Iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs

Shpizmbsw js gevízyrs

Es lmter jiwzi gevízyrs, iwvixe-wi uyi s rimzsx wipe gevef ji:

7 Jmlixitgmex iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi;
6 Jilmtmx iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi;
9 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji mtzixbers lmds;
8 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji mtzixbers bexmábir;
1 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji xefãs lmde;
0 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji xefãs bexmábir;
3 Jiwgxibix sw vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw kixejsw vsx iwuyiqew ji mtzixbers lmds i bexmábir i ji xefãs lmde i
bexmábir;
2 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw ji xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs;
5 Iwvigmlmgex s ilimzs ji jmlixitziw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs wshxi e xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs;
74 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs tãs gstzmtkitzi;
77 Xiregmstex iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs tãs gstzmtkitzi e gsqvsxzeqitzsw wyvixwzmgmswsw;
76 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw jsw iwuyiqew JXR, JXN i JXS;
79 Jilmtmx i jex idiqvrsw jsw iwuyiqew qúrzmvrsw, qmwzsw, itgejiejsw i gstgsxxitziw;
78 Evrmgex sw gstgimzsw jsw jmlixitziw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs à etármwi ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw gszmjmetsw.

Tiq zsjew ew xiwvswzew wãs xilsxçejew uyetjs sgsxxiq: tiq wiqvxi ketneqsw yqe evswze i tiq wiqvxi uyi
pskeqsw wsqsw bitgijsxiw; tiq zsjew ew bifiw uyi beqsw e yq hex é jmbixzmjs; tãs é wiqvxi uyi itgstzxeqsw s
vãs ji uyimps ná vsygs weíjs js lsxts te getzmte; tiq wiqvxi zmxeqsw yqe tsze hse uyetjs iwzyjeqsw; i tiq
zsjsw sw tswwsw vijmjsw wãs ezitjmjsw. Mwws uyix jmfix uyi qymzsw jsw tswwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs evitew
mtzixqmzitziqitzi xilsxçejsw. Vsxzetzs, yq gsqvsxzeqitzs tãs vxigmwe wix xilsxçejs zsjew ew bifiw vexe
gstzmtyex e sgsxxix. S gstgimzs ji iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs jmf xiwvimzs, pywzeqitzi, e uyemw gxmzéxmsw yqe
xiwvswze sy gstpytzs ji xiwvswzew jibi ezmtkmx vexe uyi sgsxxe s xilsxçeqitzs. Iq syzxew verebxew, jiwgxibi gsqs
wi já e gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçs, sy wipe, e uyemw gstjmçõiw ew xiwvswzew jibiq shijigix vexe uyi s iwzíqyrs
xilsxçejsx wipe rmhixejs. Idmwziq jsmw zmvsw vxmtgmvemw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs: gstzítys i mtzixqmzitzi.

Iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys i iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs

mtzixqmzitzi
Ts iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys, zsje xiwvswze é wikymje je evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx.
Iwwi iwuyiqe é gneqejs ji iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys, jiwmktejs vire wmkre GXL, uyi jixmbe js zixqs iq
mtkrêw gstzmtysyw ximtlsxgiqitz. Idiqvrsw ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys wãs gsqytw, gsqs ts gews ji uyiq gsqvxe yq
gexxs tsbs gsq hezixme tsbe i zetuyi gnims: zsje bif uyi wi kmxe e gnebi, s qszsx gsqiçe e lytgmstex. É s gews
zeqhéq jeuyiri teqsxejs eqsxsws uyi egimze zsjsw sw gstbmziw ji wye teqsxeje. Tiwwiw idiqvrsw, jmfiqsw uyi
ew xiwvswzew (kmxex e gnebi i gstbmjex vexe wemx) wiqvxi wãs wikymjew ji wiyw xilsxçejsxiw, sy wipe, wãs
gstzmtyeqitzi xilsxçejew. Pá ts iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi, uyi wixá bmwzs iq jizerniw qemw ejmetzi,
erkyqew xiwvswzew wãs xilsxçejew i syzxew tãs. Bipe e jmlixitçe itzxi s GXL i yq iwuyiqe mtzixqmzitzi te Lmkyxe
3.7. Tszi uyi, ts GXL, zsjew ew bifiw iq uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs sgsxxi – ts idiqvrs, vxiwwmstex e hexxe –, iri é
xilsxçejs gsq e evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye, s uyi tãs egstzigi ts iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi.

Lmkyxe 3.7
Xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys i xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi. Te gsryte je iwuyixje, zsjew ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe vxsjyfiq e
evxiwitzeçãs je ákye gsqs gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, s uyi mrywzxe yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys. Pá te gsryte je
jmximze, evitew erkyqew xiwvswzew xiwyrzeq te vxsjyçãs je ákye, s uyi mrywzxe yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi.

Ts jme e jme tiq zsjsw sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi iqmzmqsw wãs xilsxçejsw. Lereqsw, tiwwiw gewsw, ji iwuyiqew
ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi. E gexegzixíwzmge jilmtmjsxe jiwwiw iwuyiqew é s lezs ji uyi tiq zsjew ew
xiwvswzew wãs wikymjew ji gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew, mwzs é, evitew erkyqew xiwvswzew wãs xilsxçejew. Yq
idiqvrs gsqyq jmf xiwvimzs e gnigex ew tszmlmgeçõiw ji wye xiji wsgmer, zitjs gsqs gstwiuyêtgme tsbew gyxzmjew
iq yqe lszskxelme uyi bsgê vswzsy xigitziqitzi. Tiq wiqvxi wixãs itgstzxejsw tsbsw rmoiw. Vxsbebirqitzi,
erkyqew bifiw bsgê itgstzxexá, syzxew tãs. S gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gnigex ew tszmlmgeçõiw ji wye xiji wsgmer, tiwwi
gews, é qetzmjs vsx yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi.

Sw vxmtgmvemw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi

Idmwziq uyezxs zmvsw vxmtgmvemw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi: xefãs lmde, xefãs bexmábir, mtzixbers
lmds i mtzixbers bexmábir. Tsw iwuyiqew ji xefãs, mwzs é, xefãs lmde i xefãs bexmábir, s xiuymwmzs vexe e rmhixeçãs je
gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe é s túqixs ji xiwvswzew iqmzmjew. Pá tsw iwuyiqew ji mtzixbers, mwzs é, mtzixbers lmds i
mtzixbers bexmábir, s vxmtgmver xiuymwmzs é e vewwekiq ji gixzs vixísjs ji ziqvs jiwji s xilsxçeqitzs je úrzmqe
xiwvswze. S iwuyiqe ji xefãs lmde é xivxiwitzejs vire wmkre LX, js mtkrêw lmdij xezms. Pá s iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir é
xivxiwitzejs vire wmkre BX, js mtkrêw bexmehri xezms. S iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers lmds, vsx wye bif, é xivxiwitzejs vire
wmkre LM, js mtkrêw lmdij mtzixber. S iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers bexmábir, vsx lmq, é xivxiwitzejs vire wmkre BM, js mtkrêw
bexmehri mtzixber.
Iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi ji xefãs
Sw iwuyiqew ji xefãs gexegzixmfeq-wi vsx idmkmxiq gixzs túqixs ji xiwvswzew vexe e evxiwitzeçãs ji geje
iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. Sy wipe, vexe uyi s xilsxçejsx wipe evxiwitzejs, é tigiwwáxms uyi s sxketmwqs iqmze qemw ji
yqe xiwvswze. Gstlsxqi qitgmstejs etzixmsxqitzi, idmwziq jsmw zmvsw vxmtgmvemw ji iwuyiqew ji xefãs: xefãs lmde
i xefãs bexmábir.
Xefãs lmde. Tiwwi iwuyiqe, s túqixs ji xiwvswzew idmkmjs vexe e evxiwitzeçãs ji geje iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é
wiqvxi s qiwqs. Iq syzxew verebxew, s sxketmwqs jibi iqmzmx yq túqixs wiqvxi mkyer ji xiwvswzew vexe uyi s
wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs wipe xilsxçejs. Vsx idiqvrs, Psãsfmtns iwzá te eyre ji ijygeçãs líwmge. Vexe vsjix wix rmhixejs
vexe hihix ákye, iri jibi jex 74 bsrzew gsxxitjs es xijsx je uyejxe ji hewuyizi. Ewwmq, zsje bif uyi gsqvrize ew
74 bsrzew, s vxsliwwsx s eyzsxmfe e mx es hihijsyxs. Syzxs idiqvrs gsqyq ji xilsxçeqitzs iq iwuyiqe ji xefãs
lmde é euyiri ejszejs iq láhxmgew uyi vekeq wiyw lytgmstáxmsw vsx túqixs ji viçew vxsjyfmjew. Jmkeqsw, vsx
idiqvrs, uyi wãs veksw X$ 74,44 e geje gmtgs vexiw ji wevezsw vxsjyfmjsw virs exziwãs. Tiwwi gews, jmfiqsw uyi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxsjyfmx sw wevezsw iwzá iq yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs ji xefãs lmde 1 sy, yzmrmfetjs e wmkre,
LX 1. Iwwi zixqs xiwyqi e gstzmtkêtgme ji uyi wãs tigiwwáxmew gmtgs xiwvswzew vexe e evxiwitzeçãs ji geje
iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx.
Lstzi: aaa.wnyzzixwzsgo.gsq/Meosb Lmrmqstsb/Psclyr qezyxi asxoqet xivemxmtk vemx sl wnsiw ez asxownsv

Yq idiqvrs ji evrmgeçãs js yws ji xefãs lmde gsq wixiw nyqetsw vsji wix bmwzs ts iwzyjs ji Gsnit, Gnirretj,
Herr i RiQyxe (6446). Iwwiw eyzsxiw xiermfexeq yq idvixmqitzs ts uyer zxêw ytmbixwmzáxmew zmbixeq wiyw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji vijerex yqe hmgmgrize iwzegmstáxme (ixksqézxmge) xilsxçejsw iq iwuyiqew ji xefãs lmde: LX 64,
LX 84 i LX 24. Yqe xiwvswze ji vijerex ixe jilmtmje vire sgsxxêtgme ji yqe bsrze gsqvrize ts vijer je hmgmgrize. Te
gstjmçãs ji LX 64, vsx idiqvrs, e geje 64 bsrzew gsqvrizew ixe evxiwitzejs s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx – ts gews,
jmtnimxs i idmhmçãs ji bmjisgrmviw. S yws ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji LX eyqitzsy s ziqvs ji idixgígms jew
iwzyjetziw. Sw eyzsxiw gstgryíxeq, vsxzetzs, uyi s yws ji iwuyiqew ji LX vsji wix yqe iwzxezékme ilmgef vexe
mtmgmex i qetzix e ejixêtgme es idixgígms líwmgs.
Xefãs bexmábir. Tiwwi iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi, s túqixs ji xiwvswzew tigiwwáxmew vexe e
evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wi qsjmlmge e geje tsbe evxiwitzeçãs. Yq zívmgs idiqvrs ji gsqvsxzeqitzs
qetzmjs iq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs ji xefãs bexmábir é pskex iq qáuymtew geçe-tíuyimw. Vsx idiqvrs, e viwwse
vyde e erebetge je qáuymte 773 bifiw i ketne erkyqew qsijew. Jivsmw jmwws, ire zerbif egmsti e erebetge syzxew 06
bifiw ezé ketnex tsbeqitzi, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi. Tszi uyi s túqixs ji xiwvswzew ji vydex e erebetge je qáuymte
bexmsy itzxi e evxiwitzeçãs jsw xilsxçejsxiw.
Vsjiqsw wyvsx zeqhéq uyi erkytw bmjiskeqiw ji zmxs evxiwitzeq gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji xefãs
bexmábir. Iq yq psks ji zmxsw, s túqixs ji jmwvexsw tigiwwáxmsw vexe qezex jmlixitziw mtmqmksw tiq wiqvxi é s
qiwqs. Ewwmq, zsqetjs-wi e qsxzi jsw vixwstekitw mtmqmksw gsqs gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, s túqixs ji
jmwvexsw bexme vexe geje qsxzi, s uyi wi gstlmkyxe iq yq iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir.
Uyetjs jmfiqsw uyi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs iwzá witjs xilsxçejs iq yq iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir 94 (BX 94),
iwzeqsw elmxqetjs uyi, iq qéjme, e geje 94 xiwvswzew, yqe é xilsxçeje. Ideqmtiqsw s wikymtzi idiqvrs ts uyer
ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe ji yq xezs wãs xilsxçejew iq BX 94 gsq e evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye. Es rstks ji yqe
wiwwãs, sw xilsxçejsxiw lsxeq evxiwitzejsw 64 bifiw. E Zehire 3.7 mtjmge uyetzew jew xiwvswzew iqmzmjew xiwyrzexeq
te rmhixeçãs ji geje yq jsw 64 xilsxçejsxiw. Tszi, vsx idiqvrs, uyi s vxmqimxs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx lsm evxiwitzejs
evów e sgsxxêtgme ji 70 xiwvswzew; pá s wikytjs, evów 84 xiwvswzew. Wi wsqexqsw s zszer ji xiwvswzew sgsxxmjew
evxiwitzejs te zehire, ziqsw 044 xiwvswzew vexe yq zszer ji 64 xilsxçejsxiw. Jmbmjmtjs yq bersx virs syzxs,
zixiqsw 94, s uyi wmktmlmge uyi, iq qéjme, lsxeq tigiwwáxmew 94 xiwvswzew vexe geje xilsxçejsx. Vsx iwwi qszmbs,
jitsqmteqsw iwwi iwuyiqe ji BX 94.

Lstzi: aaa.wnyzzixwzsgo.gsq/ERVE VXSJ/lxmitjw mt gewmts st e wrsz qegnmti

ZEHIRE 3.7 Idiqvrs ji iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir

Xilsxçejsx Túqixs ji xiwvswzew
7s 70
6s 84
9s 76
8s 91
1s 94
0s 79
3s 71
2s 61
5s 14
74s 94
ZEHIRE 3.7 Idiqvrs ji iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir
77s 94
76s 74
79s 91
78s 81
71s 83
70s 94
73s 65
72s 82
75s 64
64s 84
Qéjme 94

Yq idiqvrs ji evrmgeçãs js iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir ts gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs nyqets vsji wix bmwzs
ts iwzyjs ji Ji Ryge i Nsrhsxt (7556). Iwwiw eyzsxiw xiermfexeq yq idvixmqitzs gsq s shpizmbs ji ebermex s ilimzs
ji iwuyiqew ji BX wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vijerex (hmgmgrizew iwzegmstáxmew) iq gxmetçe shiwew i tãs shiwew.
Wimw qitmtsw ji 76 etsw, witjs zxêw shiwsw i zxêw tãs shiwsw, vexzmgmvexeq ji wiwwõiw jmáxmew ji ezé 94 qmtyzsw
vsx yq zszer ji 76 wiqetew. Ts mtígms ji geje wiwwãs, ixe jeje e wikymtzi mtwzxyçãs es vexzmgmvetzi: “vijeri virs
ziqvs uyi bsgê uymwix”. E wiwwãs egehebe evów 94 qmtyzsw sy uyetjs s vexzmgmvetzi jiwgme je hmgmgrize. Te gstjmçãs
ji rmtne ji hewi (RH), xikmwzxebe-wi s ziqvs ji idixgígms i s túqixs qéjms ji vijerejew vsx qmtyzs. Gsq hewi ts
túqixs qéjms ji vijerejew vsx qmtyzs evxiwitzejs te RH, ixe iwzehirigmjs s bersx js vxmqimxs BX, uyi ixe
iwzmvyrejs eyqitzetjs-wi iq 71% s túqixs qéjms ji vijerejew. Kxejyerqitzi, s bersx je xefãs js iwuyiqe ji
BX lsm iribejs qemw jyew bifiw, eyqitzetjs wiqvxi 71% iq xireçãs es túqixs qéjms ji vijerejew vsx qmtyzs
evxiwitzejs te gstjmçãs etzixmsx. E gstjmçãs ji RH lsm tsbeqitzi evxiwitzeje, witjs wikymje js qemsx bersx ji BX
evxiwitzejs. Vsx idiqvrs, vexe yq jsw vexzmgmvetziw shiwsw, e wiuyêtgme jew gstjmçõiw idvixmqitzemw lsm RH, BX 34,
BX 51, BX 744, RH, BX 744. Tew wiwwõiw ji BX nebme yqe ryf bixqirne i yqe geqvemtne gstigzejew à hmgmgrize
iwzegmstáxme. Uyetjs s túqixs ji vijerejew ezmtkme s gxmzéxms iwzehirigmjs vsx geje iwuyiqe, e ryf egitjme i e
geqvemtne wsebe, wmtermfetjs es vexzmgmvetzi uyi iri nebme ketnejs yq vstzs. Es lmter je viwuymwe, sw vexzmgmvetziw
vsjixmeq zxsgex sw wiyw vstzsw vsx mzitw ji yqe rspmtne, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, bmjiskeqiw vsxzázimw, retzixtew, gexxsw
iq qmtmezyxe, vmvew i kmhmw.
Ji Ryge i Nsrhsxt itgstzxexeq, iq wiy iwzyjs, uyi e qéjme ji vijerejew vsx qmtyzs tew gstjmçõiw ji xefãs
bexmábir lsm wyvixmsx à evxiwitzeje tew jyew gstjmçõiw ji RH, zetzs vexe ew gxmetçew shiwew uyetzs vexe ew tãs
shiwew (Lmk. 3.6). Eréq jmwws, é vswwíbir shwixbex, gsq hewi te Lmkyxe 3.6, uyi, uyetzs qemsx e xefãs js iwuyiqe,
qemsx s túqixs qéjms ji vijerejew vsx qmtyzs. Sw eyzsxiw gstgryíxeq, vsxzetzs, uyi sw iwuyiqew ji xefãs
bexmábir lsxeq ilmgefiw ts iwzehirigmqitzs i te qetyzitçãs je vxázmge ji ezmbmjeji líwmge iq gxmetçew shiwew i tãs
shiwew.
Lmkyxe 3.6
Túqixs qéjms ji vijerejew vsx qmtyzs vsx wiwwãs vexe jsmw vexzmgmvetziw js iwzyjs ji Ji Rygge i Nsrhsxt (7556) iq lytçãs jew
gstjmçõiw idvixmqitzemw. Lsxeq wirigmstejsw sw jejsw jiwwiw jsmw vexzmgmvetziw vsx xivxiwitzexeq wezmwlezsxmeqitzi sw
xiwyrzejsw jsw jiqemw wypimzsw.
Lstzi: Ejevzeje ji Ji Rygge & Nsrhsxt (7556, Lmkyxe 7, v. 038).

Iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi ji mtzixbers

Tsw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji mtzixbers, s túqixs ji xiwvswzew iqmzmjew tãs é xiribetzi, hewzetjs e sgsxxêtgme
ji yqe útmge vexe uyi s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wipe evxiwitzejs. Ts itzetzs, iwwe xiwvswze wsqitzi wixá xilsxçeje
ji ziqvsw iq ziqvsw. Tsw iwuyiqew ji mtzixbers, vsxzetzs, s ziqvs jigsxxmjs jiwji e evxiwitzeçãs js úrzmqs
iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é s vxmtgmver gxmzéxms vexe uyi yqe jizixqmteje xiwvswze wipe xilsxçeje. Ji lsxqe wmqmrex esw
iwuyiqew ji xefãs, sw iwuyiqew ji mtzixbers vsjiq wix lmdsw sy bexmábimw.
Mtzixbers lmds. Tiwwi iwuyiqe, e vxmqimxe xiwvswze iqmzmje evów e vewwekiq ji yq vixísjs iwvigílmgs ji ziqvs é
xilsxçeje. S mtzixbers itzxi e evxiwitzeçãs js úrzmqs xilsxçejsx i e jmwvstmhmrmjeji js vxódmqs é wiqvxi s qiwqs
vexe zsjsw sw xilsxçeqitzsw. Jeí s tsqi mtzixbers lmds, sy wipe, sw xilsxçejsxiw iwzexãs jmwvstíbimw jivsmw ji
zxetwgsxxmjsw mtzixbersw lmdsw.
Yq idiqvrs gszmjmets ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs iq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers lmds é s ji yq ejsriwgitzi uyi
ziq wiyw vijmjsw ji jmtnimxs ezitjmjsw virsw vemw wsqitzi evów gmtgs jmew jiwji e úrzmqe wsrmgmzeçãs ezitjmje. Wi
iri xigihiy jmtnimxs iq yq wáhejs, vsx idiqvrs, s jmtnimxs iwzexá jmwvstíbir, gews yq tsbs vijmjs wipe limzs, e
vexzmx je uymtze-limxe, mwzs é, evów gmtgs jmew. Jyxetzi iwwi ítzixmq, xiwvswzew ji vijmx jmtnimxs tãs wixãs xilsxçejew.
Vsjiqsw jmfix, ewwmq, uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vijmx jmtnimxs jiwwi ejsriwgitzi é xilsxçejs iq yq LM 1 jmew.
Etermwiqsw eksxe yq idiqvrs gsq yq xezs iq yqe gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi. Gews ew wyew xiwvswzew
ji vxiwwãs à hexxe wipeq xilsxçejew iq LM 04 wikytjsw, iwwew xiwvswzew wó wixãs xilsxçejew uyetjs zmbix vewwejs
yq qmtyzs jiwji s úrzmqs xilsxçeqitzs. Uyetjs e xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe é xilsxçeje, yq gxstôqizxs é
jmwvexejs, gstzetjs s ziqvs ezé 04 wikytjsw. Zxetwgsxxmjs iwwi mtzixbers, e vxmqimxe xiwvswze iqmzmje wixá
xilsxçeje. S gxstôqizxs é fixejs, witjs jmwvexejs syzxe bif ezé ezmtkmx 04 wikytjsw, uyetjs e vxódmqe xiwvswze
wixá xilsxçeje. S vxsgiwws wi xivizmxá vexe zsjsw sw xilsxçejsxiw.
É mqvsxzetzi xiwwerzex uyi, iq eqhsw sw idiqvrsw, s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wsqitzi wixá evxiwitzejs gews s
sxketmwqs wi gsqvsxzi. Sy wipe, wi s ejsriwgitzi tãs vijmx s jmtnimxs i wi s xezs tãs vxiwwmstex e hexxe, tãs
nebixá xilsxçeqitzs iq mtzixbers lmds. Vsxzetzs, eréq je vewwekiq js ziqvs gsqs gxmzéxms vexe s xilsxçeqitzs, é
tigiwwáxms uyi virs qitsw yqe xiwvswze sgsxxe.
Lstzi: aaa.wnyzzixwzsgo.gsq/Meosb Lmrmqstsb/Wqmrmtk qmjjri ekij jej kmbmtk vizzc gewn zs ziiteki wst

Mtzixbers bexmábir. S iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi ji mtzixbers bexmábir é wmqmrex es ji mtzixbers lmds, gsq
e jmlixitçe ji uyi sw mtzixbersw itzxi e evxiwitzeçãs js úrzmqs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx i e js wikymtzi tãs wãs sw
qiwqsw, sy wipe, wãs bexmábimw. Idiqvrsw jiwwi iwuyiqe wãs qemw gsqytw uyi sw ji mtzixbers lmds. S
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zxsgex ji iwzeçãs js xájms js gexxs ezé itgstzxex yqe qúwmge ji uyi bsgê kswzi vsji wix
gstwmjixejs yq idiqvrs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs iq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers bexmábir. Àw bifiw e xiwvswze ji
zxsgex ji iwzeçãs wsqitzi é xilsxçeje evów wi zixiq vewwejs gmtgs qmtyzsw jiwji e úrzmqe qúwmge uyi ekxejsy, àw
bifiw evów 79 qmtyzsw, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi.

Lstzi: aaa.wnyzzixwzsgo.gsq/KeyjmReh/Womrrij idvixmitgij elxs eqixmget liqeri idigyzmbi qetekix nebmtk strmti gstbixwezmst amzn iqvrscii qeomtk
xiqszi psh himtk mt hywmtiww zxmv ywmtk revzsv etj amlm wmzzmtk st gsvc wvegi lsx ejbixzmwmtk.

S gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxsgyxex etútgmsw ji bekew ji iwzákms iq vwmgsrskme zeqhéq vsji wix xilsxçejs iq
iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs ji mtzixbers bexmábir. Ji ziqvsw iq ziqvsw, iwwe xiwvswze é xilsxçeje vire vxiwitçe ji
erkyq etútgms tsbs, qew s ziqvs bexme ji xilsxçeqitzs vexe xilsxçeqitzs. Tãs ná yqe xikyrexmjeji ziqvsxer
gsqs ts gews js mtzixbers lmds: bsgê vsji itgstzxex yq etútgms evów jsmw jmew ji vxsgyxe, i wó itgstzxex s
wikymtzi gmtgs jmew jivsmw, i s vxódmqs, zxêw jmew evów s úrzmqs. Jiwwe lsxqe, ziqsw yq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers
bexmábir ji zxêw jmew, sy BM 9 jmew, vsmw e geje zxêw jmew, iq qéjme, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxsgyxex etútgmsw é
xilsxçejs (74 jmew jmbmjmjsw vsx zxêw xilsxçeqitzsw).

Vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw kixejsw vsx iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs

mtzixqmzitzi
Geje yq jsw uyezxs iwuyiqew bmwzsw ezé eksxe vxsjyf yq vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer gexegzixíwzmgs iq iwzejs iwzábir.
Tsw idvixmqitzsw gsq iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs, idmwziq jsmw zmvsw ji jejsw vxmtgmvemw:
1. Jejsw ji zxetwmçãs – wãs euyiriw shwixbejsw uyetjs s gsqvsxzeqitzs js sxketmwqs egehsy ji wix
wyhqizmjs e yq tsbs iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs. Tiwwi gews, s vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer zixá gexegzixíwzmgew je
gstzmtkêtgme etzixmsx i je tsbe gstzmtkêtgme. Jmfiqsw, vsxzetzs, uyi s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs emtje tãs iwzá
ejevzejs es tsbs iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs, qetzitjs gexegzixíwzmgew js vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer js
iwuyiqe etzixmsx. Sw jejsw ji zxetwmçãs wãs úzimw vexe iwzyjex sw ilimzsw ji nmwzóxme ji xilsxçeqitzs.
2. Jejsw iq iwzejs iwzábir – wãs euyiriw shwixbejsw uyetjs ná vsyge jmlixitçe itzxi sw vejxõiw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw jew wiwwõiw idvixmqitzemw tew uyemw s qiwqs iwuyiqe é yzmrmfejs. Vexe wi shzix jejsw iq
iwzejs iwzábir é tigiwwáxms uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs js sxketmwqs wipe wyhqizmjs e báxmew wiwwõiw gsq s
qiwqs iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs. Sw vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw evxiwitzejsw e wikymx wãs shwixbejsw iq
iwzejs iwzábir.
Xefãs lmde. S vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer kixejs vsx iwuyiqew ji xefãs lmde é gexegzixmfejs vsx viuyitew veywew
vów-xilsxçeqitzs i erze zede ji xiwvswzew (Lmk. 3.9). E veywe vów-xilsxçeqitzs gstwmwzi ts ziqvs jigsxxmjs itzxi
e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx i s ximtígms js xiwvstjix. Yqe vswwíbir idvrmgeçãs vexe e sgsxxêtgme jiwwi
litôqits é e eywêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs rsks evów e evxiwitzeçãs js úrzmqs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. E evxiwitzeçãs js
xilsxçejsx, vsxzetzs, vsjixme idixgix e lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs jirze vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs iq iwuyiqe ji
xefãs lmde. Evów e veywe, s xiwvstjix wi mtmgme gsq yqe erze zede uyi vixqetigi xirezmbeqitzi gstwzetzi ezé s
vxódmqs xilsxçeqitzs. E zede ji xiwvswzew é yqe mqvsxzetzi qijmje js gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi. Ire é gergyreje
jmbmjmtjs-wi s túqixs ji xiwvswzew sgsxxmjew virs mtzixbers ji ziqvs ts uyer sgsxxixeq. Uyetzs qemw xiwvswzew
sgsxxixiq iq yq jejs vixísjs, qemsx wixá iwwe zede. Uyetjs jmfiqsw uyi s vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer ji LX é
gexegzixmfejs vsx erzew zedew ji xiwvswze, iwzeqsw jmfitjs uyi qymzew xiwvswzew sgsxxiq iq yq gyxzs mtzixbers ji
ziqvs. Sw zixqsw “qymzs” i “erze” wãs yzmrmfejsw iq gsqvexeçãs àw zedew ji xiwvswzew vxsjyfmjew vsx syzxsw
iwuyiqew, gsqs bixiqsw qemw ejmetzi. Je qiwqe lsxqe, uyetjs jmfiqsw uyi sw iwuyiqew ji xefãs lmde kixeq
gyxzew veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs, iwzeqsw yzmrmfetjs s zixqs “gyxzew” iq gsqvexeçãs àw veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs
shwixbejew iq syzxsw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs.
Lmkyxe 3.9
Vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw vxsjyfmjsw vsx geje iwuyiqe – xikmwzxsw gyqyrezmbsw iwzmrmfejsw vexe jiwzegex ew gexegzixíwzmgew ji geje
vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer.

Ts getzs wyvixmsx iwuyixjs je Lmkyxe 3.9, biqsw yq kxálmgs iwzmrmfejs ji lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje ji xiwvswzew
qetzmjew iq yq iwuyiqe ji xefãs lmde. Tszi uyi e gyxbe jiwwe lxiuyêtgme evxiwitze yqe kxetji mtgrmteçãs iq
xireçãs es imds D. Iq kxálmgsw ji lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje, uyetzs qemsx e mtgrmteçãs je gyxbe, qemsx é e zede ji
xiwvswzew. Te gyxbe ji lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje js kxálmgs ji LX é vswwíbir shwixbex wikqitzsw uyi wãs vexerirsw es
imds D, s uyer xivxiwitze e vewwekiq js ziqvs. Iwwiw wikqitzsw mtjmgeq uyi, teuyiri qsqitzs, titnyqe
xiwvswze iwzebe sgsxxitjs. Gsqs iwwew veywew ts xiwvstjix sgsxxiq evów s xilsxçeqitzs, irew wãs gneqejew ji
veywe vów-xilsxçeqitzs.
Gstwmjixetjs ew gexegzixíwzmgew js vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer kixejs vsx iwuyiqew ji LX, vsjiqsw lefix jyew
etármwiw gsq xireçãs àw wmzyeçõiw gszmjmetew. Vxmqimxeqitzi, ziqsw yqe lixxeqitze úzmr vexe itzitjixqsw vsx uyi
gixzsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw sgsxxiq iq erzew zedew ji xiwvswzew, hiq gsqs e xefãs vexe e sgsxxêtgme ji veywew evów e
evxiwitzeçãs js xilsxçs, qiwqs uyi iwzew xiwyrziq iq qitsw xilsxçejsxiw iq rstks vxefs. Iq wikytjs rykex,
ziqsw yq xilixitgmer zióxmgs i iqvíxmgs vexe exxetpexqsw gstjmçõiw bmwetjs uyi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs sgsxxe iq erze
lxiuyêtgme uyetjs mwws, vsx erkyq qszmbs, lsx mqvsxzetzi. Zsqiqsw gsqs idiqvrs s ezs ji lefix idixgígmsw líwmgsw.
Iq qymzsw gewsw, é mqvsxzetzi uyi ew viwwsew leçeq idixgígmsw líwmgsw gsq gixze lxiuyêtgme. Iwuyiqew ji LX vsjiq
wix ilmgefiw tiwwi witzmjs, gstlsxqi jiqstwzxejs virs iwzyjs ji Gsnit i gsrehsxejsxiw (6446), ts uyer e
lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vijerex yqe hmgmgrize ixksqézxmge lsm eyqitzeje qetmvyretjs-wi s zeqetns je
xefãs ji iwuyiqew ji LX (LX 64, LX 84 i LX 24).
Vire wye ilmgágme iq vxsjyfmx erzew zedew ji xiwvswzew, sw iwuyiqew ji LX zêq wmjs yzmrmfejsw te mtjúwzxme, jeje e
mqvsxzâtgme je erze vxsjyzmbmjeji vexe qedmqmfex sw rygxsw. Wãs gsqytw gewsw iq uyi yqe gixze uyetzme é veke
evów e idigyçãs ji yq túqixs iwvigílmgs ji viçew, gsqs ts idiqvrs jsw gerçejsw bmwzs etzixmsxqitzi. Iq yq
vxmqimxs qsqitzs, vsji vexigix uyi s yws ji iwuyiqew ji LX wipe e wsryçãs mjier vexe gsqvsxzeqitzsw
xiregmstejsw à mtjúwzxme i es zxeherns. Ji yq rejs, s iqvxikejsx zixá iqvxikejsw qemw vxsjyzmbsw, i, ji syzxs, sw
iqvxikejsw vsjiq ketnex qemw gews zxeherniq qemw xávmjs. Ts itzetzs, idmwziq uyiwzõiw ézmgew uyi vxigmweq wix
gstwmjixejew, yqe bif uyi e viwuymwe gmitzílmge wykixi uyi iwuyiqew ji xefãs vsjiq zix vxsvxmijejiw ebixwmbew,
ew uyemw zêq s vszitgmer ji kixex sw wyhvxsjyzsw js gstzxsri ebixwmbs jmwgyzmjsw ts Gevízyrs 8.
Xefãs bexmábir. S vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer kixejs vsx iwuyiqew ji xefãs bexmábir é gexegzixmfejs vsx erzew zedew
ji xiwvswzew i veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs vxezmgeqitzi eywitziw i/sy mxxikyrexiw. Ts getzs wyvixmsx jmximzs je Lmkyxe
3.9, ziqsw yq kxálmgs ji lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs iq iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir. E
gyxbe ji lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje tiwwi kxálmgs zeqhéq evxiwitze yqe kxetji mtgrmteçãs, mtjmgetjs yqe erze zede ji
xiwvswzew.
Es gstzxáxms je gyxbe ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs iq LX, tãs ná wikqitzsw nsxmfstzemw te gyxbe shzmje
uyetjs yq gsqvsxzeqitzs é qetzmjs iq xefãs bexmábir (bix Lmk. 3.9), mwzs é, tãs ná veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs. Iq
yq iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir, s xilsxçeqitzs vsji sgsxxix evów e iqmwwãs ji yqe sy báxmew xiwvswzew. Jiwwe
lsxqe, e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx jmlmgmrqitzi ejuymxmxá e lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs jirze vexe s xiwvstjix.
Iwwe é yqe vswwíbir idvrmgeçãs vexe e eywêtgme ji veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs sy vexe e sgsxxêtgme ji veywew
mxxikyrexiw tsw iwuyiqew ji xefãs bexmábir.
Ew qiwqew vswwmhmrmjejiw ji evrmgeçãs jmwgyzmjew uyetzs es iwuyiqe ji LX, iq zixqsw ji erzew zedew ji
xiwvswzew, zeqhéq wãs bármjew vexe s iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir. Itzxizetzs, exxetpex gstjmçõiw ji xilsxçeqitzs
gexegzixíwzmgew jsw iwuyiqew ji xefãs bexmábir iq wmzyeçõiw gszmjmetew vsji wix gstwmjixebirqitzi qemw jmlígmr. Vsx
idiqvrs, iq yqe mtjúwzxme gsq yq wmwziqe ji vekeqitzs ts uyer s iqvxikejs xigihi vsx ytmjejiw vxsjyfmjew,
wixme yqe wmzyeçãs iwzxetne s iqvxikejsx tãs iwvigmlmgex uyetzsw vexiw ji wevezs s iqvxikejs jibi vxsjyfmx vexe
xigihix s vekeqitzs. Iq gstzxevexzmje, ná wmzyeçõiw gszmjmetew tãs vxskxeqejew tew uyemw yqe etármwi jew
gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs xibirexá s exxetps ji gstjmçõiw ji xilsxçeqitzs wmqmrexiw esw iwuyiqew ji xefãs
bexmábir (BX) i tsw epyjexá e itzitjix vsx uyi gixzsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw sgsxxiq iq erzew zedew.
Gstwmjixi s idiqvrs ji yq kexszs uyi mtwmwzi iq gstzmtyex zirilstetjs vexe e wye id-teqsxeje i s lef gsq erze
zede ji xiwvswzew. Sgewmsterqitzi, ire ezitji evów gmtgs rmkeçõiw, iq syzxs qsqitzs, evów 76 rmkeçõiw, tyq
zixgimxs, evów jyew rmkeçõiw evitew, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi. Ji qetimxe tãs vretipeje, e id-teqsxeje iwzá exxetpetjs
gstjmçõiw ji xilsxçeqitzs iuymberitziw e yq BX. Es lefê-rs, ire qetzéq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zirilstex js id-
teqsxejs iq erze zede – vxiwyqmtjs-wi uyi s wmqvriw lezs ji ire ezitjix s zirilsti, mtjivitjitziqitzi js uyi
leri, zitne e lytçãs xilsxçejsxe vexe iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Mtzixbers lmds. S vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer kixejs virs iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs ji mtzixbers lmds é gexegzixmfejs
vsx hemdew zedew ji xiwvswzew i vsx rstkew i gstwmwzitziw veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs. Eréq jmwws, evów e veywe, e zede
ji xiwvswzew eyqitze xevmjeqitzi i, itzãs, wi qetzéq iwzábir ezé e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. Iwwi
eyqitzs te zede ji xiwvswze é gneqejs ji wgerrsv. Ts getzs mtlixmsx iwuyixjs je Lmkyxe 3.9 ziqsw yq kxálmgs ji
lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs iq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers lmds (LM). E mtgrmteçãs je gyxbe é
qitsx uyi ew shwixbejew tsw iwuyiqew ji xefãs, s uyi qswzxe yqe qitsx zede ji xiwvswzew. Zeqhéq é vswwíbir
tszex báxmsw wikqitzsw rstksw te gyxbe uyi wãs vexerirsw es imds D. Iwwiw wikqitzsw, gsqs pá idvswzs, mtjmgeq e
eywêtgme ji sgsxxêtgme ji xiwvswzew, sy wipe, ew rstkew i gstwmwzitziw veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs gexegzixíwzmgew jsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw qetzmjsw iq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi ji mtzixbers lmds. Uyetjs e gyxbe bsrze e zix
mtgrmteçãs, tsze-wi yq eyqitzs xávmjs te mtgrmteçãs je gyxbe. Iwwe qyjetçe xávmje é s wgerrsv vxsvxmeqitzi jmzs.
S LM é s iwuyiqe uyi vxsjyf ew qitsxiw zedew ji xiwvswzew. Vswwmbirqitzi, mwws egstzigi vsx jyew xefõiw: 7) é
idmkmje evitew yqe xiwvswze es lmter js mtzixbers, uyi é wiqvxi s qiwqs, vexe uyi s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wipe
evxiwitzejs. Sy wipe, xiwvswzew es rstks js mtzixbers tytge wãs xilsxçejew (idzmtçãs), s uyi ew zsxte mqvxsbábimw; 6)
é s iwuyiqe uyi vxsjyf ew qemsxiw veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs, yqe bif uyi e jmwgxmqmteçãs ziqvsxer itzxi s
xilsxçeqitzs i s tãs xilsxçeqitzs é legmrmzeje vire xikyrexmjeji jew jyxeçõiw jsw mtzixbersw itzxi sw
xilsxçeqitzsw. É mqvsxzetzi tszex uyi sw vejxõiw lsxeq shzmjsw iq viwuymwew gsq etmqemw uyi tãs zmtneq xirókms
tiq geritjáxms. Tãs gsqiçeqsw e rmkex e ZB ts wáhejs i lmgeqsw rmketjs-e gsq yqe lxiuyêtgme geje bif qemw erze
uyetjs wi evxsdmqe je nsxe js Letzáwzmgs ts jsqmtks à tsmzi, vsx idiqvrs. Ts itzetzs, viwuymwew gsq wixiw
nyqetsw tew uyemw s gsqvsxzeqitzs lsm qetzmjs iq LM zêq wykixmjs uyi nyqetsw xivrmgeq, virs qitsw
vexgmerqitzi, s vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer gexegzixíwzmgs jiwwi iwuyiqe. Vsxéq, é vxigmws xiwwerzex uyi ná, te
rmzixezyxe, iwzyjsw qswzxetjs jejsw jmbixkitziw uyetzs esw vejxõiw gexegzixíwzmgsw ji geje iwuyiqe ji
xilsxçeqitzs gsq wixiw nyqetsw, zetzs vexe sw ji LM uyetzs vexe sw jiqemw (v. id., Rsai, Hiewzc, & Hitzerr, 7529).
Uyiwzõiw qizsjsrókmgew, s vevir js gsqvsxzeqitzs bixher i bexmábimw nmwzóxmgew jsw vexzmgmvetziw wãs
vexzmgyrexqitzi xiribetziw vexe wi gsqvxiitjix iwwew jmbixkêtgmew.
Mtzixbers bexmábir. S vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer kixejs virs iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs ji mtzixbers bexmábir é
gexegzixmfejs vsx zedew qsjixejew i gstwzetziw ji xiwvswzew i eywêtgme ji veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs. Ts getzs
mtlixmsx jmximzs je Lmkyxe 3.9, ziqsw yqe gyxbe kixeje vsx yq gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs iq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers
bexmábir (BM). E mtgrmteçãs je gyxbe é qitsx uyi e jsw iwuyiqew ji xefãs, qew qemsx uyi euyire js iwuyiqe ji LM.
Es rstks je gyxbe, gsqs ts iwuyiqe ji xefãs bexmábir (BX), tãs wãs shwixbejsw wikqitzsw vexerirsw es imds D, s
uyi wmtermfe e eywêtgme ji veywew vów-xilsxçeqitzs. Yqe vswwíbir idvrmgeçãs vexe iwwe eywêtgme iwzá ts lezs ji uyi,
àw bifiw, xiwvswzew sgsxxmjew mqijmezeqitzi evów e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wãs tsbeqitzi xilsxçejew,
qew, iq syzxew, wó wixãs xilsxçejew evów rstksw mtzixbersw. Gsqs s túqixs ji xiwvswzew tãs é yq jsw xiuymwmzsw
vexe s xilsxçeqitzs, e zede ji xiwvswzew é qsjixeje iq xireçãs esw iwuyiqew ji xefãs.

Gsqvexeçãs itzxi iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi i gstzítys

Sw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys (GXLw) i mtzixqmzitzi (v. id ., LX, BX, LM, BM) tãs jmlixiq evitew uyetzs es
exxetps ji gstjmçõiw vexe s xilsxçeqitzs, qew zeqhéq iq xireçãs esw wiyw ilimzsw wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs
qetzmjs vsx iriw. Bixiqsw e wikymx erkyqew gsqvexeçõiw itzxi sw ilimzsw jiwwiw jsmw zmvsw ji iwuyiqew wshxi e
xiwvswze.
Qsjirekiq i qetyzitçãs ji yq tsbs gsqvsxzeqitzs. S GXL é qemw ilmgef vexe e qsjirekiq ji yq tsbs
gsqvsxzeqitzs js uyi sw iwuyiqew mtzixqmzitziw. Vsx idiqvrs, wi, ts vxsgijmqitzs ji qsjirekiq je xiwvswze
ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, e ákye lswwi evxiwitzeje evów 74 vxiwwõiw, jmlmgmrqitzi iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs wixme evxitjmjs. É
vxsbábir uyi s etmqer vexewwi ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe etziw ji iqmzmx e jégmqe xiwvswze uyi vxsjyfmxme s
xilsxçeqitzs, mwzs é, shwixbexíeqsw s vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs.
 Zetzs iq viwuymwe uyetzs iq evrmgeçãs, tsbsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gswzyqeq wix qsjirejsw i qetzmjsw,
mtmgmerqitzi, vsx GXLw. Uyetjs é tigiwwáxms uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs wipe qetzmjs vsx iwuyiqew mtzixqmzitziw, e
zxetwmçãs ji yq iwuyiqe vexe s syzxs é limze kxejyerqitzi. Vsx idiqvrs, vexe wi vewwex ji GXL vexe LX 64, báxmsw
LXw mtzixqijmáxmsw wãs yzmrmfejsw (v. id ., LX 1, LX 74, LX 71). Sw LXw mtzixqijmáxmsw ibmzeq uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs
itzxi iq vxsgiwws ji idzmtçãs etziw uyi s xilsxçejsx wipe evxiwitzejs.
Iwwi zmvs ji iwzxezékme é hewzetzi gsqyq iq mtzixbitçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw gsq gxmetçew jmektswzmgejew gsq
eyzmwqs, vsx idiqvrs. E rmzixezyxe gmitzílmge ziq qswzxejs uyi e evxitjmfekiq jiwwew gxmetçew é egirixeje uyetjs
ew gstjmçõiw ji itwmts wãs ejiuyejeqitzi vretipejew i iwzxyzyxejew iq viuyitsw vewwsw. Iq zixqsw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw, mwws itbsrbixme exxetpex gstzmtkêtgmew ji qsjs uyi, ts qsqitzs je qsjirekiq ji tsbsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw, ew wyew iqmwwõiw lswwiq gstzmtyeqitzi xilsxçejew. Vexe iwwew gxmetçew, erzixeçõiw tew
gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs, emtje uyi viuyitew, vsjiq xiwyrzex ts itlxeuyigmqitzs js xiwvstjix vxibmeqitzi
itwmtejs. Jiwwe lsxqe, uyetzs qitsxiw ew erzixeçõiw tew gstzmtkêtgmew, qemsx e vxshehmrmjeji ji sw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw vxibmeqitzi itwmtejsw gstzmtyexiq e sgsxxix. Ts jme e jme, zetzs vexe gxmetçew jmektswzmgejew
gsq eyzmwqs uyetzs vexe euyirew gsq jiwitbsrbmqitzs zívmgs, é vxezmgeqitzi mqvswwíbir uyi vemw i gymjejsxiw
xilsxgiq wiyw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji qetimxe gstzítye. Vsx iwwe xefãs, mtzixbitçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw jibiq wix
mqvriqitzejew ji qsjs uyi nepe e zxetwmçãs ji iwuyiqe gstzítys vexe iwuyiqew mtzixqmzitziw. Iwwe zxetwmçãs,
gsqs bmqsw, jibi wix limze kxejyerqitzi.
Xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs. Sw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi, vxmtgmverqitzi sw bexmábimw, wãs mjiemw vexe e
qetyzitçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs, sy wipe, eyqitzeq e wye xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs. S zixqs xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs,
gsqs bmwzs etzixmsxqitzi, jiwgxibi s túqixs ji xiwvswzew iqmzmjew wiq xilsxçeqitzs ezé uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs
bsrzi es wiy tíbir svixetzi (sy s ziqvs tigiwwáxms vexe mwws sgsxxix). Iq zixqsw gszmjmetsw, xilixi-wi es uyetzs
mtwmwzmqsw iq lefix erks uyi tãs já qemw gixzs. Wi yqe qãi uyi, vsx idiqvrs, xilsxçebe ew hmxxew ji wiy lmrns
mtzixqmzitziqitzi (àw bifiw wmq, àw bifiw tãs) jigmjmx tãs qemw ezitjix à gxmetçe uyetjs lef hmxxew, mwzs é, jigmjmx
gsrsgex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hmxxe iq idzmtçãs, wiy lmrns jiqsxexá qemw ziqvs vexe vexex ji lefix hmxxew iq
gsqvexeçãs e yqe gxmetçe gype qãi xilsxçebe iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs gstzmtyeqitzi (zsjew ew bifiw).
Syzxs idiqvrs gszmjmets ji xiwmwzêtgme à idzmtçãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs iq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs
mtzixqmzitzi wixme s ji yq gstzxsri xiqszs ji erexqi ji gexxs gsq jilimzs, ji qsjs uyi tãs ehxmwwi s gexxs zsjew
ew bifiw iq uyi s hszãs lswwi evixzejs. Gews s jmwvswmzmbs vexi ji lytgmstex jilmtmzmbeqitzi, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
evixzex s hszãs zitjixá e wi xivizmx báxmew bifiw etziw ji jimdex ji sgsxxix. Mwws egstzigi vsxuyi, uyetjs emtje
lytgmstebe, s hszãs vxigmwebe wix evixzejs erkyqew bifiw etziw ji s gexxs ehxmx (sy wipe, xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi).
Iq gstzxevexzmje, wi s gstzxsri xiqszs iwzmbiwwi lytgmstetjs ejiuyejeqitzi, ji qsjs uyi s gexxs ehxmwwi zsjew
ew bifiw uyi wi vxiwwmstewwi s hszãs (sy wipe, xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys), i vexewwi ji lytgmstex jilmtmzmbeqitzi,
qitsw xiwvswzew ji vxiwwmstex s hszãs sgsxxixmeq ezé e wye lxiuyêtgme gnikex e fixs.

Gstzitçãs rmqmzeje (rmqmzij nsrj)

Ts jme e jme, iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw uyi wãs rmhixejsw iq iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi àw bifiw tãs
lmgeq jmwvstíbimw vsx ziqvs mtjizixqmtejs. É gsqyq uyi wye jmwvstmhmrmjeji zitne jyxeçãs rmqmzeje. Iwwi ziqvs é
gneqejs ji gstzitçãs rmqmzeje sy, iq mtkrêw, rmqmzij nsrj (RN). Vsx idiqvrs, wi s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx iq
uyiwzãs é yq jejs vxskxeqe ji ziribmwãs uyi vewwe evitew yqe bif vsx wiqete i ziq jyxeçãs ji 94 qmtyzsw,
iwzeqsw leretjs ji yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi ji LM ji yqe wiqete gsq yqe gstzitçãs rmqmzeje
ji 94 qmtyzsw.
Yq idiqvrs ji rehsxezóxms etársks é s gews js xezs gypew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe iwzãs witjs xilsxçejew
iq iwuyiqe ji LM ji yq qmtyzs gsq ziqvs ji jmwvstmhmrmjeji ji 74 wikytjsw. Tiwwi idiqvrs, gews s etmqer tãs
xiwvstje (tãs vxiwwmsti e hexxe) jitzxs ji yq rmqmzi ji ziqvs jiwji s mtígms je jmwvstmhmrmjeji js xilsxçs, iwzi
jimde ji iwzex jmwvstíbir, witjs ximtmgmeje e gstzekiq js mtzixbers vexe e vxódmqe jmwvstmhmrmjeji. Vsxzetzs, wi e
xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe iwzmbix iq LM:7’, gsq gstzitçãs rmqmzeje ji 74”, s xilsxçs iwzexá jmwvstíbir evów 04
wikytjsw jiwji s úrzmqs xilsxçejsx. Itzxizetzs, iwwe jmwvstmhmrmjeji jyxexá evitew 74 wikytjsw. Gews s xezs tãs
vxiwwmsti e hexxe tiwwi mtzixbers, s xilsxçs jimdexá ji iwzex jmwvstíbir, witjs gstzejsw qemw 04 wikytjsw ezé e
jmwvstmhmrmjeji wikymtzi. E gstzitçãs rmqmzeje kixerqitzi vxsjyf eyqitzs te zede ji xiwvswzew, wipe iq yq
iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers lmds sy bexmábir.

Iwuyiqew tãs gstzmtkitziw i s gsqvsxzeqitzs wyvixwzmgmsws

Iwuyiqew ji mtzixbers, lmds i bexmábir, i ji xefãs, lmde i bexmábir, wãs iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzmtkitzi. Sy wipe,
tiriw, qiwqs tsw ji mtzixbers, s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é wiqvxi evxiwitzejs gstzmtkitzi à sgsxxêtgme ji virs qitsw
yqe xiwvswze. Ná jsmw zmvsw vxmtgmvemw ji iwuyiqew iq uyi tãs ná e xireçãs ji gstzmtkêtgme itzxi xiwvswze i
evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs vszitgmerqitzi xilsxçejsx. Tiwwi gews, uyermlmgeqsw sw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw ji
vszitgmemw vsxuyi, te xiermjeji, tãs é gsxxizs jitsqmtex yq iwzíqyrs ji xilsxçejsx te eywêtgme ji yqe xireçãs ji
gstzmtkêtgme. Wãs xilsxçejsxiw vszitgmemw te qijmje iq uyi, wi lswwiq zsxtejsw gstzmtkitziw e yqe xiwvswze
uyeruyix, vxsbebirqitzi eyqitzexmeq e vxshehmrmjeji ji wye sgsxxêtgme. E ákye, vsx idiqvrs, é yq iwzíqyrs
vszitgmerqitzi xilsxçejsx te qijmje iq uyi vxsbebirqitzi lsxzerigixá uyeruyix gsqvsxzeqitzs ji yq sxketmwqs
vxmbejs i uyi e vxsjyfe gsqs gstwiuyêtgme. Itzxizetzs, e evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye, vsx wm wó, wiq s xiuymwmzs je
iqmwwãs ji yqe xiwvswze, tãs vsji wix gstwmjixeje yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. Iwwiw iwuyiqew wãs gneqejsw ji
iwuyiqew tãs gstzmtkitziw. Tiriw, s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é evxiwitzejs mtjivitjitziqitzi je sgsxxêtgme ji
yqe xiwvswze iwvigílmge. Tsw iwuyiqew mtzixqmzitziw tãs gstzmtkitziw s xilsxçejsx é evxiwitzejs ji ziqvsw iq
ziqvsw, wiq e tigiwwmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yqe xiwvswze. Sw jsmw vxmtgmvemw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs tãs
gstzmtkitzi wãs s ji ziqvs lmds i s ji ziqvs bexmábir.
Ziqvs lmds (LZ, js mtkrêw lmdij zmqi). Iwzi iwuyiqe é gexegzixmfejs vire evxiwitzeçãs jsw xilsxçejsxiw iq
mtzixbersw ji ziqvs xikyrexiw, qiwqs uyi titnyqe xiwvswze sgsxxe. Vsx idiqvrs, wi yq ejsriwgitzi xigihi yqe
“qiweje” wiqeter ji wiyw vemw, wiqvxi esw wáhejsw i mtjivitjitziqitzi ji uyeruyix gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi iqmze,
jmxíeqsw uyi e “qiweje” é evxiwitzeje iq iwuyiqe tãs gstzmtkitzi ji mtzixbers lmds (LZ 7 wiqete).
Iq yq idvixmqitzs ji rehsxezóxms, vsjixíeqsw jex ákye qetyerqitzi vexe s etmqer ji 74 iq 74 wikytjsw,
mtjivitjitziqitzi js uyi iri lmfiwwi. Tiwwi gews, iwzexíeqsw idigyzetjs yq LZ 74” (ziqvs lmds 74 wikytjsw).
Tszi uyi tãs ná yqe xireçãs ji gstzmtkêtgme gsqs ts iwuyiqe ji LM. Tiwzi, s xilsxçejsx iwzá jmwvstíbir iq
mtzixbersw lmdsw gews sgsxxe yqe xiwvswze. Ts gews js LZ, s xilsxçs tãs é vxsjyfmjs vsx yqe xiwvswze, i, wmq,
evxiwitzejs xikyrexqitzi, qiwqs uyi s sxketmwqs lmuyi vexejs.
Ziqvs bexmábir (BZ, js mtkrêw bexmehri zmqi). Uyetjs sw xilsxçejsxiw wãs evxiwitzejsw iq mtzixbersw mxxikyrexiw
ji ziqvs, mtjivitjitziqitzi je sgsxxêtgme ji yqe xiwvswze iwvigílmge, ziqsw yq iwuyiqe ji ziqvs bexmábir (BZ).
Iwwi iwuyiqe ewwiqirne-wi es ji mtzixbers bexmábir (BM), vsxéq wiq e tigiwwmjeji je sgsxxêtgme ji yqe xiwvswze
vexe uyi s xilsxçejsx wipe evxiwitzejs. Uyetjs jmfiqsw uyi e rmhixeçãs ji ákye vexe s xezs iwzá iq BZ 71”, mwws
wmktmlmge uyi s xilsxçejsx wixá evxiwitzejs, iq qéjme, e geje 71 wikytjsw, mtjivitjitziqitzi je sgsxxêtgme ji
uyeruyix xiwvswze.
Gsqvsxzeqitzs wyvixwzmgmsws. Idiqvrsw gszmjmetsw ji iwuyiqew mtzixqmzitziw tãs gstzmtkitziw ji LZ i BZ
iwzãs kixerqitzi xiregmstejsw es uyi gneqeqsw, iq Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, ji gsqvsxzeqitzs wyvixwzmgmsws.
Iqhsxe tãs wipe tigiwwáxme e sgsxxêtgme ji yqe xiwvswze iq iwuyiqew tãs gstzmtkitziw, s xilsxçejsx
sgewmsterqitzi é evxiwitzejs ziqvsxerqitzi vxódmqs à sgsxxêtgme ji erkyqe xiwvswze. Gneqeqsw iwwe xireçãs
ziqvsxer itzxi xiwvswze i xilsxçejsx ji gstzmkymjeji.
Gstlsxqi jiqstwzxejs iq jifitew ji idvixmqitzsw, e gstzmkymjeji itzxi xiwvswze i xilsxçejsx vsji wix
wylmgmitzi vexe lsxzerigix yq jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsx idiqvrs, wi bsgê iwzá zsxgitjs vexe wiy zmqi
jyxetzi yq psks i, ituyetzs zsxgi, iri lef yq ksr, iwwe xireçãs ji gstzmkymjeji vsji xilsxçex s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs
ji zsxgix. Wi yqe viwwse ibmze vewwex jihemds ji iwgejew i, es qiwqs ziqvs, teje ji xymq rni egstzigi, iwwe
xireçãs ji gstzmkymjeji vsji xilsxçex wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji ibmzex vewwex jihemds ji iwgejew. Iwwi vxsgiwws é
gneqejs ji xilsxçeqitzs egmjitzer, iq uyi tãs ná yqe xireçãs ji gstzmtkêtgme itzxi yqe xiwvswze i yqe
gstwiuyêtgme, qew, wmq, yqe xireçãs ji gstzmkymjeji ziqvsxer, sy wipe, e xiwvswze i e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs
xilsxçejsx iwzãs vxódmqew ts ziqvs.
Zetzs s zsxgix vexe s zmqi lefix yq ksr uyetzs s ibmzex vewwex jihemds ji iwgejew wãs gneqejsw ji
gsqvsxzeqitzsw wyvixwzmgmswsw vsxuyi e xireçãs itzxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs i wye gstwiuyêtgme é evitew ji
gstzmkymjeji, i tãs ji vxsjyçãs (ji gstzmtkêtgme). Iq syzxew verebxew, zsxgix vexe s zmqi lefix yq ksr i iri lefê-rs é
evitew yqe gsmtgmjêtgme. Wikymtjs iwwi xegmsgítms, vsjixíeqsw legmrqitzi itgstzxex jifitew ji syzxsw idiqvrsw
gszmjmetsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw wyvixwzmgmswsw, qetzmjsw vsx xireçõiw ji gstzmkymjeji ziqvsxer itzxi e sgsxxêtgme
js gsqvsxzeqitzs i e js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx: jetçex vexe lefix gnsbix; jiwipex uyi erks hsq egstziçe; ibmzex
uyihxex iwvirnsw; ywex wiqvxi e qiwqe gyige etziw ji yq psks ji lyzihsr mqvsxzetzi; “iqvyxxex gsq e qãs” e
hsre ji hsrmgni pá retçeje uyetjs iwze wi evxsdmqe je geterize, izg. É mqvsxzetzi riqhxex, zsjebme, uyi s gstgimzs ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs wyvixwzmgmsws tãs wi jiwzmte e jiwgxibix i, qymzs qitsw, idvrmgex e wyvixwzmçãs sy sw xmzsw
xirmkmswsw. Qiwqs uyi e sxmkiq ji erkyqew wyvixwzmçõiw sy ji erkytw xmzsw xirmkmswsw zitne xireçãs gsq s
xilsxçeqitzs egmjitzer, e wye jmwwiqmteçãs itzxi qúrzmvrew kixeçõiw gsqvxiitji syzxsw vxsgiwwsw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw uyi tãs wixãs ehsxjejsw tiwzi rmbxs, gsqs e evxitjmfekiq vsx shwixbeçãs ji qsjirsw i s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ksbixtejs vsx xikxew.

Iwuyiqew xikyrejsxiw je birsgmjeji js xiwvstjix (zede ji xiwvswzew)

Idmwziq iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs jiwitbsrbmjsw vexe gstzxsrex uyãs xávmjew jibiq wix ew xiwvswzew js
sxketmwqs. Tiwwiw iwuyiqew, tãs wi zxeze ji yqe xiwvswze iwvigílmge uyi é wirigmsteje, qew je birsgmjeji (zede ji
xiwvswzew) gsq uyi ire é iqmzmje. Sy wipe, tiriw, s xiwvstjix xávmjs sy ritzs é uyi é xilsxçejs. Iq syzxew verebxew,
tiriw wãs wirigmstejsw (xilsxçejsw) mtzixbersw itzxi xiwvswzew (MXZ, js mtkrêw mtzixxiwvstwi zmqi). S mtzixbers
itzxi xiwvswzew é s ziqvs jigsxxmjs itzxi e sgsxxêtgme ji yqe xiwvswze i e sgsxxêtgme je wikymtzi.
Xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji erzew zedew ji xiwvswzew (JXN, jmllixitzmer ximtlsxgiqitz sl nmkn xeziw). S
xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji erzew zedew ji xiwvswzew, gype wmkre jixmbeje js zixqs iq mtkrêw é JXN, é yq iwuyiqe
jiwitbsrbmjs vexe vxsjyfmx yq xiwvstjix xávmjs. Iq syzxew verebxew, wsqitzi zedew erzew ji xiwvswzew wixãs
xilsxçejew. Wiy lytgmsteqitzs é vexigmjs gsq yq iwuyiqe ji xefãs, sy wipe, yq túqixs ji xiwvswzew jibi wix
iqmzmjs vexe e rmhixeçãs js xilsxçs. Itzxizetzs, s JXN vswwym yq xiuymwmzs idzxe: iwwi túqixs ji xiwvswzew jibi
sgsxxix jitzxs ji yq ziqvs vxijizixqmtejs vexe uyi s xilsxçs wipe evxiwitzejs. Iq zixqsw gszmjmetsw, vsjiqsw
jmfix uyi s JXN é yq iwuyiqe uyi mqvõi yq vxefs vexe e sgsxxêtgme ji yq túqixs iwvigílmgs ji xiwvswzew.
Wi gsrsgáwwiqsw ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe ji yq xezs iq yq iwuyiqe JXN 64 iq 94”, s etmqer zixme uyi
iqmzmx 64 xiwvswzew iq 94 wikytjsw vexe uyi s xilsxçejsx lswwi evxiwitzejs. Gews s ziqvs wi iwkszewwi, wixmeq
fixejsw s gxstôqizxs i s gstzejsx ji xiwvswzew. S xezs zixme ji iqmzmx qemw 64 xiwvswzew vexe uyi s xilsxçejsx
lswwi evxiwitzejs jitzxs js vxefs ji 94 wikytjsw. Lmge ibmjitzi uyi tãs vsjiqsw gsqiçex gsq yq JXN qymzs
idmkitzi (qymzew xiwvswzew iq vsygs ziqvs). Etziw je mqvswmçãs js vxefs js JXN, jibiqsw iwzehirigix s
xiwvstjix ts LX gsxxiwvstjitzi. Ts gews js idvixmqitzs gsq s xezs, vsjixíeqsw iwzehirigix s xiwvstjix iq LX
64, mtmgmerqitzi. Ewwmq, gsqiçexíeqsw e mqvsx yq JXN uyi vixqmzmwwi yq ziqvs qemsx vexe e iqmwwãs jew 64
xiwvswzew, vexe wó itzãs, kxejezmbeqitzi, mx jmqmtymtjs iwwi mtzixbers ezé sw 94 wikytjsw. Gews gsrsuyiqsw s
gsqvsxzeqitzs js etmqer iq yq JXN erzs rsks ji mtígms, é vxsbábir uyi iri vexi ji xiwvstjix vsx tãs
xilsxçeqitzs (idzmtçãs) etziw uyi gstwmke lefê-rs te zede idmkmje te gstzmtkêtgme.
Yq hsq idiqvrs gszmjmets js iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs ji JXN é e vxsbe ji jmkmzeçãs (sy jezmrskxelme, vexe sw
qemw etzmksw). Tiwwi ziwzi, yq gixzs túqixs ji zsuyiw jibixme wix jejs vsx qmtyzs vexe uyi s getjmjezs tãs lswwi
irmqmtejs js gstgyxws, s uyi vxsjyfme yq xiwvstjix qymzs xávmjs. S JXN vsji wix yzmrmfejs, vsx idiqvrs, uyetjs
wi jiwipe uyi yq lytgmstáxms vxsjyfe qemw viçew vsx nsxe iq yqe láhxmge sy uyetjs vxigmweqsw lefix yqe gxmetçe
jmektswzmgeje gsq ezxews ts jiwitbsrbmqitzs xiermfex qemw idixgígmsw líwmgsw iq yq qitsx mtzixbers ji ziqvs (v.
id., 71 vijerejew vsx qmtyzs iq yqe hmgmgrize).
Syzxe qetimxe ji wi mqvriqitzex yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs ji JXN é xilsxçex xiwvswzew uyi sgsxxeq gsq
mtzixbers itzxi xiwvswzew qitsx uyi D wikytjsw jiwji e úrzmqe xiwvswze. Vsx idiqvrs, gstwmjixi uyi yqe gxmetçe
jmektswzmgeje gsq eyzmwqs ribe gsqmje à hsge jyxetzi ew xilimçõiw gsq mtzixbersw qymzs rstksw (v. id., yqe gsrnix e
geje 1 qmtyzsw iq qéjme). Tiwwi gews, vsji-wi xilsxçex e xiwvswze ji ribex e gsrnix à hsge evitew wi ire sgsxxix
qitsw ji 1 qmtyzsw jivsmw je úrzmqe; vswzixmsxqitzi, evitew wi sgsxxix gsq ts qádmqs 8 qmtyzsw, i ewwmq vsx
jmetzi, ezé uyi wi gnikyi es mtzixbers itzxi xiwvswzew (MXZ) jiwipejs.
Xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji hemdew zedew ji xiwvswzew (JXR, js mtkrêw jmllixitzmer ximtlsxgiqitz sl rsa
xeziw). Iq yq JXR, ew xiwvswzew wixãs xilsxçejew evitew wi lsxiq iwveçejew vsx yq ziqvs qítmqs. Iq syzxew
verebxew, s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx wsqitzi wixá evxiwitzejs wi yq nsybix yq ziqvs qítmqs itzxi yqe xiwvswze i
syzxe. Ts JXR, gews s sxketmwqs xiwvstje etziw js lmter jiwwi mtzixbers, s gxstôqizxs é fixejs i s mtzixbers é
ximtmgmejs. Sy wipe, gews tãs nepe yq iwveçeqitzs ziqvsxer itzxi ew xiwvswzew mkyer sy qemsx uyi s iwzehirigmjs
virs iwuyiqe, tãs ná xilsxçeqitzs vexe e xiwvswze sgsxxmje etziw js vxefs iwzehirigmjs, i e evxiwitzeçãs js
iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é ejmeje virs qiwqs vxefs.
Wyhqizix ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe ji yq xezs e yq JXR 7’ wmktmlmge uyi irew wó wixãs xilsxçejew gews
sgsxxeq gsq, ts qítmqs, yq qmtyzs ji mtzixbers itzxi yqe i syzxe. Gews e xiwvswze sgsxxe etziw jmwws, s
gxstôqizxs é fixejs i yq tsbs mtzixbers ji yq qmtyzs é mtmgmejs. S vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer ji JXR é
gexegzixmfejs vsx yq xiwvstjix vsygs lxiuyitzi, vsjitjs wix yzmrmfejs, vsx idiqvrs, uyetjs yqe gxmetçe
jmektswzmgeje gsq eyzmwqs gswzyqe ribex à hsge vijeçsw ji gsqmje zãs xevmjeqitzi uyi e ehexxsze sy wi itkewke.
Tiwwiw gewsw, é vswwíbir yzmrmfex s JXR vexe uyi e gxmetçe ribi gsqmje à hsge iq mtzixbersw ji ziqvs wylmgmitziw vexe
qewzmkex geje vijeçs.

Xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs

S xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs (JXS, js mtkrêw jmllixitzmer ximtlsxgiqitz sl sznix
hinebmsx) é yqe erzixtezmbe gsqvsxzeqitzer, iq zixqsw ji iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs, hewzetzi yweje vexe xijyfmx
e lxiuyêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs wiq e yzmrmfeçãs ji vytmçãs sy ji idzmtçãs wsqitzi. S JXS gstwmwzi iq
xilsxçex e tãs sgsxxêtgme ji yq jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs iq yq gixzs vixísjs ji ziqvs. S JXS é vxilixíbir
gsqs lsxqe ji xijyfmx e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs iq xireçãs à vytmçãs i à idzmtçãs mwsrejeqitzi, vsmw vxsjyf
qitsw ilimzsw gsrezixemw, gsqs xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw i gstzxegstzxsri. Iwwi zmvs ji iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs é
hewzetzi yzmrmfejs vexe, vsx idiqvrs, xijyfmx e lxiuyêtgme ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw eyzsriwmbsw (hezix e gehiçe gstzxe e
vexiji, exxetgex gehirsw, qsxjix-wi, izg.) ji gxmetçew jmektswzmgejew gsq eyzmwqs i ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw
mtejiuyejsw, gsqs hmxxew, iq gxmetçew gsq i wiq erkyq jmektówzmgs vwmuymázxmgs.
Wi yqe gxmetçe, vsx idiqvrs, iwzá iqmzmtjs gsqvsxzeqitzsw ekxiwwmbsw iq erze lxiuyêtgme, s JXS vsji wix
yzmrmfejs vexe xijyfmx wye lxiuyêtgme. Wi ire iqmzi gsqvsxzeqitzsw ekxiwwmbsw iq qéjme e geje gmtgs qmtyzsw,
vsji-wi yzmrmfex s JXS evxiwitzetjs yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx gews ire lmuyi iwwi vixísjs ji ziqvs wiq iqmzm-rsw.
Evów e gxmetçe lmgex gstwmwzitziqitzi gmtgs qmtyzsw wiq iqmzmx gsqvsxzeqitzsw ekxiwwmbsw, vsji-wi eyqitzex iwwi
ziqvs vexe wizi qmtyzsw, jivsmw vexe 74, 71, i ewwmq vsx jmetzi.
Yqe bexmeçãs js JXS é s xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw erzixtezmbsw (JXE, js mtkrêw
jmllixitgmer ximtlsxgiqitz sl erzixtezmbi hinebmsxw). Tiwwi iwuyiqe, e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx é
gstzmtkitzi à iqmwwãs ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji grewwiw jmlixitziw ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs-erbs gyps shpizmbs ji
mtzixbitçãs wipe e xijyçãs je lxiuyêtgme. Tsbeqitzi, zxeze-wi ji yq vxsgijmqitzs jiwzmtejs e xijyfmx e lxiuyêtgme
ji yq jejs gsqvsxzeqitzs gsqs erzixtezmbe es yws je vytmçãs sy je idzmtçãs ji lsxqe mwsreje. Iq yq idiqvrs
ji rehsxezóxms, gews s idvixmqitzejsx jiwipewwi itlxeuyigix ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, iri vsjixme xilsxçex
gsq e evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw, gsqs lexipex, ixkyix ew vezew jmetzimxew i gsçex s lsgmtns.
Gews ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe lswwiq iqmzmjew, e ákye tãs wixme evxiwitzeje. Iq yq idvixmqitzs gsqs
iwwi, é iwvixejs uyi xevmjeqitzi s etmqer jimdi ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe, qew s leçe evxiwitzetjs yqe lxiuyêtgme
qitsx ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw gsqytw ts vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs, gsqs jiligex, yxmtex, qsxjix i wegyjmx e
hexxe.
Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs é qymzs gsqyq te vxázmge grítmge ts zxezeqitzs ji vegmitziw jmektswzmgejsw gsq
iwuymfslxitme. S iwzyjs ji Hxmzzs, Xsjxmkyiw, Wetzsw i Xmhimxs (6440), vsx idiqvrs, mrywzxe e evrmgeçãs js JXE tew
lerew vwmgózmgew ji yq vegmitzi jmektswzmgejs gsq iwuymfslxitme. Lerew gstwmjixejew vwmgózmgew wãs mktsxejew virs
zixeviyze, ituyetzs ew jiqemw wãs wikymjew ji ezitçãs i evxsbeçãs. E yzmrmfeçãs jiwwi iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs
ts iwzyjs ji Hxmzzs, Xsjxmkyiw, Wetzsw i Xmhimxs ribsy e yqe jxáwzmge xijyçãs je lxiuyêtgme ji lerew vwmgózmgew js
vexzmgmvetzi je viwuymwe.

Iwuyiqew gsqvswzsw
Idmwziq iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs uyi itbsrbiq e gsqhmteçãs ji qemw ji yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs. Wãs sw
gneqejsw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs gsqvswzsw, gsqs sw iwuyiqew qúrzmvrsw, qmwzsw, gstgsxxitziw,
itgejiejsw, zetjiq i ji wikytje sxjiq. Iwwiw iwuyiqew lsxeq jiwitbsrbmjsw vexe xivrmgex, iq wmzyeçãs
gstzxsreje, gsq qemsx vxigmwãs, ew wmzyeçõiw gsqvridew js tswws gszmjmets. E gsqvridmjeji jew wmzyeçõiw
itlxitzejew ts jme e jme tãs é legmrqitzi xivrmgeje iq rehsxezóxms virsw iwuyiqew wmqvriw ji xilsxçeqitzs pá
jmwgyzmjsw tiwzi gevízyrs. Vsxzetzs, sw iwuyiqew gsqvswzsw (sy gsqvridsw) zitzeq wmqyrex ji lsxqe qemw lmjijmkte
ew jmbixwew gstzmtkêtgmew jew uyemw s gsqvsxzeqitzs lef vexzi. Ideqmtiqsw erkytw jiriw.
Iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs i iwuyiqe qmwzs. Tiwwiw iwuyiqew gsqvswzsw sgsxxi e erzixtâtgme ji qemw ji yq iwuyiqe
wmqvriw ji xilsxçeqitzs. Geje yq jiriw vixqetigi iq bmksx vsx yq vixísjs ji ziqvs, vsx yq túqixs ji
xiwvswzew sgsxxmjew sy vsx yq túqixs ji xilsxçejsxiw evxiwitzejsw. Ts iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs, geje yq jsw iwuyiqew
wmqvriw uyi s gsqvõiq, gneqejsw ji gsqvstitziw js iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs, é wmtermfejs vsx yq iwzíqyrs
jmwgxmqmtezmbs jmlixitzi. Tsw idvixmqitzsw uyi yzmrmfeq s iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs, e xiwvswze xiuyixmje iq geje
gsqvstitzi js iwuyiqe iq kixer é e qiwqe.
Sw iwuyiqew qúrzmvrsw wãs yzmrmfejsw vxmtgmverqitzi vexe iwzyjex s gstzxsri ji iwzíqyrsw etzigijitziw wshxi
s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi iq wmzyeçõiw uyi itbsrbiq jmwgxmqmteçõiw wygiwwmbew. Gsqs bmqsw, geje iwuyiqe ji
xilsxçeqitzs wmqvriw vxsjyf yq vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer jmlixitzi. Vsxzetzs, é iwvixejs uyi, iq iwzejs iwzábir, sw
vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw gexegzixíwzmgsw ji geje iwuyiqe wmqvriw sgsxxeq evów e zxsge js iwzíqyrs uyi wmtermfe s
mtígms ji syzxs gsqvstitzi js iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs.
S iwzyjs ji Neciw, Hxsatwzimt, Neew i Kxiitaec (7520) é yq hsq idiqvrs js iqvxiks js iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs.
Tiwwi idvixmqitzs, ts uyer vexzmgmvexeq iwzyjetziw ytmbixwmzáxmsw, sw eyzsxiw yzmrmfexeq yq iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs LX 72
JXR 0” vexe mtbiwzmkex s ilimzs ji mtwzxyçõiw qítmqew, gstkxyitziw i mtgstkxyitziw wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
vxiwwmstex ew zigrew “wize vexe jmximze” i “wize vexe hemds” ji yq zigrejs ji gsqvyzejsx. E zexile idvixmqitzer
gstwmwzme iq qsbix yq “D” iq yqe qezxmf uyejxmgyreje te zire js gsqvyzejsx, ribetjs-s js getzs wyvixmsx
iwuyixjs es getzs mtlixmsx jmximzs. Ew vxiwwõiw te zigre “wize vexe hemds” qsbmeq s “D” vexe e rmtne ji hemds, i te
“wize vexe jmximze”, vexe e gsryte à jmximze. Uyetjs yq xizâtkyrs eqexirs evexigme te zire, ew vxiwwõiw tew zigrew
ixeq xilsxçejew iq JXR 0”, sy wipe, s xiwvstjix ritzs ixe xilsxçejs. Uyetjs yq xizâtkyrs efyr ixe idmhmjs, ixeq
tigiwwáxmew 72 vxiwwõiw te zigre vexe uyi s “D” wi qsbiwwi, sy wipe, s xiwvstjix xávmjs ixe xilsxçejs. Sw eyzsxiw
shwixbexeq uyi e qemsxme jsw vexzmgmvetziw uyi xigihixeq mtwzxyçõiw mtgstkxyitziw (“xiwvstje xávmjs” sy
“xiwvstje jibekex”) tãs xiwvstjiy ji egsxjs gsq geje gsqvstitzi iq bmksx. Qizeji jsw mtjmbíjysw idvswzsw àw
mtwzxyçõiw qítmqew xiwvstjiy ji egsxjs gsq s iwuyiqe iq bmksx. Pá euyiriw idvswzsw àw mtwzxyçõiw gstkxyitziw
(“xiwvstje jibekex uyetjs s xizâtkyrs eqexirs evexigix i xávmjs uyetjs s xizâtkyrs efyr evexigix”) xiwvstjixeq
ji egsxjs gsq geje gsqvstitzi js iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs, gsq idgiçãs ji yq vexzmgmvetzi.
Yq idiqvrs ji iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs te bmje gszmjmete vsji wix shwixbejs te xireçãs ji yqe gxmetçe gsq wiyw vemw
jmbsxgmejsw. Vsx idiqvrs, vijmjsw vsx jsgiw i hxmtuyijsw xexeqitzi wãs ezitjmjsw vire qãi, uyi vewwe zsje e
wiqete gsq e gxmetçe vsx wix e jizitzsxe ji wye kyexje. Vsxéq, sw qiwqsw vijmjsw wãs gstzmtyeqitzi ezitjmjsw
vsx wiy vem, uyi bê e gxmetçe evitew tsw lmtw ji wiqete. E vxiwitçe je qãi é yq iwzíqyrs jmwgxmqmtezmbs uyi
wmtermfe yq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers bexmábir, mwzs é, te wye vxiwitçe, iq mtzixbersw bexmábimw, sw vijmjsw wixãs
ezitjmjsw. Pá e vxiwitçe js vem é yq iwzíqyrs jmwgxmqmtezmbs uyi wmtermfe yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys,
yqe bif uyi, te wye vxiwitçe, sw vijmjsw je gxmetçe wãs wiqvxi xilsxçejsw. S iwuyiqe wmtermfejs vire qãi jyxe
gmtgs jmew, i s wmtermfejs virs vem, jsmw. É vxsbábir uyi e gxmetçe leçe vijmjsw vexe s vem gsq yqe lxiuyêtgme qemsx
js uyi sw lef vexe qãi, evxiwitzetjs gsqvsxzeqitzs gsqvezíbir gsq s gsqvstitzi js iwuyiqe qúrzmvrs iq
bmksx.
Pá sw iwuyiqew qmwzsw wikyiq s qiwqs xegmsgítms jsw qúrzmvrsw: geje iwuyiqe gsqvstitzi iwzá iq bmksx iq
yq qsqitzs mwsrejeqitzi, i, iq zsjsw sw gsqvstitziw, e xiwvswze i s xilsxçs wãs sw qiwqsw. Ts itzetzs, es
gstzxáxms js uyi sgsxxi ts qúrzmvrs, ts iwuyiqe qmwzs tãs ná iwzíqyrsw jmwgxmqmtezmbsw uyi wmtermfeq uyer iwuyiqe
iwzá iq bmksx. S sxketmwqs jibi jmwgxmqmtex s iwuyiqe iq bmksx virs vxóvxms gstzezs gsq e gstzmtkêtgme js
gsqvstitzi js iwuyiqe iq ezmbmjeji.
Iwuyiqew itgejiejsw i zetjiq. Sw iwuyiqew itgejiejsw lsxeq jiwitbsrbmjsw vexe iwzyjex gejimew
gsqvsxzeqitzemw. Mrywzxeq wmzyeçõiw jmwgxmqmtezmbew gsqs ew uyi bmqsw ts Gevízyrs 0, tew uyemw geje xiwvswze
mtzixqijmáxme je gejime é xilsxçeje vsx vxsjyfmx gstjmçõiw ji iwzíqyrsw vexe e xiwvswze (sy xiuymwmzs ji xiwvswze)
vswzixmsx. E qemsxme ji tswwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqvõi rstkew gejimew ji xiwvswzew. S vstzs gxygmer tiwwew gejimew
é uyi s xilsxçejsx ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs é s iwzíqyrs uyi wixbi ji sgewmãs vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs je gstzmtkêtgme
wikymtzi. Tsw iwuyiqew itgejiejsw, sw uyemw itbsrbiq gejimew ji xiwvswzew, e sgsxxêtgme ji yq xilsxçejsx
wmtermfe e vewwekiq vexe s vxódmqs iwuyiqe, sy wipe, wi gstwzmzym iq yq iwzíqyrs jmwgxmqmtezmbs.
Tsw iwuyiqew qúrzmvrsw, geje gsqvstitzi iwzá iq bmksx iq yq jejs qsqitzs, i yq tãs jivitji js syzxs. Pá
tsw iwuyiqew itgejiejsw, eviwex ji geje iwuyiqe (m.i., geje irs) zeqhéq iwzex iq bmksx iq yq jejs qsqitzs,
iriw sgsxxiq wiqvxi te qiwqe sxjiq. S mtígms ji yq irs ts iwuyiqe itgejiejs jivitji ji wixiq gsqvrizejsw
sw xiuymwmzsw je gstzmtkêtgme js irs etzixmsx. Yq idiqvrs jiwwi iwuyiqe gsq yq xezs vxmbejs ji ákye vsji wix s
ji LX 74 te hexxe je iwuyixje i LM 64” te hexxe je jmximze. Jiwwi qsjs, 74 vxiwwõiw à hexxe te hexxe je jmximze
egitjiq yqe ryf (irs mtmgmer). Iwzetjs e ryf egiwe, evów wi vewwexiq 64 wikytjsw, e vxmqimxe vxiwwãs à hexxe je
iwuyixje é xilsxçeje gsq ákye (irs zixqmter). Vxiwwõiw à hexxe je iwuyixje gsq e ryf evekeje tãs vxsjyfiq ákye
(W∆), i vxiwwõiw à hexxe je jmximze iq LX 74 xiwyrzeq te evxiwitzeçãs je ryf (WJ), wmtermfetjs s mtígms js irs zixqmter
js iwuyiqe itgejiejs. Es wix gsqvrizejs s irs zixqmter (LM 64”), s xilsxçejsx vxmqáxms “ákye” é rmhixejs.
Gsqs ts gews jsw iwuyiqew qúrzmvrsw, sw iwuyiqew itgejiejsw vsjiq wix xiermfejsw wiq e yzmrmfeçãs ji
iwzíqyrsw jmwgxmqmtezmbsw ewwsgmejsw e geje irs. Wãs sw gneqejsw iwuyiqew zetjiq.
Iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw i rim je mkyereçãs. Sw iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw gstwmwziq iq jyew sy qemw lstziw ji
xilsxçeqitzs jmwvstíbimw es qiwqs ziqvs (jsmw sy qemw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs jmwvstíbimw wmqyrzetieqitzi).
Gsqs idiqvrsw gszmjmetsw jiwwi iwuyiqe, vsjiqsw gmzex ehxmx s Legihsso sy s AnezwEvv i itgstzxex tsbew
vswzekitw. Ehxmx iwwiw evrmgezmbsw vsji wix yq gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs vsx itgstzxex tsbew vswzekitw iq
iwuyiqew ji mtzixbers bexmábir. Zixíeqsw, itzãs, jsmw iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw ji mtzixbers bexmábir iq bmksx (vexe
uyiq vewwe s jme erzixtetjs egiwwsw e iwwiw jsmw evrmgezmbsw). Iq idvixmqitzsw gsq xezsw, vsx idiqvrs, s etmqer
vsji vxiwwmstex e hexxe je iwuyixje uyi vxsjyf ákye iq iwuyiqe BM 74” i e je jmximze uyi vxsjyf ákye iq
iwuyiqe BM 64” (Lmk. 3.8). Tiwwi gews, sw jsmw iwuyiqew iwzãs iq bmksx es qiwqs ziqvs. Zyjs s uyi s xezs ziq uyi
lefix é xiwvstjix iq yqe jew hexxew, sy wipe, e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx iq yq iwuyiqe tãs jivitji
js syzxs. Iq wmzyeçõiw tew uyemw iwzipeq iq bmksx iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw ji mtzixbersw bexmábimw, s sxketmwqs
zitji e jmwzxmhymx wyew xiwvswzew vxsvsxgmsterqitzi à qektmzyji i à lxiuyêtgme jsw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw,
gstlsxqi bixiqsw ejmetzi.

Lmkyxe 3.8
Iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw. E lszskxelme qswzxe yqe wmzyeçãs zívmge iq idvixmqitzsw wshxi iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw. Vxiwwmstex e
hexxe je iwuyixje é xilsxçejs iq BM 74”, i vxiwwmstex e je jmximze, iq BM 64”.

Sw iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw wãs yzmrmfejsw vexe mtbiwzmkex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwgsrne. Iwzyjá-rsw tsw epyje e
gsqvxiitjix gsqs sw lezsxiw eqhmitzemw mtzixlixiq tew iwgsrnew jsw sxketmwqsw. S gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwgsrne é
qijmjs ji jsmw qsjsw: vire jmwzxmhymçãs js túqixs ji xiwvswzew iq geje yqe jew erzixtezmbew ji xilsxçeqitzs i
vire jmwzxmhymçãs js ziqvs uyi s sxketmwqs vixqetigi xiwvstjitjs iq yqe jiwwew erzixtezmbew iq xireçãs àw
jiqemw. Zetzs e jmwzxmhymçãs js túqixs ji xiwvswzew uyetzs e js ziqvs iq geje erzixtezmbe vsjiq wix jiwgxmzew
iq zixqsw ji xefãs (v. id., uyetjs s túqixs ji xiwvswzew iq yqe erzixtezmbe é jmbmjmjs virs túqixs ji xiwvswzew
iq syzxe) i, vxmtgmverqitzi, iq zixqsw uyi vxsvsxçãs (v. id., uyetjs s túqixs ji xiwvswzew iq yqe jew
erzixtezmbew é jmbmjmjs virs zszer ji xiwvswzew iq zsjew ew erzixtezmbew ji xilsxçs).
Nixxwzimt (7507) xiermfsy yq iwzyjs gsq zxêw vsqhsw vxmbejsw ji ermqitzs yzmrmfetjs iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw. Ew
wiwwõiw ixeq xiermfejew iq gemdew ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi vexe iwwiw etmqemw. Ew gemdew gstzmtneq jsmw
jmwgsw zxetwmryqmtejsw ji xiwvswzew iq yqe jew vexijiw, te qiwqe erzyxe i wivexejsw yq js syzxs vsx 8,1 gq.
Ehemds jsw jmwgsw nebme yq gsqijsyxs stji ixe rmhixejs s xilsxçejsx – ts gews, s ermqitzs. S jmwgs je iwuyixje
ixe mryqmtejs te gsx bixqirne, i s je jmximze, gsq yqe ryf ji gsx hxetge. Hmgejew tsw jmwgsw ji xiwvswzew ixeq
xilsxçejew vsx ermqitzs. Geje jmwgs xivxiwitzebe yqe erzixtezmbe ji xilsxçeqitzs, ji qsjs uyi hmgejew iq geje
yq jiriw ixe qetzmje iq mtzixbers bexmábir. Jmbixwsw mtzixbersw lsxeq xiregmstejsw esw jsmw jmwgsw: BM 9’ i BM 9’; BM 7,2’
i BM 5’; BM 6,61’ i BM 8,1’; i BM 7,1’ i idzmtçãs. Sw jsmw iwuyiqew ji BM svixebeq wmqyrzetieqitzi, ji qsjs uyi s
xilsxçejsx vsjixme wix evxiwitzejs evów yqe xiwvswze iq uyeruyix yq jsw jmwgsw, iq evitew yq jiriw sy iq
titnyq. Nixxwzimt zeqhéq mtzxsjyfmy yq vxsgijmqitzs gneqejs GSJ (js mtkrêw gnetki-sbix jirec, sy ezxews ji
xilsxçeqitzs vexe xiwvswzew ji qyjetçe), ji egsxjs gsq s uyer e zxsge ji yq jmwgs vexe syzxs etziw je vewwekiq
js mtzixbers ji 7,1 wikytjs xiwyrzebe ts ximtígms js mtzixbers ts tsbs jmwgs.
Nixxwzimt itgstzxsy uyi e vxsvsxçãs je jmwzxmhymçãs ji xiwvswzew tew jyew erzixtezmbew ji xilsxçeqitzs
egsqvetnebe e jmwzxmhymçãs ji xilsxçejsxiw shzmjsw tirew, vxmtgmverqitzi uyetjs s vxsgijmqitzs ji GSJ iwzebe
iq bmksx. S eyzsx vxsvôw e rim je mkyereçãs vexe vxibix s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwgsrne iq iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw
ziqvsxemw, gsqs s BM i s LM. E rim je mkyereçãs vxibê uyi e jmwzxmhymçãs ji xiwvswzew itzxi jyew sy qemw erzixtezmbew
ji xilsxçsw zitji e mkyerex e jmwzxmhymçãs ji xilsxçejsxiw jew erzixtezmbew. S xilixmjs iwzyjs ji Nixxwzimt yzmrmfsy e
lxiuyêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs gsqs vexâqizxs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx, qew e rim je mkyereçãs lsm evrmgeje gsq syzxsw
vexâqizxsw, gsqs s ezxews (m.i., s ziqvs jigsxxmjs jiwji e iqmwwãs je xiwvswze ezé e rmhixeçãs js xilsxçejsx) i e
qektmzyji js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx (m.i., e uyetzmjeji js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx rmhixeje vsx xiwvswze).
E rim je mkyereçãs ziq wmjs yzmrmfeje ts gstzidzs evrmgejs. Erlixmto, Gxmzgnlmirj, Nmzz i Nmkkmtw (6445), vsx idiqvrs,
etermwexeq e jmwzxmhymçãs ji exxiqiwwsw ji jsmw i ji zxêw vstzsw iq psksw ji hewuyizi itzxi ezrizew vxslmwwmstemw i
pskejsxiw ytmbixwmzáxmsw zmzyrexiw i xiwixbew. Sw eyzsxiw shwixbexeq uyi e rim vxibmy e jmwzxmhymçãs ji exxiqiwwsw jsw
vexzmgmvetziw, ji qsjs uyi ew jmwzxmhymçõiw qemw vxódmqew à vxijmze vire rim je mkyereçãs lsxeq gsxxiregmstejew
vswmzmbeqitzi gsq s jiwiqvitns jsw ezrizew. Iq syzxew verebxew, sw pskejsxiw qemw hiq-wygijmjsw zitjixeq e
mkyerex e jmwzxmhymçãs ji exxiqiwwsw es túqixs ji vstzsw shzmjsw iq geje zmvs ji exxiqiwws.
Iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw itgejiejsw i s eyzsgstzxsri. E gsqvridmjeji jsw exxetpsw ji gstzmtkêtgmew js jme e
jme idmki iwuyiqew mkyerqitzi gsqvridsw. E áxie ji viwuymwe iq gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwgsrne ziq yzmrmfejs yqe
gsqhmteçãs ji iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw gsq itgejiejsw. Sw gneqejsw iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw itgejiejsw
itbsrbiq e evxiwitzeçãs ji jyew sy qemw erzixtezmbew ji xilsxçeqitzs uyi wi gstwzmzyiq iq gejimew ji xiwvswzew.
Es gstzxáxms js idiqvrs js iwzyjs ji Nixxwzimt (7507), ts uyer ew xiwvswzew iq geje erzixtezmbe xiwyrzebeq te
evxiwitzeçãs js xilsxçejsx vxmqáxms, tsw iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw itgejiejsw ew xiwvswzew iq yqe jew
erzixtezmbew, uyetjs xilsxçejew, xiwyrzeq te itzxeje ts irs wikymtzi te gejime ji xiwvswzew, ezé gnikex-wi es
xilsxçeqitzs lmter.
Sw iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw itgejiejsw zêq wmjs yzmrmfejsw vexe iwzyjex idvixmqitzerqitzi xiwvswzew ji
eyzsgstzxsri i mqvyrwmbmjeji. Xegnrmt i Kxiit (7536) jilmtiq eyzsgstzxsri tãs gsqs yqe jizixqmteçãs mtzixte js
vxóvxms mtjmbíjys, qew, wmq, gsqs yqe lxiuyêtgme qemsx ji xiwvswzew iq erzixtezmbew ji xilsxçeqitzs gypew
gstwiuyêtgmew wãs ji qemsx qektmzyji, emtje uyi ezxewejew, iq jizxmqitzs jeuyirew gypew gstwiuyêtgmew
evxiwitzeq qitsx qektmzyji, vsxéq mqijmezew. Iq wiy iwzyjs, gmtgs vsqhsw iq gemdew ji gstjmgmsteqitzs
svixetzi gstlsxqi ew jiwgxmzew lsxeq wyhqizmjsw e iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw itgejiejsw. Ts irs mtmgmer, ew jyew
gnebiw ji xiwvswzew ixeq zxetwmryqmtejew gsq e gsx hxetge (Lmk. 3.1). Evów 61 hmgejew gstwigyzmbew iq geje yqe
jirew (LX 61), ew ryfiw wi evekebeq i ixe mtmgmejs yq ezxews kixer “Z” (iq wikytjsw), s uyer bexmsy iq jmlixitziw
gstjmçõiw idvixmqitzemw. Evów iwwi ezxews, wi s vsqhs zmbiwwi iqmzmjs ew 61 hmgejew te gnebi je jmximze, ixe mtmgmejs
s irs zixqmter, gsq jyew erzixtezmbew ji xiwvswzew. Yq jsw jmwgsw ji xiwvswzew lmgebe zxetwmryqmtejs iq bixji, i s
syzxs, iq bixqirns. Hmgejew ts jmwgs bixqirns (erzixtezmbe ji mqvyrwmbmjeji) ixeq wikymjew mqijmezeqitzi js
egiwws es ermqitzs vsx jsmw wikytjsw (viuyite qektmzyji) i, iq wikymje, s jmwgs wi evekebe, vixqetigitjs ewwmq
vsx wimw wikytjsw ezé s xigsqiçs js irs mtmgmer. Pá ew hmgejew ts jmwgs bixji (erzixtezmbe ji eyzsgstzxsri) evekebeq e
ryf js jmwgs ji xiwvswzew vsx uyezxs wikytjsw i, iq wikymje, s xilsxçejsx ixe rmhixejs vsx uyezxs wikytjsw
(qektmzyji qemsx). Evów s xilsxçeqitzs, s irs mtmgmer gsq ew gnebiw mryqmtejew iq hxetgs ixe ximtmgmejs. Gews, ts
irs mtmgmer, ew 61 hmgejew sgsxxiwwiq te gnebi je iwuyixje (erzixtezmbe ji gsqvxsqmwws), evów s ezxews kixer Z
evitew s jmwgs bixji ixe mryqmtejs, ji qsjs uyi evitew e erzixtezmbe ji eyzsgstzxsri zsxtebe-wi jmwvstíbir.

Lmkyxe 3.1
Jmekxeqe mrywzxezmbs js iwuyiqe gstgsxxitzi itgejiejs yzmrmfejs ts idvixmqitzs ji Xegnrmt i Kxiit (7536). E rizxe “A” mtjmge
jmwgs zxetwmryqmtejs iq hxetgs; “K”, iq bixji; i “X” iq bixqirns.
Lstzi: Ejevzeje ji Xegnrmt & Kxiit (7536, v.70).

Xegnrmt i Kxiit shwixbexeq uyi e zitjêtgme jsw vsqhsw gsq s Z qitsx uyi uyezxs wikytjsw ixe hmgex s jmwgs
je jmximze i, yqe bif ts irs zixqmter, hmgex te erzixtezmbe tsqieje ji mqvyrwmbmjeji. Iq gstzxevexzmje, gsq s Z qemsx
uyi uyezxs wikytjsw, sw etmqemw vewwexeq e hmgex ts jmwgs je iwuyixje ts irs mtmgmer (erzixtezmbe ji gsqvxsqmwws).
Sw eyzsxiw gstgryíxeq uyi sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqvezíbimw gsq s eyzsgstzxsri wãs jizixqmtejsw vsx ewvigzsw js
eqhmitzi; qemw vxigmweqitzi, wãs jizixqmtejsw, virs qitsw iq vexzi, virsw vexâqizxsw jsw iwzíqyrsw
xilsxçejsxiw itbsrbmjsw tew gstzmtkêtgmew gstlrmzetziw (iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw). Ew xiwvswzew te erzixtezmbe ji
gsqvxsqmwws lsxeq gstwmjixejew xiwvswzew ji eyzsgstzxsri, pá uyi mqvijmeq e iqmwwãs ji xiwvswzew mqvyrwmbew,
gsqs gstwyqmx s xilsxçejsx ji qitsx qektmzyji i mqijmezs.
Yq idiqvrs js gszmjmets ji wmzyeçãs ji iwgsrne gsqs iwwe wixme s ji yqe viwwse uyi ziq jmlmgyrjeji iq
kyexjex jmtnimxs; ire vsji lefix evsxziw (jivówmzsw) iq yq vrets ji vxibmjêtgme vxmbeje. Gews s jmtnimxs iwzipe
jmwvstíbir te gstze, ire vsjixá kewzá-rs gsq xilsxçejsxiw mqijmezsw ji qitsxiw qektmzyjiw, gsqs e euymwmçãs
lxiuyitzi ji xsyvew gexew i tyqixswsw petzexiw i liwzew, iq bif ji kyexjá-rs vexe yqe evswitzejsxme
lmtetgimxeqitzi gstlsxzábir, vsx idiqvrs. Es lefix s evsxzi iq vxibmjêtgme vxmbeje, s jmtnimxs lmge mtjmwvstíbir sy
jmlígmr ji egiwwex, ji qsjs uyi evitew e erzixtezmbe ji jmwvsx jiri iq qemsx uyetzmjeji ts lyzyxs wixá vswwíbir.
Tiwwi idiqvrs, lefix s evsxzi ts vrets ji evswitzejsxme vxmbeje wixme iuymberitzi e hmgex ts jmwgs je iwuyixje, sy
wipe, te erzixtezmbe ji gsqvxsqmwws.
S gstzxsri vire mqijmezmgmjeji i vire qektmzyji zeqhéq vsji itbsrbix gstzmtkêtgmew ebixwmbew. Tiwzew, e
mqvyrwmbmjeji emtje iwzexme xiregmsteje es gstzxsri vire mqijmezmgmjeji iq jizxmqitzs je qektmzyji, vsxéq
xiwyrzexme iq iwgsrnew svswzew àuyirew shwixbejew iq gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs. Tew gstzmtkêtgmew
ebixwmbew, s eyzsgstzxsri xivxiwitzexme ersgex vxmsxmzexmeqitzi ew xiwvswzew te erzixtezmbe mqijmeze, vsxéq ji qitsx
qektmzyji; pá e mqvyrwmbmjeji xivxiwitzexme ejmex s gstzezs gsq sw iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw, emtje uyi ji qemsx
qektmzyji. Yq idiqvrs gráwwmgs é s je vixmsjmgmjeji ji mjew es jitzmwze. Geje gstwyrze xivxiwitze e idvswmçãs e
iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw, gsqs s jiwgstlsxzs jsw vxsgijmqitzsw. Gews iwwew gstwyrzew wipeq etyemw, qijmjew vxslmrázmgew
vsjixãs mqvijmx s jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji vxshriqew jitzáxmsw qemw kxebiw, gyps zxezeqitzs jiqsxexá qemw i
itbsrbixá vxsgijmqitzsw qemw mtgôqsjsw. S eyzsgstzxsri, tiwwi gews, gstwmwzi iq mx es jitzmwze etyerqitzi
qiwqs wiq wmtzsqew (erzixtezmbe mqijmeze gsq iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw ji qitsx qektmzyji), i e mqvyrwmbmjeji iq
jimdex vexe gstwyrzex wsqitzi te vxiwitçe ji wmtzsqew (erzixtezmbe ezxeweje gsq iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw ji qemsx
qektmzyji).
Qiwqs uyi wipe jmlígmr evrmgex sw qsjirsw qeziqázmgsw iq wmzyeçõiw grítmgew, e gsqvxiitwãs js eyzsgstzxsri iq
zixqsw ji mqijmezmgmjeji i qektmzyji jew gstwiuyêtgmew é lytjeqitzer vexe e grítmge vwmgsrókmge. Euyiriw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi wãs lsgs ji mtzixbitçãs ts gstzidzs grítmgs (m.i., gsqvsxzeqitzsw-erbs) lxiuyitziqitzi
gsqvõiq gstzmtkêtgmew gstlrmzetziw, gsq gstwiuyêtgmew ji qemsx sy qitsx qektmzyji, ezxewejew sy mqijmezew. Vsx
idiqvrs, yqe psbiq ji 66 etsw vsji gijix esw vijmjsw uyi ew eqmkew rni lefiq, gsqs s iqvxéwzmqs ji xsyvew,
rmbxsw i jmtnimxs (sw uyemw tytge wãs jibsrbmjsw) i e epyje tsw zxehernsw ji legyrjeji. Iq gyxzs vxefs, es ezitjê-rsw,
e psbiq tãs itzxe iq gstzezs gsq e idvxiwwãs ji jiwgstzitzeqitzs ji wyew eqmkew uyi wyxkmxme gews sw tikewwi
(gstwiuyêtgmew mqijmezew). Eréq jmwws, tikex vsjixme mqvrmgex s xmwgs ji vixjix ew eqmfejiw i, gstwiuyitziqitzi,
lmgex wsfmtne. Iq gstzxevexzmje, ts rstks vxefs, jmetzi js lezs ji uyi ew eqmkew tãs lefiq s qiwqs vsx ire, e psbiq
wi elewze jirew i, ewwmq, ibmze wiyw vijmjsw ehywmbsw. Vsxzetzs, iq rstks vxefs, e psbiq lmge wsfmtne ji uyeruyix
qsjs i emtje vixji wiy jmtnimxs, wiyw rmbxsw, wyew xsyvew i wiy ziqvs lefitjs sw zxehernsw jew eqmkew. Vsjiqsw,
tiwwi idiqvrs, grewwmlmgex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gijix àw wsrmgmzeçõiw gsqs erzixtezmbe mqvyrwmbe, pá uyi vxsjyf
gstwiuyêtgmew ebixwmbew mqijmezew ji qitsx qektmzyji. Tikex, vsx wye bif, vsji wix gstwmjixejs e erzixtezmbe ji
eyzsgstzxsri, vsxuyi vxsjyf gstwiuyêtgmew ebixwmbew mqijmezew ji qitsx qektmzyji i ibmze ew ezxewejew ji qemsx
qektmzyji.

Vxmtgmvemw gstgimzsw evxiwitzejsw tiwzi gevízyrs

Gstgimzs Jiwgxmçãs
Iwuyiqew ji Gxmzéxmsw uyi jilmtiq uyemw xiwvswzew wixãs
xilsxçeqitzs xilsxçejew.
Iwuyiqe ji Zsje xiwvswze iqmzmje é wikymje je
xilsxçeqitzs evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx.
gstzítys
Iwuyiqew ji Wãs euyiriw iwuyiqew uyi iwzehirigiq uyi
xilsxçeqitzs evitew vexzi jew xiwvswzew iqmzmjew wixãs
mtzixqmzitzi xilsxçejew.
Iwuyiqew ji Iwuyiqew tsw uyemw s xilsxçeqitzs jivitji
xefãs je sgsxxêtgme ji gixzs túqixs ji xiwvswzew.
Vsjiq wix ji xefãs lmde sy bexmábir.
Iwuyiqew ji Iwuyiqew tsw uyemw s xilsxçeqitzs jivitji
mtzixbers je vewwekiq ji yq vixísjs ji ziqvs i je
iqmwwãs ji virs qitsw yqe xiwvswze. Vsjiq
wix ji mtzixbers lmds sy bexmábir.
Iwuyiqew ji Iwuyiqew iq uyi e evxiwitzeçãs ji
ziqvs iwzíqyrsw vszitgmerqitzi xilsxçejsxiw
jivitji idgrywmbeqitzi js ziqvs itzxi ew
evxiwitzeçõiw jsw iwzíqyrsw, i tãs je
iqmwwãs ji yqe xiwvswze iwvigílmge.
Idiqvrs
Vxigmweqsw grmgex s hszãs js qsywi jyew bifiw wshxi yq ígsti vexe
ehxmx s evrmgezmbs js gsqvyzejsx. Jsmw grmuyiw é s gxmzéxms vexe e
jmwvstmhmrmfeçãs js xilsxçejsx “evrmgezmbs ehixzs”.
Zsjew ew bifiw uyi kmxeqsw e gnebi js gexxs ehewzigmjs, iri vike.
Kmxex e gnebi é xilsxçejs virs gexxs rmkejs.
Rmkex vexe yqe svixejsxe ji giryrex i gstwikymx xiwsrbix s vxshriqe.
Tiq wiqvxi uyi iqmzmqsw s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zirilstex vexe e
svixejsxe zixiqsw s tswws gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs gsq e
xiwsryçãs js vxshriqe.
Idigyzex 94 xivizmçõiw ji yq idixgígms ji ehjsqmtemw vexe zixqmtex e
wéxmi jizixqmteje virs vixwster zxemtix (LX 94) i sybmx yq irskms jiri.
Ehxmx e gemde ji i-qemrw i itgstzxex tsbew qitwekitw (BM).
E bmzóxme js zmqi ji lyzihsr vexe s uyer e viwwse zsxgi. S zmqi bitgix
sy vixjix sgsxxi ji ziqvsw iq ziqvsw bexmábimw (BZ) i tãs jivitji
ji titnyqe xiwvswze js zsxgijsx. Vsxéq, gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi
iwzmbixiq sgsxxitjs ts qsqitzs je bmzóxme vsjiq wix
egmjitzerqitzi lsxzerigmjsw.
Vejxãs ji Lsxqe gexegzixíwzmge gsqs s sxketmwqs iqmzi E mtzixxyvçãs js xiwvstjix rsks evów e rmhixeçãs js iwzíqyrs
xiwvswzew yq jizixqmtejs gstpytzs ji xiwvswze wsh s xilsxçejsx iq yq iwuyiqe ji mtzixbers lmds (LM).
gstzxsri ji yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs iq
iwzejs iwzábir.
Xiwmwzêtgme à Ziqvs sy túqixs ji sgsxxêtgmew ji yqe Zirilstex vexe yqe id-teqsxeje 85 bifiw wiq uyi ire ezitje ezé
idzmtçãs xiwvswze tigiwwáxmsw vexe uyi iwze jimdi ji vexex ji zirilstex.
sgsxxix iq yq vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs.
JXR i JXN Iwuyiqew xikyrejsxiw ji zede (birsgmjeji) je Jmkmzex jyew rizxew vsx wikytjs i vewwex te vxsbe ji jmkmzeçãs (JXN).
xiwvswze. JXR: hemdew zedew; JXN: erzew zedew.
JXS i JXE Xilsxçs jmlixitgmer ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw Xilsxçex uyeruyix bixhermfeçãs, qitsw euyirew uyi wi gstlmkyxexiq
(JXS) sy ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw erzixtezmbsw gsqs “gstzex betzekiq” (JXE).
(JXE).
JXS – evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx
gews e xiwvswze-erbs tãs wipe iqmzmje jitzxs
ji yq mtzixbers iwzmvyrejs.
JXE – zsjsw sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw, idgizs s
erbs, wãs xilsxçejsw.
Iwuyiqew Iwuyiqew tsw uyemw jsmw sy qemw iwuyiqew Iq yq xiwzeyxetzi pevstêw, vijmx s hylliz e yq vxiçs lmds qemw erzs,
gsqvswzsw wmqvriw iwzãs vxiwitziw. qew uyi vixqmzi gsqix s uyetzs uymwix, sy vijmx e re gexzi, e yq
bersx qitsx, qew zix egiwws e qitsw uyetzmjeji ji gsqmje
(iwuyiqe gstgsxxitzi).

Uyiwzõiw ji Iwzyjs Kehexmzs

1. Jmlixitziw iwuyiqew ji xilsxçeqitzs mtzixqmzitzi vxsjyfiq jmlixitziw zedew ji xiwvswzew. Uyer jew erzixtezmbew e
wikymx evxiwitze iwwiw iwuyiqew iq sxjiq gxiwgitzi (je zede qemw hemde vexe e qemw erze) iq xireçãs à zede ji
xiwvswze uyi vxsjyfiq?
a. mtzixbers lmds, mtzixbers bexmábir, xefãs lmde i xefãs bexmábir
b. mtzixbers bexmábir, xefãs lmde, xefãs bexmábir i mtzixbers lmds
c. xefãs lmde, mtzixbers lmds, xefãs bexmábir i mtzixbers bexmábir
d. xefãs bexmábir, mtzixbers bexmábir, mtzixbers lmds i xefãs lmde
e. mtzixbers bexmábir, mtzixbers lmds, xefãs bexmábir i xefãs lmde
2. Iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs mjier vexe s iwzehirigmqitzs js gsqvsxzeqitzs i uyi jimde s gsqvsxzeqitzs qitsw
xiwmwzitzi à idzmtçãs:
a. xefãs lmde
b. GXL
c. mtzixbers bexmábir
d. zetjiq
e. ziqvs lmds
3. S vejxãs ji xiwvswzew gexegzixíwzmgs js mtzixbers lmds é:
a. xiwvstjix xávmjs i wiq veywew evów s xilsxçeqitzs
b. veywew gyxzew evów s xilsxçeqitzs i xiwvstjix xávmjs ezé s xilsxçeqitzs
c. xiwvstjix gstwzetzi gsq zede qsjixeje
d. rstkew veywew evów s xilsxçeqitzs i eyqitzs vswmzmbeqitzi egirixejs te zede ji xiwvswzew ts lmter js mtzixbers
e. xiwvstjix xávmjs evów s xilsxçeqitzs, veywe ts qims js mtzixbers i xiwvstjix xávmjs ts lmter js mtzixbers
4. Qsjirs qeziqázmgs jiwitbsrbmjs vexe jiwgxibix s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwgsrne iq iwuyiqew gstgsxxitziw:
a. rim je mtzitwmjeji i qektmzyji
b. rim je mkyereçãs
c. rim js xilsxçs
d. rim je rezêtgme
e. rim js xilrids
5. Iwuyiqew yzmrmfejsw vexe vxsjyfmx erzew zedew, hemdew zedew i itlxeuyigix gsqvsxzeqitzsw-erbs, xiwvigzmbeqitzi:
a. BX, LX i vytmçãs
b. JXN, LM i idzmtçãs
c. JXN, JXR i JXS
d. JXR, JXS i JXN
e. JXS, JXN i JXR
Hmhrmskxelme gstwyrzeje, gmzeje i wykiwzõiw ji rimzyxe
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hewoizherr. Psyxter sl Evvrmij Hinebmsx Etercwmw, 86, 151–042.
Heyq, A. Q. (7538). St zas zcviw sl jibmezmst lxsq zni qezgnmtk rea: hmew etj ytjixqezgnmtk. Psyxter sl zni Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl
Hinebmsx, 66 (7), 697–686.
Hxmzzs, M. E., Xsjxmkyiw, G. E., Wetzsw, J. G. S., & Xmhimxs, Q. E. (6440). Xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw bixhemw
erzixtezmbsw ji yq iwuymfslxêtmgs. Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Zixevme Gsqvsxzeqitzer i Gsktmzmbe, 2 (7), 39-28.
Gezetme, E. G. (7555). Evxitjmfekiq: gsqvsxzeqitzs, rmtkyekiq i gsktmçãs. (8. ij.). Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
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wzyjitzw. Vixgivzyer etj Qszsx Womrrw, 58, 7733-7720.
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etj tstshiwi hscw. Psyxter sl Evvrmij Hinebmsx Etercwmw, 61(9), 037–035. Xigyvixejs ji nzzvw://aaa.tghm.trq.tmn.ksb/vqg/ex
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xyri-ksbixtij lxsq wgnijyri-gstzxsrrij hinebmsx. Psyxter sl zni Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl Hinebmsx, 80 (6), 793–783.
Nixxtwzimt, X. P. (7507). Xirezmbi etj ehwsryzi wzxitkzn sl xiwvstwi ew e lytgzmst sl lxiuyitgc sl ximtlsxgiqitz. Psyxter sl zni
Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl Hinebmsx, 8, 603-636.
Rsai, G. L., Hiewzc, E., & Hitzerr, X. V. (7529). Zni xsri sl bixher hinebmsx mt nyqet riextmtk: Mtletz vixlsxqetgi st lmdij-mtzixber
wgnijyriw. Psyxter sl zni Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl Hinebmsx, 95 (7), 713-708.
Qmrritwst, P. X. (7503/7531). Vxmtgívmsw ji etármwi js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Hxewírme: Gssxjiteje.
Xegnrmt, N., & Kxiit, R. (7536). Gsqqmzqitz, gnsmgi etj wirl-gstzxsr. Psyxter sl zni Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl Hinebmsx, 73 (7), 71-66.
Xigyvixejs ji: nzzvw://aaa.tghm.trq.tmn.ksb/vqg/exzmgriw/VQG7999220/.
Zsjsxsb, P. G., & Nette, N. W. (6441). Uyetzmlmgeçãs ji iwgsrne i vxilixêtgmew. Mt: P. Ehxiy-Xsjxmkyiw i Q. X. Xmhimxs (Sxkw.), Etármwi js
Gsqvsxzeqitzs: viwuymwe, zisxme i evrmgeçãs. (vv. 715-738). Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.