Evxitjmfekiq virew gstwiuyêtgmew: s

gstzxsri ebixwmbs

Shpizmbsw js gevízyrs

Es lmter jiwzi gevízyrs, iwvixe-wi uyi s rimzsx wipe gevef ji:

7 Jilmtmx, mjitzmlmgex i vxsbix idiqvrsw ji gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs, gstzmtkêtgmew ji vytmçãs
vswmzmbe i gstzmtkêtgmew ji vytmçãs tikezmbe;
6 Jilmtmx, mjitzmlmgex i vxsbix idiqvrsw ji gstzxsri ebixwmbs js gsqvsxzeqitzs;
9 Jilmtmx, mjitzmlmgex i vxsbix idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji lyke, gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji iwuymbe i
gstzxegstzxsri;
8 Jiwgxibix i idiqvrmlmgex sw vxmtgmvemw ilimzsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw js yws js gstzxsri ebixwmbs js
gsqvsxzeqitzs;
1 Jiwgxibix i idiqvrmlmgex ew vxmtgmvemw jmlixitçew itzxi s yws jsw vxsgijmqitzsw ji vytmçãs, idzmtçãs i
xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer.

Gsqs pá wehiqsw, s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi é euyiri uyi vxsjyf qsjmlmgeçõiw ts eqhmitzi i é elizejs vsx irew.
Gneqeqsw zemw qsjmlmgeçõiw ts eqhmitzi ji gstwiuyêtgmew js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Pá bmqsw yq zmvs jiwwew
gstwiuyêtgmew, ew gneqejew gstwi-uyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew. Sw idiqvrsw evxiwitzejsw ezé itzãs mrywzxeq yq wyhzmvs
ji gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew, jitsqmtejew gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew vswmzmbew, gyps vxsgiwws
gsqvsxzeqitzer, ewwmq gsqs s vxsgijmqitzs js uyer irew lefiq vexzi, é jitsqmtejs xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs. S
zixqs xilsxçeqitzs é yzmrmfejs vsxuyi e evxiwitzeçãs jiwwe gstwiuyêtgme xiwyrze ts eyqitzs sy te qetyzitçãs je
vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs xilsxçejs bsrzex e sgsxxix. Pá s zixqs vswmzmbs iwvigmlmge uyi e qsjmlmgeçãs
vxsjyfmje ts eqhmitzi é wiqvxi e ejmçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs gsqs gstwiuyêtgme je xiwvswze. Vsx idiqvrs, uyetjs s
xezs vxiwwmste e hexxe, yqe ksze ji ákye é ejmgmsteje es wiy eqhmitzi; uyetjs e gxmetçe viji yq jsgi, ire s
xigihi (ire tãs zmtne s jsgi, eksxe ziq). Eqhsw sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw, vxiwwmstex e hexxe i vijmx jsgi, zixãs wye
vxshehmrmjeji qetzmje sy eyqitzeje iq lytçãs je ejmçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs es eqhmitzi js xezs i je gxmetçe,
xiwvigzmbeqitzi. Je qiwqe lsxqe, tsw jiqemw idiqvrsw ji xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs bmwzsw ts Gevízyrs 9, s sxketmwqs
gsqvsxzebe-wi iq lytçãs js wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs zix vxsjyfmjs e ejmçãs ji iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw iq wiy
eqhmitzi.
 Tiwzi gevízyrs, bixiqsw uyi idmwziq syzxsw zmvsw ji gstwiuyêtgmew js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi zeqhéq eyqitzeq
wye lxiuyêtgme (gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew tikezmbew), hiq gsqs erkyqew uyi jmqmtyiq wye lxiuyêtgme
(gstwiuyêtgmew vytmzmbew vswmzmbew i tikezmbew). Es gstzxsri idixgmjs wshxi e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs vsx iwwiw zmvsw ji gstwiuyêtgmew jeqsw s tsqi ji gstzxsri ebixwmbs.

Vsx uyi gstzxsri ebixwmbs js gsqvsxzeqitzs?

Etziw ji qemw teje, vxigmweqsw iwgrexigix s uyi wmktmlmge, iq rmtnew kixemw, s zixqs gstzxsri vexe e Etármwi js
Gsqvsxzeqitzs. Te rmtkyekiq gszmjmete, iwwe verebxe ziq jmbixwsw wmktmlmgejsw uyi wãs jmlixitziw js wmktmlmgejs
zégtmgs uyi ire ziq vexe e gmêtgme je etármwi gsqvsxzeqitzer. Ts rmtkyepex js etermwze js gsqvsxzeqitzs, s zixqs
gstzxsri wmktmlmge, ji lsxqe kixer, uyi e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs jivitji jew qsjmlmgeçõiw
uyi iri geywe ts eqhmitzi. Wi yqe jizixqmteje gstwiuyêtgme erzixe e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs, jmfiqsw uyi ire gstzxsre s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi e vxsjyf.
Gsqs pá bmwzs, gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew vswmzmbew eyqitzeq sy qetzêq e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs
sgsxxix vire ejmçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs es eqhmitzi. Tiwwi witzmjs, jmfiqsw uyi e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe vswmzmbe
gstzxsre s gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsx idiqvrs, uyetjs yqe ejsriwgitzi gstbmje yqe eqmke vexe mx es gmtiqe, i iwze
egimze, é qymzs vxsbábir uyi e psbiq bsrzi e gstbmjá-re qemw bifiw ts lyzyxs. Tiwwi witzmjs, jmfiqsw uyi s egimzi js
gstbmzi é yqe gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe vswmzmbe, sy wipe, gstzxsre s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gstbmjex, zsxtetjs-s qemw
vxsbábir ji sgsxxix tsbeqitzi.
Ew gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew tikezmbew i ew gstwiuyêtgmew vytmzmbew vswmzmbew i tikezmbew zeqhéq wãs
gstwiuyêtgmew js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi idixgiq gstzxsri wshxi iri. Irew erzixeq e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsx iwwi qszmbs, jmfiqsw uyi iwwiw zxêw zmvsw ji gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs zeqhéq s
gstzxsreq. Zxejmgmsterqitzi, iq Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, s gstzxsri idixgmjs vsx iriw é jitsqmtejs ji gstzxsri
ebixwmbs js gsqvsxzeqitzs, sy, wmqvriwqitzi, gstzxsri ebixwmbs.
Ew gstzmtkêtgmew ji gstzxsri ebixwmbs wãs gsxxmuyimxew: lxiex s gexxs vxódmqs e yq xejex, gype gstwiuyêtgme é
ibmzex yqe qyrze ji zxâtwmzs; qetzix e lxiuyêtgme àw eyrew, gype gstwiuyêtgme é tãs wix xivxsbejs vsx lerzew; jimdex
ji gstwyqmx hihmjew ergsórmgew iq idgiwws evów iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs zix zmjs gsqs gstwiuyêtgme xiwwegew wibixew;
vexex ji iqvxiwzex sw psksw ji bmjiskeqi vexe sw eqmksw uyi tytge jibsrbixeq sw iqvxéwzmqsw etzixmsxiw, i ewwmq
vsx jmetzi. Evxiwitzetjs ji lsxqe xiwyqmje, s gstzxsri ebixwmbs jmf xiwvimzs es eyqitzs te lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs vsx xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs i à jmqmtymçãs te wye lxiuyêtgme vsx vytmçãs vswmzmbe sy tikezmbe.
Bmqsw ts gevízyrs etzixmsx uyi iwzíqyrsw uyi xiwyrzeq te qetyzitçãs sy ts eyqitzs te vxshehmrmjeji ji s
gsqvsxzeqitzs sgsxxix tsbeqitzi wãs jitsqmtejsw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw. Uyetjs iriw gyqvxiq wye lytçãs
vsx wye ejmçãs gstzmtkitzi à sgsxxêtgme ji yqe xiwvswze, wãs jitsqmtejsw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw vswmzmbsw.
Uyetjs e qetyzitçãs sy s eyqitzs te vxshehmrmjeji ji iqmwwãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwyrze je xiqsçãs sy je
ibmzeçãs je evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs es eqhmitzi, gneqeqsw iwwi iwzíqyrs gstwiuyitzi ji iwzíqyrs
xilsxçejsx tikezmbs. Uyetjs e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs é xijyfmje iq lytçãs je
ejmçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs es eqhmitzi gsqs wye gstwiuyêtgme, jitsqmteqsw iwwi iwzíqyrs gstwiuyitzi ji iwzíqyrs
vytmzmbs vswmzmbs. Vsx lmq, uyetjs e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs é xijyfmje iq lytçãs je
xizmxeje ji yq iwzíqyrs js eqhmitzi, jitsqmteqsw s iwzíqyrs gstwiuyitzi ji iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs tikezmbs.
Sw iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw tikezmbsw i sw iwzíqyrsw vytmzmbsw vswmzmbsw zeqhéq wãs gneqejsw ji iwzíqyrsw
ebixwmbsw (riqhxetjs uyi iwziw, ewwmq gsqs sw jiqemw gstgimzsw ehsxjejsw ezé s qsqitzs, wãs jilmtmjsw
lytgmsterqitzi, mwzs é, e vexzmx js ilimzs uyi vxsjyfiq wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs). Tãs idmwziq iwzíqyrsw
iqmtitziqitzi ebixwmbsw, sy wipe, uyi wixãs ebixwmbsw vexe zsjsw sw sxketmwqsw sy iq zsjew ew wmzyeçõiw. Vsx
idiqvrs, yqe qúwmge wixzetipe sy lyto gexmsge vsjiq wix iwzíqyrsw idzxiqeqitzi ebixwmbsw vexe s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji erkyqew viwwsew, qew xilsxçejsxiw vsjixswsw vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji syzxew.

Gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs

S xilsxçeqitzs tãs wi já evitew vire evxiwitzeçãs ji iwzíqyrsw, gsqs sw evreywsw vexe yq wsrs ji kymzexxe i e
ákye vexe e xiwvswze ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, qew zeqhéq vsx wye xizmxeje. Vsx idiqvrs, wi xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à
hexxe lsxiq wikymjew je xiqsçãs js gnsuyi irézxmgs ts vmws ji yqe gemde ji Womttix, i e wye lxiuyêtgme lsx erze
uyetjs s gnsuyi sgsxxix, vsjiqsw jmfix uyi e wywvitwãs js gnsuyi iwzá xilsxçetjs s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
vxiwwmstex e hexxe. Vsxéq, s gnsuyi xilsxçe iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs vsx wye xiqsçãs, i tãs vsx wye evxiwitzeçãs,
gsqs sgsxxi ts gews je ejmçãs ji ákye. S qiwqs xegmsgítms beri vexe s bmfmtns uyi lxiuyitziqitzi rmke vexe s
evexzeqitzs ji gmqe vijmtjs vexe sw qsxejsxiw lefixiq qitsw hexyrns. Wi sw bmfmtnsw ji gmqe vexeq ji lefix
hexyrns evów e rmkeçãs, jmfiqsw uyi e xizmxeje js hexyrns xilsxçe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji rmkex i vijmx wmrêtgms. Tiwwiw
idiqvrsw, e gstzmtkêtgme é grewwmlmgeje gsqs ji xilsxçeqitzs, vsxuyi nsybi yq eyqitzs te
lxiuyêtgme/vxshehmrmjeji ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs. Zeqhéq é grewwmlmgeje gsqs ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs, vsxuyi
wye gstwiuyêtgme lsm e xizmxeje ji yq iwzíqyrs js eqhmitzi. S iwzíqyrs xizmxejs js eqhmitzi é gneqejs ji
xilsxçejsx tikezmbs. Ts idiqvrs etzixmsx, e xizmxeje js hexyrns ixe e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe tikezmbe, s uyi, vsx
wye bif, tsw vixqmzi grewwmlmgex s hexyrns gsqs yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs (sy yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs). E wikymx
iwzãs qemw erkytw idiqvrsw ji gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs:
 1. Gsrsgex ógyrsw ji wsr, gype gstwiuyêtgme é e jmqmtymçãs je ryqmtswmjeji te xizmte, é yq idiqvrs ji
gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs vsx xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. E jmqmtymçãs je ryqmtswmjeji é e gstwiuyêtgme
xilsxçejsxe tikezmbe, i e ryqmtswmjeji, iq wm, é s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs (iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs). E xireçãs
itzxi e xiwvswze ji gsrsgex sw ógyrsw i e xizmxeje ji ryf je xizmte é gneqeje ji gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs
tikezmbs.
2. Vewwex vxszizsx wsrex i ibmzex uyimqejyxew é yq gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs vsx xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Ew
uyimqejyxew wi gstwzmzyiq ts iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs ibmzejs vire xiwvswze ji ywex vxszizsx wsrex. E
gstzmtkêtgme iq bmksx é e ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs, yqe bif uyi e xiwvswze iq uyiwzãs é xilsxçeje vsx ibmzex
e evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs.
3. Gews yqe kexsze hxmkyi gsq wiy teqsxejs uyetjs iri lyqe, é vswwíbir uyi iri vewwi e gnyvex yq jxsvw evów
lyqex yq gmkexxs. Gsq mwws, iri ibmze e hxmke wi wye teqsxeje tãs vixgihix uyi iri lyqsy. Tiwwi gews, e hxmke
é yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs ibmzejs vire xiwvswze ji gnyvex yq jxsvw. Tsbeqitzi, ziqsw yqe
gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs, iq uyi e xiwvswze ji gnyvex yq jxsvw é xilsxçeje vsx ibmzex e
evxiwitzeçãs je hxmke.
É mqvsxzetzi tszex uyi, iq zsjsw sw idiqvrsw, sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw zmbixeq wye lxiuyêtgme eyqitzeje sy
qetzmje. S xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs, ewwmq gsqs s vswmzmbs, é yqe svixeçãs, yq vxsgijmqitzs iq uyi e
gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji iri bsrzex e sgsxxix. E jmlixitçe háwmge itzxi s
xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs i s tikezmbs xiwmji ts qsjs ji gstwiuyitgmex s gsqvsxzeqitzs: ts vxmqimxs, yq iwzíqyrs é
egxiwgitzejs es eqhmitzi; ts wikytjs, yq iwzíqyrs é xizmxejs sy jimde ji wix evxiwitzejs ts eqhmitzi. Vsx
idiqvrs, vsjiqsw eyqitzex e vxshehmrmjeji ji yq xezs vxiwwmstex yqe hexxe yzmrmfetjs xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs sy
xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Bipe s idiqvrs je Zehire 8.7.

ZEHIRE 8.7 Xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs bixwyw xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs

Xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs Xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs
Wmzyeçãs Etmqer te gemde ji Womttix vxmbejs ji Etmqer te gemde ji Womttix xigihitjs gnsuyi
ákye irézxmgs
Gsqvsxzeqitzs Vxiwwmstex e hexxe Vxiwwmstex e hexxe
Gstwiuyêtgme Evxiwitzeçãs ji ákye Xizmxeje js gnsuyi
Qsjs ji svixeçãs Ejmgmstex iwzíqyrs (ákye) es eqhmitzi Xizmxex iwzíqyrs (gnsuyi irézxmgs) js eqhmitzi
Grewwmlmgeçãs js iwzíqyrs Iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx vswmzmbs (WX+) Iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs (WX-)
Ilimzs wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs Eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji Eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme
sgsxxêtgme
Tszeçãs (xivxiwitzeçãs je X → WX+ X → WX-
gstzmtkêtgme)

S iwzyjs js xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs é ji lytjeqitzer mqvsxzâtgme vexe e gsqvxiitwãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs

nyqets. Iwwe mqvsxzâtgme wi jibi es lezs ji uyi báxmsw ji tswwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw gszmjmetsw vxsjyfiq e
wyvxiwwãs, s ejmeqitzs sy s getgireqitzs ji iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw js eqhmitzi, i tãs e evxiwitzeçãs ji iwzíqyrsw
xilsxçejsxiw vswmzmbsw. Iwwiw zmvsw ji gstwiuyêtgmew mtzixlixiq, vsx idiqvrs, ts qsjs gsqs jmxmkmqsw (qetziqsw e
birsgmjeji vixqmzmje te bme, gype gstwiuyêtgme é ibmzex qyrzew), te vxigmwãs ji tswwsw xirezsw bixhemw (ibmzeqsw
qeksex erkyqe viwwse gstzetjs viuyitew qitzmxew egixge js uyi vitweqsw jire), tew pywzmlmgezmbew uyi jeqsw àw
tswwew eçõiw (ibmzeqsw xivxiitwõiw es gstbitgixqsw sw syzxsw egixge ji vsx uyi ekmqsw ji jizixqmteje
qetimxe), ts qsjs uyi bmbiqsw tswwew xireçõiw eqsxswew (ibmzeqsw yqe jmwgywwãs je xireçãs uyetjs ibmzeqsw
srnex vexe e viwwse ezxeitzi uyi vewwe es rejs), itzxi syzxsw. Eréq jmwws, kxyvsw wsgmemw lsxqermfeq gstzmtkêtgmew
ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs iq rimw, tsxqew, iwzezyzsw, xikyreqitzsw, gójmksw ji ézmge, itzxi syzxsw, gsqs lsxqe ji
gstzxsrex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji wiyw qiqhxsw.

Gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lyke i gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwuymbe

Bme ji xikxe, jsmw zmvsw kixemw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi wãs qetzmjsw vsx gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs
tikezmbs: gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lyke i gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwuymbe. Gstwmjixeqsw uyi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs é yqe
lyke ts qsqitzs iq uyi jizixqmtejs iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs iwzá vxiwitzi ts eqhmitzi i iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs s xizmxe
js eqhmitzi, gsqs ts gews ji yq ejsriwgitzi ywex yq gxiqi vexe wigex yqe egti uyi pá iwzá iq wiy xswzs. Tiwwi
gews, e xiwvswze ji ywex s gxiqi é yqe lyke, qetzmje vire xizmxeje je iwvmtne, uyi é yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs pá
vxiwitzi. Pá e iwuymbe é yq gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ibmze sy ezxewe s gstzezs gsq yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs, mwzs é, sgsxxi
uyetjs yq jizixqmtejs iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs tãs iwzá vxiwitzi ts eqhmitzi. Vsxéq, e xiwvswze ji iwuymbe egstzigi
jmetzi ji syzxsw iwzíqyrsw uyi wmtermfeq e evxiwitzeçãs iqmtitzi jsw iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw. Iqmzmx s gsqvsxzeqitzs
ji iwuymbe ibmze sy ezxewe e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs. Vsx idiqvrs, s ejsriwgitzi uyi gswzyqe zix
iwvmtnew lef yqe jmize qitsw geróxmge sy vewwe yq gxiqi uyi xijyf e sriswmjeji je viri i, ewwmq, ibmze uyi irew
evexiçeq. Tiwwi gews, ew iwvmtnew emtje tãs iwzãs vxiwitziw, i sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji lefix jmize sy vewwex s
gxiqi ibmzexãs e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs, gstwzmzymtjs-wi iq gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji iwuymbe. E wikymx iwzãs
qemw erkytw idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji lyke i ji iwuymbe.
1. Exxyqex s uyexzs:
a. Lyke – Exxyqex s uyexzs uyetjs e qãi gsqiçe e hxmkex vsxuyi s uyexzs iwzá hekytçejs, zitjs gsqs
gstwiuyêtgme e qãi vexex ji hxmkex.
b. Iwuymbe – Exxyqex s uyexzs rsks uyetjs egsxje, ibmzetjs ew xigreqeçõiw je qãi.
2. Qitzmx uyi s giryrex iwzebe ts wmritgmsws:
a. Lyke – Evów vewwex yqe tsmzeje gsq ew eqmkew i tãs zix ezitjmjs sw zirilstiqew js teqsxejs, yqe
psbiq wi itgstzxe ts qims ji yqe kxetji jmwgywwãs gsq iri. Ire vsji gstwikymx vexex e hxmke jmfitjs uyi
nebme wi iwuyigmjs ji zmxex s giryrex js wmritgmsws evów wye eyre te legyrjeji, ji qsjs uyi tãs sybmy ew
rmkeçõiw.
b. Iwuymbe – Ts lyzyxs, iq yqe wmzyeçãs wmqmrex, ire pá vsji itbmex etzigmvejeqitzi yqe qitwekiq vexe s
teqsxejs, ebmwetjs uyi tãs ezitjiy ew wyew rmkeçõiw vsxuyi s wiy giryrex iwzebe ts wmritgmsws. Jiwwi
qsjs, vsji gstwikymx ibmzex e jmwgywwãs etziw uyi gsqigi.
3. Wemx ji vixzs ji yqe viwwse gneze:
a. Lyke – Erkyéq iwzá rni gstzetjs yqe nmwzóxme qymzs gneze i bsgê jmf: “Eqmks, qi jiwgyrvi, qew iwzsy
ezxewejs vexe yq gsqvxsqmwws, zitns uyi mx...”. Wemx ji vixzs js “gnezs” é yq idiqvrs ji lyke.
b. Iwuymbe – Wi bsgê “jiwgstbixwe” i wem ji vixzs js wypimzs etziw ji iri gsqiçex e gstzex nmwzóxmew gnezew,
bsgê iwzá wi iwuymbetjs.
Gszmjmeteqitzi, iwwiw jsmw zmvsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs wãs jmlixitgmejsw je wikymtzi lsxqe: e iwuymbe é zmje gsqs
yqe iwvégmi ji vxibitçãs, i e lyke, gsqs yqe iwvégmi ji xiqijmeçãs. Sy wipe, te iwuymbe, vxibitmqsw e
evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs, ituyetzs te lyke xiqijmeqsw e wmzyeçãs ji lsxqe uyi s iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs pá
vxiwitzi wipe wyvxmqmjs. É mqvsxzetzi tszex uyi sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji lyke i ji iwuymbe wó wãs iwzehirigmjsw i
qetzmjsw iq gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Rsks, tãs shwixbexiqsw lyke i iwuymbe iq gstzmtkêtgmew ji
xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs i ji vytmçãs.
Gixzsw iwzíqyrsw, vsx zixiq vxigijmjs e evxiwitzeçãs ji iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw ts vewwejs, zsxteq e xiwvswze ji
iwuymbe qemw vxsbábir. Gsqs s wsr lsxzi vxigijiy ew uyimqejyxew ts vewwejs, iwzi wi zsxte yq iwzíqyrs uyi
eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji je iqmwwãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ew vxibmti (ts gews, e sgsxxêtgme je xiwvswze ji
vewwex vxszizsx wsrex). Zsjebme, é mqvsxzetzi tszex uyi s wsr wó ejuymxmy zer lytçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer vsx zix
vxigijmjs uyimqejyxew ts vewwejs. Sy wipe, zmbiqsw uyi lykmx jew uyimqejyxew ts vewwejs vexe evxitjix e lytçãs
ebixwmbe js wsr, i wó ewwmq wsqsw gstjyfmjsw e iqmzmx yqe xiwvswze uyi ibmzi ew uyimqejyxew.
Vexe erkytw eyzsxiw, tãs idmwziq gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji iwuymbe, evitew ji lyke, yqe bif uyi e iwuymbe vsji wix
mtzixvxizeje gsqs yqe lyke jsw iwzíqyrsw uyi wmtermfeq e evxiwitzeçãs ji syzxsw iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw. Ts tswws
idiqvrs, s wsr wmtermfe ew uyimqejyxew, uyi wãs sw iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw. Gneqeqsw “wsr lsxzi”, vsxzetzs, ji iwzíqyrs
vxé-ebixwmbs, vsmw wmtermfe e vxshehmrmjeji ji evxiwitzeçãs ji syzxs iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs, ew uyimqejyxew.
Yq idvixmqitzs wmqvriw gsq yq xezs erhmts idiqvrmlmge hiq e jmwzmtçãs itzxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lyke i s ji
iwuymbe. S etmqer iwzá iq yqe gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi jmbmjmje iq jsmw gsqvexzmqitzsw, te uyer e
evxiwitzeçãs ji yq gnsuyi irézxmgs vsji wix limze irizxmlmgetjs-wi s vmws. Yq zmqix (ziqvsxmfejsx) gstzxsre e
evxiwitzeçãs je gsxxitzi irézxmge. E geje 94 wikytjsw, iri ezmbe s gnsuyi, uyi wó é xizmxejs (jiwrmkejs) wi s xezs
qyjex ji yq gsqvexzmqitzs vexe s syzxs. Xevmjeqitzi s etmqer evxitji s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lyke (Lmk. 8.7), sy
wipe, ewwmq uyi s gnsuyi é ezmbejs, s xezs qyje ji gsqvexzmqitzs. Vsjiqsw, emtje, vxskxeqex vexe uyi e qyjetçe
ji yq gsqvexzmqitzs vexe s syzxs “fixi” s gstzejsx; sy wipe, wi s etmqer qyjex ji gsqvexzmqitzs etziw uyi wi
vewwiq sw 94 wikytjsw, s gstzejsx js zmqix é ximtmgmejs, i gsqiçe yq tsbs mtzixbers ji 94 wikytjsw ezé uyi s
gnsuyi wipe evxiwitzejs. Tiwwi gews (Lmk. 8.6), wi s xezs qyjex ji rejs yq vsygs etziw je evxiwitzeçãs js gnsuyi,
iri ibmze uyi s gnsuyi wipe evxiwitzejs. Lereqsw, itzãs, iq yq gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwuymbe.
Lmkyxe 8.7
Gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lyke. Uyetjs s vmws js gsqvexzmqitzs ts uyer s etmqer wi itgstzxe é irizxmlmgejs ji egsxjs gsq s zmqix (7), s
xezs vewwe vexe s syzxs gsqvexzmqitzs je gemde, ts uyer s vmws tãs iwzá irizxmlmgejs (6). S xehs ribetzejs te Lszskxelme 7 mtjmge uyi
s vmws je gemde iwzá irizxmlmgejs.

Lmkyxe 8.6
Gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwuymbe. S xezs evxitjiy, jivsmw ji erkyqew lykew, uyi, wi vewwex ji yq gsqvexzmqitzs vexe s syzxs etziw ji
94 wikytjsw, ibmze s gnsuyi.

Iq xiwyqs, jitsqmteqsw gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lyke euyiri uyi sgsxxi ts qsqitzs iq uyi yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs
iwzá vxiwitzi ts eqhmitzi i gype gstwiuyêtgme wipe e xizmxeje jiwwi iwzíqyrs. Gneqeqsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
iwuymbe euyiri uyi sgsxxi ts qsqitzs iq uyi yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs tãs iwzá vxiwitzi ts eqhmitzi i gype
gstwiuyêtgme wipe s ejmeqitzs sy s getgireqitzs js gstzezs gsq zer iwzíqyrs. Vexe tãs iwuyigixqsw, zetzs s
xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs gsqs s tikezmbs eyqitzeq e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzex e sgsxxix: e jmlixitçe
iwzá evitew ts lezs ji e gstwiuyêtgme wix e ejmçãs sy e xizmxeje/ibmzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs js eqhmitzi:
Xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs: eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzex e sgsxxix vire ejmçãs ji yq
iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx es eqhmitzi.
Xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs: eyqitze e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzex e sgsxxix vire xizmxeje ji yq
iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs js eqhmitzi.

Vytmçãs
Erkyqew gstwiuyêtgmew js gsqvsxzeqitzs zsxteq wye sgsxxêtgme qitsw vxsbábir. Iwwew gstwiuyêtgmew wãs
gneqejew ji vytmçãs vswmzmbe i tikezmbe. Vytmçãs, iq syzxew verebxew, é yq zmvs ji gstwiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi zsxte e wye sgsxxêtgme qitsw vxsbábir. E jmwzmtçãs itzxi vytmçãs vswmzmbe i tikezmbe gstwmwzi te
qiwqe jmwzmtçãs limze gsq xireçãs es xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs i tikezmbs: wi yq iwzíqyrs é egxiwgitzejs sy wyhzxeíjs
js eqhmitzi. Zetzs e vytmçãs vswmzmbe uyetzs e tikezmbe jmqmtyiq e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ew
vxsjyfmy bsrzex e sgsxxix.
S zixqs vytmçãs vsji wix jilmtmjs lytgmsterqitzi gsqs e gstwiuyêtgme uyi xijyf e lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi e vxsjyf. Vsx idiqvrs, wi mtkixmxqsw jmlixitziw hihmjew ergsórmgew i zmbixqsw xiwwege ts jme
wikymtzi, iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs wixá qitsw vxsbábir ts lyzyxs. Jmfiqsw, vsxzetzs, uyi zer gsqvsxzeqitzs lsm vytmjs
vire xiwwege js jme wikymtzi. Syzxe bif, s zixqs vytmçãs xilixi-wi e yqe xireçãs ji gstzmtkêtgme itzxi yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs i yqe gstwiuyêtgme, wó uyi, tiwwi gews, s ilimzs je gstwiuyêtgme é e xijyçãs je lxiuyêtgme sy je
vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs ts lyzyxs. S iwzíqyrs uyi lsx gstwiuyêtgme jiwwe xiwvswze é
jitsqmtejs ji iwzíqyrs vytmjsx sy iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs, s uyer, tiwwi idiqvrs, lsm e “xiwwege”.
É lytjeqitzer gneqex ezitçãs vexe s lezs ji uyi e vytmçãs é jilmtmje lytgmsterqitzi; sy wipe, vexe jmfixqsw
uyi nsybi yqe vytmçãs, é tigiwwáxms uyi wi shwixbi yqe jmqmtymçãs te lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsx mwws,
tãs idmwzi yq iwzíqyrs uyi wipe vytmzmbs vsx tezyxife. Wó vsjiqsw jmfix uyi yq iwzíqyrs é vytmzmbs gews wye
evxiwitzeçãs sy xiqsçãs xijyfe e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs es uyer é gstwiuyitzi. É vswwíbir vitwex, vsx
idiqvrs, uyi ribex yqe hxstge je vxsliwwsxe iq were ji eyre wipe vytmzmbs vexe gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji lefix hekytçe
ji zsjew ew gxmetçew. Ts itzetzs, viwuymwew zêq qswzxejs uyi e hxstge je vxsliwwsxe vsji tãs zix ilimzs vytmzmbs
sy vsji ezé qiwqs lytgmstex gsqs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix hekytçe ji erkyqew
gxmetçew iq were ji eyre.

Vytmçãs vswmzmbe i vytmçãs tikezmbe

Ji lsxqe wmqmrex àw gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew, idmwziq jsmw zmvsw ji gstwiuyêtgmew vytmzmbew: e vswmzmbe i e
tikezmbe. E vytmçãs vswmzmbe é yqe gstwiuyêtgme uyi gstwmwzi te evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs uyi xijyf e
vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme lyzyxe js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi e vxsjyfmy. Vsx idiqvrs, yqe viwwse eréxkmge e geqexãs
vewwe qer es gsqê-rs. E vexzmx jiwwe xieçãs, tãs gsqi qemw geqexãs. Ts gews, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gsqix geqexãs
vxsjyfmy e evxiwitzeçãs ji wmtzsqew ebixwmbsw, gsqs jmlmgyrjeji vexe xiwvmxex, qetgnew bixqirnew te viri, gsgimxe,
izg. Gsqs nsybi yqe jmqmtymçãs te lxiuyêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs, elmxqeqsw uyi iri lsm vswmzmbeqitzi vytmjs.
E vytmçãs tikezmbe, vsx wye bif, é yqe gstwiuyêtgme uyi gstwmwzi te xizmxeje (sy vixje) ji xilsxçejsxiw ji
syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw. Iwwe gstwiuyêtgme zsxtexá s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi e vxsjyfmy qitsw vxsbábir ts lyzyxs.
Vsx idiqvrs, yqe viwwse uyi egiwwe wmziw tãs gstlmábimw te mtzixtiz vsji jetmlmgex wiy gsqvyzejsx, ji lsxqe uyi
iri jimdi ji lytgmstex. Ewwmq, ire jimde ji egiwwex iwwiw wmziw. Tiwwi gews, e gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
egiwwex wmziw tãs wikyxsw lsm e vixje jsw xilsxçejsxiw jmwvstmhmrmfejsw virs gsqvyzejsx lytgmstetjs. Gsqs nsybi
yqe jmqmtymçãs te lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji egiwwex wmziw vixmkswsw vire xizmxeje jsw xilsxçejsxiw
ewwsgmejsw es gsqvyzejsx lytgmstetjs, gstgryíqsw uyi nsybi yqe vytmçãs tikezmbe. Erkytw bmjiskeqiw hrsuyimeq
gixzew lytçõiw js evexirns, gsqs s egiwws à mtzixtiz virs gstwsri, vsx idiqvrs, gsqs gstwiuyêtgme js yws ji
psksw vmxezew virs ywyáxms. Gews yqe viwwse jimdi ji ywex psksw vmxezew ts wiy bmjiskeqi jibmjs es hrsuyims uyi s
wiy evexirns wslxiy, jmfiqsw uyi e vixje js egiwws àw lytçõiw hrsuyiejew lsm yqe vytmçãs tikezmbe.
É mqvsxzetzi itlezmfex uyi e vytmçãs, wipe vswmzmbe, wipe tikezmbe, xiwyrze, vsx jilmtmçãs, te xijyçãs je lxiuyêtgme
sy je vxshehmrmjeji js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Sw zixqsw vswmzmbs i tikezmbs mtjmgeq evitew evxiwitzeçãs sy xizmxeje ji
iwzíqyrsw, xiwvigzmbeqitzi. Iq Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, vswmzmbs tãs é hsq i tikezmbs tãs é xymq; wmqvriwqitzi,
vswmzmbs é evxiwitzeçãs, i tikezmbs é xizmxeje:
Vytmçãs vswmzmbe: jmqmtym e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs sgsxxix tsbeqitzi vire gstwiuyitzi ejmçãs
ji yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs es eqhmitzi.
Vytmçãs tikezmbe: jmqmtym e vxshehmrmjeji ji s gsqvsxzeqitzs sgsxxix tsbeqitzi vire gstwiuyitzi
xizmxeje ji yq iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx (ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw) js eqhmitzi.
Idiqvrsw ji vytmçãs vswmzmbe
Yq xezs uyi ziq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe qetzmjs vire rmhixeçãs ji ákye vewwe e xigihix,
eréq je ákye, yq gnsuyi uyetjs iqmzi iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs. Iq jigsxxêtgme js gnsuyi gstzmtkitzi es
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, iwzi jimde ji sgsxxix.
Ribex yqe wyxxe es pskex hsre jitzxs ji gewe i, iq jigsxxêtgme jmwws, tãs pskex qemw tiwwi rsger.
Yrzxevewwex s wmter bixqirns, wix qyrzejs i tãs mtlxmtkmx qemw iwwe xikxe.
Jmfix verebxew ji hemds gerãs, xigihix yqe hxstge i jmqmtymx hewzetzi e lxiuyêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Idiqvrsw ji vytmçãs tikezmbe
Vixjix e qiweje vsx lefix zxeuymtekitw i jmqmtymx hewzetzi e lxiuyêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Gsqizix yq ewwerzs, wix vxiws (vixjix e rmhixjeji) i tãs gsqizix qemw gxmqiw.
Tãs xigihix himpsw je teqsxeje vsx lyqex i jmqmtymx hewzetzi s túqixs ji gmkexxsw gstwyqmjsw vsx jme.
Jmxmkmx evów zix gstwyqmjs árgssr, vixjix e gexzimxe ji qszsxmwze i tãs qemw jmxmkmx tiwwew gstjmçõiw uyetjs
xigyvixex e gexzimxe.

Wywvitwãs je gstzmtkêtgme vytmzmbe: xigyvixeçãs je xiwvswze

E vytmçãs vsji irmqmtex gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtejiuyejsw, eqieçejsxiw sy, vsx syzxs rejs, mtjiwipábimw ji yq jejs
xivixzóxms, gsq hewi ts vxmtgívms ji uyi uyiq é vytmjs evxiwitze qitsx vswwmhmrmjeji ji xivizmx wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Mtlirmfqitzi, s vxshriqe tãs é zãs wmqvriw gsqs vexigi. E xigsqvitwe (xilsxçs) i e vytmçãs tãs jmlixiq ytmgeqitzi gsq
xireçãs esw ilimzsw uyi vxsjyfiq. Yqe gxmetçe gewzmkeje ji qsjs wibixs vsx hxmtgejimxew widyemw tãs lmgexá
tigiwwexmeqitzi jiwiwzmqyreje e gstzmtyex, je qiwqe lsxqe uyi yq nsqiq vxiws vsx ewwerzs bmsritzs tãs zixá
tigiwwexmeqitzi jmqmtyíje wye zitjêtgme à bmsrêtgme. Gsqvsxzeqitzsw wypimzsw e vytmçõiw zitjiq e wi xivizmx ewwmq uyi
ew gstzmtkêtgmew vytmzmbew lsxiq xiqsbmjew. (Womttix, 7529, v. 14)
Iwwi zxigns, iwgxmzs vsx Womttix, evstze vexe erkytw vxshriqew xirezmbsw es yws je vytmçãs gsqs lsxqe ji
gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs, sw uyemw jmwgyzmxiqsw e wikymx. Yq gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi bmtne witjs vytmjs vsji
jimdex ji wix vytmjs te ezyermjeji i zerbif zitne wye lxiuyêtgme xiwzehirigmje. Vsx idiqvrs, yqe psbiq uyi teqsxe
yq xevef uyi mqvrmge gsq wyew qmtmwwemew vsji vexex ji ywá-rew. Ewwmq, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji ywex qmtmwweme é
vswmzmbeqitzi vytmjs virew jmwgywwõiw gsq s teqsxejs. Gews ire zxsuyi iwwi teqsxejs vsx syzxs qitsw qegnmwze
i gmyqitzs, uyi tãs mqvrmuyi gsq wyew xsyvew, wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji ywex qmtmwweme zerbif bsrzi e sgsxxix. Tiwwi
gews, zixá nebmjs yqe wywvitwãs je gstzmtkêtgme ji vytmçãs. Sy wipe, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji ywex qmtmwweme vxsjyfme
jmwgywwõiw i eksxe tãs vxsjyf qemw. Gstwmjixeqsw uyi, tiwwi gews, sgsxxi yqe xigyvixeçãs je xiwvswze.
Womttix (7592) ziq yq iwzyjs gráwwmgs wshxi e wywvitwãs je gstzmtkêtgme ji vytmçãs, ts uyer jsmw kxyvsw ji
xezsw zmbixeq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe qsjirejs i qetzmjs vire rmhixeçãs ji ermqitzs. S kxyvs
idvixmqitzer vewwsy e xigihix yq gnsuyi zsje bif uyi vxiwwmstebe e hexxe. Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs lif sw etmqemw
xevmjeqitzi giwwexiq zer gsqvsxzeqitzs. Pá s kxyvs-gstzxsri, uyi tãs xigihiy gnsuyiw, gstzmtysy vxiwwmstetjs e
hexxe, qetzitjs yqe zede gstwzetzi ji iqmwwãs jiwwe xiwvswze. Itzãs, s gnsuyi lsm jiwrmkejs vexe s kxyvs
idvixmqitzer (m.i., nsybi e wywvitwãs je gstzmtkêtgme ji vytmçãs), i shwixbsy-wi yq eyqitzs te lxiuyêtgme ji
xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe. Jiwwi qsjs, e uyihxe je gstzmtkêtgme ji vytmçãs vxsjyfmy yq xiwzehirigmqitzs te
lsxçe js xiwvstjix, s uyi gstnigiqsw vsx vxsgiwws ji xigyvixeçãs je xiwvswze. E Lmkyxe 8.9, ts uyejxs mtlixmsx,
evxiwitze kxelmgeqitzi iwwi vxsgiwws gsq jejsw nmvszézmgsw. Ts uyejxs wyvixmsx, é evxiwitzejs s vxsgiwws
etársks ji xilsxçeqitzs i idzmtçãs.

Lmkyxe 8.9
Wywvitwãs je gstzmtkêtgme. Uyetjs ná uyihxe je gstzmtkêtgme, e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs xizsxte es wiy tíbir svixetzi
(lxiuyêtgme ji xiwvswzew shzmje te gstjmçãs ji rmtne ji hewi).
Lstzi: Ejevzeje ji Gezetme (7555, Lmkyxe 0.7, v. 774).

Yq vstzs mqvsxzetzi e wix gstwmjixejs é: e lmq ji uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzi e sgsxxix gsq e uyihxe je
gstzmtkêtgme ji vytmçãs, s xilsxçeqitzs jibi wix qetzmjs, i, shbmeqitzi, s sxketmwqs jibi wix idvswzs syzxe bif à
gstzmtkêtgme. Iq syzxew verebxew, wi ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe jsw etmqemw js kxyvs idvixmqitzer ts iwzyjs
ji Womttix jimdewwiq ji vxsjyfmx ermqitzs i, eréq jmwws, tãs sgsxxiwwiq virs qitsw yqe bif evów e wywvitwãs je
vytmçãs, iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs tãs zixme e wye lxiuyêtgme xiwzehirigmje. Iwwi ewvigzs js gsqvsxzeqitzs é
lytjeqitzer, vsx idiqvrs, vexe e vxázmge grítmge iq vwmgsrskme.
 Qymzew bifiw, s vwmgórsks grítmgs wi jivexe gsq grmitziw uyi zmbixeq gixzsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw vytmjsw ts vewwejs,
sw uyemw tãs bsrzeq e wix iqmzmjsw qiwqs gsq e eywêtgme je vytmçãs te ezyermjeji. Jiwwe lsxqe, ew tsbew
gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs iq bmksx tãs zêq gsqs svixex wshxi s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs syzxsxe vytmjs. Yq jsw
shpizmbsw zixevêyzmgsw é, vsxzetzs, gxmex gstjmçõiw vexe uyi s grmitzi wi idvstne tsbeqitzi àw gstzmtkêtgmew. Vsx
idiqvrs, yq xevef uyi yq jme lif yqe evxiwitzeçãs sxer ts wiy gsrékms i lsm tãs wó gxmzmgejs vsx yq vxsliwwsx
xmksxsws, qew zeqhéq xmjmgyrexmfejs virsw gsrikew, vsji ibmzex lerex iq vúhrmgs ts lyzyxs. Zerbif, gews bmiwwi e lefix
yqe tsbe evxiwitzeçãs sxer iq wye legyrjeji, jmetzi ji syzxsw gsrikew i ji syzxs vxsliwwsx, s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs
ji evxiwitzex tãs wixme vytmjs. Itzxizetzs, e vxshehmrmjeji ji iri wi idvsx e iwwe wmzyeçãs tsbeqitzi é hemde iq
lytçãs jsw ilimzsw je vytmçãs iq wiy vewwejs. Vexe uyi ew tsbew gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçeqitzs vxsbmjew virs tsbs
vxsliwwsx i virsw tsbsw gsrikew vewwiq e bmksxex wshxi s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji evxiwitzex zxehernsw, é
lytjeqitzer uyi iri iqmze iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs tsbeqitzi.

Vytmçãs bixwyw idzmtçãs

Yq vstzs uyi kixe qymze gstlywãs itzxi iwzyjetziw ji Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs é e jmwzmtçãs itzxi idzmtçãs i
vytmçãs tikezmbe. Sw jsmw gewsw wãs wmqmrexiw vsxuyi, iq eqhsw, tãs wi ziq egiwws e xilsxçejsxiw syzxsxe
jmwvstíbimw. Itzxizetzs, te idzmtçãs, yq gsqvsxzeqitzs vxsjyfme yqe gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, i, vsx erkyq
qszmbs, iwze jimde ji sgsxxix – s uyi é jmlixitzi je vytmçãs tikezmbe. Vsx idiqvrs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zirilstex
vexe e teqsxeje ixe xilsxçejs vsx wye bsf js syzxs rejs je rmtne uyetjs ire s ezitjme. Gews s teqsxs egehi i e
id-teqsxeje wi xigywi e ezitjix esw zirilstiqew, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zirilstex iwzexá iq idzmtçãs. Sy wipe, tãs
vxsjyf qemw e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe uyi vxsjyfme. Pá te vytmçãs tikezmbe, yq gsqvsxzeqitzs vewwe e zix yqe
tsbe gstwiuyêtgme, uyi é e vixje ji vszitgmemw xilsxçejsxiw ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw. Vsxéq, e gstzmtkêtgme ji
xilsxçeqitzs uyi qetzéq iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs vixqetigi mtzegze. Xizsqetjs tswws idiqvrs, jmkeqsw uyi iwwi
teqsxejs ixe mtlmir i uyi erkyqew ji wyew zxemçõiw lsxeq jiwgshixzew vire teqsxeje, sgewmstetjs s lmq je xireçãs.
Wi, iq teqsxsw lyzyxsw, iwwi xevef jimdex ji zxemx, zixiqsw yq idiqvrs ji vytmçãs tikezmbe, vsmw s gsqvsxzeqitzs
ji wix mtlmir lsm vytmjs vire vixje jsw xilsxçejsxiw ewwsgmejsw es teqsxs. Iwwe gstwiuyêtgme xijyfmy e lxiuyêtgme
js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji wix mtlmir. Tszi uyi ew gstwiuyêtgmew uyi qetzmtneq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji wix mtlmir
vixqetigixeq mtzegzew, gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, s xilsxçeqitzs wsgmer ejbmtjs ji wiyw eqmksw uyetjs iri xirezebe sw
gewsw ji zxemçãs. Wi s xevef iqmzmx tsbeqitzi gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji mtlmjirmjeji, wiyw eqmksw emtje xilsxçexãs s wiy
gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vsxzetzs, tãs vsjiqsw lerex iq idzmtçãs tiwwi idiqvrs. S uyi nsybi lsm e evxiwitzeçãs ji yqe
tsbe gstwiuyêtgme: e xizmxeje jsw xilsxçejsxiw gstzmtkitziw e syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw xiregmstejsw es teqsxs.
Syzxe jmlixitçe itzxi vytmçãs i idzmtçãs xilixi-wi es vxsgiwws: e vytmçãs wyvxmqi xevmjeqitzi e xiwvswze,
ituyetzs e idzmtçãs vxsjyf yqe jmqmtymçãs kxejyer te lxiuyêtgme ji sgsxxêtgme je xiwvswze. Mqekmti yq xezs iq
yq iwuyiqe ji xilsxçeqitzs gstzítys (GXL). Tiwwi gews, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe vxsjyf yqe
gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, e evxiwitzeçãs je ákye, zsje bif uyi é iqmzmjs. Gsqs pá wi wehi, wi jiwrmkáwwiqsw s
hihijsyxs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe tãs qemw vxsjyfmxme e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe. Lereqsw,
vsxzetzs, ji idzmtçãs, sy wipe, nsybi e wywvitwãs je gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, e uyer zixme gsqs ilimzs lmter ts
gsqvsxzeqitzs e xijyçãs ji wye lxiuyêtgme ji sgsxxêtgme.
Mqekmti, eksxe, uyi tãs ziqsw gstjmçõiw ji jiwrmkex s hihijsyxs, qew ziqsw uyi lefix s xezs vexex ji
vxiwwmstex e hexxe. Gsqs vsjixíeqsw gstwikymx mwws? Bsgê egixzsy, vsjixíeqsw ywex e vytmçãs. É vswwíbir, tiwwi
gews, “jex” yq gnsuyi ts xezs zsje bif uyi iri vxiwwmstex e hexxe. Wi ewwmq s lmféwwiqsw, e lxiuyêtgme js
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe xijyfmxme, qiwqs gsq e gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs iq bmksx.
Tszi uyi, ts wikytjs idiqvrs, tãs wywvitjiqsw e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, sy wipe, iq qsqitzs erkyq e
ákye jimdsy ji wix evxiwitzeje uyetjs s xezs vxiwwmstebe e hexxe. E vytmçãs, tiwwi idiqvrs, é e evxiwitzeçãs js
gnsuyi. Es eryjmxqsw à vytmçãs, tãs tsw xilixmqsw à wywvitwãs je gstwiuyêtgme uyi xilsxçe s gsqvsxzeqitzs,
qew, wmq, e syzxe gstwiuyêtgme uyi jmqmtym e vxshehmrmjeji ji wye sgsxxêtgme (Lmk. 8.8).
Lmkyxe 8.8
Te idzmtçãs, s xilsxçeqitzs tãs é qemw evxiwitzejs. Pá te vytmçãs, s xilsxçeqitzs gstzmtye witjs evxiwitzejs, qew pytzs e iri
evxiwitze-wi s iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs sy ebixwmbs.

Mqekmti, eksxe, s wikymtzi idiqvrs: uyetjs Psãsfmtns lere verebxõiw, wiyw gsrikew xmiq hewzetzi gsq iri. E xmweje
ji wiyw eqmksw é yqe gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe vexe wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lerex verebxõiw. E qãi ji Psãsfmtns
uyix uyi iri vexi gsq mwws; vexe zetzs, ire xizmxe wye “qiweje”, i, iq lytçãs jiwwe gstwiuyêtgme, iri vexe ji lerex
verebxõiw. Tiwwi gews, e qãi ji Psãsfmtns vytmy s gsqvsxzeqitzs sy s gsrsgsy iq idzmtçãs? Vexe xiwvstjix e
iwwe vixkytze, jibiqsw lefix e wikymtzi etármwi:
E lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs eyqitzsy sy jmqmtymy?
Ire jmqmtymy. Vsxzetzs, e xizmxeje je “qiweje” tãs vsji wix yqe gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe.
Wi e lxiuyêtgme jmqmtymy, wó vsji wix s gews ji yqe idzmtçãs sy vytmçãs.
E gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe (xmweje jsw gsrikew) lsm xizmxeje?
Tãs, vsx mwws tãs wi zxeze ji idzmtçãs, pá uyi tãs nsybi e wywvitwãs je gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe uyi
qetzmtne s gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Wi e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs jmqmtymy i e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe tãs lsm xizmxeje, iwzeqsw leretjs
iq vytmçãs.
E vytmçãs, tiwwi idiqvrs, lsm e xizmxeje sy e ejmçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs?
E gstwiuyêtgme lsm e vixje je “qiweje” (xizmxeje ji yq iwzíqyrs). Vsxzetzs, zxeze-wi ji vytmçãs tikezmbe.
Ts idiqvrs etzixmsx, vexe uyi e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji jmfix verebxõiw jmqmtyíwwi yzmrmfetjs-wi ji
idzmtçãs, s uyi jibixme wix limzs? Xizmxex sy wywvitjix e gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, uyi, ts gews, wãs ew xmwejew jsw
eqmksw ji Psãsfmtns, sy wipe, e qãi ji Psãsfmtns vsjixme lerex gsq sw eqmksw jiri vexe tãs xmxiq qemw uyetjs wiy
lmrns jmwwiwwi verebxew ji hemds tíbir. Gews sw eqmksw ji Psãsfmtns gssvixewwiq gsq e wye qãi i wywvitjiwwiq ew
xmwejew jmetzi jsw verebxõiw, zixíeqsw yq idiqvrs ji idzmtçãs.

Ilimzsw gsrezixemw js gstzxsri ebixwmbs

S gstzxsri ebixwmbs, ji egsxjs gsq s uyi bmqsw, é yqe lsxqe ji eyqitzex sy ji jmqmtymx e vxshehmrmjeji ji
sgsxxêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Vytmx gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi mtjiwipábimw é qymzs qemw lágmr i ziq ilimzsw qemw
mqijmezsw js uyi xilsxçex vswmzmbeqitzi gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi jiwipábimw. Itzxizetzs, s gstzxsri ebixwmbs
evxiwitze yqe wéxmi ji ilimzsw gsrezixemw uyi zsxteq wiy yws jiwegstwirnejs vsx báxmsw eyzsxiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw,
gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, Wmjqet (7525/7551).
Irmgmeçãs ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw. Ts qsqitzs iq uyi sw sxketmwqsw itzxeq iq gstzezs gsq iwzíqyrsw
ebixwmbsw, é vswwíbir uyi nepe e irmgmeçãs ji báxmew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw, gsqs zxiqsxiw, zeuymgexjme, vervmzeçõiw,
gnsxs, izg. E irmgmeçãs ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw vsji xivxiwitzex yq vxshriqe uyetjs wi yzmrmfe yq vxsgijmqitzs
vexe erzixex e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Yq vxmqimxs vxshriqe sgsxxi uyetjs s ejqmtmwzxejsx je vytmçãs shwixbe ew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw js sxketmwqs
gyps gsqvsxzeqitzs lsm vytmjs, ew uyemw vsjiq irmgmex/ibsgex syzxew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw ts mtjmbíjys uyi vyti.
Iwwew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw (v. id., gnsxex) gswzyqeq xivxiwitzex vexzi jeuymrs uyi gneqeqsw gszmjmeteqitzi ji
witzmqitzsw ji vite sy ji gyrve. Erkyqew jirew vsjiq idixgix lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs vexe syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs js
vxóvxms sxketmwqs. Tiwwi gews, ew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw uyi gsqyqitzi gexegzixmfeq euymrs uyi gszmjmeteqitzi
gneqeqsw ji witzmqitzs ji gyrve sy ji vite vsjiq idixgix lytçãs ji iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw vexe s mtjmbíjys uyi
vyti. Iwzi vsji vewwex e rmhixex xilsxçejsxiw vswmzmbsw vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs js mtjmbíjys uyi zibi s wiy
gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs, s uyer, vxsbebirqitzi, jimdexá ji gnsxex, vsx idiqvrs. Gsq e xizmxeje js gnsxs, ew
xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw ebixwmbew jimdexãs ji sgsxxix, i mwws xilsxçexá tikezmbeqitzi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji rmhixex
xilsxçejsxiw vswmzmbsw vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs js mtjmbíjys uyi xigihiy e vytmçãs.
Yq idiqvrs hiq gsqyq jew xireçõiw ji gstzxsri jiwgxmzew ts vexákxels etzixmsx sgsxxi uyetjs yqe gxmetçe lef
hmxxe te xye vexe ketnex yq vmxyrmzs. Wiyw vemw vsjiq rni jex yqe verqeje, vytmtjs s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix
hmxxe. Es xigihix e verqeje, e gxmetçe gsqiçe e gnsxex, i wiy gnsxs irmgme/ibsge xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw ebixwmbew tsw
gymjejsxiw, àw uyemw gswzyqeqsw gneqex ji vite sy gyrve. Te vxiwitçe js gnsxs, sw vemw vsjiq, vsx idiqvrs, jex
s vmxyrmzs à gxmetçe sy viká-re gexmtnsweqitzi ts gsrs. Eqhew ew eçõiw vsjiq lefix s gnsxs giwwex. E xizmxeje js
gnsxs js eqhmitzi vsji lytgmstex gsqs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx tikezmbs vexe s gsqvsxzeqitzs jsw vemw, ji qsjs
uyi iwzi wi zsxti qemw vxsbábir ts lyzyxs. Iwwe lsxqe ji mtzixeçãs vsji wix vxshriqázmge vsx jyew xefõiw vxmtgmvemw:
7) sw vemw itwmteq e xireçãs itzxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gnsxex i ketnex s uyi wi uyix, eyqitzetjs e vxshehmrmjeji
ji s gnsxs sgsxxix ts lyzyxs (ji lezs, s gnsxs jimde ji wix idgrywmbeqitzi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs xiwvstjitzi, witjs
gstzxsrejs vxmtgmverqitzi vsx wyew gstwiuyêtgmew, mwzs é, zsxte-wi vxmqsxjmerqitzi yq gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi) i
6) e gstwiuyêtgme vytmzmbe – ts gews, e verqeje – vxigijixá e evxiwitzeçãs je gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe, sy wipe, e
shzitçãs js vmxyrmzs. Ewwmq, sw sxketmwqsw (v. id., ew gxmetçew) vsjiq evxitjix e iqmzmx xiwvswzew uyi ribiq à
rmhixeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs (v. id., yqe verqeje), vsmw zer gstwiuyêtgme vsji ejuymxmx lytçõiw xilsxçejsxew
gstjmgmstejew. Iq syzxew verebxew, yqe verqeje vsji jimdex ji idixgix yqe lytçãs vytmzmbe i vewwex e zix yqe
lytçãs xilsxçejsxe es vxigijix e evxiwitzeçãs ji iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw.
Nsrf i Efxmt (7507) xiermfexeq yq idvixmqitzs uyi mrywzxe ew xireçõiw gsqvridew xigéq-jmwgyzmjew. Iq wiy
iwzyjs, vsqhsw zmtneq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmgex yq jmwgs ji xiwvswzew qetzmjs vsx gsqmje. Te gstjmçãs
wikymtzi, iwwi qiwqs gsqvsxzeqitzs zeqhéq vewwsy e wix gstwiuyitgmejs gsq e rmhixeçãs ji yq gnsuyi
qsjixejs, s uyi xiwyrzsy iq yqe jmqmtymçãs ji gixge ji 14% te zede ji xiwvswzew. Iq yqe zixgimxe gstjmçãs,
lsxeq erzixtejsw vixísjsw iq uyi hmgejew ts jmwgs ji xiwvswzew vxsjyfmeq gnsuyi qsjixejs i syzxsw iq uyi irew
tãs vxsjyfmeq. E gsqmje wsqitzi ixe rmhixeje tsw vixísjsw iq uyi s gnsuyi zeqhéq ixe evxiwitzejs gsqs
gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmgex s jmwgs ji xiwvswzew. Sw vixísjsw ji vxiwitçe i eywêtgme ji gnsuyi tãs
ixeq wmtermfejsw vsx syzxsw iwzíqyrsw, gsqs yqe ryf sy yq wsq. E jiwvimzs jmwws, e zede ji xiwvswzew ji hmgejew
tsw vixísjsw iq uyi s gnsuyi iwzebe vxiwitzi lsm qymzs qemsx js uyi te eywêtgme jiri, gstlsxqi mrywzxejs vire
Lmkyxe 8.1. Sw eyzsxiw gstgryíxeq uyi s gnsuyi, sy yq iwzíqyrs, vxiwyqmbirqitzi vytmzmbs, vsji zix e lytçãs ji
wmtermfex uyi yqe jeje xiwvswze wixá xilsxçeje, ejuymxmtjs, gsqs wixá bmwzs ts vxódmqs gevízyrs, lytçõiw
jmwgxmqmtezmbew wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi. Vsjixíeqsw vxiwwyvsx uyi, wi mtwixíwwiqsw yq wikytjs jmwgs ji
xiwvswzew te gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi i zsxtáwwiqsw s mtígms jsw vixísjsw ji gnsuyi gstwiuyitzi àw
hmgejew tiwwi jmwgs, wixme vswwíbir qsjirex s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmgá-rs. Iq syzxew verebxew, s gnsuyi zixme lytçõiw
xilsxçejsxew wshxi syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi s vxsjyfmwwi.

Lmkyxe 8.1
Lxiuyêtgme egyqyreje ji xiwvswzew ji hmgex s jmwgs ji yq jsw vsqhsw yzmrmfejsw te viwuymwe ji Nsrf i Efxmt (7507). Geje kxálmgs
je lmkyxe – E, H i G – qswzxe sw xiwyrzejsw ji yqe gstjmçãs idvixmqitzer.
Lstzi: Ejevzeje ji Nsrf i Efxmt (7507, v. 660, Lmkyxe 7).

S iwzyjs ji Gexberns (7527) xiermfejs gsq xezsw mtbiwzmksy iwwe vswwmhmrmjeji. Iq wiy idvixmqitzs, s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex e hexxe ixe qetzmjs vire rmhixeçãs ji ákye, e uyer wsqitzi ixe vxsjyfmje virew
xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe te vxiwitçe ji yq ribi gnsuyi. Uyetjs s gnsuyi tãs iwzebe vxiwitzi, ew xiwvswzew
ji vxiwwãs à hexxe tãs ixeq xilsxçejew. Gexberns mtgrymy yq zxevéfms te gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi, gype
vxiwwãs zmtne gsqs gstwiuyêtgme e vxsjyçãs js gnsuyi. E evxiwitzeçãs js gnsuyi uyi wmtermfebe e jmwvstmhmrmjeji
je ákye vexe ew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe lsm yzmrmfeje gsqs iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx gstjmgmstejs vexe qsjirex i
qetzix s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex s zxevéfms. Sy wipe, s gnsuyi ejuymxmy lytçõiw xilsxçejsxew gstjmgmstejew
wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwmstex s zxevéfms. Iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw gstjmgmstejsw wãs euyiriw gype lytçãs
xilsxçejsxe é ejuymxmje evów yqe nmwzóxme ji evxitjmfekiq.
Iwwiw jsmw idvixmqitzsw mrywzxeq uyi iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw, uyetjs vxigijiq xilsxçejsxiw, vsjiq zetzs wmtermfex
e jmwvstmhmrmjeji jiwziw gsqs gstwiuyêtgmew es gsqvsxzeqitzs js sxketmwqs uyetzs lsxzerigix e sgsxxêtgme ji
syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi vxsjyfeq sw iwzíqyrsw vxibmeqitzi ebixwmbsw. Iq syzxew verebxew, iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw
vsjiq ejuymxmx lytçõiw xilsxçejsxew gstjmgmstejew e jivitjix js exxetps ziqvsxer jew gstzmtkêtgmew ji
xilsxçeqitzs i vytmçãs, s uyi idmki qymzs gymjejs ji uyiq yzmrmfe vxsgijmqitzsw vytmzmbsw gsqs lsxqe ji
mtzixbitçãs wshxi e lxiuyêtgme ji yq jejs gsqvsxzeqitzs.
Idmwzi, emtje, syzxs vxshriqe xiregmstejs à irmgmeçãs ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw jigsxxitziw ji gstzxsri ebixwmbs: e
vswwmhmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yq gstjmgmsteqitzs xiwvstjitzi itzxi syzxsw iwzíqyrsw vxiwitziw ts qsqitzs iq
uyi s iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs é evxiwitzejs i s vxóvxms iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs. Vsx idiqvrs, uyiq vyti sy xilsxçe
tikezmbeqitzi iq idgiwws vsjixá ejuymxmx e lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs gstjmgmstejs uyi irmgmexá xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw
wmqmrexiw àuyirew irmgmejew virsw iwzíqyrsw ebixwmbsw itbsrbmjsw. Zxeze-wi js idiqvrs zívmgs je gxmetçe uyi ziqi s vem
wibixs. Wiy lmrns s ziqi, yqe bif uyi e wye vxiwitçe irmgmexá xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw uyi idixgiq e lytçãs ji
iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs. Ji lsxqe wmqmrex, yqe kexsze uyi gstzxsre s gsqvsxzeqitzs js teqsxejs gsq gnetzekitw
iqsgmstemw, mwzs é, ywe ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs i ji vytmçãs, vsji ejuymxmx e lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs
gstjmgmstejs. S teqsxejs vsjixá vewwex e wi witzmx jiwgstlsxzábir te vxiwitçe je qsçe, vsmw ire ejuymxmy e lytçãs
ji iwzíqyrs gstjmgmstejs uyi irmgme xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw wmqmrexiw àw irmgmejew vsx wyew gnetzekitw iqsgmstemw.
Syzxe mqvrmgeçãs js yws js gstzxsri ebixwmbs i je wye gevegmjeji ji irmgmex xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw é s gneqejs
vexejsds je evxitjmfekiq vsx xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Gstlsxqi evxiwitzejs, s xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs eyqitze e
vxshehmrmjeji js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi s irmqmte sy ejme. Itzxizetzs, e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs vsji irmgmex
xiwvswzew xilridew uyi jmlmgyrzeq e iqmwwãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi uyi xizmxexme sy ejmexme iwwi iwzíqyrs. Iq
syzxew verebxew, s útmgs gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi xizmxexme sy ejmexme s iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs zsxte-wi qitsw vxsbábir jibmjs
àw xiwvswzew xilridew irmgmejew vsx iri, s uyi gixzeqitzi xivxiwitze yq vexejsds. Zsqiqsw gsqs idiqvrs yqe
gxmetçe uyi evxiwitze kekyimxe. Gews ire leri gsxxizeqitzi, wiy vem tãs lef gsqitzáxmsw. Vsxéq, uyetjs ire kekyipe,
sybi e gxízmge js gymjejsx. Vsjiqsw jmfix uyi lerex gsxxizeqitzi é qetzmjs vsx xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Uyetjs s
vem gxmzmge e gxmetçe es kekyipex, iwwew gxízmgew vsjiq irmgmex xiwvswzew xilridew, vsx idiqvrs, zxiqsxiw, uyi zsxteq
qitsw vxsbábir e iqmwwãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs svixetzi ji lerex gsxxizeqitzi. Tiwwi gews, kekyipex zsxte-wi qemw
vxsbábir js uyi lerex gsxxizeqitzi.
Wyvxiwwãs ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw eréq js gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs. S ilimzs je vytmçãs tãs wi xiwzxmtki
es gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi vxsjyfmy e gstwiuyêtgme vytmzmbe. Syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi iwzmbixiq sgsxxitjs
ziqvsxerqitzi vxódmqsw es qsqitzs je evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs sy uyi zitneq wiqirnetçe gsq s
gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs vsjiq zix e wye lxiuyêtgme xijyfmje. Vsx idiqvrs, mqekmti yqe liwze ji gxmetçew iq uyi
Psãsfmtns iwzá gsxxitjs, vyretjs, gstbixwetjs i jetçetjs. Iq wye iqvsrkeçãs, iri iwzsyxe yq herãs vxódmqs e
yq ejyrzs, uyi wi ewwywze. S ejyrzs mqijmezeqitzi rni já yqe lsxzi verqeje. É vxsbábir uyi Psãsfmtns vexi ji
iwzsyxex herõiw, qew, eréq jmwws, sw jiqemw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi iri evxiwitzebe zeqhéq vsjixãs zix e wye
lxiuyêtgme xijyfmje. Tiwwi witzmjs, s ilimzs je vytmçãs mtzixlixmxá tsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw esw uyemw ire tãs lsm
gstzmtkitzi. Qiwqs uyi s gsxxix, s hxmtgex i s jetçex tãs zitneq vxsjyfmjs e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs,
vsx sgsxxixiq ziqvsxerqitzi vxódmqsw e ire, zeqhéq vsjixãs zix e wye lxiuyêtgme xijyfmje. Jmfiqsw, tiwwi gews,
uyi e xireçãs itzxi iwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw i e evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs lsm ji gstzmkymjeji, i tãs ji
gstzmtkêtgme. Eréq jmwws, Psãsfmtns zeqhéq vsji bmx e jmqmtymx wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji iwzsyxex hsqhmtnew, vsx
idiqvrs, jeje e wiqirnetçe jiwwe xireçãs gsq s iwzsyxex herõiw i xigihix yqe verqeje.
E wyvxiwwãs ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw, eréq js gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs, vsji wix vexzmgyrexqitzi vxipyjmgmer es
vxsgiwws vwmgszixávmgs. Vsx idiqvrs, yq grmitzi gssvixsy gsq s zxeherns js zixeviyze es vixqmzmx uyi iwzi
mtbiwzmkewwi jmbixwsw ziqew es rstks je wiwwãs, xiwvstjitjs àw wyew vixkytzew egixge ji uyeruyix ewwytzs. Iq yq
qsqitzs je zixevme, iwwi grmitzi xireze uyi heziy tsbeqitzi iq wiy lmrns ejsriwgitzi, gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi pá nebme
wi gsqvxsqizmjs e jimdex ji iqmzmx. Es sybmx iwwi xirezs, gews s zixeviyze gxmzmuyi jirmhixejeqitzi, jmfitjs uyi
iwwe é yqe ezmzyji mtwitweze i uyi egexxizexá kxebiw gstwiuyêtgmew te xireçãs vem i lmrns, e gxízmge vsji zix zxêw
ilimzsw wshxi sw jiqemw gsqvsxzeqitzsw js grmitzi jyxetzi e wiwwãs. S vxmqimxs vsjixme wix yqe jmqmtymçãs te
lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hezix ts lmrns. S wikytjs wixme s grmitzi tãs qemw gstzex vexe s zixeviyze uyetjs
zmbix hezmjs ts lmrns. S zixgimxs, uyi tãs é idgryjitzi esw jiqemw, wixme yqe jmqmtymçãs te lxiuyêtgme jsw syzxsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi iwzebeq sgsxxitjs ziqvsxerqitzi vxódmqsw es qsqitzs ts uyer e gxízmge lsm limze. Vsx
idiqvrs, iri vsji jimdex ji xiwvstjix àw vixkytzew js zixeviyze egixge jsw zóvmgsw qemw xiribetziw vexe s
zxezeqitzs. Vsx iwwew xefõiw, i erkyqew syzxew uyi wixãs jmwgyzmjew es rstks js rmbxs, tãs é xigsqitjejs s yws ji
gstzxsri ebixwmbs gsqs lsxqe ji mtzixbitçãs iq zixevme i iq syzxsw gstzidzsw ji evrmgeçãs je vwmgsrskme, gsqs te
iwgsre, vsx idiqvrs.
Sgsxxêtgme ji xiwvswzew mtgsqvezíbimw gsq s gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs. Evów e vytmçãs ji yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs, é vswwíbir uyi sw sxketmwqsw, iq kixer, vewwiq e iqmzmx yqe wikytje xiwvswze uyi zsxti
mqvxsbábir e xivizmçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs. Iwwe wikytje xiwvswze é gneqeje ji xiwvswze mtgsqvezíbir gsq s
gsqvsxzeqitzs, yqe bif uyi é yqe lsxqe ji s sxketmwqs ibmzex tsbew vytmçõiw. E xiwvswze mtgsqvezíbir é
tikezmbeqitzi xilsxçeje vsx jmqmtymx e vxshehmrmjeji ji iqmwwãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs i, vsx gstwikymtzi,
ji s sxketmwqs itzxex iq gstzezs gsq e vytmçãs.
 Yq idiqvrs jiwwi ilimzs gsrezixer js gstzxsri ebixwmbs vsji wix s gews js xevef uyi, àw 9n je qetnã, jivsmw ji
mtkixmx qymze gixbipe, zirilste vexe e id-teqsxeje lefitjs pyxew ji eqsx. Vexe mtlirmgmjeji js psbiq, uyiq ezitji s
zirilstiqe, gsq bsf ji wsts, é s tsbs teqsxejs je kexsze. Vxsbebirqitzi, mwws ziq e lytçãs ji yqe vytmçãs
vswmzmbe, e uyer jmqmtymxá e vxshehmrmjeji ji s xevef zirilstex syzxew bifiw iq wmzyeçõiw wmqmrexiw. Itzxizetzs, es
hihix tsbeqitzi ji qejxykeje, iri vsji “witzmx-wi zitzejs” e lefix s zirilstiqe. S id-teqsxejs vsji, itzãs,
itzxikex s giryrex e yq eqmks uyi s jibsrbixá wó ts jme wikymtzi, ibmzetjs lefix e rmkeçãs vexe id-teqsxeje.
Itzxikex s giryrex es eqmks é yq idiqvrs ji xiwvswze mtgsqvezíbir es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zirilstex, yqe bif uyi s
zsxte qitsw vxsbábir.
Syzxs idiqvrs é s je psbiq uyi mtbiwzmy qymzs iq yq teqsxs iq wiy vewwejs. Sy wipe, ire lif vretsw lyzyxsw,
lif báxmsw vxskxeqew gsq s teqsxejs, wiq tigiwwexmeqitzi iwzex gsq bstzeji ji lefê-rsw, gstnigiy sw vemw jiri, s
epyjsy e gsqvxex yq gexxs, izg. – gneqeqsw iwwiw idiqvrsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqs gstwzmzymtziw je grewwi ji
xiwvswzew ji mtbiwzmx iq yq xiregmsteqitzs. Qiwqs jmetzi ji zsjs iwwi mtbiwzmqitzs, wiy teqsxejs e zxsgsy vsx
syzxe viwwse. Iwwe psbiq wslxiy qymzs gsq s zéxqmts. Gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji mtbiwzmx iq yq xiregmsteqitzs, ts gews
jire, zmbixeq e wye lxiuyêtgme jmqmtyíje. Jeí, jijyfmqsw uyi s zéxqmts zibi e lytçãs ji iwzíqyrs vytmzmbs vexe e
grewwi ji xiwvswzew ji mtbiwzmx iq yq xiregmsteqitzs. Tiwwi gews, iwwe psbiq vsjixme bmx e jiwitbsrbix s wikymtzi
vejxãs gsqvsxzeqitzer: uyetjs gsqiçewwi e wi itbsrbix gsq erkyéq i vixgihiwwi uyi iwzebe gsqiçetjs e kswzex
jiwwe viwwse, ire xsqvixme s xiregmsteqitzs etziw ji wi iwzehirigix s teqsxs. E xiwvswze ji xsqvix
xiregmsteqitzsw emtje ts mtígms vsji wix gstwmjixeje mtgsqvezíbir gsq e grewwi ji xiwvswzew ji mtbiwzmx iq yq
xiregmsteqitzs, e uyer lsm vytmje ts vewwejs.
S idiqvrs mrywzxe yqe jiwbetzekiq je sgsxxêtgme ji xiwvswzew mtgsqvezíbimw gsq s gsqvsxzeqitzs: irew
jmlmgyrzeq uyi s sxketmwqs wi idvstne tsbeqitzi à gstzmtkêtgme, e uyer vsji zix qyjejs es rstks js ziqvs. Ts
gews je psbiq js idiqvrs gmzejs, ire vsji zix vixjmjs qymzew svsxzytmjejiw ji wix lirmf gsq erkyéq uyi tãs e
ehetjstexme. Idvxiwwetjs iwwe wmzyeçãs ji qsjs gsrsuymer, mwzs é, wiq yzmrmfex e rmtkyekiq zégtmge, vsjixíeqsw jmfix
uyi, es zixqmtex yqe xireçãs etziw ji gsqiçá-re, ire tãs ziq qimsw ji vixgihix uyi, jiwwe bif, e wmzyeçãs vsjixme
wix jmlixitzi.
Ew xiwvswzew mtgsqvezíbimw es gsqvsxzeqitzs vytmjs wãs, te xiermjeji, xiwvswzew ji iwuymbe, yqe bif uyi ejmeq
e evxiwitzeçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs uyi emtje tãs iwzá vxiwitzi. E xiribâtgme ji wi jiwgxibê-rew euym, iq
wivexejs, é s lezs ji ezyexiq wshxi e vxshehmrmjeji ji sgsxxêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs js vxóvxms sxketmwqs.
Iwwe xiwvswze ji iwuymbe idiqvrmlmgexme s uyi lsm jitsqmtejs vsx Womttix (7519) ji xiwvswze ji eyzsgstzxsri, mwzs é,
xiwvswzew js mtjmbíjys uyi qsjmlmgeq s eqhmitzi, erzixetjs e vxshehmrmjeji ji iqmwwãs ji syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs
jiwwi qiwqs mtjmbíjys. Tew verebxew js vxóvxms Womttix:
S sxketmwqs vsji zsxtex e xiwvswze vytmje qitsw vxsbábir erzixetjs ew bexmábimw jew uyemw é lytçãs. Uyeruyix
gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi gstwmke lefix mwws wixá eyzsqezmgeqitzi xilsxçejs. Jitsqmteqsw iwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji
xiwvswzew ji eyzsgstzxsri. Ew gstwiuyêtgmew vswmzmbew i tikezmbew kixeq jyew xiwvswzew xiregmstejew yqe à syzxe ji
qsjs iwvigmer: yqe xiwvswze, e gstzxsrejsxe, elize bexmábimw ji qetimxe e qyjex e vxshehmrmjeji je syzxe, e gstzxsreje. E
xiwvswze gstzxsrejsxe vsji qetmvyrex uyeruyix jew bexmábimw jew uyemw e xiwvswze gstzxsreje é lytçãs; vsxzetzs, ná
qymzew lsxqew jmlixitziw ji eyzsgstzxsri. (Womttix, 7519, vv. 694-697)

Xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri
Ew xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri zerbif xivxiwitziq e qemsx rmqmzeçãs js yws js gstzxsri ebixwmbs gsqs lsxqe ji
wi erzixex e vxshehmrmjeji ji yq jejs gsqvsxzeqitzs ji yq sxketmwqs. Ew xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri wãs
euyirew qetzmjew vsx ibmzexiq uyi syzxs gsqvsxzeqitzs js sxketmwqs wipe gstzxsrejs ebixwmbeqitzi. Ew xiwvswzew
ji gstzxegstzxsri wãs, vsxzetzs, qetzmjew vsx xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs.
Yq idiqvrs ji gstzxegstzxsri sgsxxi uyetjs yq qszsxmwze lxime s gexxs vxódmqs e yq xejex qijmjsx ji
birsgmjeji, xijyfmtjs e birsgmjeji js eyzsqóbir vexe e vixqmzmje vexe euyire bme. Es lefê-rs, s qszsxmwze ibmze uyi s
jivexzeqitzs ji zxâtwmzs vyte s wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji jmxmkmx egmqe js rmqmzi ji birsgmjeji. Te xiermjeji, e lytçãs
vytmzmbe je qyrze wixme e ji wyvxmqmx s gsqvsxzeqitzs jsw qszsxmwzew ji idgijixiq e birsgmjeji vixqmzmje. E
xiwvswze ji lxiex te vxiwitçe evitew js xejex é tikezmbeqitzi xilsxçeje, sy wipe, ibmze e evrmgeçãs je qyrze i
vixqmzi uyi s qszsxmwze zxelikyi egmqe je birsgmjeji je bme. E xiwvswze ji lxiex, vsxzetzs, é yqe xiwvswze ji
iwuymbe uyi idiqvrmlmge yqe xiwvswze ji gstzxegstzxsri. Iwze é gneqeje ji gstzxegstzxsri pywzeqitzi vsx
mqvswwmhmrmzex uyi s ekitzi vytmjsx idixçe gstzxsri wshxi s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi wixme vytmjs gews e xiwvswze ji
gstzxegstzxsri tãs sgsxxiwwi.
S vxsgijmqitzs hewiejs iq vytmçãs vswmzmbe iqvxikejs vsx yq vxsliwwsx ji ijygeçãs líwmge vexe xijyfmx e
lxiuyêtgme ji gstbixwew vexerirew jyxetzi e wye eyre vsji kixex xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri, vsx idiqvrs. Uyetjs
sw erytsw lefiq sw idixgígmsw jizixqmtejsw virs vxsliwwsx iq wmrêtgms, iwzi tãs zigi titnyq gsqitzáxms.
Itzxizetzs, wi iri bê erkyq eryts gstbixwetjs, já-rni yqe hxstge iq lxitzi esw gsrikew. Yqe vswwmhmrmjeji ji
xiwvswze ji gstzxegstzxsri é lefix sw idixgígmsw wmritgmsweqitzi evitew ts qsqitzs iq uyi s vxsliwwsx iwzá vsx
vixzs i bsrzex e gstbixwex uyetjs iri wi elewze. Es lefix mwws, sw erytsw gstwikyiq gstbixwex te eyre i, emtje ewwmq,
ibmzeq e xivxiitwãs.
Sw jsmw idiqvrsw gmzejsw itbsrbiq gstzmtkêtgmew ji vytmçãs vswmzmbe, sy wipe, sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji jmxmkmx
egmqe je birsgmjeji je bme i ji gstbixwex te eyre wãs vytmjsw vswmzmbeqitzi vire qyrze i vire xivxiitwãs,
xiwvigzmbeqitzi. S idiqvrs e wikymx mrywzxe e iqmwwãs ji yqe xiwvswze ji gstzxegstzxsri jigsxxitzi ji yqe
gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Zsjs jme, àw 75n, e qãi ji Vijxs gsqiçe e qetjá-rs zsqex hetns. S kexszs,
kixerqitzi itzxizmjs psketjs iq wiy zehriz, jiqsxe e ezitjix es vijmjs je qãi. Iwze, vsx wye bif, gstzmtye e
qetjá-rs zsqex hetns, ji qsjs geje bif qemw bmksxsws, ezé uyi iri s leçe. Vijxs vsji itzxex ts hetnimxs, rmkex s
gnybimxs i gstzmtyex psketjs iq wiy zehriz wiq itzxex ji hemds j’ákye i, gsq mwws, lefix wye qãi vexex ji qetjá-rs
zsqex hetns. Iwwe wmzyeçãs, zãs gsqyq itzxi gxmetçew i ejsriwgitziw, bmxsy ezé yq bixws je qúwmge Ts qytjs je
rye, js Hmuyítm Gebejãs: “Tãs uyixs qemw sybmx e qmtne qãi xigreqex, uyetjs iy itzxex ts hetnimxs, rmkex s gnybimxs
i tãs qi qsrnex”. Jmlixitziqitzi jsw idiqvrsw ji jmxmkmx egmqe je birsgmjeji je bme i ji gstbixwex te eyre ji
ijygeçãs líwmge, ts idiqvrs js hetns, ziqsw yqe gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs, gstlsxqi mrywzxejs te
Lmkyxe 8.0.

Lmkyxe 8.0
Idiqvrsw ji xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri jigsxxitziw ji gstzmtkêtgmew ji vytmçãs vswmzmbe i ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs.

S gsqvsxzeqitzs ji qitzmx, qymzew bifiw, ziq lytçãs ji iwuymbe i, tiwzi gews, vsji wix gstwmjixejs yq
idiqvrs ji gstzxegstzxsri. Ts leqsws jiwitns etmqejs Sw Wmqvwstw je Lsd, vsjiqsw gstwzezex yq idiqvrs jiwwe
xireçãs. Yq jsw vixwstekitw, Hexz Wmqvwst, é yq kexszs ji 5 etsw uyi tãs é yq eryts qymzs iwzyjmsws. Iq yq jsw
ivmwójmsw, Hexz jmf vexe e Wxze. Oxehevvir (wye vxsliwwsxe) uyi s Epyjetzi ji Vevem Tsir (wiy gegnsxxs) nebme gsqmjs
s wiy jibix ji gewe. Gews iri gnikewwi à iwgsre wiq s jibix limzs, wye vxsliwwsxe evxiwitzexme erkyq iwzíqyrs
ebixwmbs, gsqs yqe hxstge sy yqe ejbixzêtgme. Ts itzetzs, Hexz mtbitze e nmwzóxme ji uyi wiy gegnsxxs gsqiy s
jibix ji gewe, iwuymbetjs-wi je hxstge sy je ejbixzêtgme.
Xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri tãs wi xiwzxmtkiq e etmqemw nyqetsw. Yq idvixmqitzs ji Efxmt i Nsrzf (7500)
mrywzxe iwwe uyiwzãs. Zxeze-wi ji yq idvixmqitzs wmqvriw iq uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe vxibmeqitzi
qsjirejs ji yq xezs ixe qetzmjs vsx gsqmje. Ew qiwqew xiwvswzew ji vxiwwãs à hexxe vewwexeq e wix wikymjew ji
yq gnsuyi irézxmgs vire kxeji qizármge ts vmws je gemde. Iwwew xiwvswzew, vsxzetzs, ixeq wikymjew je evxiwitzeçãs
ji gsqmje i ji gnsuyiw irézxmgsw. S xezsy vewwsy e jimzex ji gswzew te kxeji js vmws je gemde ituyetzs vxiwwmstebe
e hexxe. S wiy virs lytgmstsy gsqs yq mwsretzi irézxmgs, ji qsjs uyi s gnsuyi jimdsy ji idixgix gstzxsri wshxi
wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vxiwwãs à hexxe, uyi wi qetzibi te qiwqe lxiuyêtgme shwixbeje etziw je mtzxsjyçãs js
gnsuyi iq jigsxxêtgme je xiwvswze ji gstzxegstzxsri ji jimzex ts vmws je gemde.
É mqvsxzetzi riqhxexqsw uyi gstzxegstzxsri i iwuymbe (sy lyke) tãs wãs jsmw litôqitsw jmlixitziw. Tszi uyi,
tsw idiqvrsw uyi jiqsw ji gstzxegstzxsri, wiqvxi tsw xilixmqsw zeqhéq e gsqvsxzeqitzsw ji iwuymbe sy lyke.
Ew lytçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw hiq iwzehirigmjew te rmzixezyxe wãs ew ji lyke i iwuymbe. S zixqs gstzxegstzxsri é
yzmrmfejs te jiwgxmçãs jiwwew xireçõiw ji gstzxsri qemw ts witzmjs ji zégtmge wshxi gsqs ibmzex s gstzxsri ji yq
ekitzi vytmjsx js uyi ts ji yqe lytçãs gsqvsxzeqitzer vxsvxmeqitzi jmze.

Vsx uyi vytmqsw zetzs?

Es shwixbexqsw zsjsw iwwiw ilimzsw gsrezixemw (mtjiwipábimw) js gstzxsri ebixwmbs, yqe uyiwzãs vixqetigi: vsx uyi
iwwi é yq qézsjs zãs yzmrmfejs vexe gstzxsrex s gsqvsxzeqitzs iq tswwe gyrzyxe? E xiwvswze e iwwe vixkytze
gsqvxiitji, virs qitsw, zxêw vstzsw:
Mqijmezmgmjeji je gstwiuyêtgme. Uyiq evrmge e vytmçãs gsqs vxsgijmqitzs ji gstzxsri ziq s wiy
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vytmx tikezmbeqitzi xilsxçejs ji lsxqe uyewi wiqvxi mqijmeze. Jmkeqsw uyi Nsqix, syzxs
vixwstekiq js jiwitns etmqejs Sw Wmqvwstw, iwzipe ewwmwzmtjs e yq psks ji lyzihsr eqixmgets te ZB ituyetzs
Rmwe, e wye lmrne ji 2 etsw, vxezmge wiy wedslsti. S wsq js mtwzxyqitzs s mtgsqsje, mwzs é, xivxiwitze yq iwzíqyrs
ebixwmbs, i giwwá-rs xilsxçexá tikezmbeqitzi wiy gsqvsxzeqitzs. Nsqix vxstzeqitzi vyti s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
Rmwe, kxmzetjs: “Rmwe, vexi ji zsgex iwwi qerjmzs wedslsti!”. E kexsze mtzixxsqvi s wiy zximts ji mqijmezs, xilsxçetjs
ji qsjs tikezmbs s gsqvsxzeqitzs js vem.
Ilmgágme mtjivitjitzi je vxmbeçãs. Vexe qsjmlmgex e vxshehmrmjeji ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs gsq s yws ji
xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs, ziqsw uyi mjitzmlmgex uyemw ibitzsw wixãs xilsxçejsxiw vexe jmlixitziw gsqvsxzeqitzsw js
mtjmbíjys. Eréq jmwws, qiwqs sw xilsxçejsxiw vxmqáxmsw tãs wãs ilmgefiw mtjivitjitziqitzi ji syzxsw lezsxiw
eqhmitzemw. Gews s sxketmwqs tãs iwzipe vxmbejs js iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx iq uyiwzãs, iwzi tãs wixá ilmgef. Jiwwi
qsjs, e qetmvyreçãs ji xilsxçejsxiw vswmzmbsw gsqs lsxqe ji mtzixbitçãs jivitjixá js qetips jmxizs ji wiy
bersx xilsxçejsx, s uyi vsji wix qymzs gywzsws, jiqsxejs sy qiwqs mtegiwwíbir vexe uyiq rmje gsq zemw
gstzmtkêtgmew. Iwwi lezs zeqhéq tsw epyje e itzitjix s uyi zsxte s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vytmx zãs vxsbábir. Vsx
idiqvrs, yqe verqeje wixá ebixwmbe mtjivitjitziqitzi ji vxmbeçãs, sy wipe, wixá ilmgef vexe vytmx sy vexe
xilsxçex ji qsjs tikezmbs s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji yqe gxmetçe, vxsbebirqitzi, iq uyeruyix wmzyeçãs.
É vxsbábir uyi vemw zitziq mtzixlixmx ji jmlixitziw qsjsw ts eqhmitzi ji wiyw lmrnsw vexe uyi leçeq s jibix ji
gewe, vsx idiqvrs. Iriw vsjiq xilsxçex vswmzmbeqitzi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix e rmçãs jmwvstmhmrmfetjs jsgiw
gstzmtkitziqitzi à wye sgsxxêtgme. Itzxizetzs, wi e gxmetçe tãs iwzmbix vxmbeje ji jsgiw, iwziw tãs wixãs ilmgefiw
gsqs iwzíqyrsw xilsxçejsxiw, sy wipe, tãs eyqitzexãs e vxshehmrmjeji js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix s jibix. Vsxéq,
wi sw vemw jixiq-rni yqe verqeje gews tãs leçe s jibix ji gewe, é vxsbábir uyi ire bitne e lefê-rs, ibmzetjs ew
verqejew. Tszi uyi, vexe e verqeje xilsxçex tikezmbeqitzi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lefix s jibix ji gewe, tãs lsm
tigiwwáxms vxmbex e gxmetçe ji titnyq iwzíqyrs.
Legmrmjeji ts exxetps jew gstzmtkêtgmew. Idmwziq vxsgijmqitzsw erzixtezmbsw es gstzxsri ebixwmbs, gsqs
jmwgyzmxiqsw e wikymx. Iwwiw vxsgijmqitzsw wãs qemw egstwirnábimw js uyi s gstzxsri ebixwmbs jibmjs esw ilimzsw
gsrezixemw jiwzi úrzmqs. Itzxizetzs, wye evrmgeçãs é qemw zxehernswe js uyi e jsw vxsgijmqitzsw hewiejsw iq
gstzxsri ebixwmbs. Ts gews js idiqvrs js Nsqix i je Rmwe, Nsqix vsjixme witzex-wi vixzs je lmrne vexe sybm-re
uyetjs zsgewwi s wedslsti iq syzxs nsxáxms uyi tãs s js psks; irskmá-re tiwwew sgewmõiw; sy wemx gsq ire vexe
zsqex yq wsxbizi uyetjs egehewwi s itwems. Iwwiw vxsgijmqitzsw vxsbebirqitzi lexmeq e viuyite Rmwe vexex ji
zsgex s mtwzxyqitzs te nsxe js psks i ibmzexmeq sw ilimzsw gsrezixemw je vytmçãs. Ts itzetzs, Nsqix zixme qemw
zxeherns vexe jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji Rmwe ji zsgex s wedslsti te nsxe psks, jiwwe lsxqe, iri
zixme uyi: 7) sybmx s wsq js mtwzxyqitzs, s uyi vsji wix ebixwmbs vexe iri; 6) ribá-re vexe zsqex wsxbizi,
gstwmjixetjs e wye vxmbeçãs ji wsxbizi; i 9) iwzex vxiwitzi tsw qsqitzsw iq uyi Rmwe iwzmbiwwi zsgetjs. Iq
gsqvexeçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji “jex yq hixxs”, s gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs vsx xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs itbsrbi
e iqmwwãs ji qemw xiwvswzew uyi, iq kixer, wãs qemw gywzswew i ribexãs qemw ziqvs vexe vxsjyfmx wiyw ilimzsw.
E gstwiuyêtgme lmter jiwwi vxsgiwws é uyi zitjiqsw qemw e vytmx sy e xilsxçex tikezmbeqitzi s gsqvsxzeqitzs
js uyi gstzxsrá-rs vsx xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs, e jiwvimzs ji zsjew ew jiwbetzekitw js gstzxsri ebixwmbs. Vsxéq, e
jmbyrkeçãs i e gsqvxsbeçãs iqvíxmge jsw ilimzsw mtjiwipábimw jiwwi zmvs ji gstzxsri vsjiq witwmhmrmfex vemw i
ijygejsxiw vexe uyi yzmrmfiq vxsgijmqitzsw hewiejsw iq xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs e lmq ji gstzxsrex s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji wiyw lmrnsw i erytsw, vsx idiqvrs.

Uyemw ew erzixtezmbew es gstzxsri ebixwmbs?

Es jiwegstwirnexqsw s yws js gstzxsri ebixwmbs, ziqsw uyi wykixmx erkytw vxsgijmqitzsw erzixtezmbsw. Lirmfqitzi
iriw idmwziq. E wikymx, evxiwitzexiqsw erkytw jiriw.
Xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs iq wyhwzmzymçãs es xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs. Gews uyimxeqsw eyqitzex e vxshehmrmjeji
ji iqmwwãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, vsjiqsw lefê-rs vsx xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs es mtbéw ji tikezmbs. Yq vxsliwwsx
ji hsdi vsji irskmex sw ksrviw gsxxizsw ji wiyw erytsw iq bif ji gxmzmgex sw mtgsxxizsw, vsx idiqvrs. Yqe kexsze
vsji wix qemw gexmtnswe gsq wiy teqsxejs uyetjs iri gstwikyi gsqhmtex s wevezs gsq s gmtzs, iq bif ji lmgex
iqhyxxeje zsje bif uyi iri ywe vsgnizi te gmtzyxe.
Idzmtçãs iq wyhwzmzymçãs à vytmçãs. Yq vxsgijmqitzs erzixtezmbs gsqyq é s yws je idzmtçãs vexe jmqmtymx e
lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs, iq bif ji vytmçãs. Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs é qitsw ebixwmbs uyi e vytmçãs, s uyi tãs
uyix jmfix uyi jimdi ji irmgmex gixzew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw. S idvixmqitzs ji Efxmt, Nyzgnmtwst i Neoi (7500) gsq
vsqhsw mrywzxe iwwi vstzs. E Lmkyxe 8.3 qswzxe yqe zívmge gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi vexe iwwiw etmqemw.
Yq vsqhs, gyps gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmgex yq jmwgs ji xiwvswzew é xilsxçejs vire evxiwitzeçãs ji ermqitzs, lsm
wyhwiuyitziqitzi wyhqizmjs es vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs – sy wipe, ew xiwvswzew ji hmgex s jmwgs jimdexeq ji
wixiq wikymjew vsx ermqitzs. Eréq jmwws, e gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi jiwwi iwzyjs ixe qsjmlmgeje. Jitzxs
jire, nebme yq gsqvexzmqitzs uyi gstzmtne syzxs vsqhs, s uyer zmtne sw wiyw qsbmqitzsw xiwzxmtkmjsw vsx yq
evexezs. S etmqer, gyps gsqvsxzeqitzs ji hmgex iwzebe iq idzmtçãs, vewwsy e ezegex s vsqhs uyi iwzebe vxiws ts
gsqvexzmqitzs. Efxmt i gsrehsxejsxiw mtzixvxizexeq sw xiwyrzejsw ji wiy iwzyjs elmxqetjs uyi e zxetwmçãs je
gstzmtkêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs vexe e idzmtçãs lsm yq ibitzs ebixwmbs uyi vxsjyfmy ew xiwvswzew ekxiwwmbew ts
etmqer. Yq idiqvrs gszmjmets jsw ilimzsw iqsgmstemw jigsxxitziw js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs sgsxxi uyetjs yqe
gxmetçe pske wiy gexxmtns ji hsqhimxsw te vexiji uyetjs iri jimde ji lytgmstex.
Lmkyxe 8.3
Gemde ji gstjmgmsteqitzs svixetzi vexe vsqhsw. Vsqhsw wãs qymzs yzmrmfejsw iq viwuymwew iq Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs. Tsw
zxêw jmwgsw (iq lxitzi es váwwexs), gsxiw i lmkyxew wãs vxspizejew. Hmgex yq jmwgs iwvigílmgs egmste s gsqijsyxs (jetjs wiqitziw
es etmqer vxmbejs ji gsqmje).

Syzxe jiwbetzekiq js vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs é uyi tiq wiqvxi vsjiqsw wyvxmqmx s xilsxçejsx uyi qetzéq
s gsqvsxzeqitzs mtjiwipejs. E qegstne, vsx idiqvrs, tãs jimdexá ji vxsjyfmx wiyw ilimzsw uyíqmgsw uyetjs
mtereje. Gews wipeq zemw ilimzsw sw xiwvstwábimw vire qetyzitçãs js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gstwyqm-re, tãs vsjixiqsw
yzmrmfex idzmtçãs, pá uyi tãs vsjiqsw xizmxex s iwzíqyrs xilsxçejsx. Vsx lmq, e idzmtçãs evitew jmqmtym e lxiuyêtgme
js gsqvsxzeqitzs, iq bif ji iwzehirigix i qetzix syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jmlixitziw jeuyiriw gype lxiuyêtgme wi
uyix jmqmtymx.
E eywêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs zeqhéq vsji ekxebex yq uyejxs jivxiwwmbs, vsx idiqvrs. Itzxi syzxew erzixeçõiw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw, yq uyejxs jivxiwwmbs vsji itbsrbix erze mtgmjêtgme ji xirezsw uyimdswsw, mwzs é, texxezmbew egixge
jsw vxshriqew uyi e viwwse gsq iwwi jmektówzmgs itlxitze, kixerqitzi, wiq wygiwws. Lsxe mwws, tsxqerqitzi s
eqhmitzi je viwwse jivxmqmje vsji wix gexegzixmfejs vsx yqe iwgewwif ji xilsxçejsxiw. E viwwse gypsw vejxõiw
gsqvsxzeqitzemw wãs gexegzixíwzmgsw ji yq uyejxs jivxiwwmbs lxiuyitziqitzi tãs shzéq wygiwws tsw wiyw
iqvxiitjmqitzsw iq jmlixitziw ewvigzsw ji wye bmje, gsqs ts zxeherns, tew xireçõiw gstpykemw i leqmrmexiw. Sy
wipe, wiyw gsqvsxzeqitzsw xexeqitzi wãs xilsxçejsw.
Jiwwi qsjs, es xigihix yq grmitzi gypsw vejxõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw wãs gexegzixíwzmgsw ji yq uyejxs jivxiwwmbs,
s zixeviyze vsji evrmgex s vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs vexe jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme jsw xirezsw uyimdswsw. Ewwmq,
uyetjs s mtjmbíjys gsqiçex e wi uyimdex jsw lmrnsw, je iwvswe, jsw eqmksw, izg., s vxslmwwmster vsji gsrsgex iwwi
gsqvsxzeqitzs iq idzmtçãs, jimdetjs ji jex ezitçãs e iwwi zmvs ji xirezs. S grmitzi vsji vexex ji lerex wshxi mwws;
itzxizetzs, tãs iwzexá evxitjitjs tsbew lsxqew ji shzix e ezitçãs jew viwwsew. Syzxe gstwiuyêtgme vswwíbir wixme
s ehetjsts js zxezeqitzs, yqe bif uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lxiuyitzex e zixevme tãs iwzá witjs xilsxçejs, ji zer
qsjs uyi s zxezeqitzs wi gstwzmzymxme iq qemw yq eqhmitzi ts uyer sw xilsxçejsxiw wãs iwgewwsw.
E jiwvimzs ji e idzmtçãs, gsqs yq vxsgijmqitzs jiwzmtejs e jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme ji yq jejs gsqvsxzeqitzs,
evxiwitzex rmqmzeçõiw, sy qiwqs vexzmrnex ji erkytw ilimzsw gsrezixemw gsq s vxsgijmqitzs ji vytmçãs, yqe uyiwzãs
lytjeqitzer e zsxte vxilixíbir à vytmçãs. Tew wmzyeçõiw js jme e jme, sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wyvxmqmjsw vsx
vxsgijmqitzsw vytmzmbsw gstzmtyeq e vxsjyfmx sw xilsxçejsxiw uyi sw qetzmtneq. Wi yq vem hezi ts lmrns qemw
birns vsx zix zsqejs s gstzxsri xiqszs je ziribmwãs je qãs js mxqãs qemw tsbs i wmtzstmfejs e ziribmwãs ts geter
uyi uyix ewwmwzmx, é vxsbábir uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zsqex s gstzxsri js geçyre jmqmtye ji lxiuyêtgme, vsx
idiqvrs. E jiwvimzs jmwws, es lefê-rs, s lmrns qemw birns emtje zixá egiwws es geter uyi uyix ewwmwzmx. Iq syzxew
verebxew, sw xilsxçejsxiw uyi qetzêq s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji zsqex s gstzxsri xiqszs gstzmtyeq jmwvstíbimw, qiwqs
uyi s vem s vyte vswmzmbeqitzi. É vxsbábir uyi, te eywêtgme js vem, mwzs é, te eywêtgme js iwzíqyrs uyi wmtermfe e
vytmçãs, iwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs bsrzi e sgsxxix. Iq jigsxxêtgme jmwws, e vytmçãs wsqitzi ziq ilimzs ituyetzs iwzá
iq bmksx, es vewws uyi e idzmtçãs ziq ilimzsw jyxejsyxsw, yqe bif uyi sw xilsxçejsxiw uyi qetzmtneq yq
gsqvsxzeqitzs gsq gixze lxiuyêtgme jimdeq ji iwzex jmwvstíbimw.
Iq xiwyqs, e idzmtçãs é vxilixíbir à vytmçãs gsqs lsxqe ji jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs
gstwmjixejs wsgmerqitzi mtjiwipábir vire jyxehmrmjeji ji wiyw ilimzsw. Vsxéq, e idzmtçãs gsqs útmge erzixtezmbe es
yws je vytmçãs zeqhéq ziq ew wyew rmqmzeçõiw, s uyi e zsxte qitsw ilmgef uyi syzxew svçõiw, gsqs é s gews js
xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer, uyi wixá jiwgxmzs e wikymx.
Xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer. Qemw yqe bif mxiqsw tsw xilixmx es xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer. Wiq júbmje, iwwi é yq
vxsgijmqitzs ji lytjeqitzer mqvsxzâtgme vexe idvrmgeçãs, vxijmçãs i gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Beqsw gsqiçex
xiriqhxetjs s uyi bmqsw ts Gevízyrs 9: s xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer itbsrbi wiqvxi xilsxçeqitzs i idzmtçãs. Gsqs
erzixtezmbe à vytmçãs, vsjixíeqsw idzmtkymx e xiwvswze wsgmerqitzi mtjiwipeje i xilsxçex gsqvsxzeqitzsw
erzixtezmbsw. Tiwwi gews, ew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw vxsjyfmjew virs vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs zixmeq wye lsxçe
jmqmtyíje, yqe bif uyi s sxketmwqs gstzmtyexme e itzxex iq gstzezs gsq sw xilsxçejsxiw gstzmtkitziw e syzxsw
gsqvsxzeqitzsw. Eréq jmwws, s xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer vsjixme xiwyrzex ts eyqitzs je vxshehmrmjeji ji iqmwwãs
ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi jiwipábimw. Ts idiqvrs js grmitzi gypsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs gexegzixíwzmgsw ji yq
uyejxs jivxiwwmbs, jiwgxmzs etzixmsxqitzi, s zixeviyze vsjixme gsrsgex iq idzmtçãs sw xirezsw uyimdswsw i, es
qiwqs ziqvs, xilsxçex xirezsw egixge ji syzxsw ziqew uyi tãs sw vxshriqew ji xiregmsteqitzs js mtjmbíjys.
Ewwmq, s grmitzi evxitjixme e iqmzmx syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi qemw jiwipábimw qetzmjsw virsw qiwqsw
xilsxçejsxiw syzxsxe vxsjyfmjsw virsw xirezsw uyimdswsw.
Eyqitzs je lxiuyêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs vexe xiwvswzew erzixtezmbew. S xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer zeqhéq
itbsrbi s vxsgijmqitzs ji idzmtçãs i, iq jigsxxêtgme jmwws, vejigi, iq qitsx qijmje, jsw qiwqsw ilimzsw
gsrezixemw mtjiwipábimw je idzmtçãs. Yqe erzixtezmbe es yws ji xilsxçeqitzs jmlixitgmer wixme, vsxzetzs, eyqitzex e
lxiuyêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs vexe sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi jiwipábimw, iq bif ji idzmtkymx sw mtjiwipábimw.
Tiwwi vxsgijmqitzs, sw xilsxçejsxiw esw gsqvsxzeqitzsw erzixtezmbsw wixmeq qemw lxiuyitziw uyi euyiriw
evxiwitzejsw es gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi wi shpizmbe itlxeuyigix. Iwwe jmwvexmjeji itzxi ew lxiuyêtgmew ji
xilsxçeqitzs xiwyrzexme iq yq itlxeuyigmqitzs js gsq-vsxzeqitzs gype lxiuyêtgme jibe wix jmqmtyíje, hiq gsqs
iq eyqitzs te lxiuyêtgme jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw erzixtezmbsw.
Ts gews js idiqvrs js grmitzi jivxmqmjs, s vxsgijmqitzs wixme gstzmtyex jetjs ezitçãs, iq erkyqe qijmje, esw
wiyw xirezsw uyimdswsw i, es qiwqs ziqvs, eyqitzex e lxiuyêtgme ji xilsxçeqitzs vexe syzxsw zmvsw ji xirezs
bixher. Jiwwe lsxqe, s mtjmbíjys evxitjixme tsbsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wsgmerqitzi qemw jiwipábimw i uyi shzixmeq e
ezitçãs jew syzxew viwwsew. Gsq mwws, é vxsbábir uyi e lxiuyêtgme jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyimdswsw jmqmtye, wiq
uyi, tigiwwexmeqitzi, wipeq gsrsgejsw iq idzmtçãs.
Iwwi vxsgijmqitzs zeqhéq é úzmr vexe mtzixbmx iq gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi tãs vsjiq wix gsrsgejsw iq idzmtçãs
vire mqvswwmhmrmjeji ji wi irmqmtex e evxiwitzeçãs je gstwiuyêtgme xilsxçejsxe. Vsx idiqvrs, s gsqvsxzeqitzs ji
lyqex qegstne vxsjyf xilsxçejsxiw ejbmtjsw js ilimzs uyíqmgs ji wiy gstwyqs. Yqe bif uyi tãs vsjiqsw xizmxex
sw xilsxçejsxiw jsw ilimzsw je jxske, vsjixíeqsw xilsxçex gsq qemsx lxiuyêtgme syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw tãs
xiregmstejsw es wiy gstwyqs. Jiwwe lsxqe, é vxsbábir uyi s gstwyqs je wyhwzâtgme jmqmtye à qijmje uyi e
lxiuyêtgme ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw é eyqitzeje, vsx uyiwzãs ji jmwvstmhmrmjeji ji ziqvs, vsx idiqvrs. Iwwe
mtzixbitçãs vxsbebirqitzi é qemw ritze uyi ew jiqemw. Iq gstzxevexzmje, é e qitsw ebixwmbe vexe s sxketmwqs uyi
iqmzi s gsqvsxzeqitzs, zxefitjs qitsw ilimzsw gsrezixemw mtjiwipejsw. Eréq jmwws, vxsvmgme gstjmçõiw vexe uyi s
xivixzóxms gsqvsxzeqitzer js sxketmwqs wipe eqvrmejs.

Erkyqew gstgrywõiw mqvsxzetziw

Gsq hewi ts uyi bmqsw tiwzi gevízyrs, lmge grexs, vexe etermwzew js gsqvsxzeqitzs, uyi s gstzxsri ebixwmbs, gsqs
vxsgijmqitzs jiwzmtejs e erzixex e vxshehmrmjeji ji iqmwwãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs, jibi wix evrmgejs evitew iq
úrzmqs gews – s uyi tãs wmktmlmge uyi jibeqsw vexex ji iwzyjex iwwi zmvs ji gstzxsri zãs lxiuyitzi iq tswws jme e
jme. Eréq jmwws, s gstzxsri ebixwmbs tãs é wsqitzi wsgmer. Gews gsrsuyiqsw s jijs te zsqeje, s gnsuyi é yqe
vytmçãs vswmzmbe uyi vxsbebirqitzi jmqmtymxá e vxshehmrmjeji ji xigsxxêtgme jiwwi gsqvsxzeqitzs ts lyzyxs.
Ewwmq, vsx qemw uyi s ibmziqsw, s gstzxsri ebixwmbs é vexzi gstwzmzymtzi je tswwe bmje gszmjmete i gstzmtyexá
idmwzmtjs iq tswwe mtzixeçãs gsq s qytjs mtetmqejs i gsq sw jiqemw sxketmwqsw.
Vsx lmq, tãs vsjiqsw gstlytjmx e xigsqitjeçãs ji ibmzex s gstzxsri ebixwmbs gsq e tsçãs ji uyi zyjs é
vixqmzmjs. Vsx idiqvrs, qymzsw vemw, tew jégejew ji 7534, 7524 i 7554, gstlytjmxeq s gstwirns ji “tãs vytmx” gsq
s ji “jimdi wiy lmrns lefix zyjs s uyi uymwix”. Wiq júbmje, yqe ijygeçãs wiq rmqmziw é uyewi zãs vxipyjmgmer uyetzs
yqe ijygeçãs lsxziqitzi hewieje iq vxsgijmqitzsw ebixwmbsw. Erkytw gsqvsxzeqitzsw vxigmweq zix wye e
lxiuyêtgme xijyfmje; itzxizetzs, wi zmbixqsw erzixtezmbew à vytmçãs, iwzew jibiq wiqvxi wix ew iwgsrnmjew.

Vxmtgmvemw gstgimzsw evxiwitzejsw tiwzi gevízyrs

Gstgimzs Jiwgxmçãs Idiqvrs
Gstzxsri Gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs vsx gstzmtkêtgmew ————
ebixwmbs ji xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs i vytmçãs (vswmzmbe i
tikezmbe).
Xilsxçeqitzs Eyqitzs je lxiuyêtgme ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs S gsqvsxzeqitzs ji qitzmx wshxi zix limzs s jibix ji gewe
tikezmbs uyi ziq gsqs gstwiuyêtgme s ejmeqitzs je vsji wix lsxzerigmjs uyetjs ibmze e evxiwitzeçãs ji yqe
evxiwitzeçãs sy e xizmxeje ji yq iwzíqyrs js hxstge.
eqhmitzi.
Iwzíqyrs Iwzíqyrs uyi eyqitze e lxiuyêtgme js Yqe qyrze ji zxâtwmzs vsji wix yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs es
ebixwmbs gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi s xizmxsy sy gype ejmçãs eyqitzex e vxshehmrmjeji ji lxiex s gexxs vixzs ji yq xejex
xijyf e lxiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi s xikmwzxejsx ji birsgmjeji, hiq gsqs te qijmje iq uyi vsji
vxsjyfmy. jmqmtymx e vxshehmrmjeji js gsqvsxzeqitzs ji jmxmkmx egmqe je
birsgmjeji.
Gsqvsxzeqitzs Gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs vsx xilsxçeqitzs
ji lyke tikezmbs uyi sgsxxi uyetjs s iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs
pá iwzá vxiwitzi ts eqhmitzi. E gstwiuyêtgme
xilsxçejsxe é e xizmxeje js iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs js
eqhmitzi.
Gsqvsxzeqitzs Gsqvsxzeqitzs qetzmjs vsx xilsxçeqitzs
ji iwuymbe tikezmbs uyi sgsxxi etziw je evxiwitzeçãs js
iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs. E iqmwwãs je xiwvswze ibmze e
evxiwitzeçãs js iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs.
Vytmçãs vswmzmbe Gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi xijyf wye
lxiuyêtgme vire ejmçãs ji yq iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs
es eqhmitzi.
Vytmçãs Gstwiuyêtgme js gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi xijyf wye
tikezmbe lxiuyêtgme vire xizmxeje ji yq iwzíqyrs
xilsxçejsx (ji syzxsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw) js
eqhmitzi.
Xiwvswzew Gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi xijyf e vxshehmrmjeji ji
mtgsqvezíbimw iqmwwãs ji yq gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi lsm vytmjs
ts vewwejs.
Gstzxegstzxsri Gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi ibmze s gstzxsri ebixwmbs
ejqmtmwzxejs vsx yq ekitzi gstzxsrejsx.
Yq grmitzi iwzá iq yqe wiwwãs ji zixevme i s vwmgórsks lef
vixkytzew uyi irmgmeq lsxziw xiwvswzew ji etwmijeji. S grmitzi
lski es mx iqhsxe je wiwwãs, vxsjyfmtjs e xizmxeje jew
vixkytzew etwmskêtmgew.
S grmitzi js idiqvrs etzixmsx vsji xirezex ibitzsw es rstks je
wye wiqete ji lsxqe jizerneje i, ewwmq, tãs jex iwveçs vexe
uyi s zixeviyze leçe ew vixkytzew etwmskêtmgew. Tiwwi gews, s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji xirezex wixá yqe xiwvswze ji iwuymbe.
Yq ejsriwgitzi bsrze vexe gewe iqhxmekejs, zsqe yqe hire
wyxxe ji wiy vem vsx zix hihmjs i tãs qemw gnike iqhxmekejs.
S ejsriwgitzi js idiqvrs etzixmsx bsrze vexe gewe iqhxmekejs,
vixji e qiweje vsx zix hihmjs i jimde ji gnikex iqhxmekejs.
S ejsriwgitzi uyi evetnsy js vem vsx gnikex iqhxmekejs vsji
jimdex s jmtnimxs i s gexzãs ji gxéjmzs iq gewe, ji qsjs uyi
tãs zitne gsqs gsqvxex i mtkixmx hihmjew ergsórmgew uyetjs
wemx gsq sw eqmksw.
S ejsriwgitzi js idiqvrs etzixmsx, uyetjs lmge iqhxmekejs,
mtbitze yqe jiwgyrve i jsxqi te gewe jsw eqmksw. Jiwwi qsjs,
ibmze e wyxxe js vem.

Uyiwzõiw ji Iwzyjs Kehexmzs

1. Psãsfmtns uyihxsy yqe petire ji wye gewe ituyetzs pskebe hsre i ribsy yqe kxetji hxstge. Jivsmw jmwws, vexsy ji
pskex hsre vixzs ji gewe. Gsq xireçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji pskex hsre vixzs ji gewe, ribex yqe hxstge lytgmstsy
gsqs:
a. vytmçãs vswmzmbe
b. xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs
c. xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs
d. vytmçãs tikezmbe
e. idzmtçãs
2. Qexmte gstbixwsy jiqemw es zirilsti i e gstze bims ewzxstôqmge. Wiy vem e vxsmhmy ji wemx ji gewe vsx yqe wiqete.
E qitmte vewwsy e ywex hiq qitsw s zirilsti. Gsq xireçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji lerex es zirilsti, tãs vsjix wemx
ji gewe lytgmstsy gsqs:
a. vytmçãs vswmzmbe
b. xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs
c. xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs
d. vytmçãs tikezmbe
e. xilsxçeqitzs vytmzmbs
3. Psãsfmtns uyihxsy yq bews ji vretzew. Uyetjs wye qãi gniksy iq gewe, vixkytzsy-rni uyiq nebme uyihxejs s
bews. S kexszs qitzmy, jmfitjs uyi tãs wehme i, ewwmq, ibmzsy uyi wye qãi rni jiwwi yqe wyxxe. Psãsfmtns vewwsy e
qitzmx qymzs jiwji itzãs. Gsq xireçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji qitzmx, tãs ribex yqe wyxxe lytgmstsy gsqs:
a. xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs
b. idzmtçãs svixetzi
c. xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs
d. vytmçãs tikezmbe
e. vytmçãs vswmzmbe
4. Psãsfmtns gswzyqebe gneqex Pyuymtne (wiy eqmks) vexe pskex hsre, i iwzi wiqvxi egimzebe. Vsxéq, Pyuymtne wi
qyjsy i, uyetjs Psãsfmtns s gneqebe, iri tãs qemw ezitjme. Gsq s ziqvs, Psãsfmtns vexsy ji gneqá-rs. Gsq
xireçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji gneqex Pyuymtne, e lerze ji egimzi lytgmstsy gsqs:
a. vytmçãs tikezmbe
b. vytmçãs vswmzmbe
c. idzmtçãs svixetzi
d. xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs
e. xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs
 5. Qexmberjs lsm pskex vôuyix yqe bif i ketnsy. Vewwsy e mx pskex gsq qymze lxiuyêtgme, uyewi wiqvxi ketnetjs. Gsq
xireçãs es gsqvsxzeqitzs ji pskex vôuyix, ketnex lytgmstsy gsqs:
a. xilsxçeqitzs tikezmbs
b. idzmtçãs svixetzi
c. vytmçãs tikezmbe
d. xilsxçeqitzs vswmzmbs
e. vytmçãs tikezmbe
6. Ji egsxjs gsq s xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, ts gsqvsxzeqitzs ji _______________, jmfiqsw
uyi s iwzíqyrs ebixwmbs iwzá vxiwitzi ts eqhmitzi ts qsqitzs iq uyi s gsqvsxzeqitzs uyi s irmqmte é iqmzmjs.
a. lyke
b. ehwzxemx
c. ezitzex
d. iwuymbe
e. vytmx
7. Wshxi s yws je vytmçãs gsqs lsxqe ji gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs, é gsxxizs elmxqex uyi:
a. Wiqvxi uyi vswwíbir, e vytmçãs vswmzmbe jibi wix yzmrmfeje ts rykex js xilsxçs tikezmbs, vsmw mwws ibmze xiwvswzew ji
gstzxegstzxsri, gsqs e qitzmxe, vsx idiqvrs.
b. S yws je vytmçãs é hewzetzi gsqyq iq tswwe wsgmijeji vsxuyi, es gstzxáxms ji gstzmtkêtgmew ji xilsxçs
tikezmbs, tãs wi shwixbeq ilimzsw gsrezixemw ts gsqvsxzeqitzs ji uyiq é vytmjs.
c. Iqhsxe e vytmçãs wipe ilmgef te jmqmtymçãs je lxiuyêtgme ji jizixqmtejs gsqvsxzeqitzs, wiy yws gszmjmets é
jmlmgyrzejs vire tigiwwmjeji ji vxmbeçãs iwvigílmge ji jizixqmtejs iwzíqyrs vexe uyi lytgmsti.
d. Wiqvxi uyi vswwíbir, e vytmçãs vswmzmbe jibi wix yzmrmfeje iq jizxmqitzs je tikezmbe, pá uyi e vxmqimxe tãs
vxsjyf ilimzsw gsrezixemw gsqs, vsx idiqvrs, e irmgmeçãs ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw.
e. Yqe jew xefõiw virew uyemw s yws je vytmçãs é zãs gsqyq iq tswwe wsgmijeji zerbif wipe s lezs ji uyi s
gsqvsxzeqitzs ji vytmx é mqijmezeqitzi xilsxçejs.
8. Wshxi s yws je vytmçãs gsqs lsxqe ji gstzxsri js gsqvsxzeqitzs, etermwi ew wikymtziw vxsvswmçõiw:
I. Kixerqitzi iwzá ewwsgmejs à irmgmeçãs ji xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw.
II. Wiy yws é vxilixíbir es ji idzmtçãs sy xilsxçs ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtgsqvezíbimw gsq sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
vytmjsw.
III. É hewzetzi yzmrmfeje vsxuyi, es gstzxáxms js xilsxçs tikezmbs, tãs kixe xiwvswzew ji gstzxegstzxsri.
E wiuyêtgme gsxxize ji vxsvswmçõiw bixjejimxew i lerwew é:
a. B, B, L
b. B, L, L
c. B, L, B
d. L, L, B
e. L, L, L
9. Yqe qãi gnike es gstwyrzóxms ji yq vwmgórsks ji sxmitzeçãs eterízmgs-gsqvsxzeqitzer i lef s wikymtzi xirezs: “Qiy
lmrns, ji 1 etsw, é qymzs ‘ribejs’. Iri bmbi evxstzetjs, lefitjs hekytçe i witjs qer-ijygejs gsqmks. Uyetjs iri lef
iwwew gsmwew, iy rni jsy yqew hirew jyqew verqejew. Lytgmste vsx yq ziqvs – iri lmge ‘vmetmtns’, qew jivsmw iri
bsrze e ‘zsgex s zixxsx’, vxmtgmverqitzi uyetjs tãs iwzsy vsx vixzs. S uyi iy leçs gsq iwwi qitmts, jsyzsx?”.
Gsq hewi te wmzyeçãs jiwgxmze vire qãi i ts xilixitgmer zióxmgs je Etármwi js Gsqvsxzeqitzs, etermwi ew
vxsvswmçõiw e wikymx:
I. E qãi iwzá lsxtigitjs gstwiuyêtgmew xilsxçejsxew tikezmbew vexe sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw mtejiuyejsw ji wiy lmrns.
II. Iq zixqsw zégtmgsw, s vxsgijmqitzs yzmrmfejs vire qãi vexe zitzex jmqmtymx e lxiuyêtgme jsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
mtejiuyejsw ji wiy lmrns é e vytmçãs.
III. “Zsgex s zixxsx” evitew uyetjs e qãi iwzá eywitzi vsji wix gstwmjixejs yq idiqvrs ji gstzxegstzxsri.
Iwzãs gsxxizew ew vxsvswmçõiw:
a. evitew M
b. evitew MM
c. evitew MMM
d. M i MM
e. MM i MMM

Hmhrmskxelme gstwyrzeje, gmzeje i wykiwzõiw ji rimzyxe

Efxmt, T. T.& Nsrf, A. G. (7500). Vytmwnqitz. Mt A. O. Nstmk (Sxk.), Svixetz hinebmsx: Exiew sl xi wiex gn e tj evvrmgezmst (vv.924-883).
Itkriassj Grmllw: Vxitzmgi-Nerr.
Efxmt, T. N., Nyzgnmtwst, X. X., & Neoi, J. L. (7500). Idzmtgzmst-mtjygij ekkxiwwmst. Psyxter sl zni Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl Hinebmsx , 5
(9), 757-648.
Gexberns, W. Q. (7527). Vxsvxmijejiw jmwgxmqmtezmbew i xilsxçejsxew js gnsuyi irézxmgs. Vwmgsrskme: Gmêtgme i Vxslmwwãs , 7 (6), 23-744.
Gezetme, E. G. (7555). Evxitjmfekiq: gsqvsxzeqitzs, rmtkyekiq i gsktmçãs. (8. ij.). Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Nsrf, A. G. &Efxmt, T. N. (7507). Jmwgxmqmtmtezmbi vxsvixzmiw sl vytmwnqitz. Psyxter sl zni Idvixmqitzer Etercwmw sl Hinebmsx, 8(9) , 661-
696. Xigyvixejs ji nzzvw://aaa.tghm.trq.tmn.ksb/vqg/exzmgriw/VQG7848433/vjl/piehineb44750-4486.vjl
Qmrritwst, P. X. (7531). Vxmtgívmsw ji etármwi js gsqvsxzeqitzs. Hxewírme: Gssxjiteje.(Shxe sxmkmter vyhrmgeje iq 7503).
Wmjqet, Q. (7525). Gsixçãs i wyew mqvrmgeçõiw. Geqvmtew: IjmzsxerVwc.
Womttix, H. L. (7592). Zni hinebmsx sl sxke tmwqw. Tia Csxo: Evvrizst-Gitzyxc-Gxslzw.
Womttix, H. L. (7519). Wgmitgi etj nyqet hinebmsx. Tia Csxo: Viexwst.
Womttix, H. L. (7529). S qmzs je rmhixjeji. Wãs Veyrs: Wyqqyw.