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    A Text Book On of Co Ordinate Geometry With Vector Analysis Afm Abdur Rahman PK Bhattacharjee PDF Free 2

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    A TEXT BOOK ON CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY (TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS ) WITH VECTOR ANALYSIS RAHMAN & BHATTACHARJEE Scanned with CamScanner Jr” A TEXT BOOK ON ™ CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY [TWO AND THREE ro NS ] —_ “WITH VECTOR ANALYSIS By A, F, M. ABDUR RAHMAN M, Sc. (Dha), B.Se, (Hons) London. Professor of Mathematics, University of Dhaka. & P. K, BHATTACHARJEE, M.Sc. ‘Associate Professor of Mathematics Chittagong University, Formerly of Govt. College Chittagong Goverment College, Sylhet Carmichel College, Rangpur, Distributor NEW BOOK PALACE a 6.65 Pyscidaah Rood, Bangla Bae, D100 DONS % PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES soe eesecorrnesnacentietanannne ies Homogeneous Quadratic Equations. Let us consider the equation ax? + Qhxy + by =0 28 se q) On multiplying it bya, it may written in the form x2 + Qahxy + aby? = 0, ifa#0 Or. x? + ahrry + Hy? — (hi? — aby y2 = 0 or, (ax + hy)? — ty Nh? — ah))? = 0 : . oF, (ax + hy) + 4(h9 — ab) y)tax + hy — (3 — abyy} = 0 ‘ The equation (1) therefore, represents the two straight lines whose equations are ax +hy + y Vi? — ab) = 0 ait» “ (2) aud ax + hy —y Vk2—ab) =0 ney, ; rs (3) each of. which passes through the origin. The two Jines (2), (3) form the locus of the equation (1) for (1) is satisfied by the co-ordinates of all points which satisfy (2) and (3) These two straight lines are real and different if #2 > ab, real and coincident if l? = ab, and imaginary if it? < ab. In the case when h? = ab, -the straight lines though themselves imaginary intersect in a eal point. For the origin lies on the locus given by (1) since the equation (1) is always satisfied by the values x= 0 and y=0. Uilemative method . If b + 0 dividing both sides of the equation (1) by x2 b we have ()75F+ pro at _ _ @) x} **b x Let nn, tj, be the roots of this quadratic equation in x/y. Sum of the roots = y+ my =—2h/b and product of the roots = mim = a/b (5) (6) eS Scanned with CamScanner Pair of Straight Lines 27 The two lines represented by (4) ie. (1) are given u 27m 0. and m= 0, ie. y— myx Oand y — max which pass through the origin. Thus the homogeneous quadratic equation ax* + 2hxy + by’ 0 always represents a pair of straight lines, real or imaginary, through the origin. ‘Art. 37. Prove that a homogeneous equation of the n th degree reptesents 1 straight lines, real or, imaginary, which all pass through the origin. Consider the homogeneous equation yt tayxyt | + agr2y"? Harty" 34. aaty" + ayx" = 0 Q) ‘This can be written as (dividing by *") Cire Lyte ag Byer eas Eye fa (Qi t=O 2 Since this is an equation of the n th degree in y/x it must have m roots. Let the roots of this equation be my,.riz, 13, ... My... Mys : Then the given equation (1) or (2) must be the same as” b-m)=0 x or, (y— myx) (Y= MX) «(Y= MA) «2 Y= Myx) =O : This equation is satisfied by the points which satisfy the separate equations. y—mx=0, y—mx=0,... y—mx=0 which all pass through’ the origin. Conversely, the co-ordinates 6f all the points which satisfy these n equation satisfy equations (1) also. Hence the theorem. (bm) mg — (Em) sy m,x <0 Note: 1. An equation of the type aay" ayy bay BX? nt ag PM a, x= 0 in which the sum of the powers of x and y in every term is the same (say 1) is called a Homogeneous equation (of degree n) ~ Note. 2. Since the given equation contains real co-efficients, the roots, if imaginary, must occur in pair. Note. 3. The relation between the roots and the co-efficients can be determined by the symmetric functions of the roots (see author's Higher Algebra. Art. 53 and 54) Note. 4. If two or more of the roots ae equal the corresponding straight lines are mew e pA 38, Angle between the lines represented by the equation. ax? + 2hxy + by? =9 . a ae qq) The axes are asguned to be rectangular. Let the lines represented by (I) be y— mx =O and y— mx =0 Scanned with CamScanner 28 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry ; | So that (1) and (y — mr,x) (y — gx) are the same. my +m=— 2tand ming > by Art36 . ise (2) If be the angle between the straight lines . : y—myx=0 and y— nx =0, then by Art.25. tan = t= (any + my)? = Amma} T+ myn, 1+ mymty - = N= 2 h/ bP — 4.0/0} (1 +4/b) =2 WR ab) / (a+b) by seorsniva va (2). + tan@ = 2 = yo oe ibe as @) ~s where 0 the angle between the lines represented by the equation ax? + 2hxy + by? = 0 Cor. 1. Condition of Perpendicularity. If the straight lines are perpendicular to each other then @ = 90° hence tan @ == then from (3) q a+b=0 i.e. if the sum of the co-efficients of x? and y? is zero, then the straight lines will be perpendicular to each other. Cor. 2. Condition of parallelism or Coincidence. If the lines of ax? + 2inxy + by? = 0 be coincident, 6 = 0 : From (3) tan @ =,0 i ek? = ab which is the tequired condition for coincidence. Here lines cannot be parallel as both of the lines pass through the origin, thesé are coincident straight lines. Cor. 3. Two lines represented by ax? + 2hxy + by? =Owillberealifh?> ab, Coxe“4. Two lines of above equation will be imaginary if K? < ab. es 19. The bisectors of the angles between the lines represented by ax? + 2hry + by?=0 - Let the lines y— mx = 0 and y— mx = 0 represented by ax? + Qhxy + by? =0 (1) have slopes nt, and mz and make angles @; and @, with OX. Let one of the bisectors make an angle 0 with OX. from the diagram we have ; ood 1 1 1 8=0,+5 (0,0) oF, 58 +0) +5 (08) =5 (81 +02) 1-1 on.5 m+ 5 @; +8) 2 20=0) +0, or, + (0; + 0,) Scanned with CamScanner Pair of Straight Lines . 29 In either case iastan ~'tani(ay-'99 = tie tote Mut ne =] Tan 0; tan 02° 1—mym, 2tan@ my +m 2tand _ my +m OF T= tant 0 1 myng ~ 7 a ®) From Eq, (i), we have b (ymax) (y— max) = by? + Dry + ax? . m+ a= 25 ma, =f i ae i & StH BH), Also if C (x, y) be any point on one of the bisectors, (see fig) ; te + oa (5) tanO=y/x From (3) by (4) and (5), we have Qxy 2h wR a—b i.e. the required equation of the bisectors is voy oy a—b oh a he oS (6) Note. 1. In (2), first value 0 is the angle made by the internal bisector OC with OX and second value of @ is the angle made by the’ external bisector OD with OX.- ternative Method : Let the given equation ax? + 2hxy + byte 0 represent the line y—myx=Oand y— mx =0. qa) a my + + MyM, =~ me 9 a m+ pe mma = : ‘The equations of the required bisectors are es yomx tas = ee ee P @ Squaring. we have (y— mx)? (1+ ma) = Y= myx) (1 + my?) (mp2 — 22) 2 — YP) = 2xy (OH — mg) — nym (mm — m2) ox, (rj — Ms) (iy — meg) (22 — #2) = Day (Oy — MICA My) on, (ry + ty) (02 — 9?) = 2xy( — mam): - at 4 (6a) or, (— 2 (2—y?) = 249 or hG@— P= aD) Poy wy ab ok FO ne Scanned with CamScanner A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry GENERAL EQUATION OF SECOND DEGREE ~ rt. 40. Find the condition that the general sation of the second degree ax? + Bhxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy+c=0 pln (1) may represent a pair of straight lines. If we transfer the origin to a point (a,, 8), the point of intersection of two straight lines and Keep the direction of the axes uitaltered, the eq. (1) reduces to 4 (x + 02 + 2m (w+ a) (y +B) +b (y +B) + 2g (x + a) + 2f ly +B) + c= O by Art. 32 (Rule) or,ax? + Zhxy + by? + 2 (ace + hf + g)x + 2(hee +b shy eee + aha ee +BP+c=0 Ms (2) The equation (2) may represent a pair of straight lines, if it is reduced to a homogeneous equation in x and y. This is possible if the co-effcients of x and y and the constant terms are saperately zero. i.e. an+hB+g=0 ie i wi vscust (3) ha + bB +f=0 by ne te (4) and ac? + 2hoP + DB? + 2fa+c=0 i" a ii (3) The relation (5) may be written as - g - a (aa +hB +2) +P (ha+bB+f) +gu+fP+c=0 os is (6) By (3) and (4), the relation (6) becomes ga + fBP+=0 we. at ” Now if we eliminate «and B from (3), (4) and (7), the fequired condition is A= |a hk g ’ : hob f eg fk 3 6) gf © or, A abe + 2fgh — af — bg? — ch = 0 oo ao oe (9) Alternative method — By Calculus. Suppose F (x. y) = ax? + hay + by? + 2gx + By +e x-+ my +n)Utm’ysn) a : a a) This relation being true for all values of x and y, it must admit of partial differentiation w. 1. to each of the variables x and y. So we have, by taking partial differentaiation of (1) SF 2 ax+hy+s) (e+ my tn) +1 (xe my tm). St Q) = : and 2 2(he + by +f) =m! (lx my tn) tan (Ce my tnt). a @) y Let (ct B) be the point of intersection of the lines represented by the general equation (1) elect mB+1=05 Vo +fB-+n =0 Putting at, B respectively for +: y in (2) and (3) we have as 4) (5) aa+hp+n=0 ho. + bB +f=0 Scanned with CamScanner Pair of Straight Lines 31 Again puttin (c, B) in the left ot side of (1) we have A? + 2hoB + bP? + 2ga + YB +0= oF, & (20+ HB +g) +B (ho. + 6B +f) 1 poten =0 By (4) and (5) ga+P+e=0 Let a (6) Eliminating a, B from (4), (5) and (6) we have 2 A= |a bh g [=0 ho ob f) Jor, A=abe + 2fgh — aft — bg? — ch? 20 fe BE 4 which is the required condition. It is both necessary and sufficient. Cor. 1. Solving (4) and (5), we have ak c as ab— he where G, F, Care the co-factors of'g,f, c, in 7 Note : 1. From the above discussions we see that if F (x, y) = 0 be the equation of two lines, the point of intersection (a, 6) would be obtained by solving the equatiors. Re. ay ee) 6 Cor. 2.Ifa=0 a #0, we solve it for y and proceed as Before: We thuis find the condition 2f gh—bg?—ch® =0 \ : Cor. 3. Ifa = 0, b=0 and h #0, then the general equations become 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy +c =0 ory +E) x4 Gut zg 0 <. Dividing by 2h or; «+h w+i)= on, (hie +f) (ty +9) =fg—3 ch and the condition that it may represent a pair of lines is fg —heh=0 or. 2f¢—ch =0 : Note ; 2 There is another method of finding the condition that the general second degree equation may represent a pair of straight lines. This process will be demonstrated by a worked out example. See worked sum No. 1. Cpa Angle between the lines given by ‘ax? + Qhxy + by? + 2gx + 2fy+o=0 i ‘ Let ax? + 2hay + by? + 2gx + 2fy te = (Ix + my +n), (x + m’y +n’) zi q) Wt =a, mm = bcnn’=c : nt + Fin = 2h, man’ + i'n = 2f, all + nt 2g. a (2) ix+my+n=Oand fx -+m'y +n =0 7 Boxee nd Ye TH Scanned with CamScanner 3 A Text Book on Co-ordinate Geometry If 6 be the angle between the lines then =m = (= }m'y 14 (Um Fm’) _ lm = Im’ an@= “T1+ mm’ Vm? + 0mP—4 im’ Voi — ab by W + mm" ow atb ve On account of relation (2), we eas (lx + my) (Ux + my) = Ws? + 2(lmn' + my xy + min’ y= ax? + Qhxy + by? hence it follows that the lines enna bv ax? + Qhxy + by? + 2ex + 2fy +o=l . are parallel to the lines given by ax? + 2hxy + by? =0 (B) Condition for perpendicularity of lines ‘The lines will be perpendicular of 0 = 90°. ¢. tan 0 = From (3),, we have Il’ + mm’ =0) i.c.if a+b=0 This also follows from (4). Hence the given equation represents a pair of perpendicular lines, if A=Oanda+b=0 (C) Condition for parallelism of the lines. The lines in (4) will be parallel it 5 = or, im’ or, bn’ Pm =0 or, (Im! + Um) — Alt mn’ = 0'or k® — ab = O by (4). ‘This also follows from (4). Hence the given equation represents a pair of parallel lines is A=Oand ht =ab (D) Condition for coincidence of the lines. wi ah 1 The line in (1) will be concident if j-= at i.e. In’ —I'm = 0, mn’ = min = 0, n'l—nl’ =0- or, (Im’ +1’m)? — 41!’ mm’ 20, (mm! + m/n)?— 4mm. nn! = 0, (nl! + nl — ann’ = 0 or, 2 —ab = 0, —be=0,¢2—ac=0 by’ (2) In such a case, the given equation becomes a perfect square. Hence the given.equation will represent a pair of coincident lines if A=0,f2—be=0, g?— ac =0,h? ab =0 which are equavalent to gh = af, hf=b .fg=ch (E) Bisectors of the angles between the lines. Let (c., B) be the points of intersection of the two lines represented by the exsaton ax? + 2hxy + by® + 2gx + 2fy +c =0 ¥ Scanned with CamScanner Pair of Straight Lines 33 If we transfer the origin to (a, B) without changing the direction of axes, the first degree terms and the term independent of x and y will vanish. Then the transformed equation will be a homogeneous equation and will be a form ax? + 2ixy + by*=0 . The equations of the bisectors of the angle between the lines with (0, B) as origin by Sov ay a—b hh If we go back to our old axes, the above equations, of the bisectors are given by Gray BF BU B) =) which is the required (See Art, 39 Rule) equation of the bisectors of the angles between the given lines. It should be noted that with reference to the new origin the co-ordinates of the old origin are (a, — B) ‘Art, 42, Lines Joining the origin to the intersection of a curve and a line, Let the second degree equation representing the curve be ax? + Dhixy + by? + 2gx + Yfy+e=0

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