during the warmest manths because airconditioning systems use 3 ics amount of eneray. Howaver one group of forwardkthinkine designers believe tet they may be able 19 answer by studying the wey other creatures function. Trough @ procass known as biomimicry, they’ aim to ‘nscired by the natural world to adoress human problems, is thet ver billons of years, nature itso has solved many problems which are sinilar to those that humanity yn natural systems, nothing is wasted, since everything can be used by something ciso. Hurnan, 2fs,on the ater hand, use args inputs of non ronewable energy, produ toxic dremicals 3s by-products ship finshed goods across the globe. Neture makes what it needs, where t needs i using watcrbased The folowing designs are examples of haw this aporaad right be aopled to the issue of airconditioning tiation inspired by termites ps the most femaus examnle of biornimicry when it comes te heating end cooling is entation inspired by A few years ago, Scientists observed that big termite mounds in Africa stay remarkably cool inside, even heat. The insacts ecoomplish that faat by creating air pockets in stretegic places in the mounds they This dever design croates 2 natural vontiation sysigm, driving air trough the mound through the process action. Architect Mick Paarce and engineering fim Arup borrawed thet idea to build the Eastgate Centre, fica. and shopping centre in Zimbatnye that is cooled with the outside air. The system uses only 10% as ine (gy as conventional aicconditioning intercurrent heat exchange inspired by birds anira’s core and cooing the blood at its extremities. By keeging cooler blood claser to the snow and icy ie Sucn rds lose less body heat overall. Heat exchergers in industia-scale heating and cooling systems use er ype of principle to mexirize efficiency. ire absorption inspired by ticks fem celled liquid desiccant dehumiditar is designed to pull humidity rom the air insidea builing ional sieconcittoning also recuces hurd. It uses a iquid salt solution ~ something similar to the uid Bt perestc insect called the brown dog tick sacretes to absoro watar from the ai. | ent fans inspired by whales | er take on better fan dasign, « company called WhalePawer is developing fan blades that produce greater vend therefore move more ai, thanks to en idea inspired by the burnpy design ei e humpback whele’ flier. falPover says ts fans move 25% more ar than convertiana fans while using 20% less energy. The company So woiking on more pawerful wind turbine dlades. 18 | er the questions below. ose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. What name is given 10 the idea of taking ideas from nature to serve humen needs? What do industrial processes consume in a wasteful way? What do termites create in order to cool their mounds? fi which part of 2 panguin’s body does warmer blood circulate? “What mechanism used by air-conditioning units is inspired by penguins? Which creature produces a fluid that can take moisture from the ai? Which feature of one spacias at whale ca WhalaPawver fans copy? How much more effective are WhalePower fans? | fee! confident about doing Short Answer Questions tasks. | did OK, but | stil naed to do more work on Short Answer Questions tasks. | need more practice with Short Answer Questions tasks. I need to focus Exton eee ACADEMICREADING — 97,