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  • Plumbridge Et Al. (2000) - Full Scale Shaft Grouted Piles Barrettes HK-a First

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    Plumbridge Et Al. (2000) - Full Scale Shaft Grouted Piles Barrettes HK-a First

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    s w lee

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    BRAAPSR REY BRL RBBB Sie! > At! a! ® BB eH? LREMIT BAMA 2 LOR ADA Full Scale Shaft Grouted Piles and Barrettes in Hong Kong — A First G.D. Plumbridge', B.D. Littlechild’, S.J. Hill’ and M. Pratt’ 1, Ove Arup & Partners Hong Keng Ltd, 2. Bachy Soletanche Group fel dr AEMBSRAKMBOALAGSRERRAMRAM RAR MRR RUT RR ZH ih fot HDR RE RR EM BE ARH HLRRAARA GUTH A 40 AR 50 KRABGHRSM 30 KET AKK SMALL BONN BAMA: MAAS + $ 1S BIER MR © Bae ARM ALHRABSLSGMMRHARD 40 ORR AMIE 472 AON AMAR URACARM PR? HPARRHDAMBAZAl ER © 187 Full Scale Shaft Grouted Piles and Barrettes in Hong Kong — A First G.D. Plumbridge', B.D. Littlechild', S.J. Hill' and M. Pratt” 1. Ove Arup& Partners Hong Kong Li. 2 Bachy Soletanche Group Abstract This paper presents the results of part of a major program of testing of large scale deep foundations carried out for the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation, Hong Kong. The results presented are for five tests carried out to demonstrate both the methodology required and the two 10 three fold enhancement of the frictional capacity of a deep foundation that could be achieved by shaft grouting. The recommendations are based on the results of 30MN load tests on two barrettes, 40m and 50m long, and three piles 30m to $4m long carried out for this project, as well as over 30 other tests carried out elsewhere in Hong Kong. The work draws on the experience of the authors with over 40 load tests up to 40MN on grouted and ungrouted piles in Bangkok as well as published case histories in Europe, the Middle East, South Africa and Australia. Introduction The ground conditions in Hong Kong are tropically weathered granites and volcanics, which are typically strong to very strong in their unweatheted state and so generally provide very favourable conditions for foundations for structures commonly over 50 stories high. It is normal Hong Kong practice to design foundations as large diameter. up to 3.8m diameter shafis with bell-outs to 4.5m, which are end bearing on the rock using allowable bearing pressures of up to 7.5MPa, prescribed by the Hong Kong Buildings Department, As the population of Hong Kong has continued to expand and the economy grown so, progressively more of the sea has been reclaimed. This has now meant that foundations are required in areas where the bedrock may be as much as [20m or more below ground level. Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) identified substantial savings, ‘on cost and program could be achieved if friction foundutions were demonstrated and justified to the Hong Kong Buildings Department. KCRC decided to undertake a major program of test piling as an advanced contract. so that approval of the design basis by the Buildings Department would be obtained without jeopardizing the program for the works. The authors proposed that greater savings and a more robust foundation solution would be achieved if shaft grouting were to be adopted. ‘The program included two barrettes and three piles, shaft grouted using the Tube-a-Manchette technique. A summary of the peculiar clement of the construction technique and analysis of the results of the test loading is given here and demonstrates, especially for the barrette, that substantial benefits were achieved Ground Conditi Yen Chow Street Site: Two test barreites, YCS2 and YCS2a and two test piles YCS} and YCS3R were located on reclaimed land to a ground level of +SmPD. Groundwater level was around 2m below ground level. The reclamation comprised approximately 20m of hydraulically placed sand fill, underlain by a layer of alluvial sand up to 8m thick. Below the alluvial sand was completely to highly decomposed granite with a thickness varying from approximately 30m to 50m or more. The deepest rock encountered at the site was 100m. Yiven Long Site: The ground conditions at test pile YUL2 comprised a 1.75m thick layer of fill from ground level of approximately +2.2mPD, underlain by alluvium interbedded with estuarine deposits to 2 depth of approximately 15m. Underlying these deposits was completely decomposed rhyolite up to 18m thick, below which was completely decomposed layer of metasiltstone up to 3m thick. ‘The bedrock was (karst) marble, Groundwater level at the site was around 3m below ground level. Tin Shui Wai Site: The ground conditions at test pile TSW2L. comprised a layer of medium dense fill up to 4.5m thick from ground level of -6.4mPD. Below this there was 0.5m of soft pond deposit and 2.5m of firm alluvium 159 The stiff to very stiff. completely decomposed metasiltstone beneath this extended to a depth of 35m, Groundwater level at the site was typically at around ground level ‘Table | summarizes the ground conditions at each of the test pile and barrette locations. Type Soil ‘SPT “NY Range CDGIHDG 39m to Shim 125-2006 CDG 27m to.45m 20-55 CDG/HDG 45m to 475m 53-135 CDG 22m to 31m 20-55 cbc 31m to 38m 53-135 YCS3R CDG 21.8m to 40m 20-45 COG/HDG 40m to 53m 45—200+ YuL2 Rhyolite 14m to 32m 54 Tswal. Metasiltstone 7.5m to 20m 20m Table 1: Summary of ground con A Review of Shaft Grouting Experience The first published account of the use of shaft grouting, was by Gouvenot and Gabaix (1975), who presented their findings on the construction and loading of six shaft grouted 660mm diameter bored trial piles incorporating a steel casing. Their research comprised the testing of three shaft grouted piles in sund and three shaft grouted piles in clay. The results of the testing indicated an increase in shaft friction of 2.5 times the capacity of plain piles. The results of shaft grouted piles in cohesive and non-cohesive soils presented by Stocker (1983), show a permanent increase in shaft friction of 1.5 to 3 times that of plain piles. A review of published work between 1975 and 1985 is presemted by Bruce (1986a and 1986b). on pile construction and the benefits of post grouting. The paper highlights the benefits of shaft grouting other than enhanced friction capacities, such as cost and program savings, including reference to shalt grouted piles for 300 piers carrying an elevated section of the Jeddah-Mecca Expressway. In addition, (Bruce, 1986) highlights that where conventional piling techniques have been found to be faulty or inadequate, the use of grouting as a remedial measure has gained widespread application. Troughton and Stocker (1996) present the results of an extensive rescarch program comprising 12 different tnal pile types. A 100% increase in load capacity was achieved for the piles with combined shaft and base grouting. The conclusions of Littlechild et al (1998) work on 20 shaft grouted trial piles up to 1.5m diameter in sand and clay, was that the shaft resistance values for shaft grouted piles was double that of piles without grouting, Furthermore, on reloading one year after the first load test, no loss of shaft resistance was recorded for shaft gronted piles in either the sands or the clays. In Hong Kong the use of shaft grouting has been limited to minipiles, Lui et al (1993). The results of the three pile tests show the shaft resistance was significantly improved by shaft grouting the completely decomposed granite layer. More recently. the shaft grouting technique is being used more widely in developments. Base and shaft grouting were used for piles up to 1.5m diameter constructed in sands, for residential building in Egypt, Robson end Wahby (1994), The test results gave a 2 to 3 fold increase in shaft friction over plain piles, A similar improvement in shaft friction capacity for shaft grouted sand layers was reported by Byme et al (1998) for a 1.2m diameter test pile for a hotel development in South Africa. The technique has been reported for cast-in-place 1.0m diameter test piles in the coralline sand and silty sand in Jeddah, Gokalp and Savaskan (1998). A program of experimental tests in Australia, for post grouted smull scale model driven piles in calcarcous deposits, showed an improvement in shaft friction capacity about five times greater than ungrouted piles Joer and Randolph (1998). Barrette and Bored Pile Construction Barrette Construction: The barrettes were constructed by the mill technique with nominal dimensions 2.8m by 0.8m. Barrette YCS2 was approximately 50m deep. and barrette YCS2a was approximately 38m deep. The upper part of the barrettes were debonded through the reclamation and superficials. Details of construction of barrett YCS2u and ground conditions are given in Figure | Pile Construction: Test pile YUL2 and TSW2L, were constructed with a 1.2m diameter temporary casing driven using a casing rotator. such that wherever possible the casing toe level kept ahead of the excavation level. Test pile YCS3R was constructed slightly differently. A 1.5m diameter oversize casing was installed using an oscillator to the 160 top of the CDG layer. Excavation was carried out with a prab, without the nced for chiselling. On completion of the pile bore. air lifting was carried out until hoth the base and return water was clean. The temporary casing was rotated ‘out of the bore during concreting, easy esr pune { |. Loe = tease aT" f eyes | 3.90 . = gl a\* g ‘oma 2 + ve vo 1 ae & “5 * # ¥ “35 d . pets * i - ears be joe 5 a ere 3) > DLcoWPOsED “ ap 0 hf cv stumeue, = gpgrosourn [Pal als 1 SO RAE. F acre ae, L, (ano Pet LEVEL Figure 1: Details of shaft grout barrette construction for YCS2a Shaft Grouting The system adopted for shaft grouting consisted of SOmm diameter mild steel Tube-a-Mancheite pipes, with ‘manchettes spaced at Im intervals along the pipes. The Tube-a-Manchette pipes were fixed. using normal tie wire, to the outside of the reinforcement cage and within the zone of the concrete cover. The Tube-a-Manchette pipes extended the full depth of the shaft grout zone and were generally equi-spaced around the perimeter of the piles and the barrettes (see Figure 2). The manchettes were first cracked under a pressure of 30 to SO bar, as measured at the pump. Water and grout was iniected within the erout zone using a small diameter flexible double packer system. waver Si COWRE-E 7 BARRE PILE — 130 site |_toven Sen 7 canetere N caNer Grout Swag nou Pipes aire | {WILD STEEL fee CSENT SS ‘ CAGE SE INT CRULVEN’ ate SHAFT GRI PIPE DETAIL BARRETTE PILE Figure 2: Arrangement of Tube-a-Manchette for shaft grouting 161 The grouting criterion adopted was that of a minimum volume of grout per metre of shaft. A pressure criteria was not considered as this was previously found to be inappropriate Littlechild et al (1998), although pressure was automatically recorded during the grouting operations. Test Arrangement Instrumentation: All piles and barrettes were instrumented over their full depth. Instruments installed comprised “sister bar’ vibrating wire strain gauges. retrievable extensometers incorporating a vibrating wire element, linear vibrating wire displacement transducers and mechanical rod extensometers. The vibrating wire instrumentation was factory assembled prior to attaching to the reinforcement cages. Monitoring of the instruments commenced prior to attachment to the cage and was carried on through the construction process and curing period. Optical surveying and dial gauges monitored the movement of the barrette and pile caps. The dial gauges were mounted on two independent reference beams one end of which fixed. whilst the other end was free to move longitudinally to allow for temperature effects in the beams. At each load increment stable conditions were considered satisfied when the rate of settlement was less than 0.07Smm in 15 minutes for a period not less than 30, minutes. A requirement of the Hong Kong Buildings Department was that the maximum load at cycles 2, 3 and 4 had to be held for a period of 24 hours ‘Test Barrette Results and Interpretation From the load deflection response neither barrettes reached ultimate capacity. This is based on the commonly adopted failure criterion of 10% pile diameter Lehane and De Cock (1999) where the diameter is that ofa circle with the same cross-section area The load distribution with depth is shown in Figures 3 and 4, for the peak load at each load cycle. The data shows the debonding to be generally effective for both barrettes and is consistent with the author's experience on other Hong Kong test barrettes This technique has enabled the full range of SPT *N’ CDG/HDG material as given in Table 1. to be tested to maximum capacity with the load available. It is evident from Figure 4 that burrette base capucity was generated as the shaft friction was mobilized, ‘Load (MN) Load (MN) 0 5 0 1% 2 2% % % 0 5 © 1 0 2% w 35 0 o;— «| & al de * é wae 5 F ° 1 Lei b fe Tee 10 © + + wo Ld 7 18 18 5 | | x e ef] el de es Ea + Eat g z ; | Fx sl. a] 4 Bolt a | a ! / * . . a Cycle 1 0 ae Z wont #Giem2 4 + oye? « Acjcle3 | aces = oie so sowed 50 ocx | | ooyees 55 86 Figure 3: Barrette YCS2 in CDG Figure 4: Barrette YCS2a in CDG 162 Pile Test Results and Interpretation ‘The load deflection at the pile head for the shaft grouted piles is presented in Figures 5 und 6. Based on a failure criterion of movement at pile head greater than 10% pile diameter, itis evident that only test pile TSW2L reached failure 2 2 2» | os 5 > z 2 Zs qa 5 40 a 10 + i Pf] a ai | 5 5 ° || oe td om 0 0 4% 50 0 0a Displacement at ple head (rm) Displacement at ple head (mm) wre 6: Test pile TSW2L, in metasiltstone Figure 5: Test piles in rhyolite and CDG The CDG layer at test pile YCS3R, has been divided into two layers based on the SPT *N’ range given in Table | For the upper shaft grouted CDG layer (N=20-45), ultimate shaft friction of 115kPa was achieved and the lower shaft grouted CDG layer (N=45-200+). achieved a shaft friction of 210kPa without reaching ultimate. The shaft grouted rhyolite (N+20-50) at test pile YUL2 achieved an ultimate friction capacity of 190kPa, whilst the metasiltstone deposits (N=65-200) at test pile TSW2L achieved an ultimate capacity of 170kPa. All shaft grouted piles mobilized 80 to 100kPa friction capacity which is comparable to the shaft grouted barrettes and the plain friction test pile. ‘The shafi grouted friction and base capacities for al] the barrettes and piles tested are summarised in Table 2. The ratio of f, /N is the shaft friction mobilised (f,) over the grouted zone. and N is the average SPT ‘N’ in the yrouted Test Mean EIN Mean Base BaseN Reference serNnt (kN/m’) sPT-N'e! (kNim) 160 2207 1a 200% 2000" 10 40 145 36 95 205" 22 148 2300" 16 32 lis 36 125 210 7 200 2640" 13 yut2 4 190 56 125 3700" 30 TSW. 40 58 14 130 170 13 160 5000 230 ote: Tin shaft grouted zone. “At base, " Uitimate not achieved, ‘Table 2: Friction and base capacities 163 ‘Comparison with Published ‘Tests Figure 7 compares the shatt grout harrette test results from this KCRC test program, with other results Suraj De Silva et al (1998); Ho (1993) and GEO (1996). for plain barrettes constructed by grab and mill. The figure shows that the shaft grouting technique has significantly improved the friction capacities. ‘The shaft grouting has achie similar or greater values of shaft friction to barrettes excavated by grab. The test data for this programme of tests is plotted with the range of SPT “N’ over which the fiction from shaft grouting is applicable. A similar relationship can not be determined for all other published data as the range of SPT *N’ is not given. we 250 a —_|_ 4 = 200 | c 2 o 3 150 et o f = ° 3 100 ps 8 = © KGRG: shat oes g a oM-shult routed B 50 bs oo 4—eoth © Grab - ungrouted So a 0 Mii - ungrouted = o 0 r 0 50 100 150 200 Average SPT 'N' Figure 7: Comparison with all barrette tests in Hong Kong, It would seem from this test data that a timit on the maximum shaft friction mobilized would be 200 to 225kPa for completely decomposed granite with SPT *N’ greater than 60, This represents more than a wo to three fold increase in friction capacity. For shaft grouted barrettes, when compared to barrettes constructed by the same mill technique without grouting, @ 250 g |e = 200 se ¢ j}—__________|_ g£ _o sg 160 —— = 100 9 s 4 8 —— pa 6 ° = 50 g ° oo ®@ Gg 2 0 0 50 100 150 200 Average SPT (@ KCRC - shaft grouted ples @ KCRC - plain piles: © Grab & water (plain) B.RCD & bentonite (pain) Grad & RCD water (plain) __O By hand (plain) Figure 8: Comparison with ungrouted pile tests in Hong Kong 168 Figure 8 presents the KCRC test data for shafi grouted piles with published results for plain piles in Hong Kong. Suraj De Silva ct al (1998); and GEO (1996). Again. the shaft grouting technique has substantially improved the fnction capacity over normal plain pile construction techniques in Hong Kong. The maximum frietion mobilized is 210kPa for shaft grouted piles, similar to the barrettes, and the most marked increase in friction capacity is the low range of SPT *N’ material (N<100), where two to three fold increase in friction capacity is realized The results of this testing program, for both shaft grouted barrettes and piles, are in general agreement with previous work, Recently, Litthechild et al (1998) reported ultimate shaft friction capucities correlating to 5*N kPa up to a limit of 260kPa and 200kPa, for shaft grouted sands and clays, respectively. for N50. For shafi grouted minipiles in completely decomposed granite, Lui et al (1993) observed a maximum mobilized shaft tretion capacity of 270kPa representing a correlation of 5.5*N KPa, for N

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